CN104651783B - 一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法 - Google Patents

一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法 Download PDF

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CN104651783B
CN104651783B CN201510078215.XA CN201510078215A CN104651783B CN 104651783 B CN104651783 B CN 104651783B CN 201510078215 A CN201510078215 A CN 201510078215A CN 104651783 B CN104651783 B CN 104651783B
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magnet steel
permanent magnet
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贾道宁
彭众杰
杨昆昆
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Yantai Dongxing magnetic material Co.,Ltd.
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Yantai Shougang Magnetic Materials Inc
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法，其特点是，采用多弧离子镀镀铝，铝的纯度为99%以上；采用0℃~5℃的水进行设备水冷，降低弧源处离子团簇，减少大液体、大颗粒的产生；多弧离子镀膜机弧源头内控制电弧旋转磁钢采用N50牌号，将该磁钢和铝靶的距离调整在2~10cm，加速电弧的运动速度；将电流控制在50~70A；电镀完成后降温20℃~100℃打开炉门；并对镀铝完成的永磁钕铁硼磁钢进行钝化处理，得到表面细致，防腐良好的表面镀铝。

Description

一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法
技术领域：
本发明涉及永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面防腐技术领域，具体地讲是一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法。
背景技术：
永磁钕铁硼磁钢因为含有大量的稀土，在空气中或者潮湿环境中很容易产生氧化，从而导致性能降低，不能正常使用；为了防止氧化，磁钢厂家在钕铁硼磁钢表面电镀一层防腐涂层。因为铝的防腐特性在金属中非常好，所以镀铝是一直在开发的镀层，现在一种采用真空蒸镀的方式进行电镀，优点是表面光滑，缺点是镀层结合力比较差；另一种采用多弧离子镀和磁控溅射结合，优点是多弧离子镀产生大颗粒比较多，磁控溅射可以修补表面的颗粒，使表面变得细致，但是电镀效率降低，比单纯使用多弧离子镀效率降低。
通过对多弧离子镀的研究，发现因为铝的熔点比较低，并且电弧的温度过高，导致大液滴、大颗粒的出现，从而导致防腐效果不良，而磁控溅射电镀表面光滑细致，但是效率非常低，通常需要电镀5h以上才能达到目标要求。
发明内容：
本发明的目的是克服上述已有技术的不足，而提供一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法；主要解决现有的钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝镀层结合力比较差及电镀效率低等问题。
本发明的技术方案：一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法，其特殊之处在于，包括以下的工艺步骤：
a永磁钕铁硼磁钢进行表面脱脂，先采用纯水清洗，然后用质量分数为3%~5%的硝酸清洗，再使用纯水清洗，超声波去灰，然后放入质量分数99%以上的酒精脱水，并吹干；
b将清洗后的永磁钕铁硼磁钢放入烘箱进行烘干，温度50℃-60℃，时间30分钟；
c将永磁钕铁硼磁钢挂在夹具上面，放入多弧离子镀膜机，开启多弧离子镀膜机，通入0℃~5℃的冷水，将永磁钕铁硼磁钢在多弧离子镀膜机里面进行公转和自转；
d将多弧离子镀膜机抽真空至1×10-2pa~3×10-2pa，然后通入氩气，关闭光栅阀，控制氩气流量，将炉内真空调节在1×10-1pa~5×10-1pa，使用800V~1000V偏压电源清洗1~10min；
e开启光栅阀，关闭偏压电源和氩气，重新将真空抽至1×10-3pa~8×10-3pa，再次通入氩气，关闭光栅阀，将多弧离子镀膜机内真空维持在3×10-1pa~5×10-1pa，开启弧源头电源，并且将电流维持在50A~70A，偏压电源电压维持在100-200V，电镀0.5-5小时；
f电镀完成，多弧离子镀膜机的镀炉腔内的温度降至20℃~100℃打开炉门，取出永磁钕铁硼磁钢；
g将永磁钕铁硼磁钢放入铝钝化液中钝化1~20分钟，使用纯净水清洗，再次放入电镀封闭液1~20秒，取出烘干。
进一步的，a步骤所述的永磁钕铁硼磁钢为常规烧结的磁钢或经过Dy或Tb扩散处理后的磁钢。
进一步的，c步骤所述的通入0℃~5℃的冷水，冷水直接通入弧源头和整个多弧离子镀膜机炉壁，多弧离子镀膜机弧源头内控制电弧旋转磁钢采用N50牌号，将该磁钢和铝靶的距离调整在1~10cm，，加速电弧的运动速度。
进一步的，d步骤所述的氩气的纯度为质量分数99.7%以上。
进一步的，e步骤所述的电镀0.5-5小时，电镀后镀层的厚度2-40μm。
进一步的，g步骤所述的铝钝化液的浓度为15~25%。
本发明所述的一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法与已有技术相比具有突出的实质性特点和显著进步，1、采用多弧离子镀镀铝，铝的纯度为99%以上；2、采用0℃~5℃的水进行设备水冷，降低弧源处离子团簇，减少大液体、大颗粒的产生，使磁钢表面细致；3、多弧离子镀膜机弧源头内控制电弧旋转磁钢采用N50牌号，将该磁钢和铝靶的距离调整在1~10cm，加速电弧的运动速度，电镀效率提高；4、将电流控制在50~70A，电镀完成后降温20℃~100℃打开炉门，从而在不降低电镀效率的情况下，得到结合力良好并且表面细致的电镀铝镀层。
具体实施方式：
为了更好地理解与实施，下面结合实施例对本发明进行详细说明；所举实施例只用于解释本发明，并非用于限制本发明的范围。
实施例1，采用常规烧结的磁钢，表面镀铝方法如下：
a将永磁钕铁硼磁钢进行表面脱脂，先使用纯水清洗，然后用质量分数4%的硝酸清洗，再使用纯水清洗，超声波去灰，再放入质量分数99.8%的酒精脱水，并使用鼓风机吹干；
b将清洗后的永磁钕铁硼磁钢放入烘箱进行烘干，温度55℃，时间30分钟；
c将永磁钕铁硼磁钢挂在夹具上面，放入多弧离子镀膜机，开启多弧离子镀膜机，通入3℃的冷水，冷水直接通入弧源头和整个多弧离子镀膜机炉壁，将永磁钕铁硼磁钢在多弧离子镀膜机里面进行公转和自转，多弧离子镀膜机弧源头内控制电弧旋转磁钢采用N50牌号，将该磁钢和铝靶的距离调整在5cm，加速电弧的运动速度；
d将多弧离子镀膜机抽真空至2×10-2pa，然后通入质量分数99.8%氩气，关闭光栅阀，控制氩气流量，将炉内真空调节在2×10-1pa，使用900V偏压电源清洗5min；
e开启光栅阀，关闭偏压电源和氩气，重新将真空抽至6×10-3pa，再次通入氩气，关闭光栅阀，将多弧离子镀膜机内真空维持在4×10-1pa，开启弧源头电源，并且将电流维持在60A，偏压电源电压维持在150V，电镀1.5h，电镀后镀层的厚度10μm；
f电镀完成，多弧离子镀膜机的镀炉腔内的温度降至80℃打开炉门，取出永磁钕铁硼磁钢；
g将永磁钕铁硼磁钢放入浓度20%的铝钝化液中钝化10分钟，使用纯净水清洗，再次放入电镀封闭液10秒，取出烘干。
所得到的镀层呈银白色，无颗粒表面光滑细致，无黑点气泡起皮现象。
实施例2，采用经过Dy扩散处理后的磁钢，表面镀铝方法如下：
a将永磁钕铁硼磁钢进行表面脱脂，先使用纯水清洗，然后用质量分数3%的硝酸清洗，再使用纯水清洗，超声波去灰，再放入质量分数99.1%的酒精脱水，并使用鼓风机吹干；
b将清洗后的永磁钕铁硼磁钢放入烘箱进行烘干，温度50℃，时间30分钟；
c将永磁钕铁硼磁钢挂在夹具上面，放入多弧离子镀膜机，开启多弧离子镀膜机，通入0℃的冷水，冷水直接通入弧源头和整个多弧离子镀膜机炉壁，将永磁钕铁硼磁钢在多弧离子镀膜机里面进行公转和自转，多弧离子镀膜机弧源头内控制电弧旋转磁钢采用N50牌号，将该磁钢和铝靶的距离调整在1cm，加速电弧的运动速度；
d将多弧离子镀膜机抽真空至1×10-2pa，然后通入质量分数99.71%氩气，关闭光栅阀，控制氩气流量，将炉内真空调节在1×10-1pa，使用800V偏压电源清洗1min；
e开始光栅阀，关闭偏压电源和氩气，重新将真空抽至1×10-3pa，再次通入氩气，关闭光栅阀，将多弧离子镀膜机内真空维持在3×10-1pa，开启弧源头电源，并且将电流维持在50A，偏压电源电压维持在100V，电镀0.5小时，电镀后镀层的厚度2μm；
f电镀完成，等多弧离子镀膜机的镀炉腔内的温度降至20℃打开炉门，取出永磁钕铁硼磁钢；
g将永磁钕铁硼磁钢放入15%的铝钝化液中钝化1分钟，使用纯净水清洗，再次放入电镀封闭液1秒，取出烘干。
所得到的镀层呈银白色，无颗粒表面光滑细致，无黑点气泡起皮现象。
实施例3，采用Tb扩散处理后的磁钢，表面镀铝方法如下：
a将永磁钕铁硼磁钢进行表面脱脂，先使用纯水清洗，然后用质量分数5%的硝酸清洗，再使用纯水清洗，超声波去灰，再放入质量分数99.9%的酒精脱水，并使用鼓风机吹干；
b将清洗后的永磁钕铁硼磁钢放入烘箱进行烘干，温度60℃，时间30分钟；
c将永磁钕铁硼磁钢挂在夹具上面，放入多弧离子镀膜机，开启多弧离子镀膜机，通入5℃的冷水，冷水直接通入弧源头和整个多弧离子镀膜机炉壁，将永磁钕铁硼磁钢在多弧离子镀膜机里面进行公转和自转，多弧离子镀膜机弧源头内控制电弧旋转磁钢采用N50牌号，将该磁钢和铝靶的距离调整在10cm，加速电弧的运动速度；
d将多弧离子镀膜机抽真空至3×10-2pa，然后通入质量分数99.9%氩气，关闭光栅阀，控制氩气流量，将炉内真空调节在5×10-1pa，使用1000V偏压电源清洗10min；
e开启光栅阀，关闭偏压电源和氩气，重新将真空抽至8×10-3pa，再次通入氩气，关闭光栅阀，将多弧离子镀膜机内真空维持在5×10-1pa，开启弧源头电源，并且将电流维持在70A，偏压电源电压维持在200V，电镀5小时，电镀后镀层的厚度40μm；
f电镀完成，等多弧离子镀膜机的镀炉腔内的温度降至100℃打开炉门，取出永磁钕铁硼磁钢；
g将永磁钕铁硼磁钢浸入浓度为25%铝钝化液中钝化20分钟，使用纯净水清洗，再次放入电镀封闭液20秒，取出烘干。
所得到的镀层呈银白色，无颗粒表面光滑细致，无黑点气泡起皮现象。
将实施例1得到的铝镀层和对比例2、3、4得到的铝镀层进行中性喷雾试验和剪切力对比，结果见表1；其中，对比例2采用现有的多弧离子镀；对比例3采用多弧磁控；对比例4采用的磁控溅射；镀层在相同的电镀时间下完成。
中性盐雾试验采用ISO 9227-2006标准，质量分数5% NaCl溶液连续喷涂，35℃。
剪切力测试采用乐泰3342胶，双面使用7380固化剂，90℃固化一小时，使用万能试验机测试剪切力，速度0.5mm/s。
将实施例2得到的铝镀层和对比例5、6、7得到的铝镀层进行中性喷雾试验和剪切力对比，结果见表2；其中，对比例5采用现有的多弧离子镀；对比例6采用多弧磁控；对比例7采用的磁控溅射；镀层在相同的电镀时间下完成。
将实施例3得到的铝镀层和对比例8、9、10得到的铝镀层进行中性喷雾试验和剪切力对比，结果见表3；其中，对比例8采用现有的多弧离子镀；对比例9采用多弧磁控；对比例10采用的磁控溅射；镀层在相同的电镀时间下完成。
从表1、表2、表3来看，本发明的在永磁钕铁硼磁钢上面多弧离子镀镀铝无论从表面细致程度，还是效率来说，都很占优势，并且具有良好的耐腐蚀特性。

Claims (5)

1.一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法，其特征在于，包括以下的工艺步骤：
a永磁钕铁硼磁钢进行表面脱脂，先采用纯水清洗，然后用质量分数为3%~5%的硝酸清洗，再使用纯水清洗，超声波去灰，然后放入质量分数99%以上的酒精脱水，并吹干；
b将清洗后的永磁钕铁硼磁钢放入烘箱进行烘干，温度50℃-60℃，时间30分钟；
c将永磁钕铁硼磁钢挂在夹具上面，放入多弧离子镀膜机，开启多弧离子镀膜机，通入0℃~5℃的冷水，将永磁钕铁硼磁钢在多弧离子镀膜机里面进行公转和自转；所述的通入0℃~5℃的冷水，冷水直接通入弧源头和整个多弧离子镀膜机炉壁，多弧离子镀膜机弧源头内控制电弧旋转磁钢采用N50牌号，将该磁钢和铝靶的距离调整在1~10cm，加速电弧的运动速度；
d将多弧离子镀膜机抽真空至1×10-2Pa~3×10-2Pa，然后通入氩气，关闭光栅阀，控制氩气流量，将炉内真空调节在1×10-1Pa~5×10-1Pa，使用800V~1000V偏压电源清洗1~10min；
e开启光栅阀，关闭偏压电源和氩气，重新将真空抽至1×10-3Pa~8×10-3Pa，再次通入氩气，关闭光栅阀，将多弧离子镀膜机内真空维持在3×10-1Pa~5×10-1Pa，开启弧源头电源，并且将电流维持在50A~70A，偏压电源电压维持在100-200V，电镀0.5-5小时；
f电镀完成，多弧离子镀膜机的镀炉腔内的温度降至20℃~100℃打开炉门，取出永磁钕铁硼磁钢；
g将永磁钕铁硼磁钢放入铝钝化液中钝化1~20分钟，使用纯净水清洗，再次放入电镀封闭液1~20秒，取出烘干。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法，其特征在于，a步骤所述的永磁钕铁硼磁钢为常规烧结的磁钢或经过Dy或Tb扩散处理后的磁钢。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法，其特征在于，d步骤所述的氩气的纯度为质量分数99.7%以上。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法，其特征在于，e步骤所述的电镀0.5-5小时，电镀后镀层的厚度2-40μm。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种永磁钕铁硼磁钢表面镀铝的方法，其特征在于，g步骤所述的铝钝化液的浓度为15~25%。
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