CN105258134A - 基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统 - Google Patents
基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105258134A CN105258134A CN201510683401.6A CN201510683401A CN105258134A CN 105258134 A CN105258134 A CN 105258134A CN 201510683401 A CN201510683401 A CN 201510683401A CN 105258134 A CN105258134 A CN 105258134A
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- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide Chemical compound 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[O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title abstract 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound 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- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 206010013786 Dry skin Diseases 0.000 claims description 12
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- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统，污泥储仓出料口通过螺杆泵连接喷雾干燥管进料口，喷雾干燥管进气口与混合室出口连接，混合室入口分两路，一路与循环流化床锅炉的旋风分离器出口烟道连接，另一路通过冷烟风机连接除尘器出口，喷雾干燥管出口一通过旋转给料器一连接干污泥仓，干污泥仓出口通过螺旋输送机连接循环流化床锅炉，喷雾干燥管出口二与旋风分离器连接，旋风分离器卸料口通过旋转给料器二连接干污泥仓，旋风分离器排气口依次通过冷却冷凝器、乏气风机连接循环流化床锅炉。本发明可实现污泥干化、干燥尾气余热利用、污泥和煤混烧和污染物控制等功能，有利于防止臭气和粉尘扩散，具有系统简洁、环保高效的特点。
Description
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及一种废弃物处置系统，尤其涉及一种污泥干化并与煤混烧的系统。
背景技术
[0002] 随着城市污水的产生量和处理量越来越大，在城市污水的处理过程中产生的污泥也与日倶增。污泥是由水分、有机颗粒和无机颗粒等组成的絮状体，其中含有大量重金属、病原体和难降解有毒有机物，还会散发臭气。因此，必须对污泥进行妥善处理。
[0003] 污泥的预处理有调理、浓缩、脱水、稳定化和干化等技术，污泥的最终处置主要有填埋、土地利用、建筑材料利用、生物处理和焚烧等方式，热解、气化和热水解等新兴技术也在研究开发之中。由于土壤保护、地下水保护和食品安全等诸多方面的要求不断提高，填埋和土地利用等传统技术的应用面临越来越多的制约因素，焚烧和其它污泥处置新技术迅速发展。
[0004] 根据焚烧系统使用的燃料，污泥焚烧可分为单独焚烧和与其他燃料混合焚烧两类；根据是否进行干化处理，污泥焚烧分为直接焚烧和干化后焚烧两类；根据所采用的焚烧装置，污泥焚烧可分为炉排炉焚烧、流化床焚烧、熔融炉焚烧、回转窑焚烧和电站锅炉掺
绝
Ml寸。
[0005] 由于来自污水处理厂的脱水污泥一般还有较高含水率，热值很低，直接入炉焚烧时，需要较多的辅助燃料，掺烧污泥的比例较低，处理规模小，锅炉的排烟损失大，热效率下降。将脱水污泥干化后再入炉焚烧，可提高炉内燃烧的稳定性和处理规模。
[0006] 干化-焚烧技术广泛采用电厂低压蒸汽和其它加热介质对来自污水处理厂的含水率较高的脱水污泥进行加热，使污泥中水分进一步蒸发而获得含水率较低、热值更高的干化污泥，然后经干化污泥给料系统送入锅炉内焚烧；焚烧产生的高温烟气经热量回收和净化处理后排放，从而实现污泥减容、减量和无害化。
[0007] 污泥热干化环节有直接干化、间接干化和联合干化三种典型工艺。直接干化是在操作过程中，热介质(热空气、热烟气或热灰等)与污泥直接接触，热介质低速流过污泥层，在此过程中吸收污泥中的水分，处理后的干污泥需与热介质进行分离。排出的废气一部分通过热量回收系统回到原系统中再用，剩余的部分经无害化后排放。间接干化过程中热介质并不直接与污泥接触，而是通过热交换器将热量传递给污泥，使污泥中的水分得以蒸发，热介质一般为160-200°C饱和水蒸气或导热油。过程中蒸发的水分到冷凝器中加以冷凝，热介质的一部分回到原系统中再利用，以节约能源。直接一间接联合干化结合了上述两种技术。
[0008] 污泥焚烧环节的几种常用炉型中，炉排炉、熔融炉和回转窑的处理容量都相对较小；大型流化床锅炉和煤粉锅炉的燃料消耗量大，即使掺烧较低比例的污泥，其能实现的污泥处理量仍然很大，而且掺烧较低比例的污泥不会对锅炉安全运行产生影响，炉内燃烧稳定，温度高，污染物分解彻底，而且这些电站锅炉往往配备有先进的烟气净化系统，它能对污泥燃烧带来的污染物进行净化处理。可见，利用电站锅炉对污泥进行协同处置具有良好的应用前景。
[0009] 结合不同的污泥干化和焚烧方式，在已投产的污泥干化-焚烧工程中，就产生了蒸汽干化-流化床焚烧、蒸汽干化-煤粉锅炉掺烧、烟气干化-回转窑焚烧等不同的工艺路线。由于多数工程是对投运多年的锅炉机组进行技术改造，增加污泥储存、干化和输送系统而成的，最初设计锅炉机组时并未考虑污泥焚烧的需要，所以增设的污泥干化车间一般采用蒸汽间接干化工艺，其位置和锅炉之间的距离通常较远，需要先将干化污泥转运到电厂的煤场堆存，然后采用皮带输送方式送入制粉系统，或直接送入炉内焚烧。这导致系统流程复杂，设备多，占地面积大，投资成本高；又因为干化后的污泥在堆放及输送过程中会有扬尘和臭气散发，且皮带输送系统的密封性能较差，所以容易引起臭气在厂区及附近区域扩散，导致工作环境恶劣，严重影响电厂焚烧污泥的积极性。目前，也有基于风扇磨制粉系统的污泥烟气干化-煤粉锅炉掺烧工艺方案，但由于污泥在风扇磨内干化并研磨成粉末的过程中产生的气粉混合物具有较强的刺激性气味、腐蚀性和很高的粉尘浓度，其气粉分离有一定难度，防爆要求也比较高，尚未见工程应用。
[0010]因此针对电厂焚烧污泥的需要，开发系统简洁、流程短、环保高效的污泥干化焚烧发电系统是必要的。
发明内容
[0011] 本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统，该系统可稳定地进行污泥干化，并实现干化后污泥与煤的混烧，有效控制臭气和粉尘扩散，克服现有污泥焚烧工程中的不足。
[0012] 为解决上述技术问题，本发明采用如下的技术方案:
一种基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统，包括污泥储仓、螺杆栗、喷雾干燥管、旋转给料器一、旋风分离器、旋转给料器二、干污泥仓、螺旋输送机、冷却冷凝器、乏气风机、循环流化床锅炉、混合室、除尘器、冷烟风机，所述污泥储仓出料口通过螺杆栗连接喷雾干燥管的进料口，喷雾干燥管的进气口与混合室的出口连接，混合室的入口分两路，一路与循环流化床锅炉的旋风分离器出口烟道连接，从循环流化床锅炉的旋风分离器出口烟道抽取高温烟气，另一路通过冷烟风机连接除尘器的出口，通过冷烟风机从除尘器出口抽取冷烟气，在混合室中进行混合调温，混合后的热烟气作为污泥干燥介质；所述喷雾干燥管的出口一通过旋转给料器一连接干污泥仓，使沉降到喷雾干燥管下部的大颗粒的污泥通过旋转给料器进入干污泥仓，干污泥仓的出口通过螺旋输送机连接循环流化床锅炉，使干污泥仓中的干污泥通过螺旋输送机送入循环流化床锅炉的密相区燃烧；所述喷雾干燥管的出口二与旋风分离器连接，使其余污泥颗粒和干燥尾气一起进入旋风分离器进行气固分离，旋风分离器的卸料口通过旋转给料器二连接干污泥仓，使旋风分离器中分离出的污泥颗粒通过旋转给料器二也进入干污泥仓，旋风分离器的排气口依次通过冷却冷凝器、乏气风机连接循环流化床锅炉，使高含湿的乏气经冷却冷凝器降温除湿后，通过乏气风机进入循环流化床锅炉的稀相区燃烧。
[0013] 所述循环流化床锅炉进料口通过给煤机连接给煤斗，使给煤斗中的煤经给煤机送入循环流化床锅炉的密相区燃烧；所述循环流化床锅炉进料口通过石灰石给料机连接石灰石料斗，使石灰石料斗中的石灰石颗粒经石灰石给料机送入循环流化床锅炉的密相区进行炉内脱硫反应；所述循环流化床锅炉的出口依次通过除尘器、脱硫装置、引风机连接烟囱，使燃烧产生的高温烟气流过循环流化床锅炉的各受热面放出热量，经除尘器除去粉尘后，分为两路，一路被冷烟风机抽取，另一路进入脱硫装置中，进一步脱除烟气中的SOx后经引风机进入烟囱排放。
[0014] 所述乏气风机和冷烟风机为可调转速风机，通过调节所述乏气风机和冷烟风机的转速，可控制高温烟气和低温烟气的抽取量，改变混合室出口热烟气的流量和温度，适应污泥干燥负荷调节的需要。
[0015] 所述冷却冷凝器中的冷却介质为机组凝结水，通过机组凝结水回收污泥干燥后的废气余热，降低干燥能耗，减少污泥带入锅炉的水分，从而降低锅炉出口烟气露点温度和排烟热损失。
[0016] 本发明的有益效果是:采用上述技术方案，通过抽取高温烟气和低温烟气混合调温后对污泥进行直接接触干燥，与目前广泛采用的蒸汽间接干化技术相比，可以显著提高污泥干燥的速率和处理量，并通过冷却冷凝器回收干燥乏气的余热，降低干燥能耗，减少污泥带入锅炉的水分，从而降低锅炉出口烟气露点温度和排烟热损失，提高锅炉热效率；焚烧设备采用循环流化床锅炉，入炉燃烧的煤颗粒和污泥颗粒的平均粒径一般控制在几个毫米的水平即可，无需采用风扇磨等设备将污泥研磨至微米级的粒径，从而降低了喷雾干燥管入口污泥粒化及其后气固分离的难度；从循环流化床锅炉旋风分离器出口烟道抽取高温烟气，和风扇磨干燥系统中在煤粉锅炉炉膛出口附近抽取高温烟气相比，大大降低了高温烟气抽取对锅炉受热面汽温偏差和工作安全性的影响；可充分发挥循环流化床锅炉脱硫、脱硝和除尘的功能，有效控制污泥掺烧的污染物排放；污泥干化和输送流程短，密闭性好，可防止臭气和粉尘向外泄露到环境中。
[0017]因此，本发明提出的基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统，集污泥干化、焚烧和污染物控制功能于一体，具有系统简洁、环保高效的特点。
附图说明
[0018] 图1为本发明的系统结构示意图。
具体实施方式
[0019] 下面结合附图与实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
[0020] 如图1所示，在本发明的基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统，包括污泥储仓1、螺杆栗2、喷雾干燥管3、旋转给料器一 4、旋风分离器5、旋转给料器二 6、干污泥仓7、螺旋输送机8、冷却冷凝器9、乏气风机10、循环流化床锅炉11、给煤斗12、给煤机13、石灰石料斗14、石灰石给料机15、混合室16、除尘器17、冷烟风机18、脱硫装置19、引风机20以及烟囱21。
[0021 ] 给煤斗12的出口与给煤机13连接，给煤机13的出口与循环流化床锅炉11连接；石灰石料斗14与石灰石给料机15连接，石灰石给料机15的出口与循环流化床锅炉11连接；循环流化床锅炉11的出口与除尘器17、脱硫装置19、引风机20、烟囱21依次连接；
污泥储仓1连接到螺杆栗2，螺杆栗2的出口连接到喷雾干燥管3的进料口 ；喷雾干燥管3的进气口与混合室16的出口连接，混合室16的入口分两路，一路与循环流化床锅炉11的旋风分离器出口烟道连接，一路与冷烟风机18的出口连接，冷烟风机18的入口与除尘器17的出口连接；喷雾干燥管3的出口一与旋转给料器一 4、干污泥仓7依次连接；喷雾干燥管3的出口二与旋风分离器连接5，旋风分离器5的卸料口与旋转给料器二 6、干污泥仓7依次连接；旋风分离器5的排气口与冷却冷凝器9、乏气风机10依次连接，乏气风机10的出口连接到循环流化床锅炉11 ;干污泥仓7的出口与螺旋输送机8连接，螺旋输送机8的出口与循环流化床锅炉11连接。
[0022] 该基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统的工作原理为: 从循环流化床锅炉11的旋风分离器出口烟道抽取高温烟气，通过冷烟风机18从除尘器17出口抽取冷烟气，在混合室16中进行混合调温，混合后的热烟气作为污泥干燥介质；储存于污泥储仓1中的污泥，经螺杆栗2输送到喷雾干燥管3，与来自混合室16的热烟气混合，并受热干燥，大颗粒的污泥沉降到干燥管3的下部，通过旋转给料器4进入干污泥仓7，其余污泥颗粒和干燥尾气一起进入旋风分离器5进行气固分离后，高含湿的乏气经冷却冷凝器9降温除湿后，通过乏气风机10进入循环流化床锅炉11的稀相区燃烧；
给煤斗12中的煤经给煤机13送入循环流化床锅炉11的密相区燃烧；干污泥仓7中的干污泥与通过螺旋输送机8送入循环流化床锅炉11的密相区燃烧；石灰石料斗14中的石灰石颗粒经石灰石给料机15送入循环流化床锅炉11的密相区进行炉内脱硫反应；燃烧产生的高温烟气流过循环流化床锅炉11的各受热面放出热量，经除尘器17除去粉尘后，分为两路，一路被冷烟风机18抽取，另一路进入脱硫装置19中，进一步脱除烟气中的SOx后经引风机20进入烟囱21排放。
[0023] 本系统具有以下特点:
(1)抽取高温烟气和低温烟气混合后作为污泥的干燥剂，这种两介质干燥系统通过调节高温烟气和低温烟气的抽取比例，可适应污泥干燥负荷调节的需要；污泥和烟气直接接触干燥速率大，污泥输送环节少，密闭性好，可防止臭气和粉尘泄露到环境中；
(2)焚烧设备采用循环流化床锅炉，和煤粉炉相比，入炉燃烧的煤颗粒和污泥颗粒的平均粒径较大，降低了喷雾干燥管入口污泥粒化及其后气固分离的难度；从循环流化床锅炉旋风分离器出口烟道抽取高温烟气，也降低了高温烟气抽取对锅炉受热面汽温偏差和工作安全性的影响；
(3)可采用机组凝结水作为冷却冷凝器中的冷却介质，回收污泥干燥后的废气余热，降低干燥能耗，减少污泥带入锅炉的水分，从而降低锅炉出口烟气露点温度和排烟热损失，提高锅炉热效率。
[0024] 因此，该基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统，可实现污泥干化、干燥尾气余热利用、污泥和煤混烧和污染物等控制功能，有利于防止臭气和粉尘扩散，具有系统简洁、环保高效的特点，是一种新型的污泥处置系统。
Claims (4)
1.一种基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统，包括污泥储仓(1)、螺杆栗(2)、喷雾干燥管(3)、旋转给料器一(4)、旋风分离器(5)、旋转给料器二(6)、干污泥仓(7 )、螺旋输送机(8 )、冷却冷凝器(9 )、乏气风机(10 )、循环流化床锅炉(11)、混合室(16)、除尘器(17)、冷烟风机(18)，其特征在于:所述污泥储仓(1)出料口通过螺杆栗(2)连接喷雾干燥管(3)的进料口，喷雾干燥管(3)的进气口与混合室(16)的出口连接，混合室(16)的入口分两路，一路与循环流化床锅炉(11)的旋风分离器出口烟道连接，从循环流化床锅炉(11)的旋风分离器出口烟道抽取高温烟气，另一路通过冷烟风机(18)连接除尘器(17)的出口，通过冷烟风机(18)从除尘器(17)出口抽取冷烟气，在混合室(16)中进行混合调温，混合后的热烟气作为污泥干燥介质；所述喷雾干燥管(3)的出口一通过旋转给料器一(4)连接干污泥仓(7)，使沉降到喷雾干燥管(3)下部的大颗粒的污泥通过旋转给料器(4 )进入干污泥仓(7 )，干污泥仓(7 )的出口通过螺旋输送机(8 )连接循环流化床锅炉(11)，使干污泥仓7中的干污泥通过螺旋输送机(8)送入循环流化床锅炉11的密相区燃烧；所述喷雾干燥管(3)的出口二与旋风分离器(5)连接，使其余污泥颗粒和干燥尾气一起进入旋风分离器5进行气固分离，旋风分离器(5)的卸料口通过旋转给料器二(6)连接干污泥仓(7)，旋风分离器(5)的排气口依次通过冷却冷凝器(9)、乏气风机(10)连接循环流化床锅炉(11 )，使高含湿的乏气经冷却冷凝器(9)降温除湿后，通过乏气风机(10)进入循环流化床锅炉(11)的稀相区燃烧。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统，其特征在于:所述循环流化床锅炉(11)进料口通过给煤机(13)连接给煤斗(12)，使给煤斗(12)中的煤经给煤机(13)送入循环流化床锅炉(11)的密相区燃烧；所述循环流化床锅炉(11)进料口通过石灰石给料机(15)连接石灰石料斗(14)，使石灰石料斗(14)中的石灰石颗粒经石灰石给料机(15)送入循环流化床锅炉(11)的密相区进行炉内脱硫反应；所述循环流化床锅炉(11)的出口依次通过除尘器(17)、脱硫装置(19)、引风机(20)连接烟囱(21)，使燃烧产生的高温烟气流过循环流化床锅炉(11)的各受热面放出热量，经除尘器(17)除去粉尘后，分为两路，一路被冷烟风机(18)抽取，另一路进入脱硫装置(19)中，进一步脱除烟气中的SOx后经引风机(20 )进入烟囱(21)排放。
3.根据权利要求1所述的基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统，其特征在于:所述乏气风机(10)和冷烟风机(18)为可调转速风机，通过调节所述乏气风机(10)和冷烟风机(18)的转速，可控制高温烟气和低温烟气的抽取量，改变混合室(16)出口热烟气的流量和温度，适应污泥干燥负荷调节的需要。
4.根据权利要求1所述的基于两介质烟气干燥和循环流化床锅炉的煤-污泥混烧系统，其特征在于:冷却冷凝器中(9)的冷却介质为机组凝结水，通过机组凝结水回收污泥干燥后的废气余热，降低干燥能耗，减少污泥带入锅炉的水分，从而降低锅炉出口烟气露点温度和排烟热损失。
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