CN104966449A - Three dimensional operation training model and training method thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a three dimensional operation training model, and also relates to a training method for the three dimensional operation training model. The three dimensional operation training model belongs to a high simulation three dimensional operation training model and can accurately simulate the physical properties of dissected human tissue. The three dimensional operation training model provided by the invention includes a simulated human's head, a simulated human's neck and simulated human's shoulders, wherein the proportion is approximate to real human tissue. The three dimensional operation training model includes various skin defects including pathology or wound. The three dimensional operation training model provided by the invention has the advantage of enabling a medical practitioner to practice the surgical technique on the synthetic model before meeting a real patient.

Description

A kind of three-dimensional operative training model and Training Methodology thereof

Technical field

The invention belongs to surgical training model technical field, especially relate to a kind of head, the three-dimensional operative training model of neck and shoulder surgery poster presentation and exercise, and train and utilize the method for this technology.

Background technology

Because the incidence of disease of cutaneum carcinoma increases to some extent in aging colony, so in the clinical practice of dermatology, corresponding operation quantity also in rising trend, and is very important at surgical field dermal surgery field.Specifically, in the excision stitching of skin injury, owing to being often in high risk head and neck dissection position, therefore embody the importance of skin surgery.Although dermal surgery field experienced by the requirement that the process increased fast deals with medical system, but the surgery training number of times provided between dept. of dermatology patient and practitioner and quality do not increase fast.Therefore, improve surgical technic training to be very important.

Summary of the invention

The features and advantages of the present invention are partly stated in the following description, or can be apparent from this description, or learn by putting into practice the present invention.

The problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide one and comprises various defect disease, and the head of simulated human tissue, the height of neck and shoulder emulates three-dimensional operative training model.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of Training Methodology of three-dimensional operative training model.

For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical solution used in the present invention is: a kind of three-dimensional operative training model, comprise the simulated skin layer of high emulation, described high analogue simulation skin layer comprises imitative epidermal area, emulation leather point layer, artificial leather two layers and imitative hypodermis layer, and described imitative epidermal area comprises the potpourri of platinum polyorganosiloxane ramification, silicon rubber and polysiloxane soft agent; The imitative epidermal area of described artificial head cortex next-door neighbour is made up of the mixing of silicon rubber and polysiloxane soft agent; Described artificial leather two layers next-door neighbour emulation leather point layer, is made up of an aramid layer net; Described imitative hypodermis layer next-door neighbour artificial leather two layers, is mixed by platinum polysiloxane spin-off and polysiloxane soft agent and is formed.

Described high analogue simulation skin layer at least simulates the shape of a body part.

Also comprise an imitative skeleton structure, described high analogue simulation skin layer is on imitative skeleton structure; Described imitative skeleton structure simulates the shape of at least one body part.

Also comprise an imitative cartilage structure, described high analogue simulation skin layer is at least on an imitative cartilage structure, and imitative cartilage structure simulates the shape of at least one body part.

Also comprise an imitative muscle layer, described high analogue simulation skin layer is on imitative muscle layer, and next-door neighbour imitates muscle layer.

Described high analogue simulation skin layer, imitative skeleton structure, imitative cartilage structure and imitative muscle layer are merged into a three-dimensional operative training model, at least simulate a part of human body.

Described human body comprises skull, neck, ear, nose or mouth.

Described high analogue simulation skin layer tensile strength is 16 Mpa to 20 Mpa, and the breakpoint of breaking elongation is 65% to 75%, and durometer hardness is 4 to 6.

A polyether ketone fiber layer is also comprised in described imitative epidermal area.

In described imitative epidermal area, the ratio of platinum polysiloxane spin-off and silicon rubber is 1:1; The thickness of described imitative epidermal area is 0.5mm to 1.0mm, and tensile strength is 1Mpa to 3.4Mpa, and the breakpoint of breaking elongation is 700% to 1100%.

Also comprise an imitation leather skin defect sturcture, comprise pathology, wound, tumour, lymthoma, scar and combination thereof, have at least a kind of imitation leather skin defect sturcture to be arranged on described imitative epidermal area on the surface.

Described pathology comprises tumour and malignant tumour; Imitative epidermal area comprises tumour; Imitative epidermal area and artificial leather two layers comprise malignant tumour.

Described imitative epidermal area by total amount be 42.5% platinum polysiloxane spin-off and total amount be 42.5% silicon rubber form; Described imitative epidermal area comprises polysiloxane soft agent, platinum polysiloxane spin-off and the silicon rubber of 10%; Described emulation leather point layer comprise total amount be 90% silicon rubber and total amount be the polysiloxane soft agent of 10%; Described artificial leather two layer thickness is 1.0 millimeters to 1.5 millimeters; Described artificial leather two layers comprises at least one and embeds imitative blood vessel structure wherein, and dextran is injected at least one imitative blood vessel structure to be carried out analog demenstration and go out blood flow or exercise surgical technic.

Described high analogue simulation skin layer comprises: imitative epidermal area, emulation leather point layer, artificial leather two layers and imitative hypodermis layer, and described imitative epidermal area comprises polyether ketone fiber layer, the potpourri of polysiloxane and a silicon rubber; The imitative epidermal area of described emulation leather point layer next-door neighbour, comprises a silicon rubber; Described imitative product two layers of attaining are close to emulation leather point layer, are made up of an aramid layer net; Described imitative hypodermis layer next-door neighbour artificial leather two layers, is mixed by platinum polysiloxane and polysiloxane soft agent and is formed.

Described high analogue simulation skin layer at least simulates human body part.

Described imitative epidermal area also comprises a polysiloxane soft agent; Emulation leather point layer also comprises a polysiloxane soft agent; Artificial leather two layers also comprises imitative blood vessel structure and embeds wherein, and the imitative blood vessel structure of dextran injection carrys out analog demenstration and goes out blood flow or exercise surgical technic.

Described imitative epidermal area is the outermost layer of three-dimensional operative training model; Described emulation leather point layer is one deck of imitative below the epidermis; Described artificial leather two layers is the one deck below emulation leather point layer; Imitative epidermal area, emulation leather point layer, artificial leather two layers of gross thickness are 2.0mm to 3.5mm; Described imitative blood vessel structure is arranged on artificial leather two layers anatomical position accurately; Described imitative hypodermis layer one deck below artificial leather two layers; Described imitation leather undertissue layer thickness is 1mm to 10mm.

Described artificial leather two layers also includes silicon rubber; The imitative blood vessel structure made by silicon rubber as passage, for the synthesis of the injection of blood.

The Training Methodology of three-dimensional operative training model, comprise: described high analogue simulation skin layer performs a surgical technic, under having at least an imitation leather skin defect sturcture to be pressed in high analogue simulation skin layer, described high analogue simulation skin layer comprises: imitative epidermal area, is made up of platinum polysiloxane spin-off, silicon rubber, polysiloxane soft agent; Artificial leather scalp, the imitative epidermal area of next-door neighbour is the potpourri be made up of silicon rubber and polysiloxane soft agent; Artificial leather two layers, next-door neighbour's artificial leather one deck is an aramid layer net; Imitative hypodermis layer, next-door neighbour's artificial leather two layers is the potpourri that platinum polysiloxane spin-off and polysiloxane soft agent are formed.

Surgical technic comprises to be eliminated at least one imitation leather skin defect sturcture and sews up a wound.

Advantage of the present invention and good effect are: this three-dimensional operative training model is the three-dimensional operative training model of high emulation, can simulate dissection and tissue physical characteristics accurately by " high emulation "; The present invention includes the head of simulating human, neck and shoulder, the subhuman head and shoulders of ratio, the three-dimensional operative training model of the tissue of neck and shoulder; This three-dimensional operative training model comprises various skin defect, includes but not limited to pathology or wound." pathology " mentioned here refers to any partial structurtes ANOMALOUS VARIATIONS, and " wound " refers to any living tissue damage; Therefore, three-dimensional operative training model can be supplied to healthcare practitioners, particularly surgeon, and it is the equipment practised surgical technic at high risk anatomical position and train at the deformed region of skin operation; Three-dimensional operative training model has makes healthcare practitioners before running into real patient, can practise the advantage of surgery operating technology on synthetic model.

By reading instructions, those of ordinary skill in the art will understand the characteristic sum content of these technical schemes better.

Accompanying drawing explanation

Below by with reference to accompanying drawing describe the present invention particularly in conjunction with example, advantage of the present invention and implementation will be more obvious, wherein content shown in accompanying drawing is only for explanation of the present invention, and does not form restriction of going up in all senses of the present invention, in the accompanying drawings:

Fig. 1 is the front view of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is the rear view of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model of the present invention;

Fig. 3 is three-dimensional nodule surgical training model of the present invention and its outside front view supporting die;

Fig. 4 a is the view of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model xsect of the present invention, describes the various Rotating fields of trining mock up;

Fig. 4 b is the detailed view of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model xsect of the present invention, describes the various Rotating fields of trining mock up;

Fig. 5 is the muscle of head front view of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model of the present invention;

Fig. 6 a is the skeleton view of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model nasal cartilages of the present invention;

Fig. 6 b is the bottom perspective view of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model nasal cartilages of the present invention;

Fig. 7 is the front view that the various imitative blood vessel structure of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model of the present invention and face imitate artery structure;

Fig. 8 is the side view that the various imitative neuromechanism of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model of the present invention and head, neck imitate glandular structure;

Fig. 9 a is the cross-sectional view that the various imitative neuromechanism of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model of the present invention and head, neck imitate glandular structure layer line 45;

Fig. 9 b is the cross-sectional view that the various imitative neuromechanism of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model of the present invention and head, neck imitate glandular structure layer line 46;

Figure 10 is the side view that the present invention imitates skull structure, describes a hinge mandibular joint;

Figure 11 is the process flow diagram that the present invention builds a surgical training model method;

Figure 12 a is the schematic diagram of operating procedure on the two advanced skin flap of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model list of the present invention; One of them imitation leather skin defect sturcture is cut;

Figure 12 b is the schematic diagram of operating procedure on the two advanced skin flap of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model list of the present invention; Wherein parallel cuts is the extension from Rectangle Resection mouth;

Figure 12 c is the schematic diagram of operating procedure on the two advanced skin flap of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model list of the present invention; Wherein, wound is closed;

Figure 13 a is the schematic diagram of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model rotated skin flap operating procedure of the present invention, and one of them imitation leather skin defect sturcture is removed by by a circular incision;

Figure 13 b is the schematic diagram of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model rotated skin flap operating procedure of the present invention, and wherein arc incision extends from circular incision;

Figure 13 c is the schematic diagram of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model rotated skin flap operating procedure of the present invention, and wherein wound is closed;

Figure 14 a is the schematic diagram of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model two sliver of the present invention modified tone flap surgery step; Wherein there are three rectangular slits, create a cantilever flap;

Figure 14 b is the schematic diagram of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model two sliver of the present invention modified tone flap surgery step; Wherein cantilever flap expands to and covers imitation leather skin defect sturcture;

Figure 14 c is the schematic diagram of three-dimensional nodule surgical training model two sliver of the present invention modified tone flap surgery step; Wherein the flap of cantilever sews up;

Figure 15 a is the schematic diagram that step transplanted by three-dimensional nodule surgical training model island of the present invention pedicle of vertebral arch; An annular incision is wherein used imitation leather skin defect sturcture to be excised;

Figure 15 b is the schematic diagram that step transplanted by three-dimensional nodule surgical training model island of the present invention pedicle of vertebral arch; Wherein remove one piece of leg-of-mutton imitation leather skin layers, the homonymy of circular incision leaves two linear cut;

Figure 15 c is the schematic diagram that step transplanted by three-dimensional nodule surgical training model island of the present invention pedicle of vertebral arch; Wherein the triangle imitation leather skin layers grafting significantly matched of one piece of trining mock up is on the wound in another field;

Figure 16 a is the schematic diagram of three-dimensional nodule surgical training mold-hinge lid operating procedure of the present invention; One of them imitation leather skin defect sturcture is cut, stays next rectangular slits;

Figure 16 b is the schematic diagram of three-dimensional nodule surgical training mold-hinge lid operating procedure of the present invention; The rectangular transplant of one of them coupling is excised from another field of model;

Figure 16 c is the rectangle significantly transplant for hinged cover operation in three-dimensional nodule surgical training model of the present invention;

Figure 16 d is the schematic diagram of three-dimensional nodule surgical training mold-hinge lid operating procedure of the present invention; Wherein wound has been arrived in transplant grafting.

Embodiment

For summary of the invention of the present invention, Characteristic can be understood further, hereby exemplify following examples, and coordinate accompanying drawing to be described in detail as follows:

As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, in a three-dimensional operative training model 100, apery soma 74, neck 84, wherein, the head 74 of three-dimensional operative training model 100, neck 84, the head of the one or more organized layer of shoulder 85 and the mankind, neck and shoulder ratio are similar to.Three-dimensional operative training model 100 comprises one or several tissue, comprises skin layer, fat deposit, muscle, blood vessel, nerve, gland, bone, cartilage, and its hetero-organization and organization of human body.At this model, the design anatomically of three-dimensional operative training model 100 is accurately, or at least major part is accurately, as for the Rotating fields in tissue, include but not limited to imitation leather skin layers 2, imitative blood vessel structure 112, imitative muscle layer 7, imitative artery structure 90, imitative neuromechanism 93, the muscular fascia system architecture 94 on imitative surface, imitative glandular structure 96, imitative cartilage structure 95, imitative skeleton structure 8(such as, imitates skull structure).Like this, imitative three-dimensional operative training model 100 also comprises head 74, neck 84, shoulder 85, eyes 77, ear 78, nose 79, and mouth 80, and these may comprise or form one or more layer and/or structure.Can be interpreted as, three-dimensional operative training model 100 may comprise one or more head 74, neck 84, shoulder 85, eyes 77, ear 78, nose 79, mouth 80, imitation leather skin layers 2, imitative blood vessel structure 112, imitative muscle layer 7, imitative artery layer 90, imitative neuromechanism 93, the muscular fascia system 94 on imitative surface, imitative glandular structure 96, imitative cartilage structure 95 and imitative skeleton structure 8.

Three-dimensional operative training model 100 comprises one or more imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73, include but are not limited to pathology, wound, tumour, lymthoma, scar and above-mentioned combination, three-dimensional operative training model 100 comprises the various imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73 being distributed in three-dimensional operative training model 100 in a large number, comprises tumour 75 and the malignant tumour 76 of pathology class; Imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73 is designed in the excessive risk anatomic region of three-dimensional operative training model 100, includes but are not limited to head 74 and neck 84; Imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73 is also designed in the surgical technic of three-dimensional operative training model 100, may cause one or more imitation leather skin layers or the distortion of potential organized layer; Such as, may cause the situation that skin becomes bending in sewing process, in eyes 77 and peripheral region, oral cavity 80, flexing rate also can increase.

Therefore, three-dimensional operative training model 100 is supplied to healthcare practitioners, be more be supplied to specially surgical, it be one at high risk anatomical position exercise surgical technic and the equipment of to train at the deformed region of skin operation; Three-dimensional operative training model 100 provides before healthcare practitioners runs into real patient, can practise surgical technic on synthetic model.Such as, a doctor can practise at three-dimensional operative training model 100, can be not limited only to operation, plastic operation and their combination etc.

As Fig. 4 a, 4b, 5, shown in 7,8 and 9, three-dimensional operative training model 100 comprises imitation leather skin layers 2, imitative blood vessel structure 112, imitative muscle layer 7, imitative artery structure 90, imitative neuromechanism 93, the muscular fascia system 94 on imitative surface, imitative glandular structure 96, imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73, imitative cartilage structure 95 and imitative skull structure 8, imitation leather skin layers 2 comprises the human skin model of Gao Fang, the height emulation of imitation leather skin layers 2 shows that it has the physical property of one or more human skin, and be not limited only to high tensile and length growth rate, therefore, imitation leather skin layers 2 can be supplied to the people such as healthcare practitioners, more be available to special surgeon, a kind of equipment of a large amount of exercise reality surgery technology, such as, imitation leather skin layers 2 in three-dimensional operative training model 100, surgeon can practise complicated closedown high pressure technique, head 74 and neck 84 can carry out the operation being greater than diameter about 40 millimeters, the risk of tearing can not be caused by the exercise of imitation leather skin layers 2, imitation leather skin layers 2 comprises an imitative epidermal area 3, it is the outermost layer of three-dimensional operative training model 100, emulation cortex 97 is close to imitative epidermal area 3, emulation cortex comprises emulation leather point layer and artificial leather two layer 5 and is emulating the sub-dermal structures organized layer 6 inside cortex 97.

In a model, imitative epidermal area 3 is made up of one or more material, comprises plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, other materials, adjuvant and their combination.In some model, imitative epidermal area 3 comprises resilient material, as elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, other materials (known or to be found), adjuvant and its combination, with human epidermal layer, there is similar or identical feature to make imitative epidermal area 3, such as tensile strength and breaking elongation point, therefore, imitative epidermal area 3 includes a kind of resilient material, it has tensile strength from 150 psi (about 1.0 MPa) to 500 psi (about 3.4 MPa), may be from 225psi (about 1.5 MPa) in another model, be increased to about 500 psi (about 3.4 MPa), or from 300psi (about 2.1 MPa), be increased to about 500 psi (about 3.4 MPa), or from 400psi (about 2.8 MPa), be increased to about 500 psi (about 3.4 MPa), or from 450psi (about 3.1 MPa), be increased to about 500 psi (about 3.4 MPa), its elongation at break point 700% to 1100%, at another model from 800% to 1100%, or from 900% to 1100%, or from 950% to 1100%.

In a model, imitative epidermal area 3 comprises the polysiloxane of mixing, is more specifically platinum polyorganosiloxane ramification, forms respectively containing amorphous silicon oxide with polysiloxane with the ratio of 1:1.Furtherly, platinum polysiloxane spin-off comprises PlatSil10 gel may by silicon rubber with the polysiloxane spin-off comprising amorphous silicon components, specifically Dragon Skin.RTM.10 Fast.Tensile strength about 228 psi (about 1.57 MPa) of PlatSil Gel 10 gel and breaking elongation about 970%.Dragon Skin.RTM.10 Fast tensile strength is about 475 psi (about 3.2 MPa) and breaking elongation about 1000%.Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast and PlatSil Gel10 gel are combined, carrys out tensile strength and the elongation at break point of simulating human epidermal tissue.

The set time of PlatSil Gel10 gel is 4 to 5 minutes, and the set time of Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast is 8 to 10 minutes, therefore, in a concrete model, imitative epidermal area 3 comprises the combination of PlatSil Gel10 gel and Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast, just need adding of a retardant, with the set time of both balances, retardant is by 1% PlatSil 71 & 73 R retardant, in this concrete model above, retardant makes increase twice the set time of PlatSil Gel10 gel, approximate the set time of Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast.Be 8 minutes to 10 minutes.

In specific model, imitative epidermal area 3 includes polysiloxane soft agent, comprises pure organo-silicon compound, specifically comprise 100% dimethyl silicon oil of having an appointment at polysiloxane soft agent.Again furtherly, organo-silicon compound comprise the sound-proof material of 100% dimethyl silicon oil and Smith, specifically, imitative epidermal area 3 is Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast (i.e. total amount about 42.5%) of about 42.5%PlatSi Gel 10 gel (i.e. total amount about 42.5%) and about 42.5%, the about 100% dimethyl-silicon fluid of 10% (i.e. about PlatSi Gel 10 gel and Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast 10%), the sound-proof material of about 5% (i.e. about PlatSi Gel 10 gel total amount 5%), with 1% PlatSil 71 & 73 R retardant (i.e. about PlatSi Gel 10 gel total amount 1%), imitative epidermal area 3 also includes synthetic polymeric layer, particularly has polyether ketone fiber layer, and polyether ketone fiber layer is used to strengthen imitative epidermal area, and polyether ketone fiber layer comprises SF-8, the thickness of imitative epidermal area 3 is 0.5mm to 1.0mm, and imitative epidermal area 3 also includes the dyestuff adding pigment and comes simulating human epidermal tissue, and dyestuff is a kind of meat keynote oil colour.

Emulation cortex 97 is close to imitative epidermal area 3.Artificial leather 97 includes one or more materials, has included but not limited to plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, other materials, adjuvant and combination thereof.In specific model, emulation cortex 4 may be made up of resilient material, such as, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, other materials (known or to be found), adjuvant, and its combination, emulation cortex 4 has similar or identical feature with human skin layers, such as with the substantially same or analogous tensile strength of the human skin layers of reality and breaking elongation point, emulation leather point layer 4 is divided into again two-layer: emulation leather point layer 4 and artificial leather two layer 5, emulation leather point layer 4 polysiloxane, in particular containing Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast.In other particular models, emulation leather point layer contains Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast, polysiloxane soft agent, specifically about 100% dimethyl silicon oil, or emulation leather point layer containing have an appointment 90% 100% dimethyl silicon oil of Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast and about 10%; Emulation leather point layer 4 is containing polyether ketone fiber layer, and polyether ketone fiber is made up of synthetic polymer.In a concrete model, polyether ketone fiber layer is made up of best polyether ketone fiber SF-8, and the thickness of emulation leather point layer 4 is 0.5mm to 1mm.

Artificial leather contains at least one aramid layer for two layer 5, and its next-door neighbour's emulation leather point layer 4, at least comprises the aramid layer of polyamide net in some specific models containing one; In other models, polyamide net is 15 dawn daniers (Denier units, long 900 meters heavy 1 gram was 1 dawn).

Artificial leather two layer 5 containing the imitative blood vessel structure 112 be embedded in wherein, imitative blood vessel structure in three-dimensional operative training model 100, the flowing of blood during sham operated.In some models, the imitative blood vessel structure of great majority embeds artificial leather two layer 5 by pressing at least one filament to the mode of polyamide net, and in other models, imitative blood vessel structure embeds artificial leather two layer 5, press at least one fiber to the polyamide of nearly three layers and Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast, fibre array is at anatomical position accurately, they can at the top significantly extend outwards of imitative skull structure 8 like this, at least one fiber is extended by a hole at three-dimensional operative training model, whole three-dimensional operative training model 100 has at least a fiber to be removed, thus create passage made by Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast and or chamber, after removing, dextran just can inject imitative blood vessel structure, simulate the performance of hemorrhage surgical technic in three-dimensional operative training model 100, term used herein " fiber " refers to fibrillation or elongated natural or synthon.

In the process imitative blood vessel structure being embedded into artificial leather two layer 5, have one deck polyamide reticular lamination carbon at least to imitative blood vessel structure, embed artificial leather two layer 5.In the model that some are concrete, about eleventh floor polyamide reticular lamination carbon is to imitative blood vessel structure, embed artificial leather two layer 5, polyamide net may force together with Dragon Skin.RTM .10 Fast, the thickness that artificial leather is two layers is 1.0mm to 1.5mm, and emulation cortex 97 also adds the pigementation that human skin tissue simulated by dyestuff.In some models, dyestuff is a kind of yellowish pink oiliness pigment, is lighter than the pigementation of imitative epidermal area 3.

Because tumour 75 is not expanded by imitative epidermal area 2, after therefore emulating cortex 97 solidification, malignant tumour 76 is drawn under emulation cortex 97, carrys out the volume of simulating human tumour.In the model that some are concrete, malignant tumour can be drawn as bright green, and the size diameter of malignant tumour 76 can from 4 millimeters to 15 millimeters.

In a model, the thickness that imitative epidermal area 3 and emulation cortex 97 combine is 2.0mm to 3.5mm, the tensile strength that imitative epidermal area 3 and emulation cortex 97 combine is that 10 MPa are to 20 MPa, or be that 13 MPa are to 20 MPa, or be that 15 MPa are to 20 MPa, or be from 16 MPa to 20 MPa, or be from 15.13 MPa to 16.89 MPa.

About elongation, in a model, except imitative epidermal area 3 and the original length emulating cortex 97, the angle of the breaking elongation that imitative epidermal area 3 layers and emulation cortex 97 combine is from 50% to 100% of original length, or from 60% to 100% of original length, or from 70% to 100% of original length, or from 75% to 100% of original length.

In the model that some are concrete, the thickness that imitative epidermal area 3 and emulation cortex 97 combine is 1.3 millimeters to 1.6 millimeters, tensile strength is from 15.13 MPa to 16.89 MPa, except the original length, elongation at break point is from 77.39% to 85.45% of original length, and Young modulus, from 12.76 MPa to 18.4 MPa, is wherein measured and obtained from Instron E3000, here the sample of imitative epidermal area 3 and emulation cortex 97 is tested, and the width of sample test is from 14.01 millimeters to 19.69 millimeters.

As shown in Figure 4, imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73 is inside imitative epidermal area 3, imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73 can expand to the imitative outermost surface of epidermal area 3, even may extend beyond surface, or perhaps on imitative epidermal area 3 surface a how outstanding structure, size is 10 millimeters to 50 millimeters, may embed three-dimensional operative training model 100 extremely high risk anatomical position (such as, close to eyes 77, nose 79, face 80, etc.).

Imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73 is made up of one or more materials, comprises plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, other materials, adjuvant and its combination etc.In some models, imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73 is made up of resilient material, such as, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, other materials (known or to be found), adjuvant and its combination are formed, such imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73 substantially just has similar or identical feature with human body, such as typical skin defect (as tumour, damage, wound, scar etc.) tensile strength or elongation at break point.

Imitative hypodermis layer 6 is below artificial leather structure 97, and imitative hypodermis layer 6 is 0 with duremeter number durometer elastomer is formed by a compression.In a model, imitative hypodermis layer 6 is made up of one or more materials, comprises plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, other materials, adjuvant and its combination etc.In some model, imitative hypodermis layer 6 is by resilient material, such as, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, other materials (known or to be found), adjuvant and its combination, imitative like this hypodermis layer 6 just has the feature similar or identical with human body, such as tensile strength and elongation at break point.

In some models, imitative hypodermis layer 6 comprises the potpourri of polysiloxane and polysiloxane soft agent.And in other models, polysiloxane contains PlatSil Gel 10 gel, polysiloxane soft agent by the trimethyl silicane resin fluid of 100% and the sound-proof material of Smith mixing and form, organo-silicon compound comprise the sound-proof material of about 100% dimethyl silicon oil and Smith, imitative hypodermis layer 6 is by PlatSil Gel 10 gel, Smith's sound-proof material of about 280% (i.e. PlatSil Gel 10 gel volume 280%), the 100% trimethyl silicane liquid of about 10% (i.e. PlatSil Gel 10 gel volume 10%).

In some models, the thickness of imitative hypodermis layer 6 is 1 millimeter to 10 millimeters, and imitative hypodermis layer 6 also has dyestuff, carrys out the hypodermic pigementation of simulating human, and oiliness dyestuff can be red and yellow oil colour.

In a specific model, the imitation leather skin layers 2 of three-dimensional operative training model 100, comprises imitative epidermal area 3, and emulation cortex 97 and imitative hypodermis layer 6, tensile strength is from 16 MPa to 20 MPa, and breaking elongation is from 65% to 75%, and durometer hardness is from 4 to 6.

As shown in Figure 5, three-dimensional operative training model 100 does not show imitation leather skin layers 2, is to show imitative muscle layer 7, is imitative hypodermis layer 6 under imitative muscle layer 7, the muscle of imitative muscle layer 7 analogue head and neck surface, comprises volume 10, pillow 11, procerus mescle 12, eye wheel circle 13, horizontal nasalis 14, elevator rice 15, elevator 16, musculus 17, greater zygomatic muscle 18, buccinator muscle 19, musculus orbicularis oris 20, chin mouth 21, pressing plate 22, flesh can 23 and platysma 24 etc.

Imitative muscle layer 7 can be made up of one or more materials, comprises plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, other materials, adjuvant and its combination etc.In some model, imitative muscle layer 7 is made up of resilient material, such as, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, the adjuvants such as other materials (known or to be found) alginic acid and its combination are formed, and imitative muscle layer 7 has the feature similar or identical with human body, such as tensile strength or elongation at break point.Imitative muscle layer 7 is made up of the alginic acid mixing of the high elastomeric and durometer hardness 10 to 12 of pulling strengrth.

In a model, imitative muscle layer 7 is the combination of polysiloxane, polysiloxane soft agent and alginic acid.Polysiloxane is PlatSi lGel10 gel, and polysiloxane soft agent is the potpourri of the sound-proof material composition of about 100% dimethyl silicon oil and Smith, and alginic acid is alginic acid powder, specifically Accu-Cast 380 CC alginic acid.Imitative muscle layer 7 comprises about 70% PlatSilGel10 gel, Smith's sound-proof material of 10%, 10% dimethyl silicon oil, 10% Accu-Cast 380 CC alginic acid.Imitative muscle layer 7, also containing dyestuff, carrys out the pigementation of simulating human musculature.Dyestuff can be added to imitative muscle layer 7, the pigementation of simulation human muscular tissue, and oiliness dyestuff can comprise pigment that is red and brown.

As shown in Figure 7, in three-dimensional operative training model 100, remove imitation leather skin layers 2 and imitative muscle layer 7, be to show imitative artery structure 90, models show, imitative artery structure 90 is made up of the vascular surface of face, imitative artery structure 90 is arranged in three-dimensional operative training model 100 anatomical position accurately, and face imitates artery structure 90, comprises supratrochlear artery 32, supraorbital artery 33, Temporal Artery 35, ophthalmology artery, angular motion arteries and veins 36, athwartship plane artery 37, arteria labialis of superior 38 and arteriae labiales inferior 39 etc.

Imitative artery structure 90 can be made up of one or more materials, comprises plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, fiber, and fiber surrounds or the compound substance of embedded polymer thing, other materials, adjuvant and its combination etc.In some model, imitative artery structure 90 is made up of resilient material, such as, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, polyamide, other materials (known or to be found), adjuvant and its combination, imitative like this artery structure 90 just has the feature similar or identical with human body, such as tensile strength and breaking elongation point.Imitative artery structure 90 is independent compositions, before being pressed onto imitative muscle layer 7, in imitative hypodermis layer 6.

In a specific model, imitative artery structure 90 is made up of polysiloxane, imitative artery structure 90 includes Dragon Skin.RTM.10 Fast, imitative artery structure 90 is by Dragon Skin.RTM.10 Fast and be enclosed in that polyamide net on imitative artery structure 90 mould forms, fiber is as setline, diameter about 2 millimeters, after Dragon Skin.RTM 10 solidifies, fiber is removed, while excision fiber, passage or chamber has been made into by Dragon Skin.RTM, artificial blood can inject imitative artery structure 90, simulate the performance of blood flow when three-dimensional operative training model 100 carries out surgical technic, excision fiber, imitative artery structure 90 is pressed onto imitative muscle layer 7 accurately on anatomical position.

As shown in Figure 8, imitative neuromechanism 93 is pressed in imitative muscle layer 7 anatomical position accurately, and imitative neuromechanism 93 comprises temporo 44, cheekbone 48, cheek 50, lower jaw 51, cervical vertebra 101,102 and the spinal cord annex 53 etc. of ear; The branch offices 110 of face nerve, comprises temporo 44, cheekbone 48, cheek 50, cervical vertebra 101 and lower jaw 51; The neuropeptide 11 02 of ear is for identifying accessory nerve 53, appears in one's mind gradually from the back of sternocleidomastoid 103 and the front 54 of cucullaris.

Imitative neuromechanism 93 is made up of one or more materials, comprises plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, fiber, the compound substance of cingens fiber or embedded polymer thing, other materials, adjuvant and its combination etc.In some model, imitative neuromechanism 93 is made up of resilient material, such as, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, polyamide, other materials (known or to be found), adjuvant and its combination, imitative like this neuromechanism 93 just has the feature similar or identical with human body, such as tensile strength and breaking elongation point.

In some models, imitative neuromechanism 93 is embedded in an elastic body by fiber and forms, and fiber can be gauze, and elastic body is Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast, and furtherly, gauze thickness can be 0.5 millimeter, and gauze can be yellow.

As shown in Figure 9, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface is made up of one or more material, comprises plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, fiber, cingens fiber, surrounds or embedded polymer thing compound substance, other materials, adjuvant and its combination etc.In some model, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface is made up of resilient material, such as, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, polyamide, other materials (known or to be found), adjuvant and its combination, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative like this surface just can have the feature similar or identical with human body, as tensile strength and elongation at break point.The muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface can be made up of an elastic body and polyamide net.

In some models, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface is pressed in imitative muscle layer 7, and imitative like this artery structure 90 and imitative neuromechanism 93 are just at anatomical position accurately, beneath or surperficial in the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface.In a model, the muscular fascia system layer on imitative surface includes polyamide net and polysiloxane, and furtherly, polyamide net is 30 dawn daniers (fiber units), and polysiloxane is Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast.In a typical model, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface is pressed in temporalis muscle 42, platysma muscle 55, eye muscle meat 13, occipitofrontalis 11, muscle 17, the temporo branch 44 of 18 levator ani muscle 19 and facial nerve 110, in other models, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface can be only made up of polyamide net.

As shown in figure 6 a and 6b, imitative cartilage structure 95 is close to imitative muscle layer 7, and imitative cartilage structure 95 comprises the imitative cartilage structure 120 of nose and the imitative cartilage structure of ear; The imitative cartilage structure 120 of nose comprises nasal septal cartilage, main nasal alar cartilage lateral crus 27 and secondary nasal alar cartilage 28 etc.; Imitative cartilage structure 95 is also containing horizontal fiber lipid constituent structure tissue 30.

Imitative cartilage structure is made up of one or more material, comprises plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, fiber, and fiber surrounds, and surrounds or embedded polymer thing compound substance, other materials, adjuvant and its combination etc.In some model, imitative cartilage structure is made up of resilient material, such as, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, other materials (the known or to be found) adjuvant such as gypsum cement and alginic acid and its combination, imitative cartilage structure and human body have similar or identical feature, such as tensile strength and breaking elongation point.In some model, the mixing hardness that imitative cartilage structure is made up of elastic body alginates and gypsum cement, sclerometer is shown as 20.

In some model, the imitative cartilage structure 120 of nose and ear imitate cartilage structure PlatSil Gel10 gel and account for about 50%, 25% gypsum cement, 25% alginic acid.In other models, imitative cartilage structure 95 also comprises gypsum cement and alginic acid, wing of nose outside fiber lipid components tissue 30 comprises 50% PlatSil Ge10l gel and 50% polyether ketone fiber, imitative cartilage structure 95 also includes dyestuff, carry out the pigementation of simulating human cartilage, at some specific model, oiliness dyestuff can be white oil colour.Oxter, side fiber lipid components tissue 30 is also containing adding dyestuff, the pigementation of oxter, simulating human side fiber lipid components tissue.Oiliness dyestuff can be made up of yellow oil pigment.

As shown in Figure 8, at imitative muscle layer 7 on the surface, imitative glandular structure 96 is arranged in inside three-dimensional operative training model 100 imitative glandular structure 96, and imitative glandular structure 96 comprises parotid gland body of gland 104 and lachrymal gland body 49 etc.

Imitative glandular structure 96 is made up of one or more material, comprises plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, fiber, cingens fiber, surrounds or embedded polymer thing compound substance, other materials, adjuvant and its combination etc.In some model, imitative glandular structure 96 is made up of resilient material, such as, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, polyamide, other materials (known or to be found), adjuvant and its combination, imitative like this glandular structure 96 just has the feature similar or identical with human body, such as tensile strength and breaking elongation point.The mixture that imitative glandular structure 96 is made up of an elastic body and polyamide grid forms, and durometer hardness is 2 to 3, and polyamide net covers imitative glandular structure 96.

In a model, lachrymal gland body 104 is arranged in inside three-dimensional operative training model 100, and in front, the temporo district of eye socket, as Fig. 8.More particularly, lachrymal gland body 104 is arranged in inside three-dimensional operative training model 100, inside canthus 0.5 millimeter to 1 millimeter.In some models, lachrymal gland body 104 is made up of polysiloxane, and furtherly, lachrymal gland body 104 is made up of Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast.

After parotid gland body of gland 49 is arranged in three-dimensional operative training model 100 lower jaw branch, before ear 78, the irregular expansion in the angle from zygomatic arch to mandibular.In a model, parotid gland body of gland 49 presses the composition of proportions of 1:230 by polysiloxane and sound-proof material; Or parotid gland body of gland 49 is made up of polysiloxane, furtherly, parotid gland body of gland 49 is made up of PlatSil Gel10 gel.In specific model, parotid gland body of gland 49 also comprises polyether ketone fiber, and furtherly, parotid gland body of gland 49, by polysiloxane soft agent, is particularly made up of the sound-proof material of Smith, and the ratio of PlatSil Gel10 gel and Smith's sound-proof material is 1:230.Or parotid gland body of gland 49 is by polyamide grid, simulate parotid fascia, furtherly, polyamide net makes on parotid gland body of gland 49.

Pigment is added on imitative glandular structure 96, carrys out the desired color of simulating human parotid gland body of gland and body of gland tear.In some model, yellow and red oil colour can be added.

Imitative glandular structure 96 also comprises imitative SD structure 105.At a specific model, imitative SD structure 49.1 is arranged in the leaf of parotid gland body of gland 49 higher level, makes them by buccinator muscle 20.

Imitative SD structure 105 is made up of an elastic body and polyamide net, durometer hardness about 2 to 3, and the elastomer structure of imitative guide-tube structure is by natural elasticity body, and synthetic elastomer and its combination are formed.With reference to other Rotating fields, imitative SD structure 105 are made up of resilient material above, such as, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, polyamide, the adjuvants such as other materials (known or to be found) alginic acid, and its combination, to make imitative SD structure 105 have similar or identical feature with human body, such as tensile strength and breaking elongation point and an actual Blasius' duct are in fact same or analogous.

At the model that some is concrete, imitative SD structure 105 comprises polysiloxane and alginic acid.Furtherly, in imitative SD structure 105, PlatSil Gel10 gel accounts for 60%, and alginic acid accounts for 40%.Pigment is added to imitative SD structure 105, carrys out the desired color of the conduit of simulating human.At the model that some are concrete, interpolation be yellow and red oil colour.

The imitative muscle layer 7 of imitative skull structure 8 (and/or imitative skeleton structure) next-door neighbour.In a model, imitative skull structure 8 includes gypsum cement, and imitative skull structural thickness is about 4 millimeters to 6 millimeters, and pigment adds imitative skull structure 8 to, carrys out the color that simulating human skull is desirable; At a concrete model, add white oiliness pigment, imitative skull structure 8 comprises two parts: the first half 81 and later half 82, the imitative skull structure 8 of next-door neighbour be a rigid support layer 9.Rigid support layer has the competences rigidity foam of expansion to form by one, three-dimensional operative training model 100 anatomical position is accurately inserted in imitative skull structure 8, the rigid foam that can expand also is inserted into three-dimensional operative training model 100, rigid foam can be expanded and form rigid support layer 9, be adjacent to beneath imitative skull structure 8, rigid foam is made up of rigid foamed plastics, especially be made up of hard polyurethane foams, the expansion of rigid foam, imitative skull structure 8 compresses all imitative organized layers to imitative skull structure 8 layers of surface.It is reported, imitative skull structure 8 also can be made up of other materials, as plastics, polymkeric substance, metal, compound substance, cement, other routines or material leaved for development and its combination.

In a concrete model, imitative skull structure 8 comprises one deck and imitates periosteal layer 65, and imitative periosteal layer 65, by polyamide, is more specifically that polyamide net is formed.Imitative periosteal layer 65 can be pressed onto imitative skull structure 8, and imitative skull structure 8 remains sticking, so imitative skull structure 8 covers polyamide net; Imitative periosteal layer 65 can be made up of various material, include but not limited to polymkeric substance, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, polyamide, other materials (known or to be found), adjuvant and its combination, imitative like this periosteal layer 65 just has the feature similar or identical with human body, the periosteal tissue of such as tensile strength and breaking elongation point and mankind's reality, is in fact same or analogous.

In another concrete model, imitative skull structure 8 is made up of an imitative galea structure 40, imitative galea structure 40 is made up of polyamide and elastic body, furtherly, imitative galea 40 is made up of polyamide net and polysiloxane, again furtherly, imitative galea 40 comprises 30 fiber number polyamide and Dragon Skin.RTM.10 Fast, imitative galea 40 can its accurately anatomical position be pressed onto imitative skull structure 8, imitative galea 40 can be made up of various material, include but not limited to polymkeric substance, elastic body (artificial and natural), rubber (artificial and natural), polyisobutylene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, EU, polyurethane, polyamide, other materials (known or to be found), adjuvant and its combination, imitative like this galea 40 just has similar or identical feature with human body, the galea tissue of such as tensile strength and breaking elongation point and mankind's reality, in fact same or analogous.

As illustrated in figures 9 a and 9b, be the cross-sectional view being described three-dimensional operative training model 100 along 45 and 46.Fig. 9 describes tumour 75, malignant tumour 76, imitative epidermal area 3, emulation leather point layer 4, artificial leather two layer 5, and imitative blood vessel structure embeds artificial leather two layer 5, imitative hypodermis layer 6, imitative muscle layer 7, nervus temporalis 44, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface.In this model, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface is the imitative muscle layer 7 of next-door neighbour and nervus temporalis 44.In particular, Fig. 9 describes imitative epidermal area 3, emulation leather point layer 4, artificial leather two layer 5, imitative blood vessel structure embed artificial leather two layer 5, imitative hypodermis layer 6, muscular fascia system layer 94, nervus temporalis 44 and the imitative muscle layer 7 on imitative surface.In this specific model, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface is on the surface of imitative muscle layer 7 and nervus temporalis 44.

As shown in Figure 10, in a specific model, imitative skull structure 8 comprises a hinge apparatus 83, and hinge apparatus 83 is attached on higher level's mandibular 106 and temporal bone 107, and the mouth 80 in so three-dimensional operative training model 100 just can open and close.Three-dimensional operative training model 100 also by synthesis tooth, imitates lip texture and imitative tongue Structure composing, and this model will contribute to providing a dentistry or oral cavity training, such as, remove tooth, maintenance, or change training, operation on oral cavity, mandibular reconstructure program, pulp canal, gum recover, operation on tongue etc.

In addition, three-dimensional operative training model 100 also has the eyes 77 of synthesis, eyebrow 108, eyelashes 109, the tumour 75 of pigementation and its combination.In a model, three-dimensional operative training model 100 has the eyes 77 opened; At another model, three-dimensional operative training model 100 has closed eyes 77.Also have in other models, dextran injects imitative blood vessel structure 112 and imitative artery structure 90, simulates the performance of the hemorrhage surgical technic at three-dimensional operative training model 100.Three-dimensional operative training model can comprise a storage container, deposit imitative blood flow, simulate blood and pumping equipment, manually or by motor or other topworks's automatic operations can pass through imitative blood structure with moving liquid, therefore imitative blood structure has channel, pipe or other fluids to run in model layer, in order to transport and carry imitative blood flow.

Three-dimensional operative training model 100 also has supporting construction, and supporting construction can be inserted into the neck of three-dimensional operative training model.Supporting construction is by metal, plastics, polymkeric substance and combination thereof, and any other can support that the material of three-dimensional operative training model 100 head and neck forms, any suitable annex of supporting structure is affixed to head 74 and the neck 84 of three-dimensional operative training model 100.In a model, suitable annex comprises but should not be limited to screw, nail, editing, folder and welding.

In a concrete model of three-dimensional operative training model 100, supporting structure can also have erecting equipment, and erecting equipment can be attached in supporting construction, wherein, three-dimensional operative training model 100, when carrying out operative training, is fixed on solid support or platform.Erecting equipment comprises but should not be limited to folder, clamp, other erecting equipments and combination thereof.

Supporting construction also comprises a whirligig.Whirligig may be attached to the head of 100 of three-dimensional operative training model, 74 of so three-dimensional operative training model will utilize whirligig to rotate, slewing is the rotary means that head construction is rotated, include but not limited to joint ball, socket axle center, rotary nozzle and other traditional rotary joints providing one or more motion degree.

The invention still further relates to the method for the three-dimensional operative training model 100 of structure one.The method built comprises handle various imitative organized layer from outermost layer to internal layer and is pressed onto on die 1; In addition, three-dimensional operative training model 100 is that the engraving model of neck and shoulder, is made into from innermost one deck out to outermost layer by the various imitative organized layer of pressure to head, and term used herein " overlays " and refers to and to cover with thin layer.

As shown in figure 11, build the method for a three-dimensional operative training model 100, comprise: imitation leather skin layers 2 is pressed onto die 1 (step 210) and makes an imitative muscle layer 7 (step 220), imitative artery structure 90 is pressed onto on imitative muscle layer 7 (step 230), imitative neuromechanism 93 is pressed onto on imitative muscle layer 7 (step 240), the muscular fascia system architecture 94 on imitative surface is pressed onto on imitative muscle layer 7 (step 250), imitative glandular structure 96 is pressed onto on imitative skin texture 2 (step 260), make an imitative skull structure 8 (step 270), imitative muscle layer 7 is pressed onto in imitative skull structure 8 (step 280), imitative cartilage structure 95 is pressed onto in imitative skull structure 8 (step 290), imitative skull structure 8 is pressed onto in imitation leather skin layers (step 300), remove and combine three-dimensional operative training model 100 (step 310) from die 1.

As shown in Figure 3, die 1 is the head from people, neck and the modelling of shoulder engraving, and die 1 also can only according to head or only make according to head and neck.In a model, head, the engraving model of neck and shoulder is made up of oil base mud, and furtherly, imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73 is engraved in head, on the engraving model of neck and shoulder.In a concrete model, various imitation leather skin defect sturctures 73 are engraved in the high risk zone of head and neck.

Head, the engraving model of neck and shoulder can be an adult, and children or baby also can be the heads of the male sex, neck and shoulder, or the head of women, neck and shoulder.

Die 1 is made up of urethane rubber, and more specifically, die 1 Poly 74-30 makes.In other models, die 1 also with various prefabricated, can comprise metal, plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, other mold materials and its combination.

In a model, outer mold 121 is for supporting that die 1 makes.In a concrete model, external mold 121 is made up of polyurethane derivant, in particular, external mold 2 comprises Plasti-Paste.TM, and external mold 121 can by by force, durable, lightweight material composition, it just can support die 1 like this, therefore, external mold 121 can include but not limited to metal, plastics, polymkeric substance, compound substance, other mold materials and its combination.

Imitation leather skin layers 2 is pressed onto on die 1, and imitation leather skin layers 2, containing an imitative epidermal area 3, emulation cortex 97, imitates hypodermis layer 6.At a concrete model, imitative epidermal area 3 is by 42.5% PlatSil Gel10 gel (i.e. total amount 42.5%), 42.5%Dragon Skin.RTM10.Fast (i.e. total amount 42.5%) mixing and forming, the 100% dimethyl-silicon fluid of 10% (i.e. PlatSil Gel 10 and Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast total amount 10%), Smith's sound-proof material (i.e. the total amount 5% of PlatSil Gel 10 gel) of 5% and 1% PlatSil 71 & 73 R retardant (i.e. PlatSil Gel 10 gel total amount 1%), be pressed onto on die 1 by applying imitative epidermal area 3.Adding dyestuff can the pigementation of simulating human epidermal tissue.

For guaranteeing to be uniformly distributed, die 1 rotates, and die 1 can manually or use machine to rotate, rotatable 30 minutes.The thickness of imitative epidermal area 3 be 0.5 millimeter to 1.0 millimeters not etc.

Imitative epidermal area 3 is pressed onto die 1, and imitative epidermal area 3 should solidify to the time, and as mentioned before, the various compounds of imitative epidermal area 3 containing different set time, add retardant and can play balance set time.In a model, imitative epidermal area 3 comprises PlatSil Gel 10 and Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast.PlatSil 71 & 73 R retardant adds Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast to, makes become twice its set time.Imitative epidermal area 3 is solidificated in 8 to 10 minutes.But imitative epidermal area 3 still has fusible, so polyether ketone fiber thin layer is pressed onto on imitative epidermal area 3.In concrete model, preferably use polyether ketone fiber SF-8.

The making of emulation cortex 96 is processes of a multi-step: emulation leather point layer 4 is pressed onto on imitative epidermal area 3, makes artificial leather outside three-dimensional operative training model 100 two layer 5, is then pressed onto on emulation leather point layer 4.In a model, the potpourri that emulation leather point layer 4 is made up of the methyl-silicone oil of 90% Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast and 10% is formed, and is divided on imitative epidermal area 3 by 4 one-tenth, application simulation leather point layer.

For guaranteeing to be uniformly distributed, rotating cavity die 1 installs emulation leather point layer 4, and die 1 can manually or use machine to rotate.In a model, machine is used to rotate.Die 1 should rotate 30 minutes.

And emulate leather point layer and remain viscosity, so one deck polyether ketone fiber is applied to emulation leather point layer 4.In a model, generally preferably use polyether ketone fiber SF-8, the thickness of emulation leather point layer 4 is from 0.5 millimeter to 1 millimeter.

The artificial leather of three-dimensional operative training model 100 outside made for two layer 5 before being pressed onto on emulation leather point layer, the artificial leather of three-dimensional operative training model 100 outside makes for two layer 5 in advance, then artificial leather two is laminated to the head of people, the die 1 of neck and shoulder, thickness is 2 millimeters to 3 millimeters, is less than the thickness of the die 1 be made up of imitative epidermal area 3 and emulation leather point layer 4.

Artificial leather comprises various polyamide for two layer 5.In a model, artificial leather is pressed onto die by polyamide lamina reticularis by polysiloxane compound and forms for two layer 5, and furtherly, polyamide net is 15 fiber numbers and polysiloxane compound is Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast, again furtherly, artificial leather is made up of 14 strata acid amides nets for two layer 5.

In a model, imitative blood vessel structure 112 embeds artificial leather two layer 5.By pressing at least one fiber to artificial leather two layers, imitative blood vessel structure 112 embeds artificial leather two layer 5.In a concrete model, a fibrage be made up of three strata acid amides nets is had at least to be pressed onto artificial leather two layer 5.Furtherly, at least one fibrage is pressed onto polyamide net by polysiloxane, specific again, with Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast, after fibrage is pressed onto polyamide net, various polyamide reticular lamination carbon is on imitative blood vessel structure 112, and polyamide lamina reticularis is pressed onto on imitative blood vessel structure 112 by Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast.

In a concrete model, at least one fiber is made up of setline, more specifically says it is be made up of 50 pounds of 1 millimeter of monofilament, has a silk at least still artificial leather two layers, to the last one be laminated on three-dimensional operative training model 100.Dyestuff adds artificial leather to two layer 5, the pigementation of simulation human skin tissue, and dyestuff is the yellowish pink pigment of a kind of oiliness, is lighter than the pigment of imitative epidermal area.

Artificial leather is pressed onto for two layer 5 on die 1, should solidify to the time, and malignant tumour 76 diameter of solidification post-simulation skin two layer 5, different size is 4 millimeters to 15 millimeters.Imitative epidermal area 3, the gross thickness of emulation leather point layer 4 and artificial leather two layer 5 is from 2.0 millimeters to 3.5 millimeters.

Artificial leather is segmented before being pressed in emulation leather point layer 4 for two layer 5.In a concrete model, artificial leather is divided into two pieces for two layer 5, and imitative like this blood vessel structure just can not be used, and then artificial leather is laminated to for two layer 5 on emulation leather point layer 4, and artificial leather two layer 5 is pressed onto by Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast and emulates on leather point layer 4.Artificial leather two layer 5 is pressed onto on emulation leather point layer 4 by Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast, be pressed onto segmentation artificial leather two layer 5 and to two layer of 5 set time of artificial leather.

Imitative hypodermis layer 6 is laminated on artificial leather two layer 5.Imitative hypodermis layer 6 comprises a polysiloxane.In a model, the material that imitative hypodermis layer 6 is 0 by a low compression and durometer hardness reading is formed.Specifically, imitative hypodermis layer 6 comprises PlatSil Gel10 gel, Smith's sound-proof material, and the 100% trimethyl silicane liquid silica gel of 10%, is mixed and be applied to artificial leather two layer 5, is uniformly distributed by rotating.Add the hypodermic pigementation of dyestuff simulating human, specifically, dyestuff is oiliness, is made up of red and yellow oil pigment.

First make the imitative muscle layer 7 of three-dimensional operative training model 100 outside, then be pressed onto in imitative hypodermis layer 6.In a model, imitative muscle layer comprises the PlatSil Gel10 gel of 70%, 10% Smith's sound-proof material, the trimethyl silicane resin liquid of 10%100%, 10% alginic acid powder.In this concrete model, the composition of imitative muscle layer 7 is applied to prefabricated mould, and prefabricated mould can be made up of rubber, plastics or polymkeric substance and its combination, specifically, prefabricated mould is made up of urethane rubber, is embody to some extent, includes but not limited to volume 10, pillow 11 at selection facial muscles,, procerus mescle 12, eye wheel circle 13, horizontal nose 14, elevator 15, elevator 16, musculus 17, greater zygomatic muscle 18, mouth 19, buccinator muscle 20, chin mouth 21, pressing plate 22, flesh can 23 and platysma 24.

Before being pressed onto imitative muscle layer 7, imitative artery structure 90 is independent layers, and imitative artery structure 90 comprises but should not be limited to artery 32, supraorbital artery 33, angular motion arteries and veins 36, athwartship plane artery 37, arteria labialis of superior 38 and arteriae labiales of poor quality 39.

Imitative artery structure 90 is prefabricated with mould.Imitative artery structure 90 uses polysiloxane and polyamide to manufacture separately around filament.In a concrete model, polysiloxane is that Dragon Skin.RTM.10Fast imitates artery structure 90 and is made up of separately Dragon Skin.RTM.10Fast, polyamide net at imitative artery mold ring around fiber, specifically, fiber comprises the setline of diameter 2 millimeters, under the maintenance of Dragon Skin.RTM.10Fast, fiber is removed and is pressed onto the correct anatomical position of imitative muscle layer 7 with hollow imitative artery structure 90.

In a concrete model, imitative artery structure 90 layers is pressed onto imitative muscle layer 7 by polysiloxane at correct anatomical position.Furtherly, polysiloxane is made up of PlatSil Gel 10.Again furtherly, a part for imitative artery structure 90 embeds imitative muscle layer 7, and a part for imitative artery structure 90 embeds imitative muscle layer 7 by aperture.

Imitative neuromechanism 93 is pressed onto the correct anatomical position of imitative muscle layer 7, and imitative neuromechanism 93 comprises but should not be limited to temporo 44, cheekbone 48, cheek 50, lower jaw 51, cervical vertebra 101,102 of ear, spinal cord annex 53 and face nerve; The branch offices 110 of face nerve comprises temporo 44, cheekbone 48, cheek 50, lower jaw 101 and cervical vertebra 51; The neuropeptide 11 02 of ear is for identifying accessory nerve 53, gradually from nutator 103 below and the front border appearance of cucullaris 54.

Imitative neuromechanism 93 is by fibrous.In a concrete model, filament yarn is 0.5 millimeters thick, more furtherly, yarn is yellow, and imitative neuromechanism 93 is pressed onto on imitative muscle layer 7 by polysiloxane.Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast is polysiloxane.Imitative neuromechanism 93 layers is pressed onto imitative muscle 7 layers by polysiloxane, and at correct anatomical position, furtherly, polysiloxane is Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast.

It is correct anatomically that the muscular fascia system layer on imitative surface is pressed onto on imitative muscle layer 7.In a model, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface is laminated on imitative muscle layer 7, and imitative like this artery structure 90 and imitative neuromechanism 93 are just at correct anatomical position, beneath or surperficial in the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface.

The muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface comprises a polysiloxane and polyamide net.In a model, polysiloxane is Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast, and in other models, polyamide is made up of 30 fiber number polyamide, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface is lamination temporalis muscle, platysma muscle 24, orbicular muscle of eye 13, muscle 11, muscle 18, the branch of levator ani muscle 16 and temporo face nerve, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative surface is by applying polyamide net to imitative muscle layer 7 and polysiloxane is pressed onto imitative muscle layer 7, and polyamide net and polysiloxane remain viscosity.

Imitative muscle layer 7 is laminated in imitative skull structure 8, is laminated in imitative hypodermis layer 6 prior to imitative muscle layer 7.Imitative muscle layer 7 is laminated in imitative skull structure, and imitative like this artery structure 90, the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative neuromechanism 93 and imitative surface is correct anatomically.In a model, imitative muscle layer 7 is laminated in imitative skull structure 8, imitative like this blood vessel structure 90, and the muscular fascia system layer 94 on imitative neuromechanism 93 and imitative surface is distributed in imitative muscle layer 7 and imitative skull structure 8 surface in a large number.Add the pigementation that dyestuff carrys out simulating human musculature, dyestuff is oiliness specifically, is made up of red and brown oil colour.In a model, imitative muscle layer is pressed onto imitative skull structure by polysiloxane for 7 layer 8.Furtherly, polysiloxane PlatSil Gel 10.

The imitative cartilage structure 95 of three-dimensional operative training model 100 outside is forced into imitative skull structure 8 and makes before anatomical position accurately, imitative cartilage structure 95 comprises nasal cartilages 120 and auricular concha cartilage, nasal cartilages 120 comprises but should not be limited to nasal septal cartilage 26, large nasal alar cartilage lateral crus 27; little nasal alar cartilage 28, every cartilage 31 and oxter, side tissue 30.Nasal cartilages 120 and auricular concha cartilage are at the Making mold of nose mould and ear.At a concrete model, mould is made up of polyurethane material.

Nasal cartilages 120 comprises polysiloxane, gypsum cement and alginic acid, furtherly, nasal cartilages by 50% the gypsum cement of PlatSil Gel 10,25%, the alginic acid composition of 25%; Auricular concha cartilage is made up of identical potpourri as nasal cartilages.Oxter, side tissue 30 is made up of polysiloxane and polyether ketone fiber.In a concrete model, wing of nose outside tissue 30 comprises 50% PlatSil Gel 10 gel and 50% polyether ketone fiber.

After imitative cartilage structure 95 solidifies, it is configured for manufacturing imitative muscle layer 7 and is laminated to imitative cartilage structure 95.In a concrete model, die 1 imitates imitative muscle layer 7 and hole, imitate cartilage structure 95 by this structure can extend, therefore in this model, die 1 covers the imitative muscle layer 7 of the overwhelming majority, but does not comprise imitative cartilage structure 95, it is configured for manufacturing imitative muscle layer 7, be easy to be laminated to imitative cartilage structure 95, after lamination process completes, die 1 is removed.

After imitative cartilage structure 95 lamination, imitative cartilage structure 95 and imitative muscle layer 7 are laminated in imitative skull structure 8.In a concrete model, imitative cartilage structure is laminated in imitative skull structure 8 by polysiloxane, and furtherly, polysiloxane is PlatSil Gel10 gel.

Add the pigementation of dyestuff simulating human cartilaginous tissue.At a concrete model, dyestuff is oiliness, is made up of white oil colour.Dyestuff also can be added to the pigementation of simulation oxter, people side tissue 30.At a model, fuel, be made up of yellow oil pigment dye.

The imitative glandular structure 96 of three-dimensional operative training model 100 outside is made prior to being forced into imitative muscle layer, and imitative glandular structure comprises but should not be limited to lachrymal gland body 104 and parotid gland body of gland 49.In a model, lachrymal gland body is made up of polysiloxane, and more particularly, be made up of Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast, lachrymal gland body 104 is by lachrymal gland Making mold.Lachrymal gland mould comprises polyurethane mould, lachrymal gland body 104 is arranged on three-dimensional operative training model 100, and they are just at imitative muscle layer 7 on the surface like this.

In a model, parotid gland body of gland 49 is made up of polysiloxane and polysiloxane soft agent, furtherly, parotid gland body of gland 49 is that the PlatSil Gel10 gel of 1:230 and Smith's sound-proof material are formed by ratio, parotid gland body of gland 49 also comprises polyamide net, be applied in parotid gland body of gland 49, simulation parotid fascia; Parotid gland body of gland 49 is laminated on the correct anatomical position of imitative muscle layer 7 by polysiloxane.Parotid gland body of gland 49 is arranged on three-dimensional operative training model 100, and they are just on the surface of imitative muscle layer 7 like this.

Imitative glandular structure 96 also comprises imitative SD structure 105, and imitative SD structure 105 is made up of polysiloxane and alginic acid.In a concrete model, imitative SD structure 105 is made up of a polysiloxane, be made up of PlatSil Gel 10 gel specifically, furtherly, in imitative SD structure 105, PlatSil Gel 10 gel accounts for 60%, alginic acid accounts for 40%, imitative SD structure 105 manufactures in tubular die, after imitative SD structure 105 is solidified, the superior leaf parotid gland 49 is arranged at by buccinator muscle 20, imitative SD structure 105 is by an aperture of buccinator muscle 20, and imitative SD structure 105 is sticked on parotid gland body of gland 49 by polysiloxane.In a concrete model, polysiloxane is PlatSil Gel 10..

After solidification, lachrymal gland body 104 and parotid gland body of gland 49 are laminated to imitative muscle layer 7 at they correct anatomical positions, and lachrymal gland body 104 is arranged in front the higher level of eye socket, temporo district; After parotid gland body of gland 49 is arranged in lower jaw branch, before ear 78, from zygomatic arch to the irregular expansion of mandibular 106.Add dyestuff on lachrymal gland body 104 and parotid gland body of gland 49, the color of the parotid gland body of gland 49 of simulating human lachrymal gland body 104 and people.In a concrete model, dyestuff is made up of yellow and red oil colour.Imitative glandular structure structure 96 is laminated to the correct anatomical position of imitative muscle layer 7 by polysiloxane, furtherly, imitative glandular structure is laminated on imitative muscle layer 7 by polysiloxane, and furtherly, imitative glandular structure structure 96 is pressed onto on imitative muscle layer 7 by PlatSil Gel 10 gel layer.

Imitative skull structure 8 comprises gypsum cement, in a model, imitative skull structure 8 makes in polyurethane mould structure, furthermore, imitative skull structure 8 makes in two sub-sections, imitative skull structure 8 comprises forward part 81 and rear section 82, and as shown in Figure 10, imitative skull structure 8 is forward part 81 and rear section 82 is make along broken line 111.

In a concrete model, imitative periosteal layer 65 is laminated to the correct anatomical position of imitative skull structure 8, and imitative periosteum structural sheet 65 is laminated in imitative skull structure 8 by polysiloxane, and specifically, polysiloxane is PlatSi Gel10l gel.

In a concrete model, imitative galea structure 40 is stacked in anatomical position correct in imitative skull structure 8, furtherly, imitative galea structure 40 comprises polyamide net and polysiloxane, and imitative galea comprises 30 fiber number polyamide and Dragon Skin.RTM. 10 Fast..

Imitative muscle layer 7 is laminated in imitative skull structure 8, imitative skull structure 8 and imitative myoarchitecture 7 are laminated in the imitative hypodermis layer 6 of 100 of three-dimensional operative training model, after imitative skull structure 8 is laminated to imitative muscle layer 7, the rigid foam that can expand is applied to the three-dimensional operative training model 100 of surgery, by making up the part of imitative skull structure 8, add rigid foam to imitative skull structure 8, it expands the surface of the imitative organized layer of the imitative skull structural sheet 8 of compression; Rigid foam is made up of a rigid support layer 9, and specifically, rigid foam is a kind of hard polyurethane foams.

Delete from die 1 after the solidification of rigid foam, rigid support layer 9 solidifies specifically needs 30 minutes.

In a model, hinge apparatus 83 adds in imitative skull structure, and furtherly, hinge apparatus 83 is attached on lower jaw 106 and temporal bone 107, so three-dimensional operative training model 100 oral area 80 just can complete opening and closing.

The present invention also comprises the method, particularly surgeon of a training healthcare practitioners, and in various surgical technic, Training Methodology comprises to be provided three-dimensional operative training model 100 and perform surgical technic on three-dimensional operative training model 100.In a concrete model, the method for training comprises and uses three-dimensional operative training model 100 to train surgeon, includes but not limited to ablation technique, closure techniques, plastic operation and combination thereof.

In a model, the method of training doctor comprises provides three-dimensional operative training model 100 and multiple imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73, surgeon can perform excision technology on three-dimensional operative training model 100, delete one or more imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73, after excision imitation leather skin defect sturcture, surgeon can perform suturing skill, sews up the place that imitation leather skin defect sturcture is cut.

Suturing skill comprises but should not be limited to flap and transplant to be sewed up.In a model, flap is sewed up and is comprised single and double advanced skin flap, rotated skin flap, hinge flap, the wing flap of two sliver modified tones, forehead flap, rhomboid skin flap, Z-plasty wing flap, muffle wing flap and wing flap; In other models, transplant stitching and comprise island pedicle of vertebral arch transplanting and full thickness skin transplantation; In addition, suturing skill also comprises original stitching and reconstruction, and furtherly, reconstruction is a wedge excision.

As shown in Figure 12 a to Figure 12 c, it is the example using three-dimensional operative training model 100 to perform the operation.First example comprises an advanced skin flap process, by step 81a, 81b and 81 c forms, in step 81a, imitation leather skin defect sturcture is that use Rectangle Resection 130 is deleted, Rectangle Resection 130 terminates, one end from Rectangle Resection 130 extends by parallel cuts 132, parallel cuts 132 extends according to 132 row of specifying of Rectangle Resection 130 top and bottom, create a cantilevered flap 140, then cantilevered flap 140 is in whole rectangle stretching excision 130, as shown in step 81 b, stretch cantilevered flap 140 simultaneously, the edge of cantilevered flap 140 lobe is sewed up and is closed wound, as shown in step 81, if imitation leather skin defect sturcture is difficult to sew up, dual advanced skin flap can be used to perform the operation at Rectangle Resection 130, as step 82a, shown in 82b and 82c, dual advanced skin flap process comprises identical step, as top is mentioned, perform the operation with reference to single advanced skin flap, but repeat the opposite side of Rectangle Resection 130.

As shown in Figure 13 a to Figure 13 c, for using the operating example of three-dimensional operative training model 100.This example comprises a rotated skin flap operation, comprise step 150a, 150b and 150c, in step 150a, imitation leather skin defect sturcture is that use circular resection 152 excises, circular resection 152 terminates, two ends from circular resection 152 extend by arc incision, according to the dotted line 154 of specifying in step 150a, create two asymmetric cantilever wing flap 156a and 156b, cantilevered flap 156a and 156b stretching excision 152 extend, as shown by arrow A, in 150b, stretch cantilevered flap 156 a and 156 b simultaneously, all edges of wing flap 156a and 156b are sewed up, as shown in step 150 c, close wound.

As shown in Figure 14 a to Figure 14 c, carry out an example of performing the operation for using three-dimensional operative training model 100.This example comprises displacement flap surgery, comprises step 160a, 160 b and 160c, in step 160a, otch, as shown in dotted line 162, is the shape of three squares, create a cantilever flap 164, cantilevered flap 164, as shown in 160 b, imitation leather skin defect sturcture 73 will be expanded to, when the part of cantilever flap 164 extends, specify 167 sew up, as shown in step 160,166a and 166 b, the edge removing the wound that cantilevered flap 164 stays is sewed up together.

As shown in Figure 15 a to Figure 15 c, carry out the example of performing the operation for using three-dimensional operative training model 100.This example comprises an island pedicle of vertebral arch migration process, comprise step 170a, 170b and 170 c, imitation leather skin defect sturcture is that use circular resection 172 excises, two linear incisions, 174a and 174 b, excised by the same edge of circular resection 172, towards on the contrary, they intersect at circular resection 172 like this, excision imitation leather skin layers 2 be one piece leg-of-mutton, one piece significantly mates leg-of-mutton imitation leather skin layers 2, from another region of three-dimensional operative training model 100, grafting to wound 176, as shown in step 170c.

As shown in Figure 16 a to Figure 16 d, carry out an operating example for using three-dimensional operative training model 100.Example is hinged cover process, comprise step 180a, 180b and 180c, in step 180a, imitation leather skin defect sturcture is that use Rectangle Resection 182 excises, the rectangular blocks cartilage structure 95 significantly mated and imitation leather skin layers 2, as shown in step 180b, then, from another Regional resection of three-dimensional operative training model 100, as shown in step 180 c, 184 graftings are then transplanted to wound 186.

In another model, training doctor performs the method relating to the surgical technic of plastic operation, comprise three-dimensional operative training model 100, and perform various cosmetic surgery at three-dimensional operative training model 100, cosmetic surgery includes but not limited to lift face, forehead, scalp, liposuction, injection treatment, eye socket, face are implanted, birthmark, mole and scar excision, rhinoplasty.

The present invention also comprises the method that uses three-dimensional operative training model 100.Use the method for three-dimensional operative training model 100 to be included on three-dimensional operative training model 100 and perform surgical technic.Use the method for three-dimensional operative training model 100 may also be included on three-dimensional operative training model 100 and practise surgical technic, and demonstrate surgical technic on three-dimensional operative training model 100.

As described previously, three-dimensional operative training model 100 performs surgical technic and may comprise but should not be limited to ablation technique, suturing skill and plastic operation and its combination.

Above with reference to the accompanying drawings of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art do not depart from the scope and spirit of the present invention, and multiple flexible program can be had to realize the present invention.For example, to illustrate as the part of an embodiment or the feature that describes can be used for another embodiment to obtain another embodiment.These are only the better feasible embodiment of the present invention, not thereby limit to interest field of the present invention that the equivalence change that all utilizations instructions of the present invention and accompanying drawing content are done all is contained within interest field of the present invention.

Claims (20)

1. a three-dimensional operative training model, it is characterized in that: the simulated skin layer comprising high emulation, described high analogue simulation skin layer comprises imitative epidermal area, emulation leather point layer, artificial leather two layers and imitative hypodermis layer, and described imitative epidermal area comprises the potpourri of platinum polyorganosiloxane ramification, silicon rubber and polysiloxane soft agent; The imitative epidermal area of described artificial head cortex next-door neighbour is made up of the mixing of silicon rubber and polysiloxane soft agent; Described artificial leather two layers next-door neighbour emulation leather point layer, is made up of an aramid layer net; Described imitative hypodermis layer next-door neighbour artificial leather two layers, is mixed by platinum polysiloxane spin-off and polysiloxane soft agent and is formed.

2. three-dimensional operative training model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described high analogue simulation skin layer at least simulates the shape of a body part.

3. three-dimensional operative training model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: also comprise an imitative skeleton structure, described high analogue simulation skin layer is on imitative skeleton structure; Described imitative skeleton structure simulates the shape of at least one body part.

4. three-dimensional operative training model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: also comprise an imitative cartilage structure, described high analogue simulation skin layer is at least on an imitative cartilage structure, and imitative cartilage structure simulates the shape of at least one body part.

5. three-dimensional operative training model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: also comprise an imitative muscle layer, and described high analogue simulation skin layer is on imitative muscle layer, and next-door neighbour imitates muscle layer.

6. three-dimensional operative training model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described high analogue simulation skin layer, imitative skeleton structure, imitative cartilage structure and imitative muscle layer are merged into a three-dimensional operative training model, at least simulate a part of human body.

7. three-dimensional operative training model according to claim 6, is characterized in that: described human body comprises skull, neck, ear, nose or mouth.

8. three-dimensional operative training model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described high analogue simulation skin layer tensile strength is 16 Mpa to 20 Mpa, and the breakpoint of breaking elongation is 65% to 75%, and durometer hardness is 4 to 6.

9. three-dimensional operative training model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: also comprise a polyether ketone fiber layer in described imitative epidermal area.

10. three-dimensional operative training model according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in described imitative epidermal area, the ratio of platinum polysiloxane spin-off and silicon rubber is 1:1; The thickness of described imitative epidermal area is 0.5mm to 1.0mm, and tensile strength is 1Mpa to 3.4Mpa, and the breakpoint of breaking elongation is 700% to 1100%.

11. three-dimensional operative training models according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: also comprise an imitation leather skin defect sturcture, comprise pathology, wound, tumour, lymthoma, scar and combination thereof, have at least a kind of imitation leather skin defect sturcture to be arranged on described imitative epidermal area on the surface.

12. three-dimensional operative training models according to claim 11, is characterized in that: described pathology comprises tumour and malignant tumour; Imitative epidermal area comprises tumour; Imitative epidermal area and artificial leather two layers comprise malignant tumour.

13. three-dimensional operative training models according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described imitative epidermal area by total amount be 42.5% platinum polysiloxane spin-off and total amount be 42.5% silicon rubber form; Described imitative epidermal area comprises polysiloxane soft agent, platinum polysiloxane spin-off and the silicon rubber of 10%; Described emulation leather point layer comprise total amount be 90% silicon rubber and total amount be the polysiloxane soft agent of 10%; Described artificial leather two layer thickness is 1.0 millimeters to 1.5 millimeters; Described artificial leather two layers comprises at least one and embeds imitative blood vessel structure wherein, and dextran is injected at least one imitative blood vessel structure to be carried out analog demenstration and go out blood flow or exercise surgical technic.

14. three-dimensional operative training models according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described high analogue simulation skin layer comprises: imitative epidermal area, emulation leather point layer, artificial leather two layers and imitative hypodermis layer, described imitative epidermal area comprises polyether ketone fiber layer, the potpourri of polysiloxane and a silicon rubber; The imitative epidermal area of described emulation leather point layer next-door neighbour, comprises a silicon rubber; Described imitative product two layers of attaining are close to emulation leather point layer, are made up of an aramid layer net; Described imitative hypodermis layer next-door neighbour artificial leather two layers, is mixed by platinum polysiloxane and polysiloxane soft agent and is formed.

15. three-dimensional operative training models according to claim 14, is characterized in that: described high analogue simulation skin layer at least simulates human body part.

16. three-dimensional operative training models according to claim 14, is characterized in that: described imitative epidermal area also comprises a polysiloxane soft agent; Emulation leather point layer also comprises a polysiloxane soft agent; Artificial leather two layers also comprises imitative blood vessel structure and embeds wherein, and the imitative blood vessel structure of dextran injection carrys out analog demenstration and goes out blood flow or exercise surgical technic.

17. three-dimensional operative training models according to claim 16, is characterized in that: described imitative epidermal area is the outermost layer of three-dimensional operative training model; Described emulation leather point layer is one deck of imitative below the epidermis; Described artificial leather two layers is the one deck below emulation leather point layer; Imitative epidermal area, emulation leather point layer, artificial leather two layers of gross thickness are 2.0mm to 3.5mm; Described imitative blood vessel structure is arranged on artificial leather two layers anatomical position accurately; Described imitative hypodermis layer one deck below artificial leather two layers; Described imitation leather undertissue layer thickness is 1mm to 10mm.

18. three-dimensional operative training models according to claim 16, is characterized in that: described artificial leather two layers also includes silicon rubber; The imitative blood vessel structure made by silicon rubber as passage, for the synthesis of the injection of blood.

The Training Methodology of 19. 1 kinds of three-dimensional operative training models as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described high analogue simulation skin layer performs a surgical technic, under having at least an imitation leather skin defect sturcture to be pressed in high analogue simulation skin layer, described high analogue simulation skin layer comprises: imitative epidermal area, is made up of platinum polysiloxane spin-off, silicon rubber, polysiloxane soft agent; Artificial leather scalp, the imitative epidermal area of next-door neighbour is the potpourri be made up of silicon rubber and polysiloxane soft agent; Artificial leather two layers, next-door neighbour's artificial leather one deck is an aramid layer net; Imitative hypodermis layer, next-door neighbour's artificial leather two layers is the potpourri that platinum polysiloxane spin-off and polysiloxane soft agent are formed.

The Training Methodology of 20. three-dimensional operative training models according to claim 19, is characterized in that: surgical technic comprises to be eliminated at least one imitation leather skin defect sturcture and sews up a wound.