CN105317544A - Horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine and operating method thereof - Google Patents
Horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine and operating method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN105317544A CN105317544A CN201410313688.9A CN201410313688A CN105317544A CN 105317544 A CN105317544 A CN 105317544A CN 201410313688 A CN201410313688 A CN 201410313688A CN 105317544 A CN105317544 A CN 105317544A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine and an operating method thereof. A gas inlet side crankcase and an exhaust side crankcase are connected to the two sides of an air cylinder horizontally arranged respectively. A gas inlet piston and an exhaust piston are symmetrically arranged in the air cylinder. A gas inlet and an exhaust opening are distributed in the portions, corresponding to the gas inlet piston and the exhaust piston, of the periphery of an air cylinder body. The distance from the gas inlet to the middle line of the air cylinder is smaller than that from the exhaust opening to the middle line of the air cylinder. An oil sprayer and a sparking plug are installed in the middle of the air cylinder body. The gas inlet piston is connected with a first crankshaft through a first connecting rod. The exhaust piston is connected with a second crankshaft through a second connecting rod. The first crankshaft and the second crankshaft are installed on a gas inlet side crankcase body and an exhaust side crankcase body respectively and connected through a chain. By the adoption of the technical scheme, the advantages of good balance performance, efficiency, cleanness and circulation of the two-stroke gasoline engine can be achieved, and meanwhile the advantages of high power density, the compact and simple structure and the like of the two-stroke engine are retained.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of engines, particularly relate to a kind of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine and operation method thereof.
Background technique
Opposed pistons two stroke engine has the advantages such as structure is simple, specific power is high, balance is good, and especially the motor of this structure eliminates the complex parts such as cylinder head, distribution device of conventional engines, enormously simplify manufacture and maintenance cost.
But; for a long time due to the generation type of petrol engine mixed gas; comparatively four stroke engine is high to cause the discharge of two-stroke gasoline engine and oil consumption; so under current energy crisis and environmental deterioration overall background; the petrol engine of this structure encounters a development bottleneck difficult problem, and the opposed piston type engine overwhelming majority is on the market diesel engine.
But, because the performance characteristic of diesel engine and combustion characteristic cause it cannot make the low power motor of little cylinder diameter, generally low power also close to about 100kW, and a lot of occasion required power is at the low power range of about 20kW.Such as the type range extender engine of pure electric automobile, the puffer of 15kW is generally needed to satisfy the demands.In addition, diesel engine emissions is also difficult to the laws and regulations requirement meeting increasingly stringent.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to the shortcoming and defect overcoming prior art, a kind of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine and operation method thereof are provided, the feature of efficient, the cleaning cycle of two-stroke gasoline engine can be realized, effectively overcome poor, the less economical shortcoming of two-stroke gasoline engine discharge, remain that two stroke engine specific power is high, compact structure, advantages of simple structure and simple simultaneously.
The invention provides a kind of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine, horizontally disposed cylinder both sides connect air inlet side crankcase and exhaust side crankshaft case respectively, inlet piston and exhaust pition is symmetrical arranged in cylinder, surrounding's distribution of the cylinder block of corresponding inlet piston arranges suction port, surrounding's distribution of the cylinder block of corresponding exhaust pition arranges relief opening, oil sprayer and spark plug are installed in the neutral position of cylinder block, inlet piston is connected with the microcephaly of first connecting rod by first piston pin, the major part of first connecting rod is connected with the first bent axle, first crankshaft installed is on air inlet side crankcase body, exhaust pition is connected with the microcephaly of second connecting rod by the second wrist pin, the major part of second connecting rod is connected with the second bent axle, second crankshaft installed is on exhaust side crankshaft casing, be connected with chain between first bent axle with the second bent axle.
Suction port is connected with intake duct, and relief opening is connected with air outlet flue, and intake duct is connected with gas compressor, and gas compressor is fixed on air inlet side crankcase body, and gas compressor is connected with one end of the first bent axle, rotates for driving gas compressor.
Be connected in the following manner between first bent axle with the second bent axle: first bent axle one end connects the first gear, first gear and the second gears meshing be arranged on air inlet side crankcase body, first gear diameter is less than the second gear, first sprocket wheel is arranged on air inlet side crankcase body by the first sprocket shaft, first sprocket wheel is coaxial with the second gear, second bent axle one end connects the 3rd gear, 3rd gear and the 4th gears meshing be arranged on exhaust side crankshaft casing, 3rd gear diameter is less than the 4th gear, second sprocket wheel is arranged on exhaust side crankshaft casing by the second sprocket shaft, second sprocket wheel is coaxial with the 4th gear, be connected by chain between first sprocket wheel with the second sprocket wheel, for being converged by the outputting power of chain by the first bent axle and the second bent axle, exported by one end of the second bent axle.
There is the phase difference preset in the motion phase of inlet piston and exhaust pition, when moving to outer dead point for inlet piston and exhaust pition, first exhaust pition opens relief opening, waste gas after burning discharges cylinder, after Preset Time, inlet piston opens suction port, entered cylinder by the live gas after compressor pressure residual gas is cleared away, and when inlet piston and exhaust pition are moved to inner dead point by outer dead point, first exhaust pition closes relief opening, after Preset Time, inlet piston closes suction port, and live gas is filled with cylinder.
Also comprise chain box, for holding the first gear, the second gear, the first sprocket wheel, the 3rd gear, the 4th gear, the second sprocket wheel and chain.
First end cap is connected with air inlet side crankcase body by all cloth bolts, and for sealing air inlet side crankcase, the second end cap is connected with exhaust side crankshaft casing, for sealing exhaust side crankshaft case by all cloth bolts.
First bent axle is arranged on air inlet side crankcase body by clutch shaft bearing and the first main bearing cap, and the second bent axle is arranged on air inlet side crankcase body by the second bearing and the second main bearing cap.
The outer installment of cylinder block has groups of fins, and groups of fins two ends arrange thick baffle plate.
Oil sprayer is arranged in the first mounting hole seat in cylinder block, and spark plug is arranged in the second mounting hole seat in cylinder block, and the first mounting hole seat and the second mounting hole seat present angle.
Present invention also offers a kind of operation method of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine, comprise the following steps:
There is the phase difference preset in the motion phase of inlet piston and exhaust pition;
Inlet piston and exhaust pition are positioned at respective outer dead point, and suction port and exhaust ports are in open mode;
Live gas after compressor pressure enters cylinder by suction port, cylinder combustion is burnt waste gas and discharges cylinder from relief opening;
Inlet piston and exhaust pition are to the motion of inner dead point direction, and exhaust pition is by exhaust close, and suction port is closed not yet, and live gas continues to enter cylinder;
Gasoline is sprayed into cylinder by oil sprayer, carries out air-fuel mixture;
Inlet piston by inlet close, inlet piston and exhaust pition pressurized gas gas in the jar;
When inlet piston and exhaust pition are close to inner dead point, fuel-air mixture in spark plug points gas cylinder, produce high temperature and high pressure gas, promotion inlet piston and exhaust pition move respectively to respective outer dead point, transform linear motion is become the rotary motion of the first bent axle and the second bent axle by inlet piston and exhaust pition by connecting rod, the outputting power of the first bent axle and the second bent axle is undertaken externally being exported by one end of the second bent axle after power converges by chain;
Inlet piston and exhaust pition are to the motion of outer dead point direction, and exhaust pition is by Exhaust Open, and suction port is opened not yet, and cylinder combustion is burnt waste gas and discharged from relief opening;
Inlet piston is by air inlet open, and live gas enters cylinder by suction port, is cleared away by the gas of combustion of remnants from cylinder, and inlet piston and exhaust pition get back to respective outer dead point, repeats above-mentioned steps.
In technological scheme of the present invention, the piston of two relative movement is arranged in same cylinder, two pistons are connected with respective connecting rod respectively, two bent axles are arranged in the two ends of motor, two bent axle outputting powers are gathered by chain to be exported in the lump, by adopting gas port-gas port uniflow scavenging mode, coordinate petrol engine in-cylinder direct injection technology, achieve the efficient of two-stroke gasoline engine, the feature of cleaning cycle, effectively overcome two-stroke gasoline engine discharge poor, less economical shortcoming, remain two stroke engine specific power high simultaneously, compact structure, advantages of simple structure and simple.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the transverse cross-sectional view of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the longitudinal sectional drawing of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the general structure schematic diagram of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is connecting rod and the crankshaft-synchronous structural representation of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is the output end structure schematic diagram of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is the sprocket wheel end structure schematic diagram of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is the structural representation of air cylinder of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in the embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the specific embodiment of the present invention is described in detail.But embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
The main application of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in technical solution of the present invention is pure electric automobile distance increasing unit power, solve that current pure electric automobile faces limited due to batteries to store energy and continual mileage that is that cause is short, the bottleneck problem that the serious restriction pure electric automobiles such as charging Infrastructure imperfection are popularized further, horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in technical solution of the present invention is a kind of balanced type height compact type distance increasing unit motor of 15-20kW level, be configured on pure electric automobile, as the power that pure electric automobile storage battery charges online, there is flexible installation, the feature of flexible startup, vehicle mounted dynamic battery can be coordinated to work under different operating mode, effectively increase the continual mileage of pure electric automobile, realize the online charging of storage battery, solve the dependence of pure electric automobile to basic electrically-charging equipment simultaneously.
As shown in Fig. 1 to Fig. 7, the horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in present embodiment mainly comprises the parts such as cylinder 11, air inlet side crankcase 4, exhaust side crankshaft case 15, first end cap 2, second end cap 17, chain box 25 and gas compressor 24.Horizontally disposed cylinder block is connected respectively by four logical heart bolts with air inlet side crankcase body and exhaust side crankshaft casing, first end cap is connected with air inlet side crankcase body by all cloth bolts, for sealing air inlet side crankcase, second end cap is connected with exhaust side crankshaft casing, for sealing exhaust side crankshaft case by all cloth bolts.
Inlet piston 6 and exhaust pition 13 is symmetrical arranged in horizontally disposed cylinder, surrounding's distribution of the cylinder block of corresponding inlet piston arranges suction port 7, surrounding's distribution of the cylinder block of corresponding exhaust pition arranges relief opening 12, and inlet piston controls suction port, and exhaust pition controls relief opening.Suction port is connected with intake duct 8, and relief opening is connected with air outlet flue 10.Intake duct is connected with gas compressor 24, and gas compressor is bolted on air inlet side crankcase body by all cloth, and gas compressor is connected with one end of the first bent axle 1, rotates for driving gas compressor.
Oil sprayer 22 and spark plug 9 are installed in the neutral position of cylinder block, oil sprayer is arranged in the first mounting hole seat 29 in cylinder block by screw thread, spark plug is arranged on by screw thread in the second mounting hole seat 32 in cylinder block, and the first mounting hole seat and the second mounting hole seat present certain angle.Oil sprayer is used for in-cylinder injection gasoline, and spark plug, for lighting flammable fuel-air mixture, ensures the normal combustion of motor.
Inlet piston is connected by the microcephaly of first piston pin 5 with first connecting rod 3, the major part of first connecting rod is connected with the first bent axle 1, first bent axle is arranged on air inlet side crankcase body by clutch shaft bearing 261 and the first main bearing cap 271, exhaust pition is connected with the microcephaly of second connecting rod 16 by the second wrist pin 14, the major part of second connecting rod is connected with the second bent axle 18, and the second bent axle is arranged on exhaust side crankshaft casing by the second bearing 262 and the second main bearing cap 272.Inlet piston and exhaust pition drive respective crank and connecting rod movement respectively.
Be connected between first bent axle with the second bent axle, Placement is: first bent axle one end connects the first gear 191, first gear engages with the second gear 201 be arranged on air inlet side crankcase body, first gear diameter is less than the second gear, first sprocket wheel 211 is arranged on air inlet side crankcase body by the first sprocket shaft 281, first sprocket wheel is coaxial with the second gear, second bent axle one end connects the 3rd gear 192, 3rd gear engages with the 4th gear 202 be arranged on exhaust side crankshaft casing, 3rd gear diameter is less than the 4th gear, second sprocket wheel 212 is arranged on exhaust side crankshaft casing by the second sprocket shaft 282, second sprocket wheel is coaxial with the 4th gear, be connected by engagement chain 23 between first sprocket wheel with the second sprocket wheel, for being converged by the outputting power of engagement chain by the first bent axle and the second bent axle, exported by one end of the second bent axle, realize being synchronized with the movement of the first bent axle and the second bent axle simultaneously, ensure inlet piston and the proper exercise of exhaust pition in cylinder.
Inlet piston and exhaust pition make both motion phase there is the phase difference preset by chain, when moving to outer dead point for inlet piston and exhaust pition, first exhaust pition opens relief opening, waste gas after part burning is due to the pressure discharge cylinder of self, after Preset Time, inlet piston opens suction port, entered cylinder by the live gas after compressor pressure further residual gas to be cleared away, and when inlet piston and exhaust pition are moved to inner dead point by outer dead point, first exhaust pition closes relief opening, after Preset Time, inlet piston closes suction port, live gas is made to be filled with cylinder as much as possible.
Chain transmission part is provided with chain box 25, and chain box is for holding the first gear, the second gear, the first sprocket wheel, the 3rd gear, the 4th gear, the second sprocket wheel and chain.
Groups of fins 30 is had in the outer installment of cylinder block 31, cylinder block be cast iron or Steel material by casting or machining shaping, the intermediate portion of cylinder is cast with some sheet type aluminium heat sinks by forging type, and there is thick baffle plate at the two ends of groups of fins, for improving the rigidity of heat sink assembly.
The running of the horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in present embodiment is described below:
Inlet piston and exhaust pition do relatively reciprocating motion in cylinder block, when two piston relative movement are to during closest to position, are called inner dead point, the formation firing chamber, space that two piston heads and cylinder are formed, and realize motor fuel igniting and combustion process; When two pistons move to respectively farthest away from position, be called outer dead point.
Inlet piston and exhaust pition make both motion phase there is the phase difference preset by chain.
When inlet piston and exhaust pition are positioned at respective outer dead point, suction port and exhaust ports are in open mode.
Live gas after compressor pressure is pressed into into cylinder by suction port, under the promotion of live gas, the gas of combustion that a circulation upper in cylinder produces is discharged cylinder from relief opening, air outlet flue.
Inlet piston and exhaust pition are to the motion of inner dead point direction, and exhaust pition is first by exhaust close, and at this moment suction port is closed not yet, and live gas continues to enter cylinder.
Now, gasoline is sprayed into cylinder by oil sprayer, carries out air-fuel mixture, ensures time enough and carries out air-fuel mixture.
Inlet piston by after inlet close, inlet piston and exhaust pition pressurized gas gas in the jar.
When inlet piston and exhaust pition are close to inner dead point position, fuel-air mixture in spark plug points gas cylinder, produce high temperature and high pressure gas, promotion inlet piston and exhaust pition move respectively to respective outer dead point, transform linear motion is become the rotary motion of the first bent axle and the second bent axle by inlet piston and exhaust pition by connecting rod, the outputting power of the first bent axle and the second bent axle is undertaken externally being exported by one end of the second bent axle after power converges by chain.
When inlet piston and exhaust pition are to the motion of outer dead point direction, exhaust pition is first by Exhaust Open, and suction port is opened not yet, and cylinder combustion is burnt waste gas and discharged from relief opening rapidly under pressure itself effect.
Inlet piston and exhaust pition continue to move to outer dead point direction, inlet piston is by air inlet open, and live gas enters cylinder by suction port, is cleared away by the gas of combustion of remnants from cylinder, inlet piston and exhaust pition get back to respective outer dead point, repeat above-mentioned steps.
Circulation like this, thus the continuous operation realizing motor, in the process, inlet piston and exhaust pition drive respective crankshaft rotating, and two bent axles, by respective gear and sprocket wheel, carry out synchronous and power through chain and converge.
Horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine in present embodiment adopts and realizes petrol engine in-cylinder direct injection from the mode of cylinder block side arrangement oil sprayer, at oil sprayer place circumferentially, be incorporated into entraining air stream direction and firing chamber to coordinate, realize burning efficiently and good discharge.
Adopt chain to carry out power between two bent axles of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine to converge and crankshaft-synchronous.Again by sprocket wheel and chain transmission after adopting a pair gear to slow down, chain movement speed can be reduced, ensure to achieve reliable power transmission under the prerequisite that power converges with crankshaft-synchronous and phase place.
Horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine adopts gas port-gas port uniflow scavenging mode to carry out gas replacing, utilizes bent axle Direct driver mechanical compressor of motor to realize suction pressure and promotes, reach good scavenge effect.
Two bent axles of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine have fixing phase requirements with the first respective gear, the second gear when installing and be connected respectively, in order to ensure that there is misphase position mode between two bent axles moves, realize inlet piston and the motion of exhaust pition in cylinder is asymmetric, the characteristics of motion that exhaust pition shifts to an earlier date than inlet piston is ensured in engine operation process, achieve the asymmetric scavenging mode of opposed two stroke engine, achieve prerelease and rear aerification function, effectively improve the scavenging efficiency of motor.
Above-described embodiment is the present invention's preferably mode of execution; but embodiments of the present invention are not restricted to the described embodiments; change, the modification done under other any does not deviate from Spirit Essence of the present invention and principle, substitute, combine, simplify; all should be the substitute mode of equivalence, be included within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine, it is characterized in that, horizontally disposed cylinder both sides connect air inlet side crankcase and exhaust side crankshaft case respectively, inlet piston and exhaust pition is symmetrical arranged in cylinder, surrounding's distribution of the cylinder block of corresponding inlet piston arranges suction port, surrounding's distribution of the cylinder block of corresponding exhaust pition arranges relief opening, oil sprayer and spark plug are installed in the neutral position of cylinder block, inlet piston is connected with the microcephaly of first connecting rod by first piston pin, the major part of first connecting rod is connected with the first bent axle, first crankshaft installed is on air inlet side crankcase body, exhaust pition is connected with the microcephaly of second connecting rod by the second wrist pin, the major part of second connecting rod is connected with the second bent axle, second crankshaft installed is on exhaust side crankshaft casing, be connected with chain between first bent axle with the second bent axle.
2. the horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine of one according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, suction port is connected with intake duct, relief opening is connected with air outlet flue, intake duct is connected with gas compressor, gas compressor is fixed on air inlet side crankcase body, and gas compressor is connected with one end of the first bent axle, rotates for driving gas compressor.
3. the horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine of one according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, be connected in the following manner between first bent axle with the second bent axle: first bent axle one end connects the first gear, first gear and the second gears meshing be arranged on air inlet side crankcase body, first gear diameter is less than the second gear, first sprocket wheel is arranged on air inlet side crankcase body by the first sprocket shaft, first sprocket wheel is coaxial with the second gear, second bent axle one end connects the 3rd gear, 3rd gear and the 4th gears meshing be arranged on exhaust side crankshaft casing, 3rd gear diameter is less than the 4th gear, second sprocket wheel is arranged on exhaust side crankshaft casing by the second sprocket shaft, second sprocket wheel is coaxial with the 4th gear, be connected by chain between first sprocket wheel with the second sprocket wheel, for being converged by the outputting power of chain by the first bent axle and the second bent axle, exported by one end of the second bent axle.
4. the horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine of one according to claim 3, it is characterized in that, there is the phase difference preset in the motion phase of inlet piston and exhaust pition, when moving to outer dead point for inlet piston and exhaust pition, first exhaust pition opens relief opening, waste gas after burning discharges cylinder, after Preset Time, inlet piston opens suction port, entered cylinder by the live gas after compressor pressure residual gas is cleared away, and when inlet piston and exhaust pition are moved to inner dead point by outer dead point, first exhaust pition closes relief opening, after Preset Time, inlet piston closes suction port, live gas is filled with cylinder.
5. the horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine of one according to claim 4, is characterized in that, also comprise chain box, for holding the first gear, the second gear, the first sprocket wheel, the 3rd gear, the 4th gear, the second sprocket wheel and chain.
6. the horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine of one according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, first end cap is connected with air inlet side crankcase body by all cloth bolts, for sealing air inlet side crankcase, second end cap is connected with exhaust side crankshaft casing, for sealing exhaust side crankshaft case by all cloth bolts.
7. the horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine of one according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, first bent axle is arranged on air inlet side crankcase body by clutch shaft bearing and the first main bearing cap, and the second bent axle is arranged on air inlet side crankcase body by the second bearing and the second main bearing cap.
8. the horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine of one according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, the outer installment of cylinder block has groups of fins, and groups of fins two ends arrange thick baffle plate.
9. the horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine of one according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, oil sprayer is arranged in the first mounting hole seat in cylinder block, and spark plug is arranged in the second mounting hole seat in cylinder block, and the first mounting hole seat and the second mounting hole seat present angle.
10. the operation method of a kind of horizontally-opposed piston two-stroke gasoline engine according to claim 1, is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
There is the phase difference preset in the motion phase of inlet piston and exhaust pition;
Inlet piston and exhaust pition are positioned at respective outer dead point, and suction port and exhaust ports are in open mode;
Live gas after compressor pressure enters cylinder by suction port, cylinder combustion is burnt waste gas and discharges cylinder from relief opening;
Inlet piston and exhaust pition are to the motion of inner dead point direction, and exhaust pition is by exhaust close, and suction port is closed not yet, and live gas continues to enter cylinder;
Gasoline is sprayed into cylinder by oil sprayer, carries out air-fuel mixture;
Inlet piston by inlet close, inlet piston and exhaust pition pressurized gas gas in the jar;
When inlet piston and exhaust pition are close to inner dead point, fuel-air mixture in spark plug points gas cylinder, produce high temperature and high pressure gas, promotion inlet piston and exhaust pition move respectively to respective outer dead point, transform linear motion is become the rotary motion of the first bent axle and the second bent axle by inlet piston and exhaust pition by connecting rod, the outputting power of the first bent axle and the second bent axle is undertaken externally being exported by one end of the second bent axle after power converges by chain;
Inlet piston and exhaust pition are to the motion of outer dead point direction, and exhaust pition is by Exhaust Open, and suction port is opened not yet, and cylinder combustion is burnt waste gas and discharged from relief opening;
Inlet piston is by air inlet open, and live gas enters cylinder by suction port, is cleared away by the gas of combustion of remnants from cylinder, and inlet piston and exhaust pition get back to respective outer dead point, repeats above-mentioned steps.
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| CN107131272A (en) * | 2017-04-21 | 2017-09-05 | 海南华盈泰能源科技有限公司 | A kind of double-piston is moved back and forth and the mutual switching mechanism of rotary motion |
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| CN109139248A (en) * | 2018-09-28 | 2019-01-04 | 万方明 | A kind of four full symmetric two stroke engine of piston three-crankshaft straight line of high pressure-charging twin-tub |
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