CN104690511A - Slender and thin-walled step hole type inner-circle and outside-square structure finish machining method - Google Patents
Slender and thin-walled step hole type inner-circle and outside-square structure finish machining method Download PDFInfo
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- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
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- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract
细长型、薄壁台阶孔式内圆外方结构精加工方法，属于机械加工领域中的有色金属精加工技术领域，所要解决的技术问题是提供一种能够加工高精度不锈钢材质、内圆外方形半盲孔结构薄壁杆类零件的加工方法，采用的技术方案：内孔加工按以下步骤进行：第一步、对外圆执行粗车工序；第二步、对第一步后的外圆依次执行半精车、精车、精磨工序；第三步、对第二步后的外圆执行人工时效处理；第四步、使用珩磨工具珩磨内孔；外方加工按以下步骤进行：第一步、采用组合夹具装夹工件；第二步、通过芯轴定位外方加工基准；第三步、线切割外方；第四步、对第三步后的外方执行人工时效处理；第五步、半精磨外方；第六步、精磨外方，本发明应用于内圆外方精加工。
The method for finishing the inner circle and the outer square structure of the slender, thin-walled step hole type belongs to the technical field of non-ferrous metal finishing in the field of mechanical processing. The technical problem to be solved is to provide a kind of high-precision stainless steel material, inner circle The processing method of thin-walled rod parts with square semi-blind hole structure adopts the technical scheme: the inner hole processing is carried out according to the following steps: the first step is to perform rough turning on the outer circle; the second step is to perform the outer circle after the first step Perform semi-finished turning, finishing turning, and fine grinding in sequence; the third step is to perform artificial aging treatment on the outer circle after the second step; the fourth step is to use honing tools to honing the inner hole; the outer processing is carried out as follows: The first step is to clamp the workpiece with a combined fixture; the second step is to locate the outer processing reference through the mandrel; the third step is to cut the outer side by wire; the fourth step is to perform artificial aging treatment on the outer side after the third step; Five steps, semi-finishing the outer square; the sixth step, fine grinding the outer square, the present invention is applied to the finishing of the inner circle and the outer square.
Description
技术领域 technical field
细长型、薄壁台阶孔式内圆外方结构精加工方法，属于机械加工领域中的有色金属精加工技术领域。 The invention discloses a thin-walled step hole-type inner circle and outer square structure finishing method, which belongs to the technical field of nonferrous metal finishing in the mechanical processing field.
背景技术 Background technique
薄壁杆类零件由于壁薄、刚性差，加工中容易出现变形、振刀现象，用一般方法加工比较困难，加工质量难以保证。对这类零件一般采用以下加工方法：a.先内外去余量 ；b. 将内孔加工到尺寸；c.分层车削，逼近给定尺寸；d.配芯轴车外圆。目前国内对薄壁杆类零件的加工，主要是普通合金钢、内外均为圆形的套类零件，对于不锈钢材质、内圆外方形半盲孔结构的薄壁杆类零件，采用通用加工方法可实现性不强。 Due to thin wall and poor rigidity, thin-walled rod parts are prone to deformation and knife vibration during processing. It is difficult to process with general methods, and the processing quality is difficult to guarantee. The following processing methods are generally used for this kind of parts: a. remove the allowance inside and outside first; b. process the inner hole to the size; c. layer turning, approaching the given size; d. match the outer circle of the mandrel. At present, the processing of thin-walled rod parts in China is mainly ordinary alloy steel and sleeve parts with circular inside and outside. For thin-walled rod parts made of stainless steel and with a semi-blind hole structure of inner circle and outer square, general processing methods are adopted. Achievability is not strong.
对于不锈钢材质、内圆外方形半盲孔结构的薄壁杆类零件这种工件可概括为超大长径比细长杆类结构，细长型内孔历来为工艺加工难点，而且又为台阶式结构，导致另一端口部较小无法顺利排屑，使得铁屑特别容易划伤方套内壁；外方磨削时要求相对于工件内圆的对称度为0.01，芯轴作为磨削外方的基准，只能在一端定位，因为方套外部结构为一端圆一端方，一端定位很难保证工件加工精度，采用的装夹工装为设备自带平口钳，精度在0.02左右，不是很理想，总的来说外方磨削很难保证对称度。 For thin-walled rod parts made of stainless steel and with a semi-blind hole structure of inner circle and outer square, this kind of workpiece can be summarized as a slender rod structure with a super large aspect ratio. Due to the small size of the other port, it is difficult to remove chips smoothly, so that the iron chips are particularly easy to scratch the inner wall of the square sleeve; when the outer side is ground, the symmetry relative to the inner circle of the workpiece is required to be 0.01, and the mandrel is used as the grinding tool for the outer side. The benchmark can only be positioned at one end, because the external structure of the square sleeve is round at one end and square at one end, and it is difficult to ensure the machining accuracy of the workpiece at one end. Generally speaking, it is difficult for external grinding to ensure symmetry.
珩磨工艺是磨削加工的一种特殊形式，又是精加工中的一种高效加工方法。这种工艺是一种提高零件尺寸精度、几何形状精度和表面粗糙度的有效加工方法，是一种以被加工面作为导向定位面，在一定进给压力下，通过工具（油石）和零件的相对运动去除余量，其切削轨迹为交叉网纹的高效、精密加工工艺。对于通孔件，其标准珩磨芯轴（机床配件）头部位置都设计超出油石前端面，这样设计的目的就是在珩孔时，其芯轴头部可用作珩孔导向用。如果采用珩磨工艺加工通孔一般可以满足工艺要求，但是盲孔式台阶孔工件对于珩磨工艺是一个技术难题，即使使用最好的设备，加工盲孔都会比加工通孔要困难得多。 The honing process is a special form of grinding and an efficient processing method in finishing. This process is an effective processing method to improve the dimensional accuracy, geometric shape accuracy and surface roughness of the parts. It is a kind of process that uses the processed surface as a guiding and positioning surface, and passes through the tool (oil stone) and the part under a certain feed pressure. The relative movement removes the allowance, and its cutting track is an efficient and precise machining process with cross-texture. For through-hole parts, the head position of the standard honing mandrel (machine tool accessories) is designed to exceed the front end of the oilstone. The purpose of this design is that the head of the mandrel can be used as a honing guide when honing the hole. If the honing process is used to process the through hole, it can generally meet the process requirements, but the blind hole stepped hole workpiece is a technical problem for the honing process. Even if the best equipment is used, it is much more difficult to process the blind hole than the through hole.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种能够加工高精度不锈钢材质、内圆外方形半盲孔结构薄壁杆类零件的加工方法。 The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a processing method capable of processing thin-walled rod parts made of high-precision stainless steel with a semi-blind hole structure of inner circle and outer square.
为解决上述技术问题，本发明采用的技术方案：细长型、薄壁台阶孔式内圆外方结构精加工方法，内孔加工按照以下步骤进行： In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is a method for finishing the inner circle and outer square structure of the slender, thin-walled stepped hole, and the inner hole is processed according to the following steps:
第一步、对外圆执行粗车工序，并且在粗车工序加大外圆余量2mm； The first step is to execute the rough turning process on the outer circle, and increase the margin of the outer circle by 2mm in the rough turning process;
第二步、对第一步后的外圆依次执行半精车、精车、精磨工序； In the second step, semi-finishing, finishing, and fine-grinding are performed sequentially on the outer circle after the first step;
第三步、对第二步后的外圆执行人工时效处理，时效温度为125度，时间为6小时； The third step is to perform artificial aging treatment on the outer circle after the second step, the aging temperature is 125 degrees, and the time is 6 hours;
第四步、使用珩磨工具珩磨内孔； The fourth step is to use the honing tool to honing the inner hole;
第五步、车芯轴； The fifth step, the car spindle;
第六步、半精磨外圆； The sixth step, semi-finishing the outer circle;
第七步、精磨外圆； The seventh step is to finely grind the outer circle;
外方加工按照以下步骤进行： Foreign processing is carried out according to the following steps:
第一步、采用组合夹具装夹工件； The first step is to use the combined fixture to clamp the workpiece;
第二步、通过芯轴定位外方加工基准； The second step is to locate the outer processing datum through the mandrel;
第三步、线切割外方； The third step, wire cutting outside;
第四步、对第三步后的外方执行人工时效处理，时效温度为125度，时间为6小时； The fourth step is to perform artificial aging treatment on the foreign party after the third step, the aging temperature is 125 degrees, and the time is 6 hours;
第五步、半精磨外方； The fifth step, semi-finishing the outer side;
第六步、预先精磨磨车平台平面，然后精磨外方，在转速不变前提下切削量定为0.005mm，并且磨削过程必须经常用金刚石刀修磨砂轮。 The sixth step is to pre-finish the plane of the grinding car platform, and then finely grind the outer side. The cutting amount is set to 0.005mm under the premise of constant speed, and the grinding wheel must be often ground with a diamond knife during the grinding process.
本发明和现有技术相比具有以下有益效果。 Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects.
一、为保证内孔加工的粗糙度，加工内圆采用切除头部后与油石底部平齐的标准珩磨工具，即使在油石和芯轴都磨损情况下，锲子钩将油石往外涨时,锲子钩前部不应超出工具前端面。即使在负荷压力和位置变化时，锲子钩都必须接触油石座上距离较宽两处支座以保持油石在珩磨时的稳定。油石座上这两个分开的支座可以防止油石倾斜和一端上翘．油石在涨出时不能超过珩磨芯轴导靴前端部。油石采用硬度更高的硬头油石，以抵消在珩磨盲孔时该部分油石所需的多余磨削量；珩磨工具上的油石和导靴与工件内孔在径向方向为三点接触以保持工件在珩磨工具上的稳定性．珩磨工具通过设定好的恒定压力，即使在去除余量孔径增大时,也能使油石和导靴稳定地作用在工件内孔表面上，从而保持了零件在加工过程中的稳定性； 1. In order to ensure the roughness of the inner hole processing, the standard honing tool is used to process the inner circle after cutting off the head and flush with the bottom of the whetstone. The front of the subhook should not protrude beyond the front face of the tool. Even when the load pressure and position change, the wedge hook must contact the two wide supports on the whetstone seat to keep the whetstone stable during honing. The two separate supports on the oilstone seat can prevent the oilstone from tilting and one end from upturning. The oilstone cannot exceed the front end of the honing mandrel guide shoe when it rises. The whetstone adopts hard-head whetstone with higher hardness to offset the excess grinding amount required by this part of the whetstone when honing the blind hole; the whetstone on the honing tool and the guide shoe are in three-point contact with the inner hole of the workpiece in the radial direction to maintain The stability of the workpiece on the honing tool. Through the set constant pressure of the honing tool, even when the hole diameter of the removal allowance increases, the oil stone and the guide shoe can be stably acted on the surface of the inner hole of the workpiece, thus maintaining the stability of the part during processing;
为保证内孔加工的圆柱度，适当加大外圆余量2mm来弥补工具在前道工序产生的形位公差，此外，在粗加工后，半精加工和精加工前，分别增加时效处理，以释放加工应力，减小变形； In order to ensure the cylindricity of the inner hole machining, the outer circle allowance is appropriately increased by 2 mm to compensate for the shape and position tolerance of the tool in the previous process. In addition, after rough machining, before semi-finishing machining and finishing machining, aging treatment is added respectively. To release processing stress and reduce deformation;
在加工完成后用圆柱度仪对内孔圆柱度及粗糙度进行检测，均符合图纸要求的不大于0.01的圆柱度要求，和不大于0.4的粗糙度要求。多次生产实践证明，采用本发明的珩磨工艺可以从根本上解决通用车削加工因无法排削造成的划伤筒壁问题。 After the processing is completed, the cylindricity and roughness of the inner hole are tested with a cylindricity meter, and they all meet the cylindricity requirements of not more than 0.01 and the roughness requirements of not more than 0.4 as required by the drawings. Many production practices have proved that the use of the honing process of the present invention can fundamentally solve the problem of scratching the cylinder wall caused by the failure of cutting in general turning.
二、方套在加工时，芯轴作为磨削外方的基准，传统方式为一端定位，本发明通过给芯轴一端加段外圆实现两端定位，定位效果好，使得磨削中间的外方结构的加工精度大大提高；磨削完成后，将加长段去除，使用方便； 2. When the square sleeve is being processed, the mandrel is used as the reference for grinding the outer side. The traditional way is to position one end. The invention realizes the positioning of both ends by adding a section of outer circle to one end of the mandrel. The positioning effect is good, so that the outer part in the middle of the grinding The processing accuracy of the square structure is greatly improved; after the grinding is completed, the extended section is removed, which is convenient to use;
目前磨削时采用的装夹工装为设备自带平口钳，精度在0.02左右，不是很理想，试验件生产中，利用组合夹具装夹工件，即在使用现有平口钳基础上，同时在工件两端加垫垫块，可防止工件加工过程中因两端悬空，砂轮走过时工件受切削力影响使加工精度降低，采用组合夹具装夹工件经多次试验证明精度可以提高到0.01以内； At present, the clamping tool used in grinding is the flat-nose pliers that come with the equipment. The accuracy is about 0.02, which is not very ideal. Pads at both ends can prevent the machining accuracy from being reduced due to the suspension of both ends during the processing of the workpiece, and the workpiece is affected by the cutting force when the grinding wheel passes by, and the machining accuracy is reduced by using a combination fixture to clamp the workpiece. It has been proved by many tests that the accuracy can be increased to within 0.01;
将原工艺的一道磨削加工成型细化为半精磨、精磨加工成型，在转速不变（1440r/min）的前提下，将精磨加工切削量定为0.005mm，减小了磨削变形，提高了磨削加工精度； The grinding forming of the original process is refined into semi-fine grinding and fine grinding forming. Under the premise of constant speed (1440r/min), the cutting amount of fine grinding is set at 0.005mm, which reduces the grinding Deformation improves the grinding precision;
由于磨削工件采用的是白刚玉砂轮，而工件材料为4Cr13，磨削过程中工艺要求须经常用金刚石刀修磨砂轮，这样可以去除粘在砂轮上的铁屑；对于磨车平台，则须在每次加工工件前，对平面进行精磨，如此可以以保证初始平面度要求； Since the grinding workpiece is made of white corundum grinding wheel, and the material of the workpiece is 4Cr13, the grinding process requires frequent grinding of the grinding wheel with a diamond knife, which can remove the iron filings stuck on the grinding wheel; for the grinding machine platform, it must be Before each workpiece is processed, the plane is finely ground, so that the initial flatness requirements can be guaranteed;
通过上述外方磨削加工工艺改进，试验件对称度全部符合图纸要求。 Through the improvement of the above-mentioned external grinding process, the symmetry of the test piece all meets the requirements of the drawings.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1为改进前珩磨芯轴的结构示意图。 Figure 1 is a schematic structural view of the honing mandrel before improvement.
图2为改进后珩磨芯轴的结构示意图。 Fig. 2 is a structural schematic diagram of the improved honing mandrel.
图3为改进后组合夹具的立体图。 Fig. 3 is a perspective view of the improved combination fixture.
图4为改进后组合夹具的结构示意图。 Fig. 4 is a structural schematic diagram of the improved combined fixture.
图中，1为油石，2为芯轴头部，3为工件，4为第一垫块，5为第二垫块，6为组合夹具。 In the figure, 1 is an oil stone, 2 is a mandrel head, 3 is a workpiece, 4 is a first pad, 5 is a second pad, and 6 is a combined fixture.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
如图1-图4所示，细长型、薄壁台阶孔式内圆外方结构精加工方法，内孔加工按照以下步骤进行： As shown in Figure 1-Figure 4, the finishing method of the inner circle and outer square structure of the slender, thin-walled stepped hole type, the inner hole processing is carried out according to the following steps:
第一步、对外圆执行粗车工序，并且在粗车工序加大外圆余量2mm； The first step is to execute the rough turning process on the outer circle, and increase the margin of the outer circle by 2mm in the rough turning process;
第二步、对第一步后的外圆依次执行半精车、精车、精磨工序； In the second step, semi-finishing, finishing, and fine-grinding are performed sequentially on the outer circle after the first step;
第三步、对第二步后的外圆执行人工时效处理，时效温度为125度，时间为6小时； The third step is to perform artificial aging treatment on the outer circle after the second step, the aging temperature is 125 degrees, and the time is 6 hours;
第四步、使用珩磨工具珩磨内孔； The fourth step is to use the honing tool to honing the inner hole;
第五步、车芯轴； The fifth step, the car spindle;
第六步、半精磨外圆； The sixth step, semi-finishing the outer circle;
第七步、精磨外圆； The seventh step is to finely grind the outer circle;
外方加工按照以下步骤进行： Foreign processing is carried out according to the following steps:
第一步、采用组合夹具装夹工件； The first step is to use the combined fixture to clamp the workpiece;
第二步、通过芯轴定位外方加工基准； The second step is to locate the outer processing datum through the mandrel;
第三步、线切割外方； The third step, wire cutting outside;
第四步、对第三步后的外方执行人工时效处理，时效温度为125度，时间为6小时； The fourth step is to perform artificial aging treatment on the foreign party after the third step, the aging temperature is 125 degrees, and the time is 6 hours;
第五步、半精磨外方； The fifth step, semi-finishing the outer side;
第六步、预先精磨磨车平台平面，然后精磨外方，在转速不变前提下切削量定为0.005mm，并且磨削过程必须经常用金刚石刀修磨砂轮。 The sixth step is to pre-finish the plane of the grinding car platform, and then finely grind the outer side. The cutting amount is set to 0.005mm under the premise of constant speed, and the grinding wheel must be often ground with a diamond knife during the grinding process.
所述珩磨工具为切除头部的标准珩磨芯轴，并且切除头部后的标准珩磨芯轴端部与油石底部平齐，所述油石为比普通油石硬度高的硬头油石。 The honing tool is a standard honing mandrel with the head cut off, and the end of the standard honing mandrel after the head is cut off is flush with the bottom of the whetstone, and the whetstone is a hard-headed whetstone with higher hardness than ordinary whetstone.
本发明通过将内孔加工由传统铰制改为珩磨，并改进珩磨工具，满足了内孔精度要求，可以从根本上解决因铰制孔无法排削造成的划伤筒壁问题；通过改进定位基准、 改进装夹工装、选择最佳的磨削参数，控制磨削变形，满足了外方精度要求。经过多次试验证明，采用本发明对内、外方套外方磨削加工全部符合工艺要求。 The present invention changes the machining of the inner hole from traditional hinged to honing, and improves the honing tool to meet the precision requirements of the inner hole, and can fundamentally solve the problem of scratching the cylinder wall caused by the failure of the reamed hole to be cut; by improving the positioning Benchmark, improved clamping tooling, selection of the best grinding parameters, and control of grinding deformation meet the accuracy requirements of the foreign party. It has been proved through multiple tests that the grinding process of the inner and outer square sleeves and the outer square of the present invention all meet the technical requirements.
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