CN104945764A - Dielectric material and capacitor using same - Google Patents

Dielectric material and capacitor using same Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104945764A
CN104945764A CN201410125384.XA CN201410125384A CN104945764A CN 104945764 A CN104945764 A CN 104945764A CN 201410125384 A CN201410125384 A CN 201410125384A CN 104945764 A CN104945764 A CN 104945764A
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China
Prior art keywords
dielectric materials
power
electrical condenser
dielectric material
capacitor
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CN201410125384.XA
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Chinese (zh)
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谢贤宁
王倩
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Suzhou Industrial Park Xin Guo Great Research Institute
National University of Singapore
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Suzhou Industrial Park Xin Guo Great Research Institute
National University of Singapore
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Priority to CN201410125384.XA priority Critical patent/CN104945764A/en
Publication of CN104945764A publication Critical patent/CN104945764A/en
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Abstract

The invention discloses a dielectric material and a capacitor using the same. The dielectric material comprises the following raw material components in percentage by mass: 94-98% of sodium polystyrene sulfonate, and 2-6% of a small-molecule inorganic salt. The dielectric material has excellent properties including high ionic conductivity, high ionic polarization property and good mechanical stability, and can be applied to power capacitors. The capacitor using the dielectric material is very stable in performance, does not have obvious performance degradation after 1000 hours of a test with an alternating voltage of 250V, and can be subjected to linear expansion in proportion by virtue of parallel connection or series connection to meet requirements on improvement of voltage or reactive power.

Description

Dielectric materials and use the electrical condenser of this dielectric materials
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of electric appliances, particularly relate to a kind of dielectric materials and use the electrical condenser of this dielectric materials.
Background technology
Power capacitor is the key element in network system.In general, the output rating of electrical network mainly comprises two parts: wattful power (or real power) and wattless power.Typically, in interchange (AC) circuit, energy is temporarily stored in sensing element and capacity cell, and this may cause the periodic inversion of the sense of current.To a complete AC waveform averaged, the poower flow part of gained is real power; That is, can be used for the energy of acting (such as, overcome the friction in electric motor, or heating unit).On the other hand, the part in poower flow temporarily stores with the form of magnetic field or electric field in induction circuit element and capacitance circuit element, then returns to source, namely alleged wattless power.In AC transmission system, need reactive power flow to support wattful current transmission in a network.
In practice, network load has impedance, inductance and electric capacity, and therefore wattful power and wattless power all flow to active load.The size of the vector of wattful power and wattless power, as shown in fig. 1, measures as apparent power.In figure, P is wattful power, and Q is wattless power (being just in the drawings in situation), and S is complex power, and the length of S is apparent power.In circuit, the ratio between wattful power and apparent power is called power factor, is the physical measurement of power distribution system efficiency.For two systems transmitting equivalent wattful power, the system with lower-wattage factor will have higher circulating current, and described electric current returns the energy in source in the accumulator of load.Described high current causes the loss under equivalent wattful power to raise.The circuit with high power factor has lower apparent power and lower loss under equivalent wattful power.When the same phase time of voltage and current, described power factor is 1.When electric current leads or lag voltage 90 degree, described power factor is 0.Power factor is usually described as " leading " or " delayed ", so that the symbol of electric current relative to the phasing degree of voltage to be described.
Most of electrical wiring terminal have employed induction motor, causes the power factor in adjacent point of distribution low, causes high wattless power and energy wastage.Therefore, one of power factor important channel being considered to energy saving is improved.In order to improve electrical network efficiency, the important method of current widespread use is original position Technique of Compensating Capacitance for Reactive.Traditionally, electrical condenser is used for generating wattless power, and inducer is used for consume reactive power.If electrical condenser and inducer parallel connection, then the electric current flowing through inducer and electrical condenser tends to cancel out each other and non-superimposed, and this is the basic principle of the power factor controlling power transmission.In typical case, the parallel power condenser is inserted in circuit, with partial-compensation by the wattless power of inductive load " consumption ", optimize the power factor of the circuit that it connects thus.In some applications, power capacitor also for energy storage, but is applied limited.
Figure 2 shows that the schematic diagram of electrical network situ reactive-load compensation, Fig. 3 is the physical principle figure of original position reactive-load compensation: the actual loading of electrical network great majority are irritability, such as, and electric motor and transformer.Pure capacitive circuit forms wattless power with the current waveform of leads voltage waveform 90 degree, and pure inductive circuit is with the current waveform consume reactive power of lagging voltage waveform 90 degree.If we are suitably arranged on capacitive element in the terminating circuit (i.e. load circuit) of electrical network, the electric current then flowing through electrical condenser can compensating inductance device electric current, angle between the vector of electric current and voltage (Φ) can reduce, and improves the power factor of this element thus.
At present, power capacitor is widely used in reactive-load compensation.Polypropylene (PP) film due to dielectric strength high, the low and dissipation factor of dissipation factor is stablized, and is the current dielectric materials being most commonly used to metallized film power capacitor.But, also have a lot of shortcoming based on the power capacitor of PP film: i) poly thermotolerance is relatively poor, and environmental factors (such as, chemistry and mechanical influence) is comparatively responsive to external world; Ii) preparation technology is very complicated: based on the typical production process process of the film capacitor of PP, comprise film stretching and metallization, film slitting, winding and leveling, applies metal contact layer, heating, and infiltration connects terminal, application, final electric test, etc.; Iii) produce in polyethylene, silicone oil and metallization a large amount of pollution substances produced, bring serious harm can to environment and the mankind.Therefore, in order to realize the Sustainable development of environment and society, the surrogate of polyethylene film must be found
Summary of the invention
Based on this, the object of this invention is to provide a kind of dielectric materials.
A kind of dielectric materials, its raw material composition and mass percentage content are: sodium polystyrene sulfonate 94-98%, small molecules inorganic salt 2-6%.
Wherein in an embodiment, its raw material composition and mass percentage content are: sodium polystyrene sulfonate 96%, small molecules inorganic salt 4%.
Wherein in an embodiment, the sulfonation degree of described sodium polystyrene sulfonate is 55-60mol%.
Wherein in an embodiment, described small molecules inorganic salt are NaCl, KCl and NaHCO of arbitrary proportion mixing 3.
Wherein in an embodiment, described NaCl, KCl and NaHCO 3ratio be: 0:0:4,4:0:0,0:4:0,2:0:2,2:2:0,0:2:2,1:2:1,1:1:2 or 2:1:1.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of electrical condenser.
Concrete technical scheme is as follows:
A kind of electrical condenser, comprises the polarizable particles that described in positive pole, negative pole and any one of claim 1-5, dielectric materials prepares.
Wherein in an embodiment, the particle diameter of described dielectric materials is 37-75 μm.
Wherein in an embodiment, the preparation process of described polarizable particles is as follows: dielectric materials being ground to particle diameter is 37-75 μm, then moulded section, then is placed in the baking oven drying at least 30min under 70-80 DEG C of normal pressure, to obtain final product.
Principle of the present invention:
Electrical condenser of the present invention, wherein, ionic polarization (or decondensation) is inferred to be the high reason of this material capacitive character.This PSSNa material structure can be regarded as has movable Na +the fixed PSS-negative pole grid (or matrix) of gegenion.The negative charge density of described grid is so high by (3.3 × 10 21electric charge/cm 3), to such an extent as to by electrostatic attraction, powerful cohesive force is formed to positively charged ion.When described PSSNa material webs electric charge, described movable positively charged ion polarizes (or decondensation) towards negative potential collective, the charge storage thus in forming apparatus.When this material discharging, the positively charged ion diffusion of decondensation returns its starting position, and again condenses in described negative pole grid after discharge.Thus, the decondensation of positively charged ion in negative pole and the charging and discharging condensed corresponding to described electrical condenser circulate.This cohesion-decondensation principle is different from the essence of the principle of electrostatic condenser, is that the charge storage of the latter is based on dielectric polarization.The electric charge in electrode/medium face is only had to make contribution to energy storage.But in electrical condenser of the present invention, all positively charged ions all contribute to charge accumulated and storage.Therefore, it shows high capacitance.
Advantage of the present invention is as follows:
Dielectric materials of the present invention can be applied in electrical condenser, and the electrical condenser utilizing dielectric materials of the present invention to prepare is the replacement candidates of power capacitor.Can application in electrical network, for improving the power factor of power system and improving its ability to transmit electricity.
Be prepared into polarizable particles after dielectric materials moulded section of the present invention, be clipped between two panels graphite flake, with hydraulic compression, just can obtain electrical condenser.Area is 2cm 2the voltage rating of polarizable particles (thick 1.5mm) up to 250V, and its electric capacity is measured with ISO-Tech Inductance, Capacitance, Resistance (LCR) meter 819 and is reached 1.2 μ F.Reactive power Q under rated frequency 50Hz is 0.02kVar, and rated current is 94mA.
The performance of electrical condenser of the present invention is highly stable, after testing 1000 hours with 250V voltage of alternating current, there is not obvious performance degradation.In addition, this electrical condenser linearly can also be expanded in proportion by parallel or series connection, with the requirement of satisfied raising voltage or wattless power.
From the simplicity of its extreme, outstanding extensibility and practical feasibility, electrical condenser of the present invention may be a kind of device changing electrical network field general layout, provides a kind of continuable solution for non-power consumption loss compensates.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is complex power and meritorious and wattless power relation schematic diagram;
Fig. 2 is original position reactive power compensation schematic diagram;
Fig. 3 is the physical principle schematic diagram of original position reactive power compensation;
Fig. 4 is preparation technology's schematic flow sheet of electrical condenser of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the alternating-current (50Hz, 250V) of electrical condenser of the present invention) response diagram;
Fig. 6 is the electric capacity of different condenser in parallel;
Fig. 7 is electrical condenser schematic diagram of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment and accompanying drawing, the application is further elaborated.
A kind of dielectric materials of the embodiment of the present invention, its raw material composition and mass percentage content are: sodium polystyrene sulfonate 94-98%(is preferably 96%), small molecules inorganic salt 2-6%(is preferably 4%).
The starting material of this dielectric materials are commercial goods sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSSNa).The chemical structure of PSSNa is for shown in following formula (a), but the chemical structure of commercial goods PSSNa is generally the multipolymer by the vinylbenzene shown in following formula (b) and Sodium styrene sulfonate, this is because the partly sulfonated formation of polystyrene in synthesis technique.In order to improve the efficiency of dielectric materials, we need to improve sulfonation degree.
Commodity PSSNa powder is dissolved in distilled water, and mixes with sulfuric acid at the temperature of about 70 DEG C, after about 2 hours, with in appropriate NaOH and aqueous phase.Related chemistry reaction is as follows.After having reacted, with rotatory evaporator, solution is concentrated, then lyophilize, to obtain the PSSNa powder of height sulfonation, this PSSNa powder be we can the crucial dielectric materials of hyperpolarization spherolite.
The sulfonation degree of sodium polystyrene sulfonate can be increased to 55-60mol% by 10-30mol% by above-mentioned reaction.
With the spherolite power capacitor that pure PSSNa powder is made, due to hyperpolarization, may be breakdown under relatively low voltage, therefore do not have gratifying stability.PSSNa is mixed with certain small molecules salt a small amount of, such as NaCl, KCl, NaHCO 3, to improve its stability and practicality.List some chemical formulations of dielectric materials in Table 1.When adulterate in PSSNa with the ratio of 96%:4% small molecules salt time, this spherolite electrical condenser shows satisfactory stability and electric property.
Table 1. dielectric materials chemical formulation.
A kind of electrical condenser of the present embodiment, comprises the polarizable particles that positive pole, negative pole and described dielectric materials prepare.
The preparation process of described polarizable particles is as follows: dielectric materials being ground to particle diameter is 37-75 μm, then moulded section, then is placed in the baking oven drying at least 30min under 70-80 DEG C of normal pressure, to obtain final product.
The preparation technology of described electrical condenser as shown in Figure 4.First, in agate mortar, add 0.4g dielectric materials, and hand-ground 30 minutes at normal temperatures and pressures.After grinding, the material of more than 90% can pass through Taylor (Tyler) 200 mesh sieve, and is retained by Taylor (Tyler) 400 mesh sieve.Employing conversion table is known, and the diameter range of gained dielectric materials is between 37 μm and 75 μm.
Then; use hand-hydraulic press molding machine as shown in Figure 4; by dielectric materials moulded section: die assembly dielectric materials being filled into 16.2mm; mention anterior safety shield; the mould being used for pressing mold is placed in the lower bolster covering plunger to press on the surface; determine that mould is in central position; put down safety shield; rotate clockwise leading screw handle; to tighten the upper padding plate pressing surface be connected on driving screw combination; until the parts that will press contact with each other, rotate clockwise pressure release handle, until it tightened securely.Light and slow and push and pull pump handle reposefully, moves press molding machine to start pump.Institute's applied pressure is as shown in load gauge.Continue pump dynamic until reach required pressure (150kg/cm 2~ 200kg/cm 2).Discharge the load on workpiece, pressure release handle is rotated counterclockwise half complete turn, until pressure after mould release, namely can open anterior safety shield safely, pull down mould, obtain through the shaping dielectric materials of hydraulic compression.
Dielectric materials shaping for gained is put into 75 DEG C, baking oven dry (time is greater than 30min) under normal pressure, obtain polarizable particles.Drying step can remove steam, improves the voltage breakdown of spherolite power capacitor,
Then, gained polarizable particles is clipped between two panels tinsel (what we adopted at this is graphite flake), and is assembled in a set of button cell shell (model-CR2016) as shown in Figure 4.In addition, alternatively, can in described hydraulic compression-moulding machine, by graphite flake electrode to be placed in respectively on powder and under, be pressed onto on spherolite.The combination that these needs encapsulate is inserted the pressing groove in the plunger of lower bolster, determine that described mould is positioned at center, then rotate clockwise pressure release handle, until it is tightened securely.Push and pull pump handle moves press molding machine to start pump.Institute's applied pressure is as shown in load gauge.Continue pump dynamic until metal casing seals completely.Required pressure is 100kg/cm 2~ 150kg/cm 2.When discharging sealing press, rotate counterclockwise pressure release handle.
The electrical condenser that above-mentioned preparation technology obtains, wherein, ionic polarization (or decondensation) is inferred to be the high reason of this material capacitive character.This PSSNa material structure can be regarded as has movable Na +the fixed PSS-negative pole grid (or matrix) of gegenion.The negative charge density of described grid is so high by (3.3 × 10 21electric charge/cm 3), to such an extent as to by electrostatic attraction, powerful cohesive force is formed to positively charged ion.When described PSSNa material webs electric charge, described movable positively charged ion polarizes (or decondensation) towards negative potential collective, the charge storage thus in forming apparatus.When this material discharging, the positively charged ion diffusion of decondensation returns its starting position, and again condenses in described negative pole grid after discharge.Thus, the decondensation of positively charged ion in negative pole and the charging and discharging condensed corresponding to described electrical condenser circulate.This cohesion-decondensation principle is different from the essence of the principle of electrostatic condenser, is that the charge storage of the latter is based on dielectric polarization.The electric charge in electrode/medium face is only had to make contribution to energy storage.But in electrical condenser of the present invention, all positively charged ions all contribute to charge accumulated and storage.Therefore, it shows high capacitance.
Dehydrating step is extremely important to the voltage breakdown improving electrical condenser.The identical polarizable particles of 5 heavy 0.4g of meter is labeled as #1-#5, and compression also to be inserted in baking oven 0,10,20,30 minute and 12 hours respectively.Described spherolite is assembled immediately and seals after taking out from baking oven.As shown in table 2, particle weight increases along with dewatering time and reduces.This is because remove moisture gradually from particle.Particle #4 and #5 does not almost show difference, and after showing 30 minutes, moisture almost removes completely.Moisture content in spherolite is about 15%, and after removing moisture, safe working voltage has brought up to 250V from 60V.The electric capacity of spherolite is not subject to the impact of moisture content.Due to the negative impact of humidity, thermal pretreatment is formulated the standard process steps for production polarizable particles power capacitor.
The operating voltage of table 2. electrical condenser is to the dependency of polarizable particles dehydration.
Figure 5 shows that alternating-current (50Hz, the 250V) response of electrical condenser of the present invention (adopting #5 polarizable particles).Under 250V voltage rating, the AC electric current of the power capacitor of 1.2 μ F is 94mA.The charging and discharging of described electrical condenser defines the phase differential of pi/2, and electric current leads over voltage.
The stability of electrical condenser is the important factor that another needs to consider.Linear expansion can be carried out in proportion to described electrical condenser, to obtain more high-voltage or wattless power requirement by parallel or series connection.In figure 6, by 2 ~ 10 spherolite parallel connections, and measure total capacitance by ISO-Tech Inductance, Capacitance, Resistance (LCR) meter 819 type.The corresponding electric capacity of described electrical condenser roughly has 1.2 μ F/2cm 2linear expansion factor.Illustration in Fig. 6 is (i) depicted as the capacitance variations of 10 spherolites.The electric capacity that illustration in Fig. 6 is (ii) depicted as 10 shunting resistances is with its working hour and changing in AC circuit.Can see after 1000 hours, there is not obvious electric capacity and decline.This shows, described spherolite electrical condenser has satisfactory stability in electrical network.Suppose 100 described spherolites in parallel, its total capacitance can be 120 μ F, and its reactive power Q=2kVar under 50Hz rated frequency.Table 3 is depicted as the contrast between electrical condenser of the present invention and conventional films power capacitor.
Contrast between table 3. electrical condenser of the present invention and conventional films power capacitor.
Generally speaking, height of the present invention polarizable ionic conduction particle (polarizable particles) can serve as the alternative form of the existing film power capacitor for reactive-load compensation.As in Fig. 7 sum up, when only carrying out hydraulic compression to the special powder material between two panels graphite flake, the area of gained is 2.0cm 2, thickness is that the particle (polarizable particles) of 1.5mm can work and provide the reactive-load compensation of 0.02kVar under rated current at 94mA under 250V voltage of alternating current (50Hz).The capacitive character of the electrical condenser that this polarizable particles obtains is up to 1.2 μ F, and its principle is based on the removable cationic cohesion in anticathode material apparatus and decondensation.Compared with existing polyethylene film power capacitor, this polarizable particles power capacitor shows potential performance, and its produce and standing charges extremely low.Extreme facility, good extensibility and low cost, provide powerful support for for the commercial viability of electrical condenser of the present invention in power capacitor market provides.
The advantage of electrical condenser of the present invention:
1, this electrical condenser is prepared very economical and can expand on a large scale;
2, polarizable particles has the advanced character that ionic conductivity is high, ionic polarization is high and mechanical stability is good;
3, this polarizable particles is applied in power capacitor, can play the effect changing this field general layout, bring a kind of brand-new type solid state electrical electrical condenser with very big simplicity.
The above embodiment only have expressed several embodiment of the present invention, and it describes comparatively concrete and detailed, but therefore can not be interpreted as the restriction to the scope of the claims of the present invention.It should be pointed out that for the person of ordinary skill of the art, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, can also make some distortion and improvement, these all belong to protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, the protection domain of patent of the present invention should be as the criterion with claims.

Claims (8)

1. a dielectric materials, is characterized in that, its raw material composition and mass percentage content are: sodium polystyrene sulfonate 94-98%, small molecules inorganic salt 2-6%.
2. dielectric materials according to claim 1, is characterized in that, its raw material composition and mass percentage content are: sodium polystyrene sulfonate 96%, small molecules inorganic salt 4%.
3. dielectric materials according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, the sulfonation degree of described sodium polystyrene sulfonate is 55-60mol%.
4. dielectric materials according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, described small molecules inorganic salt are NaCl, KCl and NaHCO of arbitrary proportion mixing 3.
5. dielectric materials according to claim 4, is characterized in that, described NaCl, KCl and NaHCO 3ratio be: 0:0:4,4:0:0,0:4:0,2:0:2,2:2:0,0:2:2,1:2:1,1:1:2 or 2:1:1.
6. an electrical condenser, is characterized in that, comprises the polarizable particles that described in positive pole, negative pole and any one of claim 1-5, dielectric materials prepares.
7. electrical condenser according to claim 6, is characterized in that, the particle diameter of described dielectric materials is 37-75 μm.
8. electrical condenser according to claim 6, it is characterized in that, the preparation process of described polarizable particles is as follows: dielectric materials being ground to particle diameter is 37-75 μm, then moulded section, be placed in the baking oven drying at least 30min under 70-80 DEG C of normal pressure again, obtain final product.
CN201410125384.XA 2014-03-28 2014-03-28 Dielectric material and capacitor using same Pending CN104945764A (en)

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Application publication date: 20150930