CN104743675B - 水深调节控制沉水植物生长治理湖泊富营养化的方法 - Google Patents
水深调节控制沉水植物生长治理湖泊富营养化的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104743675B CN104743675B CN201510165040.6A CN201510165040A CN104743675B CN 104743675 B CN104743675 B CN 104743675B CN 201510165040 A CN201510165040 A CN 201510165040A CN 104743675 B CN104743675 B CN 104743675B
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus Chemical compound 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- 230000001932 seasonal Effects 0.000 description 2
- CVTZKFWZDBJAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].N Chemical compound 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Abstract
本发明公开了一种通过水深调节控制沉水植物生长治理湖泊富营养化的方法。该方法主要包括五个步骤,通过选取关键的时间点种植沉水植物,同时选取关键的时间调控水深,调整沉水植物种植密度,使沉水植物获得最大生物量,具有最佳的光照、水温等环境条件,从而更加有效的治理富营养化水体。本发明方法实施操作方便,沉水植物群落恢复成本低,节省人力物力;后期维护成本低,植物成活率高,净化效果好。
Description
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及一种治理湖泊富营养化的方法,具体地说是一种通过水深调节控制沉 水植物生长治理湖泊富营养化的方法。
背景技术
[0002] 水体富营养化是水质恶化的主要水环境问题之一,湖泊富营养化是人类社会活动 对湖泊的影响导致的湖泊自然演变过程的浓缩,几乎所有的湖泊都面临富营养化问题,人 类的活动更是加剧了这个进程。引起富营养化的原因主要为大气污染、城市污水排放、农田 化肥使用过量、生态环境破坏严重、水体养殖等。水体富营养化会引起藻类及其它浮游生物 的迅速繁殖,水体溶解氧下降,水质恶化,沉水植物逐渐消失,食物链变短、食物网简化、各 主要生物群落的物种多样性下降,鱼类及其它水生生物大量死亡。
[0003] 对于湖泊水体富营养化的治理,各个国家和地区采用不同的物理、化学、生物方法 对其进行预防、控制和修复,并且取得了一定的成效。现在主要的物理处理方法有底泥疏 浚、引水冲洗、机械曝气等,一方面工程量巨大、运行成本高,另一方面对污染严重的河湖进 行底泥疏浚,易导致底层的沉积物发生悬浮和扩散,促进了沉积物中的氮、磷营养盐及其所 吸附的金属离子的释放,从而使水体环境面临受沉积物中释放的重金属离子及氮、磷营养 盐二次污染的风险;化学方法有投加混凝剂和除藻剂等,虽然能在短期内取得一定效果,但 也存在着治理不彻底、成本高的问题,特别是会产生二次污染,引发新的生态问题;现流行 的生物和生态修复,通过微生物降解和水生植物的吸收、转移或生态浮床、滤床的过滤、吸 附等措施来消减水体中的氨氮。此类方法虽避免了二次污染问题,但受自然环境影响大,要 求条件苛刻,同时相对于其它处理技术而言,更有周期长、见效慢的缺点。
[0004] 沉水植被是湖泊水生生态系统重要组成部分之一,在维持水生生态系统稳定方面 具有重要的生态学意义;它不仅能为草食性动物提供食物来源,为浮游动物和鱼类提供庇 护场所,还能起到净化水质和防止沉积物再悬浮等作用。在湖泊生态修复方法中,恢复和重 建水生植被的生态修复方法已成为湖泊修复的重要途径,其重点和难点在于沉水植物的恢 复和重建。影响沉水植物恢复的因素较多,水深是其中重要的生态因子之一,一方面通过直 接影响组织结构的支撑作用和水气关系来影响湿地植物的生长,另一方面通过影响水下光 照度影响沉水植物的生长,而光照对水生高等植物的存活率和生长有重要影响。植物在光 照度低于其光合补偿点的条件下最终将不能存活,尤其是在沉水植物幼苗期,足够的光照 是影响其存活率的关键因素。此外,湖水透明度与光学衰减系数、漫射衰减系数之间存在密 切关系,能够直观反映湖泊水下光场的分布情况。太湖等富营养化湖泊,由于透明度低,水 下光照度较弱,从而限制了沉水植物的恢复和生长。
[0005] 目前对水体中沉水植物的恢复方式主要采用人工种植的方式,一般根据湖泊水生 植被自身的演替规律和水生植物的生理生态特征,选择耐污性强的优势植物作为先锋种 类,在水深固定的水域进行种植,然后逐步对水生植被的结构加以优化。采用该种方法恢复 水生植被尤其是沉水植物需要投入大量的资金和人力物力,而且由于栽种的植物初期成活 率相对较低,后期维护成本较高,且植物恢复相对较慢,如果在重度富营养化湖泊水体,在 植物的生长期恰好是藻类暴发期,藻类的大量繁殖及其环境效应往往导致沉水植物难以存 活。
发明内容
[0006] 针对现有技术中存在的问题,本发明提供了一种通过水深调节控制沉水植物生长 治理湖泊富营养化的方法。本发明适用于我国北方地区富营养化的水体,根据北方地区的 季节特点选取关键的时间点来调控水深,在沉水植物生长初期降低水深,并通过人工播种 的方式种植沉水植物,待其生长成株,将水深抬高控制其蔓延,该方法能有效的净化水体, 改善水质,形成结构稳定的水生生态系统。
[0007] 本发明采用以下技术方案:
[0008] 水深调节控制沉水植物生长治理湖泊富营养化的方法,其特征在于,它包括以下 步骤:
[0009] (1)在第一年的10-11月份在富营养化水体中种植耐寒沉水植物,种植密度为100 株/m 2;所述富营养化水体为北方地区水体,其中水深彡2.5m的区域占总水体区域面积的比 例X,0彡X彡20%; Om彡水深彡0.5m的区域占总水体区域面积的比例Y,0彡Y彡20%;
[0010] (2)第二年3月初一次性下调水深0.5m,并于4月底种植喜温沉水植物,种植密度为 50株/m 2;
[0011] (3)第二年6月份,当喜温沉水植物平均长度在0.6m时,水深上调0.5m;
[0012] ⑷至第三年4月底,一次性下调水深0.5m以满足沉水植物自然生长的需求;
[0013] (5)第三年6月份上调水深0.5m,此时沉水植物向多种群稳定交替发展,形成自然 演替规律,水质稳定。
[0014] 所述步骤(1)中耐寒沉水植物为菹草。
[0015] 所述步骤(2)中喜温沉水植物为轮叶黑藻、苦草、狐尾藻、眼子菜、大茨藻按照1:1: 1:1:1的比例混合种植。
[0016]沉水植物菹草、轮叶黑藻和大茨藻的种植方式选用撒播的方式直接种植;苦草、狐 尾藻、眼子菜采用移栽植株幼苗的方式种植。
[0017] 由于水生植物对水深的变化能在形态上产生一系列的响应,不同的植物适应不同 的水位范围。随着水深的增加,植物可利用的光在迅速减少,植株形态出现较大变化。水越 深的植株通过产生较多的茎节数和较长的节间距以获得更多的光;光照较弱环境下,植株 为了充分获得有利的光照环境,只有通过减少分枝,将光合作用合成的物质主要用于原有 植株株高的增加,从而导致植株株高随水深增加而增加。但是,植物高和茎节数在水深达到 一定深度处达到最大后,开始明显降低。这是由于光照进一步减弱,植物获取的光能不足以 维持其增加茎节向高处发展,植物生长被进一步限制。
[0018] 生物量是植物生长状况的最主要衡量指标,植物生长的好坏可以通过其生物量的 变化直接表现出来。有研究证实,在一定水深范围内,随着植株株高的增加,生物量也逐渐 增大。研究发现,植物生长存在一个"机会窗"(opportunity window),在一定水深范围 内,植物生长的机会窗就会打开,植物能够从打开的机会窗中获利并具有最大生物量,高于 或低于该范围生物量都会下降。"机会窗"反映了一定水深范围内光照、水温等环境因子的 最佳组合,植物在这种条件下积累的物质最多。因而,本发明根据北方水体区域的季节特 点,通过在关键时间点调控水深,合理安排沉水植物的种植密度和种植时间,使几种沉水植 物分别获得最大生物量,具有最佳的光照、水温等环境条件,从而更加有效的治理富营养化 水体。
[0019] 本发明的有益效果是:该方法对富营养化水体具有较好的修复功能,可在目标水 体中方便高效的恢复沉水植物,选择合适的植物,结合沉水植物种植方法,在不同时间点通 过对水深的调节,使沉水植物恢复到较好的水平,有效的提高沉水植被物种多样性,改善水 生生态系统结构,促进了生态系统的稳定。与现有技术相比,本发明通过调水恢复沉水植物 群落,操作方便,沉水植物群落恢复成本低,节省人力物力;后期维护成本低,植物成活率 高,净化效果好,总氮和总磷去除率年平均值维持在较高的水平,很好的改善了富营养化水 体的水质。
附图说明
[0020] 图1是实施例1实验区水体TN(总氮)浓度变化;
[0021] 图2是实施例1实验区水体TP(总磷)浓度变化;
[0022]图3是实施例2实验区水体TN(总氮)浓度变化;
[0023]图4是实施例2实验区水体TP(总磷)浓度变化;
[0024]图5是实施例3实验区水体TN(总氮)浓度变化;
[0025]图6是实施例3实验区水体TP(总磷)浓度变化;
[0026]图7是实施例4实验区水体TN(总氮)浓度变化;
[0027]图8是实施例4实验区水体TP(总磷)浓度变化。
具体实施方式
[0028] 下面结合具体实施例对本发明做进一步的详细说明。
[0029] 实施例1
[0030] 选取某小型湖泊作为实验区,实验区最大水深2.4m,其中实验区水深0-0.5m区域 占 15%,0 · 5-1 · Om区域占 32%,1 · 0-1 · 5m区域占 33%,1 · 5-2 · Om区域占 15%,2 · 0-2 · 4m区域占 5%, 实验区为富营养化严重水体。在第一年11月份种植耐寒植物菹草,种植密度为100株/m2,在 接下来的季节中由于气温的降低富营养化水体中的藻类逐渐衰亡沉降,水体透明度会逐渐 提高,为植物的成活生长提供较好的生存环境,因而在11-12月份菹草会相继发芽成长,植 物成活率较高。一般我国北方地区12月底至次年3月初为水体结冰期,在此阶段菹草会在水 下缓慢生长,次年3月份开始至6月份为菹草快速生长期,菹草整体成活率较高。
[0031] 在第二年3月初水面结冰开始消融时调节水深,一般通过人工闸门或抽取的方式 进行调节,此时将水深下调0.5m以满足菹草生长的需要。在第二年4月底等比例种植喜温植 物轮叶黑藻、苦草、狐尾藻、眼子菜、大茨藻,总种植密度为每平米50株,在第二年6月初菹草 已经开始进入大面积衰亡期,而此时正是喜温植物快速生长期,当喜温植物平均长度在 0.6m左右时进行水深调节,增加水深0.5m。到第三年4月底水深下调0.5m,5-6月份沉水植物 大面积繁殖,几乎覆盖水面,6月份随着雨季的到来,通过蓄水水深上调0.5m。此时实验区沉 水植物向多种群稳定交替发展,形成了自然演替规律,其它多种动植物种群数量得到协调 发展,水质稳定在较好的水平。水体氮磷浓度变化见图I、2。具体实验数据见表1。
[0032]表1实施例1中第二年和第三年氮磷去除率
[0034]第二年与第一年同期相比,TP的去除效率年平均为62.7%;TN的去除效率年平均为 55.8%,由于年初卜6月份沉水植物刚开始生长,因此此时TP的去除率相对较低,而在8-12月 份TN的去除率相对较高。第三年与第二年同期相比,TP的去除效率年平均为74.1%,全年TP 的去除率相对较高,变化相对较小,为62%-86%; TN的去除效率年平均为57.5%。此时沉水植 物已经大面积恢复生长,因此总氮与总磷去除率相对较稳定,去除率也达到较高的水平。
[0035] 实施例2
[0036]选取某小型人工塘库作为实验区,实验区为矩形塘,长120m,宽80m,实验区底部相 对平坦,周边采用石块垂直皇砌,因此实验区水深0-0.5m区域占0%,0.5-1. Om区域占0%, 1.0-1.5m区域占0%,1.5-2. Om区域占95%,2.0-2.5m区域占5%。实验区为多年养殖塘,后废 弃,水体已经存在富营养化现象。在第一年11月份种植耐寒植物菹草,种植密度为100株/ m2;在11-12月份菹草会相继发芽成长。
[0037] 在第二年3月初水面结冰开始消融时调节水深,通过抽取的方式进行调节,此时将 水深下调0.5m以满足菹草生长的需要。在4月底等比例种植喜温植物轮叶黑藻、苦草、狐尾 藻和大茨藻,总种植密度为每平米50株,在6月初菹草已经开始进入大面积衰亡期,而此时 正是喜温植物快速生长期,当喜温植物平均长度在0.6m左右时进行水深调节,增加水深 0.5m〇
[0038] 第三年4月底水深下调0.5m,5-6月份沉水植物大面积繁殖,几乎覆盖水面,6月份 随着雨季的到来,通过蓄水水深上调0.5m。此时实验区沉水植物向多种群稳定交替发展,形 成了自然演替规律,其它多种动植物种群数量得到协调发展,水质稳定在较好的水平。水体 氮磷浓度变化图见图3、4。具体实验数据见表2。
[0039]表2实施例2中第二年和第三年氮磷去除率
[0041]从上述数据中可以看出,第二年与第一年同期相比,TP的去除效率年平均为 38.1%,TN的去除率年平均为46.6%;而第三年相对第二年TP的去除效率年平均为达到 73.8%,TN的去除率年平均为48.5%。此时沉水植物已经大面积恢复生长,多种植物交替发 展,总磷去除率相对较稳定,去除率也达到较高的水平。
[0042] 实施例3
[0043] 选取某小型湖泊作为实验区,实验区为矩形,长250m,宽115m,实验区底部相对平 坦,实验区水深0-0.5m区域占20%,0.5-1. Om区域占31%,1.0-1.5m区域占14%,1.5-2. Om区域 占11%,2.0-2.5m区域占4%,大于2.5m水深区域占20%,大于2.5m水深区域相对集中。实验区 水体已经存在富营养化现象。
[0044]在第一年11月份种植耐寒植物菹草,种植密度为100株/m2;在11-12月份菹草会相 继发芽成长。
[0045] 在第二年3月初水面结冰开始消融时调节水深,通过闸门排水的方式进行调节,此 时将水深下调〇.5m以满足菹草生长的需要。在4月底等比例种植喜温植物轮叶黑藻、眼子 菜、狐尾藻和苦草,总种植密度为每平米50株,在6月初菹草已经开始进入大面积衰亡期,而 此时正是喜温植物快速生长期,当喜温植物平均长度在0.6m左右时进行水深调节,增加水 深0.5m。
[0046] 第三年4月底水深下调0.5m,5-6月份沉水植物大面积繁殖,几乎覆盖水面,6月份 通过蓄水水深上调0.5m。此时实验区沉水植物向多种群稳定交替发展,形成了自然演替规 律,其它多种动植物种群数量得到协调发展,水质稳定在较好的水平。水体氮磷浓度变化图 见图5、6。具体实验数据见表3。
[0047]表3实施例3中第二年和第三年氮磷去除率
[0049] 从上述数据中可以看出,第二年与第一年同期相比,TP的去除效率年平均为 34.4%,TN的去除率年平均为31. 1%。而第三年相对第二年TP的去除效率年平均为达到 62.9%,TN的去除率年平均为61.3%,此时在5-11月份总氮和总磷去除率维持在较稳定的水 平,能有效的改善富营养化书体的水质。
[0050] 实施例4
[0051] 选取某河道拦河坝蓄水湖泊作为实验区,实验区为" Y"形,水面面积17km2,实验 区底部相对平坦,实验区水深〇-〇. 5m区域占10%,0.5-1. Om区域占35%,1.0-1.5m区域占21%, 1.5-2. Om区域占19%,2.0-2.5m区域占15%。大于2.5m水深区域占10%。实验区水体已经存在 富营养化现象。在第一年11月份种植耐寒植物菹草,种植密度为100株/m 2;在11-12月份菹 草会相继发芽成长。
[0052] 在第二年3月初水面结冰开始消融时调节水深,通过闸门排水的方式进行调节,此 时将水深下调〇.5m以满足菹草生长的需要。在4月底等比例种植喜温植物大茨藻、轮叶黑 藻、眼子菜、狐尾藻和苦草,总种植密度为每平米50株,同时在周边地区点缀部分挺水植物 和浮叶植物,以满足景观的需求,在6月初菹草已经开始进入大面积衰亡期,而此时正是喜 温植物快速生长期,当喜温植物平均长度在〇. 6m左右时进行水深调节,增加水深0.5m。
[0053] 第三年4月底水深下调0.5m,5-6月份沉水植物大面积繁殖,几乎覆盖水面,6月份 通过蓄水水深上调0.5m。此时实验区沉水植物向多种群稳定交替发展,形成了自然演替规 律,其它多种动植物种群数量得到协调发展,水质稳定在较好的水平。水体氮磷浓度变化图 见图7、8。具体实验数据见表4。
[0054]表4实施例4中第二年和第三年氮磷去除率
[0056] 从上述数据中可以看出,第二年与第一年同期相比,TP的去除效率年平均为 45.6%,TN的去除率年平均为40.0%;而第三年相对第二年TP的去除效率年平均为达到 72.8%,TN的去除率年平均为67.3%,此时,在7-12月份总氮和总磷去除率维持在较高的水 平,能有效的改善富营养化书体的水质。
[0057] 本发明针对现有技术中恢复沉水植物存在的缺陷和困难,提供一种适于我国北方 地区富营养水体使用的一种通过调节水深的方式抑藻助沉水植被恢复的方法。该方法对北 方地区富营养化水体具有较好的修复功能,可在目标水体中方便高效恢复沉水植物,能有 效提高沉水植被物种多样性,改善水生生态系统结构,水体总氮和总磷的去除率维持在较 高水平,促进了生态系统的稳定发展。
Claims (3)
1. 水深调节控制沉水植物生长治理湖泊富营养化的方法,其特征在于,它包括以下步 骤: (1) 在第一年的10-11月份在富营养化水体中种植耐寒沉水植物,种植密度为100株/m2; 所述富营养化水体为北方地区水体,其中水深多2.5m的区域占总水体区域面积的比例X,0 彡X彡20%; 0m彡水深彡0.5m的区域占总水体区域面积的比例Y,0彡Y彡20%; (2) 第二年3月初一次性下调水深0.5m,并于4月底种植喜温沉水植物,种植密度为50 株/m2; (3) 第二年6月份,当喜温沉水植物平均长度在0.6m时,水深上调0.5m; (4) 至第三年4月底,一次性下调水深0.5m以满足沉水植物自然生长的需求; (5) 第三年6月份上调水深0.5m,此时沉水植物向多种群稳定交替发展,形成自然演替 规律,水质稳定。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的水深调节控制沉水植物生长治理湖泊富营养化的方法,其特 征在于,所述步骤(1)中耐寒沉水植物为菹草。
3. 根据权利要求1所述的水深调节控制沉水植物生长治理湖泊富营养化的方法,其特 征在于,所述步骤(2)中喜温沉水植物为轮叶黑藻、苦草、狐尾藻、眼子菜、大茨藻按照1:1: 1:1:1的比例混合种植。
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