CN105381279A - 一种防治鸡球虫病的苍耳复方中药制剂及其治疗方法 - Google Patents
一种防治鸡球虫病的苍耳复方中药制剂及其治疗方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于中药领域,涉及一种防治鸡球虫病的复方中药制剂及其治疗方法。该苍耳复方中药制剂的原料药为:苍耳叶7~9份、白茅2~4份、铁苋3~5份、辣蓼1~3份、小蓟根0.5~2份、大蒜2~4份。其治疗方法为:将原料药1重量份,加水5~6倍,用猛火煲至剩1重量份后,按每天每公斤体重1.0g,混入于日粮中喂鸡。本发明治疗效果好,同时具有明显的提高机体免疫力,提高生产性能,提高料肉比的功效,其预防和治疗球虫病的效果好于磺胺类药,有良好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于中药领域,涉及一种防治鸡球虫病的复方中药制剂,及其治疗方法。
背景技术
鸡球虫病是当前危害养鸡业的主要疾病之一,该病是由艾美耳属的多种球虫寄生于鸡肠上皮细胞内所引起的一种原虫病,以0.5-2月龄内的小鸡最易感染,发病率达30%-100%,死亡率达20%-80%,全世界每年因鸡球虫病造成的损失就高达20亿美元。目前,对该病的控制主要有药物防治和疫苗接种,但各养殖场长期大量使用抗生素和化学合成药,加快了耐药性的产生,同时也加剧了药物在畜产品中的残留,进而影响人类的健康,再次,球虫疫苗价格昂贵,我国每年用于抗球虫药的费用高达6-18亿元,不易推广。中草药不仅能直接杀灭病原体,而且能调节机体免疫功能,是行之有效的防治球虫病疗法。有报道发现,中草药经过发酵后,还可提高药效。
鸡球虫寄生于肠道上皮细胞,在肠道内繁殖,破坏肠黏膜的完整性,引发黏膜上皮细胞崩解,使肠道内离子和渗透压失去平衡,营养物质不能吸收,且大量出血,肠黏膜的完整性被破坏,继发感染,临床上发病鸡表现为精神沉郁、下痢、贫血等症状,甚至死亡。在中兽医领域,鸡球虫病属于虫积范畴,用中草药治疗虫积,在我国有着悠久的历史。中草药防治鸡球虫病多从杀虫、抑虫,增强机体免疫力,缓解临床症状来发挥作用。马鞭草活血散瘀,截疟,解毒,利水消肿,对球虫有抑虫、杀虫作用。研究报道,以马鞭草和白头翁为主要成分的中草药复方制剂,抗球虫效果明显,在饲料中添加一定量的上述中草药方剂,预防柔嫩艾美耳球虫的ACI为135~197,抗球虫效果显著。黄柏清热、燥湿、泻火、解毒、治热痢、也可抑杀球虫、凉血、缓解临床症状等。郁金行气解郁、凉血、破瘀、可缓解临床症状。有学者研究中草药球康对鸡球虫病的防治及作用机理的研究,发现由马鞭草、黄柏、郁金等制成的中草药超微粉2%拌料给药组和1%拌料给药组抗球虫指数分别为175.96和166.89,具有很好抗球虫效果,而且中草药复方(马鞭草、黄柏、郁金等)通过破坏虫体结构的完整性,抑制虫体物质代谢及能量代谢等,从而杀死或抑制球虫的生长和繁殖。中草药经发酵后,其有效成分能被充分分离、提取,生物活性高,并含有大量活性酶,服用后能被机体组织细胞迅速吸收,达到治疗疫病、增强免疫调节功能。
发明内容
本试验旨在通过对苍耳及其复方中草药,探明苍耳及其复方中草药对鸡球虫病的防治效果,进而研制出有效防治鸡球虫病的中草药制剂,以期为替代化学药物的应用防治鸡球虫病将开辟一条新途径。
本发明所要解决的技术问题通过以下技术方案予以实现:
一种防治鸡球虫病的苍耳复方中药制剂,原料药按质量份数计为:苍耳叶7~9份、白茅2~4份、铁苋3~5份、辣蓼1~3份、小蓟根0.5~2份、大蒜2~4份。
进一步的,原料药按质量份数计优选为:苍耳叶8份、白茅3份、铁苋4份、辣蓼2份、小蓟根1份、大蒜3份。
上述的防治鸡球虫病的苍耳复方中药制剂的治疗方法为:将原料药1重量份,加水5~6倍,用猛火煲至剩1重量份,按每天每公斤体重1.0g,混入于日粮中喂鸡。
本发明具有如下有益效果:
本发明是一种防治鸡球虫病的复方中药制剂,试验表明,该苍耳复方中药具有治疗效果好,同时具有明显的提高机体免疫力,提高生产性能,提高料肉比的功效,其预防和治疗球虫病的效果好于磺胺类药,有良好的应用前景。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例及实验证据对本发明进行详细的说明,实施例仅是本发明的优选实现方式,不是对本发明的限定。
实施例
一种防治鸡球虫病的复方中药制剂,原料药按质量份数计为:苍耳叶8斤、白茅3斤、铁苋4斤、辣蓼2斤、小蓟根1斤、大蒜3斤。
上述制剂的治疗方法为:将原料药1重量份,加水5~6倍,用猛火煲至剩1重量份后,按每天每公斤体重1.0g,混入于日粮中喂鸡。
下面结合试验对本发明进行详细的说明。
材料与方法
1.1试验材料
1.1.1试验药物
苍耳叶:购自中药原料为医用饮片,粉碎过80目筛,加适量水用猛火煲至而成,备用。
复方中草药制剂:按实施例的原料使用方法,煎制好后备用。
磺胺类药:规格100g/包,含量为10%磺胺喹恶啉,批号200707201,购自兽药市场,经检验合格。
地克株利:规格100ml/L,含量为0.05%地克珠利,批号20080716,由某药业公司生产,经检验合格。
试验虫株:试验前期已保存的柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊经复壮后计数后,接种备用。
试验动物:挑选有临床症状、经粪检验证自然感染有球虫病且体重相近的20日龄肉鸡180只作试验。另选未被感染粪检无球虫卵囊且同日龄体重相近的30只肉鸡作对照组。试验鸡只均来自本合作养户鸡场,试验场地设在无鸡球虫病环境的新鸡场内进行。
试验分组及处理设计
将20日龄健康的肉雏鸡210只随机分成7组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只鸡,分组后各处理给药组分别用相应药物进行治疗,连用7d试验结束,具体试验设计见表1。
在同一条件下隔栏进行试验观察,投药前对所有鸡只进行第一次称重。连用7d,试验期间每天记录、观察试验鸡发病情况、死亡数。试验观察结束后再次捕杀称重,算出平均日增重,并观察盲肠病变,同时采取盲肠内容物测定OPG(盲肠卵囊数)。
试验饲粮
雏鸡饲喂自备饲料(无球虫药),所用饮水器、料盘等均在80℃干燥箱中烘烤>0.5h,以确保外界环境无球虫。
表1试验设计
1.4试验方法
1.4.1卵囊感染量
20日龄雏鸡除第7组外,各组每羽经口感染球虫孢子卵囊5×104个,感染前2d第1、2、3、4、5组分别添喂含规定浓度复方中草药及地克株利等药物,接种后每天观察记录各组鸡的临床表现和发病死亡情况,观察排泄物并进行粪便计分。在试验过程中死亡鸡只进行剖检,观察病变是否死于球虫病,并进行肠内容物检查球虫卵囊计数。
1.4.2中药对鸡球虫病治疗疗效评价
临床观察感染卵囊后逐日观察并记录各组鸡的精神、食欲、粪便变化和死亡情况,并对死亡鸡随时进行剖检记录。于感染后第0、7天早晨逐只空腹称重,记录并计算各组的平均增重。各观察指标如下。
(1)血便记分按morehouse和Baron(1970)所提供的记分方法进行记分。
(2)成活率、增重率、相对增重率的计算
成活率(%)=(各组成活鸡数/各组试验开始鸡数)×100%
增重率(%)=(试验结束后平均体重-试验开始平均体重)/试验开始平均体重×100%
相对增重率(%)=(用药组或感染不用药组的增重率/不感染不用药组的增重率)×100%,不感染不给药组的相对增重率为100%。
(3)病变和卵囊数观察:试验结束称重后,各组鸡全部扑杀,观察内脏病变,摘取盲肠,刮取粪便检查球虫卵囊数,冲洗盲肠,检查病变情况,记录病变和病变值。
粪便记分:0分,正常;1分,有少量血便;2分,中等量血便;3分,有许多血便;4分,无正常粪便。
(4)病变记分及病变值:按JohnsontReid(1970)制定的标准对盲肠病变进行评定记分。病变计算公式见式如下:病变值=每组鸡肠道平均病变记分×10
判定标准:0分,肠道中无眼观异常;1分,肠道充血或增厚;2分,肠道增厚,有少量出血和渗出;3分,肠道弥漫性出血;4分,肠道严重出血或有肠芯。
(5)卵囊值(OPG值):OPG值即每克粪便中的卵囊值数(柔嫩×10),根据盲肠内容物的OPG值,按角田清方法换算卵囊值。当OPG值为0~0.1时,卵囊值为0;当OPG值为0.1~1.0,卵囊值为1;当OPG值为2.0~5.0时,卵囊值为10;当OPG值为6.0~10.0时,卵囊值为20;当OPG值为≥11.0时,卵囊值为40。
抗球虫指数(ACI)=(成活率+相对增重率)-(病变值+卵囊值)
判定标准:根据ACI来判定药物的抗球虫疗效。ACI≥180判定为高效抗球虫药;ACI为160~180判定为中效抗球虫药;ACI为120~160判定为低效抗球虫药;ACI<120判为无效抗球虫药。
感染给药组的抗球虫指数表示所试验的综合相对抗球虫活性,,感染不给药组的抗球虫指数表示球虫感染的严重程度。
试验结果与分析
2.1临床症状观察
感染球虫孢子化卵囊后第4d,感染不给药组出现血便现象;第5d,各攻毒球虫组出现血便现象,但鸡只表现为精神萎靡、食欲减退、羽毛松乱、翅膀下垂,缩颈闭眼等症状。第6d,除不感染不给药和中西药结合组未曾出现血便外,其余各组都出现血便;用药组第7d,血便有所减轻,鸡群食欲正常,不感染不给药组无血便,鸡只采食正常,精神状态良好。
血便值
血便值结果见表2。由表2可知,添加复方中草药组、中西药结合组与地克株利组雏鸡出现血便时间较迟;同时,中药复方组、苍耳叶组的血便明显低于磺胺类药、感染不给药组,相等于西药地克珠利组。
表2试验期间血便值
注:表中数据表示每天每羽血便计分
2.3存活率、病变值和相对增重率
存活率、卵囊值、病变值和相对增重率结果见表3。从表3可看出,各组的存活率,感染不给药组为60.0%,最低。其次是磺胺类药组90.0%,地克珠利组为100%,其余三组均含有中草药,成活率都为100%。说明中草药不仅作用于球虫,起到抗球虫的作用,而且能够通过提高机体的免疫力,间接地起到提高成活率的作用。在相对增重方面,各药物试验组与感染不给药组相比均有显著差异(p<0.05),而以中西药结合组最高,其次是复方中草药组,苍耳组和地克珠利组相近,二者间无显著差异,与磺胺类药组差异显著(p<0.05)。
感染不给药组的盲肠病变值最高,达30,与各组间有显著差异。说明自然感染球虫病的鸡群不用药预防效果很差。使用苍耳叶组和复方中药组的病变值较低,地克珠利组与中西药结合组最低,两者相比差异不显著。说明中草药能明显改善肠道环境,保护肠粘膜不受损伤。
表3药物抗球虫指数评定结果
注:表中数据表示每天每羽血便计分
2.4卵囊值
卵囊值结果见表3。通过对参试鸡的粪便与盲肠内容物进行测定,得出每克粪的卵囊数。其中,感染不给药组卵囊值最高,达到40;苍耳叶组、磺胺类药组为10,其余各组均为5。说明所选中药苍耳及其复合制剂与地克珠利药组对球虫卵囊均有很好的抑制作用,磺胺类药对球虫的治疗效果较差。
药物抗球虫效果
药物抗球虫效果见表3。从表3中可知,中西药结合组的抗球虫指数最高,达183.8,为高效抗球虫水平;复方中药组、单一中药苍耳组分别为175.3、165.2,与地克珠利组抗球虫指数177.2相当,均为中效抗球虫水平。磺胺类药的抗球虫指数只为138.4,为低效抗球虫水平。感染不给药的抗球虫指数为44.6,为无效水平,试验期间,中西药结合组、复方中草药组和苍耳组的鸡精神、食欲和饮水均未见异常。
讨论
本试验设计中药苍耳单味、复方中草药、中西药联合使用和两种常用的抗球虫药进行了鸡球虫病的疗效对比试验。本研究结果表明,苍耳复合中药制剂与地克株利组联合抗球虫指数在180以上,为高效抗球虫水平。而苍耳叶组、复方中草药组与地克株利抗球虫指数相当,但比磺胺类药的抗球虫指数高,说明苍耳及其复合中草药的预防和治疗球虫病的效果都好于磺胺类药,有良好的应用前景。
我国优质的中草药资源丰富,根据鸡球虫病的临床特点,结合中医理论筛选具有杀虫效果显著的中草药,研究寻找一个治疗鸡球虫病的良好方法。通过采用单味中药苍耳及由苍耳组成的复方中草药用于实践防治鸡球虫病进行试验观察。经过反复试验观察,取得了理想的预防和治疗效果。苍耳及复方中草药具有治疗效果好,同时具有明显的提高机体免疫力,提高生产性能,提高料肉比的功效。本研究采用苍耳及其复合制剂,但由于鸡只攻毒剂量较高,达到每只鸡接种1.5×105个卵囊,导致感染不给药组死亡率高达60%,磺胺类药组的抗球虫指数也仅为138.4,直接导致血便、增重率、卵囊值、病变值和ACI都普遍偏低。但中药苍耳及其复合制剂无论从血便、相对增重率,还是卵囊值、抗球虫指数等,都显示出了与西药地克株利相当的疗效。
Claims (3)
1.一种防治鸡球虫病的苍耳复方中药制剂,其特征在于原料药按质量份数计为:苍耳叶7~9份、白茅2~4份、铁苋3~5份、辣蓼1~3份、小蓟根0.5~2份、大蒜2~4份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的防治鸡球虫病的苍耳复方中药制剂,其特征在于原料药按质量份数计优选为:苍耳叶8份、白茅3份、铁苋4份、辣蓼2份、小蓟根1份、大蒜3份。
3.一种权利要求1或2所述的防治鸡球虫病的苍耳复方中药制剂的治疗方法,其特征在于:将原料药1重量份,加水5~6倍,用猛火煲至剩1重量份,按每天每公斤体重1.0g,混入于日粮中喂鸡。
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