CN105557164A - 一种林木肥料养分的缓释方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种林木肥料养分的缓释方法,该方法通过采用可生物降解、表面分布有小孔的包装袋包装肥料,使用时把肥料和包装袋一同埋入地下,当下雨时,水分可通过小孔进入包装内,润湿和溶解肥料,把肥料从小孔中释放出来,被植物吸收。采用本发明的方法制成包装袋包装定量的林木肥料或其它肥料,在林地土壤、水分等自然条件下,能被生物降解,并能有效控制肥料养分释放速度,从而实现肥料长效缓释作用,减少了肥料流失率、提高肥料利用率,使用方便,充分发挥肥料的功效,并具有生态环保性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于肥料缓释技术领域,尤其是涉及一种控制林木肥料养分释放的方法。
背景技术
林木施肥是人们有意识地根据林木对营养元素的需求以及土壤的养分供给能力,将有机或无机的营养物质施入土壤中或喷施在植物体上,其意义在于发掘土地、环境、良种的生产潜力,维持土壤养分平衡,以改善林木营养状况和促进林木生长,达到优质、高产、高效、低成本的营林目的。在短轮伐期林分的集约经营方面,林木施肥已成为速生丰产林培育的一种必不可少的基础技术措施。
肥料在农林生产中占有举足轻重的地位,是最大的物质投资。实事证明,肥料的投入占全部营林投入的比例约为50%,肥料增产效果可达30%以上,对林木增长起到重要支撑作用。可随着肥料工业的发展和林农对肥料依赖性增强,肥料施用量过量,造成资源极大浪费和地下饮用水污染,增加环境的压力,进而影响人类健康,同时在营养元素富集的环境中,不仅改变了环境的元素组成,也必然引发水体富营养化等一系列环境污染问题。这一问题的根源在于我国肥料利用率低,放入土壤的肥料大量流失。据统计,我国当季氮肥利用率为30%~40%,磷肥为10%~20%,钾肥为35%~50%。我国当季肥料利用率平均约为30%,不仅远远低于欧美发达国家60%~70%的水平,且近年来有下降趋势。可以说,每年施用的肥料近一半通过各种途径损失浪费。
我国是世界上最大的化肥生产国有消费国,多年来我国化肥工业过分追求化肥产量的增长,导致行业发展模式、产品结构不合理及化肥利用率偏低引发的环境污染、资源压力、生态破坏和人类健康等方面的问题日益严重。因此,随着人类对环境、健康以及自然资源可持续利用等的关注不断提高,在保证林木产量的同时,最大限度地减少肥料损失,提高化肥利用率,是当前林业肥料科技创新的重要任务,实现林业可持续发展的重要保证,也是各国科学研究的重大课题。目前肥料利用率低和污染严重的主要根源是肥料释放的养分与林木需求间的不平衡所致,缓控释肥料就是以速效化肥为根本,通过各种技术措施预先设定肥料在林木生长季的养分释放模式,使其养分释放规律与林木养分吸收尽可能同步,从而达到提高肥料利用率、减少肥料对环境的污染。与普通肥料相比,其肥效长、一次施用能够满足植物整个生育期生长的养分需求,可以减少施肥次数并提高林木增长量,从而降低施肥作业成本,提高经济效益。缓控释肥料具有“增效、节肥、省工、安全、环保”的特点,为解决肥料利用率低和环境污染问题提出了新的思路和途径。
可见,定量精准施肥和缓控释高效施肥,是现代林木施肥的发展趋势和目标,同时也是实现林木种植经济效益、生态效益和社会效益最大化的关键有效措施。
发明内容
本发明针对现有肥料缓释技术中存在的问题,提供一种能有效控制林木肥料养分释放的方法,该发明制造方法简单,制得的产品结构简单,使用方便,缓释时间长,肥料利用率高,肥效好,经济环保。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明采用的技术方案为:
本发明采用可生物降解、表面分布有小孔的包装袋包装肥料。使用时,把包装袋和肥料一同埋入地下,下雨或给林木浇水时,水分从包装袋上的小孔进入包装袋内,润湿并溶解肥料,这样,肥料就会从小孔释放到土壤里,从而被植物吸收。可通过调节孔径大小和密度控制肥料的释放速度和快慢。同时为方便运输,可借鉴肥料传统包装方法,将此装有肥料的小包装袋按25kg或50kg的重量组合大包装。
所述的包装袋为双层结构,外层为牛皮纸,内层为可生物降解无纺布或聚乳酸薄膜,包装袋表面的小孔孔径大小为100目~300目。
所述的可生物降解无纺布是采用植物纤维和淀粉胶黏剂经过热压而成的材料。
所述的牛皮纸和可生物降解无纺布的主要成分为纤维素,可被土壤中的微生物降解。聚乳酸薄膜可在微生物和水分的相互作用下水解为乳酸,进一步分解成水分和二氧化碳。聚乳酸薄膜的分解速度与其的质均分子量和厚度有关,同等环境下,质均分子量越大,厚度越厚,分解速度越慢。经试验,质均分子量为50000~160000g/mol,薄膜厚度为0.1mm~0.2mm的聚乳酸薄膜用作肥料的缓释包装材料比较合适。值得注意的是,可生物降解无纺布具有吸水性,而聚乳酸薄膜不吸水,因此,用可生物降解无纺布制成的包装袋包装的肥料缓释速度要比用聚乳酸薄膜制成的包装袋的要快得多。因此,氮肥、钾肥等易流失的肥料易采用聚乳酸薄膜制成的包装袋包装。磷肥、微量元素肥料等易采用可生物降解无纺布制成的包装袋包装。
本发明的优点:结构简单,制作工艺简易,运输及施用方便,材料无毒无有害物质,在林地土壤、水分等自然条件下,能被生物降解,生态又环保,并能有效控制肥料养分释放速度和延长释放时间,从而减少肥料流失、提高肥料利用率,充分发挥肥料的功效。
综上所述,本发明成功解决了林木肥料养分的控制释放存在的问题,实现林木定量精准施肥,必将在缓释肥料生产、缓释及施用方法等许多领域发挥积极作用,具有广阔应用前景。
附图说明
图1是不同处理方式养分流失率情况图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明的技术方案和效果作进一步详细说明,所述是对本发明的解释而不是限定的。
本发明一种林木肥料养分的缓释方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)在可生物降解无纺布/聚乳酸薄膜上钻取均匀小孔,孔的形状可根据不同需要制成圆形、方形等,小孔孔径大小为100目~300目;
(2)在牛皮纸一面涂上胶水,再将打好孔的无纺布/聚乳酸薄膜与牛皮纸涂胶面粘贴一起可制得包装袋;
(3)按常规方法将上述(2)所得材料根据不同大小需要进行裁剪,然后通过热封粘合制作成内层无纺布/聚乳酸薄膜外为牛皮纸的包装袋,包装袋形状可长条形、方形或半圆形等;
(4)将林木肥料根据施肥量大小定量装入包装袋内,装入的肥料重量可为0.10kg~1.00kg,然后通过热封粘合将袋口封住即可得小包装肥料,再将小包装肥料按传统方法装为25kg或50kg重的大包装编织袋。
本发明采用牛皮纸复合一层可生物降解的带孔的无纺布或聚乳酸薄膜,充分利用纸易被水润湿和可降解无纺布或聚乳酸薄膜分解缓慢的特点,施用时不用撕开袋子就可直接埋入土壤中,在水分等条件下,包装袋中肥料的养分能通过无纺布或聚乳酸薄膜上的孔,利用牛皮纸的渗水特性,缓慢释放到土壤中。根据苗木生长需要,通过控制可降解无纺布或聚乳酸薄膜上孔的大小及密度,即可控制肥料养分渗出的速度,使苗木持续得到养分,达到肥料长效释放的目的。同时,无纺布或聚乳酸薄膜还起到抗雨水冲刷,减少肥料养分流失的作用,从而减少施肥的数量和施肥的次数,提高肥料的利用率,节省人力和资金。包装材料在土壤中可降解,具有生态环保性。同时,按照每株林木的需肥量进行定量包装,确保每株林木施肥的计量精准,做到林木施肥统一、规范、标准,确保肥料施用效果。
实施例:本发明制成的肥料包装袋产品于2014年3月至2014年6月进行肥料养分流失特征的试验研究,采用室内苗木盆栽种植试验方法。
肥料样品:国产复合肥(N:P2O5:K2O=15:6:9)。
苗木:广林9号桉树组培苗和油茶优良无性系岑软2号嫁接苗。
试验方法:
(1)试验设4个理处理,5次重复,选择长势基本一致的试验苗木,每盆栽植一株苗木,桉树和油茶各10株盆栽苗木,共计20株,具体处理设置见表1。
表1盆栽试验处理设置
操作过程为:各处理均先装入5kg处理好的黄心土装盆后铺平,散装肥处理的肥料与5kg黄心土进行土肥混合后铺平,在上面再装入5kg处理好的黄心土;包装肥处理直接装入5kg处理好的黄心土,然后均匀放入3袋包装肥(50g/袋),在上面再装入5kg处理好的黄心土。土面离桶上沿约3cm的高度,用于储存未及时渗透的水。在盆下面用与盆底部直径相同的容器收集渗透水。
(2)试验管理:第一次缓慢加入1000mL水,使土壤水分接近饱和,然后再500mL水,收集48h土壤的渗透水。培养期间,视土壤情况每隔2~3d浇灌1次水使土壤水分饱和,每次每盆浇水约500ml。
(3)收集和分析渗透水样:培养期间,第2、10、17、35、70、120d收集渗透水,测定水样氮和钾含量。
(4)测定方法:参考《土壤农业化学分析方法》(鲁如坤,1999),总氮采用凯氏法,钾采用原子吸收分光光度计法。
不同处理养分的累积流失率结果参见图1,结果表明:桉树包装肥处理氮、钾养分的累积流失率分别比不包装肥处理减少30.71%、13.72%,油茶包装肥处理氮、钾养分的累积流失率分别比不包装肥处理减少15.63%、13.25%。
综上所述,本发明制成的包装肥施用后,其养分流失率明显比不包装肥的流失率低,能有效减少肥料流失,从而提高林木肥料的利用率和延长肥效,能够充分发挥各种林木肥料的肥料功效,产生的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益均十分显著,并受到社会广泛好评,值得推广应用。
本发明制成的包装肥产品也可以应用于其他经济林和用材林、花卉、药材等树种的肥料。
Claims (4)
1.一种林木肥料养分的缓释方法,其特征在于:采用可生物降解、表面分布有小孔的包装袋包装肥料。
2.如权利要求1所述的林木肥料养分的缓释方法,其特征在于:所述的包装袋为双层结构,外层为牛皮纸,内层为可生物降解无纺布或聚乳酸薄膜,包装袋表面的小孔孔径大小为100目~300目。
3.如权利要求2所述的林木肥料养分的缓释方法,其特征在于:所述的可生物降解无纺布是采用植物纤维和淀粉胶黏剂经过热压而成的材料。
4.如权利要求2所述的林木肥料养分的缓释方法,其特征在于:所述的聚乳酸薄膜,质均分子量为50000~160000g/mol,厚度为0.1mm~0.2mm。
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