CN104520099A - Power transmission - Google Patents
Power transmission Download PDFInfo
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- CN104520099A CN104520099A CN201280075130.0A CN201280075130A CN104520099A CN 104520099 A CN104520099 A CN 104520099A CN 201280075130 A CN201280075130 A CN 201280075130A CN 104520099 A CN104520099 A CN 104520099A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/16—Materials undergoing chemical reactions when used
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
- B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
- B22F1/056—Submicron particles having a size above 100 nm up to 300 nm
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/14—Treatment of metallic powder
- B22F1/148—Agglomerating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/16—Metallic particles coated with a non-metal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
- Y10S977/773—Nanoparticle, i.e. structure having three dimensions of 100 nm or less
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/84—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure
- Y10S977/89—Deposition of materials, e.g. coating, cvd, or ald
- Y10S977/892—Liquid phase deposition
Abstract
Some embodiments provided herein relate to metal particles, methods of making, and methods of using such metal particles. In some embodiments, metal particles can be coated in silica and can be used as part of a power transmission system.
Description
Technical field
Embodiment herein relates generally to equipment and the method for transmitting energy (energy).
Background technology
Now there is the plurality of devices and the method that power (power) are transferred to another place from the three unities.Power can transmit in a variety of manners, includes but not limited to optical, electrical and hot.
Summary of the invention
In some embodiments, a kind of metallic particles through silica-coating is provided.This particle can comprise diameter for about 0.5 nanometer ~ about 5,000,000 nanometer metal-cored.This particle can comprise metal-cored on coating, this coating can comprise silica and have and runs through this coating to metal-cored one or more holes.In some embodiments, hole can enable oxidant contacting metal core.In some embodiments, coating is about 0.2 nanometer ~ about 200 nanometer thickness.
In some embodiments, a kind of power transmitting method is provided.The method can comprise the metallic particles provided through silica-coating, this particle comprise metal-cored and metal-cored on coating.The method can comprise reducing metal core thus accumulate heat by this particle, and oxidation this is metal-cored thus by this particles generation heat.
In some embodiments, a kind of manufacture method of the metallic particles through silica-coating is provided.The method can comprise provides metal-cored and this is metal-cored by silica-coating, to form the metallic particles through silica-coating.In some embodiments, this coating comprises silica.In some embodiments, as described herein, this coating comprises and runs through this coating at least one metal-cored hole.The method can comprise this metallic particles through silica-coating dry.In some embodiments, the method comprises and cures this particle in the gas flow.Thus, the method comprises the metallic particles manufactured through silica-coating.
In some embodiments, a kind of power transmission device is provided.This power transmission device can comprise at least one metallic particles through silica-coating.This metallic particles through silica-coating can comprise metal-cored and metal-cored on coating, wherein, this coating comprises silica and runs through this coating to metal-cored at least one hole.This at least one hole is constructed to enable oxidant to contact, and this is metal-cored.This power transmission device comprises the first chamber, and this first chamber is constructed to this metallic particles through silica-coating is reduced.This power transmission device comprises the second chamber, and this second chamber is constructed to this metallic particles through silica-coating is oxidized.This power transmission device comprises the passage making the first chamber and the second chamber in fluid communication.In some embodiments, this passage is constructed to enable at least one metallic particles through silica-coating flow to the second chamber from the first chamber.This power transmission device comprises following apparatus, and described device is constructed to receive and is oxidized by the metallic particles through silica-coating in the second chamber the heat produced.
Above summary of the invention is exemplary, and is never intended to limit by any way.Except above-mentioned illustrative aspect, embodiment and feature, other aspects, embodiment and feature become apparent by referring to accompanying drawing and following detailed description.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the figure of some embodiments of metallic particles through silica-coating.
Fig. 2 be a diagram that the flow chart of some embodiments of power transmitting method.
Fig. 3 be a diagram that the flow chart of some embodiments of power transmitting method.
Fig. 4 be a diagram that the flow chart of some embodiments of the manufacture method of the metallic particles through silica-coating.
Fig. 5 be a diagram that the schematic diagram that power transmission device is described.
Detailed description of the invention
In the following specific embodiments, reference is carried out to the accompanying drawing forming its part.In accompanying drawing, point out unless otherwise context, otherwise similar Reference numeral indicates usually is similar part.Illustrated embodiment described in detailed description of the invention, accompanying drawing and claim is not intended to provide constraints.Other embodiments can be adopted, and other changes can be carried out, and not depart from the spirit or scope of proposed theme.It is easily understood that the general aspect of the present invention described also illustrated by accompanying drawing can carry out arranging, replace, combine, be separated and design with various difference configuration herein, all these are all clearly expected at this.
In some embodiments, equipment and the method for transmission and/or storage power is provided.In some embodiments, this equipment and/or method may be used for power (such as, in the form of heat) to transfer to the second place from primary importance.In some embodiments, this can realize by using the metallic particles through coating, and the described metallic particles through coating may be used for heat to transfer to the second place from primary importance.In some embodiments, this particle comprise metal-cored and metal-cored on coating.In some embodiments, this coating comprises silica.In some embodiments, this coating can be electric conductivity.In some embodiments, this coating has and runs through this coating to metal-cored one or more holes, and this hole allows oxidant or reducing agent contacting metal core.In some embodiments, the particle through coating can realize the iterative cycles being oxidized and/or reducing, and does not make the increase of the size of particle and/or surface chemistry change to contingent degree when adopting uncoated particle.Therefore, in some embodiments, this coating can provide by such as reduce and/or oxidizing process transmission heat substrate, this substrate can efficiently for Reusability.
In some embodiments, metal-coredly can to reduce, and this endothermic reaction can make heat gather and/or be stored in particle.In some embodiments, at time point after a while, this is metal-cored can be oxidized subsequently, thus provides heat (such as, passing through exothermic reaction) by this particle.In some embodiments, these processes can be carried out in the first and second positions.Such as, in some embodiments, this particle can reduce in primary importance, is transferred to the second place, is then oxidized, and provides heat thus to the equipment of the second place.Although the application often mentions heat and/or power transmission, as the skilled person will appreciate, this should not be limited to ad-hoc location interpolation heat, can also comprise and eliminate heat and/or power from a certain position.Similarly, the arbitrary embodiment provided can be adopted herein and without the need to particle is delivered to the second place from primary importance.Such as, particle can absorb heat (such as, passing through the endothermic reaction), keeps specific duration at same position, then carries out exothermic reaction at same position or just discharges its energy, thus serving as heat and/or power memory device.In addition, in some embodiments, this system can be used as radiator, and such as in some embodiments, this particle can reduce near the article needing cooling, cools this article thus.Although these and other modification of these equipment can be used for various purposes, but in some embodiments, there is provided power transmission device provide heat in the second place and/or cool in primary importance, such as, be used as the heater of building or vehicle.
In some embodiments, a kind of metallic particles through coating is provided.In some embodiments, this particle comprises metal-cored.In some embodiments, this particle comprise metal-cored on coating.In some embodiments, this coating comprises silica.In some embodiments, this coating comprises at least one hole.Fig. 1 be a diagram that the figure of some embodiments of the metallic particles 101 through coating.In some embodiments, this particle comprises metal-cored 110.In some embodiments, this particle comprises the coating 120 on metal-cored 110.In some embodiments, coating 120 comprises at least one hole 130.In some embodiments, the part on metal-cored surface is uncoated part 150, thus metal-cored without the need to whole surface all through coating.But as the skilled person will appreciate, coating can provide some benefits, thus the degree of coating can correspond to the protection provided by coating of aequum.
In some embodiments, the particle through coating is nanoscale.In some embodiments, the metallic particles through coating is micro-meter scale.In some embodiments, the diameter through the metallic particles of coating is about 1 nanometer ~ about 1,000,000 nanometer.In some embodiments, the diameter of particle is at least about 0.2 nanometer, such as, at least about 0.2 nanometer, 0.3 nanometer, 0.5 nanometer, 1 nanometer, 2 nanometers, 3 nanometers, 5 nanometers, 10 nanometers, 15 nanometers, 20 nanometers, 30 nanometers, 40 nanometers, 50 nanometers, 60 nanometers, 70 nanometers, 80 nanometers, 90 nanometers, 100 nanometers, 110 nanometers, 120 nanometers, 150 nanometers, 200 nanometers, 250 nanometers, 300 nanometers, 350 nanometers, 400 nanometers, 500 nanometers, 600 nanometers, 700 nanometers, 800 nanometers, 900 nanometers, 1,000 nanometer, 1,100 nanometers, 1,200 nanometers, 1,500 nanometers, 2,000 nanometer, 2,500 nanometers, 3,000 nanometer, 4,000 nanometer, 5,000 nanometer, 7,000 nanometer, 10,000 nanometer, 20,000 nanometer, 30,000 nanometer, 40,000 nanometer, 50,000 nanometer, 70,000 nanometer, 100,000 nanometer, 150,000 nanometer, 200,000 nanometer, 300,000 nanometer, 400,000 nanometer, 500,000 nanometer, 600,000 nanometer, 700,000 nanometer, 800,000 nanometer, 900,000 nanometer, 1,000,000 nanometer, 1,100,000 nanometer, 1,500,000 nanometer, 2,000,000 nanometer, 2,500,000 nanometer, 3,000,000 nanometer, 3,500,000 nanometer, 4,000,000 nanometer, 4,500,000 nanometer, 4,800,000 or 5,00,000 nanometer, comprises any scope of appointing in values listed and limiting between two-value.
In some embodiments, metal-coredly the metal or alloy that can carry out being oxidized and reducing is comprised.In some embodiments, metal-cored comprise in iron, magnesium or calcium one or more.In some embodiments, metal-cored surface is in oxidation state.In some embodiments, metal-cored surface is in reduction-state.
In some embodiments, metal-cored diameter is at least about 0.1 nanometer, such as at least about 0.5 nanometer, 1 nanometer, 2 nanometers, 5 nanometers, 10 nanometers, 50 nanometers, 90 nanometers, 100 nanometers, 110 nanometers, 120 nanometers, 150 nanometers, 200 nanometers, 250 nanometers, 300 nanometers, 500 nanometers, 1, 000 nanometer, 1, 500 nanometers, 2, 000 nanometer, 3, 000 nanometer, 5, 000 nanometer, 10, 000 nanometer, 15, 000 nanometer, 20, 000 nanometer, 30, 000 nanometer, 50, 000 nanometer, 90, 000 nanometer, 100, 000 nanometer, 110, 000 nanometer, 150, 000 nanometer, 200, 000 nanometer, 300, 000 nanometer, 500, 000 nanometer, 800, 000 nanometer, 1, 000, 000 nanometer, 1, 500, 000 nanometer, 2, 000, 000 nanometer, 2, 500, 000 nanometer, 3, 000, 000 nanometer, 3, 500, 000 nanometer, 4, 000, 000 nanometer, 4, 500, 000 nanometer, 4, 900, 000 nanometer or 5, 000, 000 nanometer, comprise any scope of appointing in values listed and limiting between two-value.In some embodiments, the diameter of core is about 0.5 nanometer ~ about 5,000,000 nanometer.In some embodiments, the diameter of core is about 100 nanometers ~ about 100,000 nanometer.
In some embodiments, at least part of metal-cored on there is coating.In some embodiments, the inner surface of metal-cored exterior surface coating.In some embodiments, there is headroom (headspace) between metal-cored surface and coating.In some embodiments, metal-cored by least two contact points contact coatings, but there is headroom between the metal-cored and non-planar contact surfaces of coating.In some embodiments, coating comprises at least layer of silicon dioxide.In some embodiments, coating comprises two-layer or more layer silica, such as 2,3,4,5,10,20,30,40,50 layers or more layer silica.In some embodiments, silica is crystalline state.In some embodiments, silica is amorphous.In some embodiments, coating comprises crystallization and amorphous silicon di-oxide.In some embodiments, any metal oxide can be used, comprise and do not wrap those metal oxides silica containing, as long as it has insulation function.
In some embodiments, coating has basic uniform thickness.In some embodiments, thickness uniformity by measure at least about the coating layer thickness of 10 spaced points and the ratio of the standard deviation of calculated thickness and average thickness characterize.In some embodiments, the ratio of standard deviation and average thickness is not more than about 40%, such as, is not more than about 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40%.In other embodiments, coating is obviously thicker than other regions when uniformity (such as, coating do not need) in some regions.In some embodiments, the average thickness of coating is at least about 0.05 nanometer, such as about 0.05 nanometer, 0.1 nanometer, 0.15 nanometer, 0.2 nanometer, 0.25 nanometer, 0.3 nanometer, 0.4 nanometer, 0.5 nanometer, 1 nanometer, 1.5 nanometers, 2 nanometers, 2.5 nanometers, 3 nanometers, 4 nanometers, 5 nanometers, 6 nanometers, 7 nanometers, 8 nanometers, 9 nanometers, 10 nanometers, 11 nanometers, 12 nanometers, 13 nanometers, 15 nanometers, 17 nanometers, 20 nanometers, 25 nanometers, 30 nanometers, 35 nanometers, 40 nanometers, 50 nanometers or 100 nanometers, comprise in values listed the scope of appointing between two-value.In some embodiments, the average thickness of coating is about 0.2 nanometer ~ about 10 nanometers.
In some embodiments, coating is thin for the whole particle through being coated with.In some embodiments, the relative thickness of coating can be described as the volume fraction of coating relative to the particle volume through coating.In some embodiments, coating is not more than about 5% of the particle volume through coating relative to the volume fraction of the particle through coating, be such as about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5% or 5% of the particle volume through coating, comprise the scope of appointing in values listed and limiting between two-value.In some embodiments, coating is not more than about 1% of the particle volume through coating relative to the volume fraction of the particle through coating.In some embodiments, coating comprises silica.
In some embodiments, coating prevent and/or reduce through coating the metal-cored of the first metallic particles contact with the metal-cored of the second metallic particles through being coated with.Such as, if there is the two or more particle through coating in same container, then the possibility that coating prevents and/or the core that reduces these particles contacts with each other.
In some embodiments, even if coating also can prevent in fact the metal-cored growth of the metallic particles through coating after multiple oxidation and reduction circulation.In some embodiments, after 10 redox cycle, metal-cored grown through the metallic particles of coating is no more than about 5%, such as, be no more than about 10%.In some embodiments, when slug particle is very little, they can gather (reunion) after coating.When slug particle is larger, they can be reunited before coating.Therefore, the growth of particle can be there is in coating process.
In some embodiments, coating contains at least one hole.In some embodiments, hole runs through the outer surface of coating to metallic particles.In some embodiments, the diameter of hole on coating outer surface is identical in fact with its diameter on coating inner surface.In some embodiments, hole in fact conically.In some embodiments, hole enables the surface of gaseous oxidizer or reducing agent contacting metal particle.In some embodiments, hole enables the surface of electrode contacting metal particle.In some embodiments, hole comprise metallic particles without dispensing area.In some embodiments, hole has the diameter at least about 0.01 nanometer, such as at least about 0.01 nanometer, 0.02 nanometer, 0.03 nanometer, 0.04 nanometer, 0.05 nanometer, 0.06 nanometer, 0.07 nanometer, 0.1 nanometer, 0.15 nanometer, 0.2 nanometer, 0.3 nanometer, 0.4 nanometer, 0.5 nanometer, 0.6 nanometer, 0.7 nanometer, 0.8 nanometer, 0.9 nanometer, 1 nanometer, 1.1 nanometer, 1.2 nanometer, 1.3 nanometer, 1.4 nanometer, 1.5 nanometer, 2 nanometers, 2.5 nanometer, 3.5 nanometer, 4 nanometers, 4.5 nanometer, 5 nanometers, 6 nanometers, 7 nanometers, 8 nanometers, 9 nanometers, 9.5 nanometers or 10 nanometers, comprise any scope of appointing in values listed and limiting between two-value.In some embodiments, hole has the diameter of about 0.05 nanometer ~ about 5 nanometers.
Fig. 1 shows hole 130.In some embodiments, hole is constructed to make oxidant 140 can contacting metal core 110.In some embodiments, hole is constructed to make reducing agent 160 can contacting metal core 110.In some embodiments, these can be identical holes, or can be different holes.
In some embodiments, coating part and not all comprises hole as described herein.In some embodiments, the hole of coating has diameter identical in fact.In some embodiments, two or more holes of coating have the diameter be different in essence.In some embodiments, the percentage (being calculated as the external surface area percentage containing the pertusate particle through coating) comprising the coating of hole is at least about 0.01%, such as about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.08%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95%, comprise in values listed the scope of appointing between two-value.In some embodiments, about 0.1% ~ about 99.9% of coating comprises hole.In some embodiments, about 0.1% ~ about 20% of coating comprises hole.In some embodiments, about 0.2% ~ about 2% of coating comprises hole.In some embodiments, the shape of hole can be regular.In some embodiments, the shape of hole can be irregular.In some embodiments, hole can have size and/or distribution of shapes.
In some embodiments, the metallic particles through coating comprises diameter for about 0.5 nanometer ~ about 5,000,000 nanometer metal-cored and this metal-cored on the coating comprising silica and at least one hole.In some embodiments, hole is constructed to enable oxidant contacting metal core.In some embodiments, coating is about 0.2 nanometer ~ about 200 nanometer thickness.
In some embodiments, a kind of aggregate (collection) of the metallic particles through coating is provided.In some embodiments, the metallic particles through being coated with can be any one in the particle through being coated with provided herein.In some embodiments, this aggregate comprises following particle, and described particle has the hole mark of core metal type identical in fact, diameter, coating layer thickness, coating volume fraction, aperture and/or silica dioxide coating.In some embodiments, this aggregate comprises two or more different particles of at least one aspect in the following areas: the hole mark of core metal type, diameter, coating layer thickness, coating volume fraction, aperture and/or silica dioxide coating.In some embodiments, this aggregate can be included in any one of above characteristic and/or other characteristics or multinomial on have the different particles through coating.In some embodiments, the size of particle is different.In some embodiments, bulky grain and granule are capable of being combined to be used, and makes granule can occupy space between bulky grain.In some embodiments, some spaces can be there are between iron particle.In some embodiments, owing to there is coating, therefore between particle, do not need to there is gap.In some embodiments, particle size can be different between about 1 micron ~ about 0.1 micron.
In some embodiments, particle volume and/or amount can according to application needed for heat determine.Such as, diameter is the heat that the iron particle of 5mm can produce 4KJ, and 1 moles iron produces the heat of 400KJ.
In some embodiments, partial particulate has surface and is in the metal-cored of oxidation state.In some embodiments, particle at least about 1% has the metal-cored surface being in reduction-state, such as, at least about 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100%, comprise in values listed and appoint any scope between two-value or any scope higher than value arbitrary in values listed.In some embodiments, at least about the particle of 90%, there is the surface being in reduction-state.In some embodiments, particle at least about 2% has the metal-cored surface being in oxidation state, such as, at least about 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99% or 100%, comprise in values listed the scope of appointing between two-value.In some embodiments, at least about the particle of 90%, there is the surface being in oxidation state.
In some embodiments, a kind of power transmitting method is provided.In some embodiments, the method comprises provides the metallic particles (such as, through the metallic particles of silica-coating) through coating as herein described.In some embodiments, the method comprises the metal-cored of the metallic particles of reduction through being coated with, and accumulates heat thus.In some embodiments, the method comprises the metal-cored of the metallic particles of oxidation through being coated with, producing heat thus.In some embodiments, particle can move between reduction and oxidation event, thus power is transferred to the second place from primary importance.In some embodiments, particle is without the need to movement, and energy can carry out storing and transmitting when needed at time point after a while or provide thus.
Fig. 2 be a diagram that the flow chart of some embodiments of power transmitting method.In some embodiments, the particle (200) through coating is provided.In some embodiments, the particle through coating carries out reducing (210).In some embodiments, metal-cored carrying out is oxidized (220).In some embodiments, particle changes position (230) between oxidation and reduction process.In some embodiments, metal-cored reduction by accumulation of heat in particle (240).In some embodiments, metal-cored oxidation producing heat (250).
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the function that this process and method realize can be implemented with different order for this kind disclosed herein and other processes and method.In addition, the step summarized and operation are only provided as example, and some steps and operation can be optional, can merge into less step and operation or extendible be additional step and operation, and do not depart from the purport of disclosed embodiment.
Fig. 3 be a diagram that the flow chart of some embodiments of power transmitting method.In some embodiments, particle (301) is provided.In some embodiments, particle is made to contact with oxygen (360).In some embodiments, particle carries out being oxidized (370).In some embodiments, by particle moving to the second place (380).In some embodiments, particle is made to contact with reducing agent with hydrogen (310).In some embodiments, negative potential (320) is applied to particle.In some embodiments, particle carries out reducing (330).In some embodiments, by particle moving to primary importance (350).In some embodiments, the oxidation of repetition, reduction and/or particle moving is additionally carried out.
In some embodiments, this power transmitting method is included in this particle mobile after the metallic particles of coating carries out being oxidized and/or reducing.In some embodiments, particle is moved to the second place from primary importance.In some embodiments, particle is moved to primary importance from the second place.In some embodiments, the metallic particles through coating is oxidized in primary importance, moves to the second place, and reduces in the second place.In some embodiments, the metallic particles through coating reduces in the second place, moves to primary importance, and is oxidized in primary importance.In some embodiments, particle is after shifting out from primary importance and arrive before the second place, at least can move at least one other position.In some embodiments, particle is after shifting out from the second place and arrive before primary importance, at least can move at least one other position.In some embodiments, the position that particle is substantially identical carries out being oxidized and reducing, and will the equipment of heat be needed to be arranged near particle when particle is oxidized.Therefore, in some embodiments, other equipment and/or chamber and/or heating/heat absorbent surface can be moved to particle, instead of moving particles.In some embodiments, the position that particle is substantially identical carries out being oxidized and reducing, and is arranged near particle by the equipment producing heat when particle reduces.
In some embodiments, the some parts of this power transmitting method or the method can carry out repetition.In some embodiments, this power transmitting method comprises multiple oxidation and reduction circulation.In some embodiments, two or more particles carry out reducing and oxidation cycle.In some embodiments, time reduction and oxidation cycle are carried out twice or more to same particle.In some embodiments, this power transmitting method is repeated for the metallic particles once coating.In some embodiments, at least twice is repeated to the part of the method or the method, such as, repeat 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,60,70,80,90,100,110,120,150,200,250,300,350,400,450,500,600,700,800,900,1000,1500,2000,2500,3000,3500,4000,4500,5000,10,000 time or more time.In some embodiments, with at least about every 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 4 minutes, 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 7 minutes, 8 minutes, 9 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, 30 minutes, 35 minutes, 40 minutes, 45 minutes, 50 minutes, 55 minutes, 60 minutes, 65 minutes, 70 minutes, 7 minutes, 80 minutes, 85 minutes, 90 minutes, 95 minutes, 100 minutes, 105 minutes, 110 minutes or 115 minutes are once, or about every 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, 18 hours, 19 hours, 20 hours, 21 hours, 22 hours or 23 hours are once, or about every 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days or 30 days frequencies once carry out repetition.In some embodiments, after repeatedly recycling, the diameter through the metallic particles of coating keeps constant in fact.In some embodiments, after recycling at 20 times, compared with diameter when recycling beginning for the first time, the diameter of this metallic particles adds about less than 20%, and such as 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19% or 20%.
In some embodiments, after repeatedly recycling, the diameter through the metallic particles of coating keeps constant in fact.In some embodiments, after recycling at 20 times, compared with diameter when recycling beginning for the first time, the diameter of this metallic particles adds about less than 20%, and such as 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 1.8%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19% or 20%.
In some embodiments, this power transmitting method comprises oxidizing process.In some embodiments, oxidation comprises and makes metal-coredly to contact with oxidant (such as oxygen).Usually, oxidation is exothermic reaction, thus causes heat generation.
In some embodiments, this power transmitting method comprises reduction process.In some embodiments, reduction comprises and makes metal-coredly to contact with reducing agent (such as hydrogen or sodium).In some embodiments, reduction comprises makes metal-cored and electrode contact, and to metal-cored applying negative potential.In some embodiments, negative potential is at least about 0.1 volt, such as about 0.1 volt, 0.2 volt, 0.3 volt, 0.5 volt, 0.9 volt, 1 volt, 1.1 volts, 1.2 volts, 1.5 volts, 1.9 volts, 2 volts, 3 volts, 4 volts, 5 volts, 10 volts, 15 volts, 20 volts, 25 volts, 30 volts, 50 volts or 100 volts.In some embodiments, negative potential is about 0.5 volt ~ about 20 volts.In some embodiments, putting on metal-cored electric current is exchange the one in (AC) or direct current (DC).Usually, reduction is the endothermic reaction, thus causes accumulation of heat.
In some embodiments, this power transmitting method at article inner or near carry out.In some embodiments, article need heating or cooling.In some embodiments, the primary importance that industry manufactures article (manufactured item) needs cooling, and the second place needs heating.In some embodiments, industry manufactures article is vehicle, portable building (portable building), computer server or electronically readable medium.In some embodiments, vehicle is with Types Below: it does not have internal combustion engine or its internal combustion engine need not run when vehicle operating, such as electric automobile, mixed power electric car or fuel cell car.
In some embodiments, this power transmitting method comprises the metallic particles provided through coating, and it comprises metal-cored.This particle comprise metal-cored on coating, and this coating comprises silica and run through coating to metal-cored at least one hole.Hole enables oxidant contacting metal core.Metal-coredly to reduce, accumulate heat thus.Metal-coredly to be oxidized, producing heat thus.
In some embodiments, a kind of manufacture method of the metallic particles through coating is provided.In one embodiment, the method comprises provides metal-cored.In some embodiments, comprise coating this is metal-cored for the method.In some embodiments, this coating can be silica dioxide coating.In some embodiments, this coating can be insulating properties coating.In some embodiments, the method comprises the dry core through coating.In some embodiments, the method comprises the core cured in the gas flow through coating.In some embodiments, the metallic particles that can be formed thus through coating as described herein.
Fig. 4 be a diagram that the flow chart of the manufacture method of the metallic particles through silica-coating.In some embodiments, core (401) is provided.In some embodiments, the coating of this core is coated with at least in part (410) with silica.In some embodiments, dry this coating (420).Optionally, this particle (430) is cured in the gas flow.In some embodiments, the metallic particles (440) through silica-coating is collected.
In some embodiments, available metal-cored be metal salt particle.In some embodiments, metal-coredly to be formed by core precursor.In some embodiments, core precursor comprises the precursor of iron, magnesium or calcium.The limiting examples of iron precursor comprises iron oxide, ferric oxalate, ferric acetate, ferric carbonate, ferric nitrate, ferric sulfate, iron chloride and/or other iron containing compoundses.In some embodiments, core precursor is nanometer ~ micro-meter scale.In some embodiments, the diameter of core as described herein.In some embodiments, the core of nanometer ~ micro-meter scale is formed by precipitating metal compound from inverse micellar solution or colloidal solution.
In some embodiments, with silica and/or another kind of coating applications metal-cored.In some embodiments, by metal-cored dispersion in the solution, then silica precursor is added to this solution.In some embodiments, silica precursor is alkyl silicate, such as, and ortho-silicate four methyl esters, tetraethyl orthosilicate, orthosilicic acid four butyl ester, methyl trimethoxy base esters of silicon acis and methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium esters of silicon acis.In some embodiments, silica-coating thing comprises individual layer silica.In some embodiments, silica-coating thing comprises two-layer above silica.In some embodiments, the thickness of silica-coating thing as described herein.In some embodiments, the thickness of silica-coating thing is following one or more because usually controlling by controlling: the duration of the selection of silica precursor, the amount of silica precursor, coating reaction, or the condition of reacting as the coating such as solution temperature or pH.In some embodiments, the volume fraction of the thickness of silica-coating thing and/or silica as described herein.Core through silica-coating can be formed thus.
In some embodiments, by dry for the core through coating.In some embodiments, the core through coating is taken out from solution.In some embodiments, the solution around the core through coating is discharged or absorbed.In some embodiments, by dry at ambient conditions of temperature and pressure for the core through coating.In some embodiments, by dry in a vacuum chamber for the core through coating.In some embodiments, by dry in an oven for the core through coating.
In some embodiments, the core through coating is cured in the gas flow.In some embodiments, the step of curing in the gas flow through the core of coating is optional.In some embodiments, described gas comprises hydrogen.In some embodiments, particle through coating cures in the temperature at least about 200 DEG C, such as at least about 200 DEG C, 250 DEG C, 290 DEG C, 300 DEG C, 310 DEG C, 350 DEG C, 400 DEG C, 450 DEG C, 500 DEG C, 550 DEG C, 600 DEG C, 650 DEG C, 690 DEG C, 700 DEG C, 710 DEG C, 750 DEG C, 790 DEG C, 800 DEG C, 810 DEG C, 850 DEG C, 890 DEG C, 900 DEG C, 950 DEG C, 990 DEG C, 1000 DEG C, 1010 DEG C, 1050 DEG C, 1100 DEG C, 1150 DEG C, 1200 DEG C, 1300 DEG C, 1400 DEG C or 1500 DEG C, comprise in values listed any scope of appointing between two-value.In some embodiments, this temperature is about 300 DEG C ~ about 1000 DEG C.In some embodiments, combination that is dry and baking step can produce hole as herein described.
In some embodiments, coating is electric conductivity at least in part.In one embodiment, the core through coating can have following silica dioxide coating, and described silica dioxide coating is curing containing in hydrocarbon stream, and makes carbon precipitation enter this silica dioxide coating, gives this silica dioxide coating electric conductivity thus.In some embodiments, described hydrocarbon comprises one, two, three or molecule more than three carbon atoms, or mixtures two or more in listed molecule.In some embodiments, this air-flow comprises hydrocarbon and hydrogen.In some embodiments, the mol ratio of appropriate hydrocarbon gas and hydrogen is at least about 1:0,2:1,3:1,4:1,5:1,6:1,7:1,8:1,9:1,10:1,15:1,20:1,25:1,30:1,50:1,80:1,100:1,200:1,300:1,500:1,900:1,1000:1,1100:1,1500:1,2000:1,3000:1,5000:1,10000:1,20000:1 or 50000:1, comprises in values listed the scope of appointing between two-value.In some embodiments, the core through silica-coating is curing containing the temperature in about 500 DEG C ~ about 800 DEG C in hydrocarbon stream, gives silicon dioxide layer electric conductivity thus.In some embodiments, various alkyl silicate can be used to make described coating.Some examples are ortho-silicate four methyl esters, tetraethyl orthosilicate, orthosilicic acid four butyl ester, methyl trimethoxy base esters of silicon acis and methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium esters of silicon acis.
In some embodiments, described manufacture method comprise coating metal core with formed through coating metal-cored.Coating can comprise silica.This coating comprises and runs through this coating at least one metal-cored hole.Hole enables oxidant contacting metal core.The dry metallic particles through coating.Metallic particles through coating is cured alternatively in the gas flow.The particle formed thus comprises and runs through coating at least one metal-cored hole, and wherein, this hole is constructed to enable oxidant contacting metal core.In some embodiments, by making to there is hydrocarbon in silica-based coatings, coating can be made to be electric conductivity.
In some embodiments, a kind of power transmission device is provided.In some embodiments, this power transmission device comprises the metallic particles of at least one as herein described through coating.In some embodiments, this power transmission device comprises the first chamber, and this first chamber is constructed to the metallic particles through coating is reduced.In some embodiments, this power transmission device comprises the second chamber, and this second chamber is constructed to the metallic particles through coating is oxidized.In some embodiments, this power transmission device comprises the passage making the first chamber and the second chamber in fluid communication, and this passage enables to transmit between the first chamber and the second chamber through the metallic particles of coating.
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of power transmission device 601.In some embodiments, this equipment comprise at least one through coating metallic particles 610.In some embodiments, this equipment comprises the first chamber 620, first chamber 620 and is constructed to enable reduce through the metallic particles of coating.In some embodiments, this equipment comprises the second chamber 630, second chamber 630 and is constructed to enable be oxidized through the metallic particles of coating.In some embodiments, this equipment comprises passage 640, and it is communicated with the first chamber 620 and the second chamber 630, and the metallic particles through coating is transmitted between these two chambers.In some embodiments, this device comprises hot gathering element 650.In some embodiments, hot gathering element 650 is connected to make heat trnasfer to radiator (radiator) 660.
In some embodiments, this power transmission device comprises one or more chamber.In some embodiments, each chamber is constructed to hold the metallic particles through coating.In some embodiments, chamber be constructed to hold at least about 1 through coating metallic particles, such as, such as, at least about 1,10
1, 10
2, 10
3, 10
4, 10
5, 10
6, 10
7, 10
8, 10
9, 10
10, 10
11, 10
12, 10
13, 10
14, 10
15, 10
16, 10
17, 10
18, 10
19, 10
20, 10
21, 10
22, 10
23, 10
24, 10
25, 10
26, 10
27, 10
28, 10
29or 10
30individual particle, comprises any scope of appointing in values listed and limiting between two-value.In some embodiments, chamber is closed in fact, such as case, cylinder, bag or bag.In some embodiments, the first chamber has at least one open surface, such as hopper or conduit.In some embodiments, chamber comprises the first opening that the metallic particles for making through coating enters.In some embodiments, the first opening allows once to enter a kind of metallic particles through coating.In some embodiments, the first opening allows the multiple metallic particles through coating to enter simultaneously.In some embodiments, chamber comprises the second opening for discharging the metallic particles through coating.In some embodiments, the second opening allows once to enter a kind of metallic particles through coating.In some embodiments, the second opening allows the multiple metallic particles through coating to enter simultaneously.In some embodiments, this chamber comprises for controlling at least one valve entering through the metallic particles of coating and/or discharge.
In some embodiments, the first and/or second chamber is constructed to the metallic particles through coating is reduced.In some embodiments, chamber to be configured to make in chamber all in fact metallic particles through coating simultaneously and/or parallel reduction.In some embodiments, chamber be configured to make wherein to hold at least about 10% the metallic particles through coating (particle of such as about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% (what comprise values listed appoints any scope limited between two-value)) simultaneously and/or parallel reduction.In some embodiments, chamber comprises syringe or the spout for providing gas or liquid reducer to particle.In some embodiments, chamber housing is for making at least one electrode of particle electroreduction.In some embodiments, chamber is configured to make electrode directly contact particle.In some embodiments, chamber housing conductive material, such as saline solution, itself and electrode contact reduce multiple particle to enable electrode simultaneously.In some embodiments, chamber housing is for extracting the outlet of oxidant or conductive material.
In some embodiments, the first and/or second chamber is constructed to the metallic particles through coating is oxidized.In some embodiments, the second chamber be configured to make wherein to hold at least about 10% the metallic particles through coating (particle of such as about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% (what comprise values listed appoints any scope limited between two-value)) simultaneously and/or parallel oxidation.
In some embodiments, power transmission device comprises extra chamber, such as at least one storage chamber, for storing particle that is already oxidised or reduction.In some embodiments, the metallic particles through coating to be stored in storage chamber before reaching the second chamber after leaving the first chamber.In some embodiments, the metallic particles through coating to be stored in storage chamber before reaching the first chamber after leaving the second chamber.
In some embodiments, this power transmission device comprises at least one passage making the first chamber and the second chamber in fluid communication.In some embodiments, this passage is pipeline (pipe), conduit, socket (tube), one of flexible pipe (hose) or conduit (conduit).In some embodiments, channel seal only can be passed through to make the gas in passage, liquid or particle between chamber and passage.In some embodiments, this passage comprises for making particle move to the equipment of the second chamber from the first chamber, such as, and conveyer, pump, vacuum, screw rod or roller.In some embodiments, passage is configured to make the metallic particles way moving through coating, that is, passage can make particle move to the second chamber from the first chamber, and particle can also be made to move to the first chamber from the second chamber.
In some embodiments, power transmission device comprises at least one passage, can also comprise two or more passage, and described passage makes the first chamber and the second chamber.In some embodiments, power transmission device comprises the first passage for the metallic particles through coating to be moved to the second chamber from the first chamber, and the metallic particles through silica-coating is moved to the second channel of the first chamber from the second chamber.In some embodiments, chamber can be a part for passage, and/or passage can be a part for chamber.Thus, without the need to all adopting structure separately in all embodiments.
In some embodiments, power transmission device comprises the device being configured to receive heat.In some embodiments, this device metallic particles through coating be constructed in reception chamber (and/or passage) is oxidized and the heat of generation.In some embodiments, this device contacts the surface of the second chamber.In some embodiments, this device comprises the heating core being positioned at the second chamber interior.In some embodiments, this device contacts the filament or silk screen that contact with the second chamber.In some embodiments, this device contacts the Heat Conduction Material circulated between the second chamber and this device, such as liquid, gel, powder or granular solids.In some embodiments, this device does not contact the second chamber, core, filament or Heat Conduction Material, and is arranged on has a distance between them.In some embodiments, this distance can be any distance, as long as can the heat of transfer part aequum.In some embodiments, this distance is not more than about 0.1 millimeter, 0.5 millimeter, 1 millimeter, 2 millimeters, 5 millimeters, 10 millimeters, 20 millimeters, 30 millimeters, 50 millimeters, 100 millimeters, 150 millimeters, 200 millimeters, 300 millimeters, 500 millimeters, 1000 millimeters or 10,000 millimeter, comprise any scope of appointing in described value and limiting between two-value.
In some embodiments, chamber is operationally communicated in and utilizes the equipment of heat or the equipment of producing heat.In some embodiments, exercisable connection is physical connection, and it comprises and the second chamber and the conductive of material needing the equipment of heat to contact.In some embodiments, this conductive of material be circulate between the second chamber and the equipment needing heat liquid, one of powder or gel.In some embodiments, this conductive of material comprises at least one in metal or CNT.In some embodiments, this exercisable connection realizes by pipe-line system, such as, be communicated in the radiator of air duct, and this air duct comprises optional fan or air blast.
In some embodiments, the second chamber is operationally communicated in the equipment needing heat.In some embodiments, this equipment continues to need heat.In some embodiments, this equipment only needs heat aperiodically.In some embodiments, this equipment per operation cycle needs at least about 0.001 joule, such as about 0.001 joule, 0.005 joule, 0.01 joule, 0.02 joule, 0.05 joule, 0.1 joule, 0.15 joule, 0.2 joule, 0.3 joule, 0.5 joule, erg-ten, 1.5 joule, 2 joules, 2.3 joule, 3 joules, 4 joules, 5 joules, 6 joules, 7 joules, 8 joules, 9 joules, 10 joules, 20 joules, 50 joules, 100 joules, 150 joules, 200 joules, 300 joules, 500 joules, 800 joules, 1, 000 joule, 2, 000 joule, 3, 000 joule, 5, 000 joule, 10, 000 joule, 15, 000 joule, 20, 000 joule, 30, 000 joule, 50, 000 joule or 100, 000 joule, comprise in values listed any scope of appointing between two-value.
In some embodiments, the equipment of heat is needed to be in radiator, frost removal, engine cylinder-body, surface heater, hydraulic system, cooking stove (stove), hot plate and/or accessory power supply one.
In some embodiments, the first chamber is operationally communicated in the equipment of producing heat.In some embodiments, the equipment of producing heat needs cooling.In some embodiments, the equipment of producing heat is the energy.In some embodiments, this equipment per operation cycle generates at least about 0.001 joule, such as about 0.001 joule, 0.005 joule, 0.01 joule, 0.02 joule, 0.05 joule, 0.1 joule, 0.15 joule, 0.2 joule, 0.3 joule, 0.5 joule, erg-ten, 1.5 joule, 2 joules, 2.3 joule, 3 joules, 4 joules, 5 joules, 6 joules, 7 joules, 8 joules, 9 joules, 10 joules, 20 joules, 50 joules, 100 joules, 150 joules, 200 joules, 300 joules, 500 joules, 800 joules, 1, 000 joule, 2, 000 joule, 3, 000 joule, 5, 000 joule, 10, 000 joule, 15, 000 joule, 20, 000 joule, 30, 000 joule, 50, 000 joule or 100, 000 joule, comprise in values listed any scope of appointing between two-value.In some embodiments, an operation cycle continued at least about 0.1 second, such as, about 0.1 second, 0.5 second, 1 second, 1.5 seconds, 2 seconds, 3 seconds, 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 30 seconds, 50 seconds, 100 seconds, 200 seconds, 300 seconds, 600 seconds, 1,000 second, 2,000 second, 5,000 second, 10,000 second, 20,000 second, 50,000 second or 100,000 second.
In some embodiments, the equipment of producing heat is in microprocessor, server, electronic storage medium, air-conditioning, refrigerator, power supply, radiator, smelting furnace, reaction chamber or electric organ.
In some embodiments, one or more embodiment provided in this article can be used as renewable, the lightweight, efficiently power generation system of transmission heat and/or energy in electrical equipment (as electric automobile).
Although there is the method for much production through the particle of coating, but in some embodiments, containing by the temperature at 500 DEG C ~ 800 DEG C the iron particle adding thermal silicon dioxide encapsulating in hydrocarbon stream, thus carbon precipitation is entered in silicon dioxide layer, and giving electric conductivity to silicon dioxide layer.Any hydrocarbon can be adopted.In some embodiments, hydrocarbon is gas in room temperature.In some embodiments, hydrocarbon has 1 ~ 3 carbon.In addition, precipitation efficiency can be improved by mixing a small amount of hydrogen.By above program, the metallic particles through silica encapsulating of electric conductivity can be prepared.
In some embodiments, the gas for being oxidized and/or reduce goes out without the need to concentrated from atmospheric conditions or enrichment.Such as, in some embodiments, the metallic particles through silica-coating of electric conductivity can be accumulated by following process and release heat.When the metallic particles ingress of air through silica-coating of electric conductivity, oxygen, by micropore contacting metal core, causes metal-cored oxidation, and this reaction producing heat.The rate of release of heat can be controlled by the diameter of the thickness of silicon dioxide layer and micropore.After exothermic reaction terminates, heat can be accumulated by reducing metal core (endothermic reaction), and can producing heat again.As method of reducing, hydrogen can be utilized and go back original reagent; But also can select as additive methods such as electroreductions.Because particle is electric conductivity, therefore when being applied the negative potential of a few volt by electrode, negative potential can arrive metal-cored; Therefore, metal-coredly can to reduce.Namely, the metal ingredient in particle can be reduced by AC or DC electric power, and accumulates heat.This provide and can repeatedly carry out storing the system with heat-dissipating.
Usually, when metallic particles carries out being oxidized and reducing (exothermic reaction and the endothermic reaction) repeatedly, metallic particles will grow, and this significantly reduces the speed of oxidation and reduction.In some cases, this speed can be reduced to the degree that particle can not be used as heat release and heat-absorbing material again.In other words, be difficult to using metallic particles as heat storage Reusability.In some embodiments herein, the growth of metallic particles is subject to the physics restriction of coating (such as, silica), though therefore when metallic particles is repeatedly oxidized and reduces metallic particles also can not grow (or significantly growth).Therefore, some embodiments provide a kind of heat-storing material, even if its performance level significantly reduces unlike uncoated structure when repeatedly carrying out being oxidized and reducing.
In some embodiments, coating can be optional, and coating can be removed, such as, removed by the additive included in for separating metal particle.But in some embodiments herein, because metallic particles is separated by the very thin silicon dioxide layer that thickness is several nanometer, therefore in this aggregate, the volume fraction of silica (or other coating materials) remains less than 1%.Therefore, in some embodiments, can prevent (or reduce) metallic particles from contacting with each other completely, and the heat that the institute that do not reduce unit volume absorbs and generates.
In some embodiments, because slug particle is coated with electric conductivity silicon dioxide layer, therefore easily voltage can be applied to slug particle.Namely, power supply can be utilized to make metal-cored (after exothermic process) reduction (accumulation of heat) of oxidation.Therefore, in some embodiments, metal-cored separation and electric conductivity can realize simultaneously.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
Through the metallic particles of silica-coating
Particle has the external diameter of about 110 nanometers.Particle comprises following core, and described core contains the magnesium accounting for core about 90 % by weight.Core has the diameter of about 100 nanometers.This core is coated with by the amorphous silica layer of about 5 nanometer thickness, and this layer has uniform in fact thickness, and make when when 50 spaced point detect thickness, the standard deviation of thickness is not more than about 20% of average thickness.The coating of about 1% surface area comprises and runs through silica dioxide coating to metal-cored hole.Hole has the average diameter of about 0.3 nanometer.Hole allows molecular oxygen contacting metal core.Silica dioxide coating comprises the carbon of precipitation, and therefore conducts electricity.
Embodiment 2
Through the manufacture method of the metallic particles of silica-coating
From colloidal solution, separate out iron oxide, provide diameter to be the metal-cored of about 1000 nanometers thus.By core dispersion in the solution.Ortho-silicate four methyl esters is hydrolyzed in this solution, on this core, forms silicon dioxide layer thus.Ortho-silicate tetramethyl ester hydrolysis proceeds, until silicon dioxide layer is about 10 nanometer thickness.Core through silica-coating is shifted out from solution, and dry 24 hours at ambient conditions.Core through silica-coating cures about 45 minutes at about 650 DEG C in the air-flow of hydrogeneous and propane.Cure and make propane precipitation enter in silica-coating thing, thus obtain the coating of conduction.Core through silica-coating has and runs through the hole of silica dioxide coating to iron core.The coating of at least 10% surface area comprises hole.Hole has the average diameter of about 2 nanometers.Metallic particles through silica-coating has the diameter of about 1020 nanometers.
Embodiment 3
Power transmitting method
Metallic particles through silica-coating is provided.It is the metal-cored of about 500 nanometers that this particle has diameter, and it is the silica-coating of about 5 nanometers by the degree of depth.Coating comprises hole on the surface of about 2%.Hole runs through silica dioxide coating to metal-cored.Hole has the diameter of about 1 nanometer separately.
Particle reduction is made by making particle contact with hydrogen in primary importance.Reduction is the endothermic reaction, and it is from thermal source accumulation of heat and transfer them to particle.This thermal source is engine.
Then this particle being moved to the second place, making particulate oxidation at this place by making particle contact with oxygen.Oxidation is exothermic reaction, and it is in second place release heat.Heat conductive filament is arranged on the distance second place about 5 millimeters place, it accumulates about 1 millijoule heat by this exothermic reaction.This heat conductive filament by heat conduction to radiator, the heat release in the compartment of electric automobile of described radiator.
Embodiment 4
Exemplary power transmission equipment
This equipment comprises two chambers.First chamber is closed cylindrical shape reduction chamber, and volume is about 1000 cubic centimetres.Second chamber is closed cylindrical shape oxidation chamber, and volume is about 1000 cubic centimetres.About 100,000 metallic particles through silica-coating is loaded in the first chamber.Particle has the average diameter of about 50 nanometers.Particle comprises the silica dioxide coating that iron core and thickness are about 5 nanometers.About 2% of hole seal coat surface, and run through silica dioxide coating completely to iron core.Silica dioxide coating contains the mixture of the hydrocarbon of one, two and three carbon of precipitation, is conduction thus.
In the first chamber, electrode is contacted with the silica dioxide coating of partial particulate and arranges, and apply the current potential of about 0.5 volt.Because in chamber, the coating of particle is substantial contact, the therefore particle that will put in whole chamber of current potential.The particle of about 80% will reduce thus at least in part.This reduction reaction provides heat to particle.
Once reduction, the particle of 95% by socket from the first cavity pump to the second chamber.In the second chamber, by spray nozzle type injector for oxygen supply.Oxygen contacts the particle in the second chamber, and the particle of oxidation at least 80%, provides heat by particle thus.Second chamber housing has the conductive hot carbon nano be connected with the radiator of device external to restrain.The near minor heat of CNT conducts to radiator.
The invention is not restricted to the particular implementation described in the application, described particular implementation is intended to various aspects are described.It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that and can carry out many modifications and variations and not depart from its spirit and scope.Except content cited herein, by above description, the method and apparatus of the functional equivalent in the scope of the invention is apparent to those skilled in the art.Described modifications and variations will fall within the scope of the appended claims.The present invention is only by the restriction of the four corner of the equivalent of every and these claim institute entitles of claims.Be understandable that, the invention is not restricted to specific method, reagent, compound, composition or biosystem, it can change certainly.Should also be understood that term as used herein only for the object describing detailed description of the invention, and be not intended to restrict.
For the use of any plural number and/or singular references substantially herein, those skilled in the art can when being converted into singulative to context and/or when applying suitable by it from plural form or changing into plural form from singulative.In order to clear, the conversion of various singular/plural can be clearly stated herein.
What it will be understood by those skilled in the art that is, usually, term used herein, especially term used in claims (such as, the main body of claims), is intended to represent " open " term (such as usually, term " comprises " and being interpreted as " including but not limited to ", term " has " and is interpreted as " at least having ", term " comprises " and is interpreted as " including but not limited to ", etc.).Those skilled in the art it will also be appreciated that then this intention will clearly be stated in the claims if be intended to represent the specific quantity introducing claim recitation, and when not having this statement, just there is not this intention.Such as, in order to help to understand, claim appended below may comprise the usage of guided bone phrase " at least one (kind) " and " (kind) or multiple (kind) ", is used for introducing claim recitation.But, even if same claim contains guided bone phrase " (kind) or multiple (kind) " or " at least one (kind) " and the such as indefinite article such as " " or " one ", also should not be read as the use of this type of phrase is following implication: the claim recitation introduced by indefinite article " " or " one ", the specific rights comprising the claim recitation that these are introduced can be required to be defined as the embodiment (such as " " and/or " one " are interpreted as being represent " at least one (kind) " or " (kind) or multiple (kind) ") comprising only (kind) and so state, situation use definite article being introduced to claim recitation is like this too.In addition, even if clearly describe the specific quantity introducing claim recitation, those skilled in the art also will appreciate that and this type of statement should be interpreted as being represent at least described quantity (such as, if only describe " two kinds of statements " and modify without other, its implication is at least two kinds of statements or two or more statement).In addition, when using the restriction similar with " at least one in A, B and C etc. ", usually, this type of statement is intended to have those skilled in the art and usually understands this type of implication limited (such as, " having the system of at least one in A, B and C " and should include but not limited to the system only having A, only have B, only have C, have A and B, have A and C, have B and C and/or have A, B and C etc.).When using the restriction similar with " at least one in A, B or C etc. ", usually, this type of statement is intended to have those skilled in the art and usually understands this type of implication limited (such as, " having the system of at least one in A, B or C " and should include but not limited to the system only having A, only have B, only have C, have A and B, have A and C, have B and C and/or have A, B and C etc.).Those skilled in the art it is also to be understood that, no matter in description, claims or accompanying drawing, represent that the two or more any disjunction word selecting a sexual behavior item is in fact all interpreted as covering the possibility of a certain item comprised in these items, any one or whole two.Such as, phrase " A or B " will be interpreted as the possibility including " A " or " B " or " A and B ".
In addition, if describe characteristic sum aspect of the present invention in the mode of Ma Kushi group, then one skilled in the art will realize that and also describe the present invention in the mode of any separate member in Ma Kushi group or member's subgroup by this.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that for any object and all objects, such as, providing in written explanation, all scopes disclosed herein also comprise any or all of possible subrange of these scopes and the combination of subrange.For any scope listed, the same scope adequately describing and also can obtain being split at least two equal portions, three equal parts, quarter, five equal portions, ten equal portions etc. all easily should be recognized.As limiting examples, each scope as herein described easily can be divided into down 1/3rd, in 1/3rd and upper 1/3rd, etc.Those skilled in the art it will also be appreciated that the term such as all such as " at the most ", " at least ", " being greater than ", " being less than " all includes described numeral, and refer to the scope that can continue to be divided into above-mentioned subrange.Finally, those skilled in the art should also be understood that scope comprises each independent member.Therefore, such as, the group with 1 ~ 3 unit refers to the group with 1,2 or 3 unit.Similar, the group with 1 ~ 5 unit refers to the group with 1,2,3,4 or 5 unit, by that analogy.
As from the foregoing, be described herein various embodiment of the present invention for purposes of illustration, and can various amendment be carried out and not depart from the scope of the present invention and spirit.Therefore, various embodiment disclosed herein is not intended to provide constraints, and true scope and spirit are pointed by following claim.
Claims (28)
1., through a metallic particles for silica-coating, described particle comprises:
Metal-cored, wherein said metal-coredly have about 0.5 nanometer ~ about 5, the diameter of 000,000 nanometer,
Described metal-cored on coating, wherein said coating comprises:
Silica; With
Run through described coating to described at least one metal-cored hole, wherein, it is described metal-cored that at least one hole described is constructed to that oxidant is contacted, and wherein, described coating is about 0.2 nanometer ~ about 200 nanometer thickness.
2., as claimed in claim 1 through the metallic particles of silica-coating, wherein, described coating is about 0.2 nanometer ~ about 10 nanometer thickness.
3., as claimed in claim 1 through the metallic particles of silica-coating, wherein, the diameter of described hole is about 0.05 nanometer ~ about 5 nanometers.
4., as claimed in claim 1 through the metallic particles of silica-coating, wherein, about 0.01% ~ about 99% of described coating comprises hole.
5., as claimed in claim 1 through the metallic particles of silica-coating, wherein, about 0.1% ~ about 20% of described coating comprises hole.
6., as claimed in claim 1 through the metallic particles of silica-coating, wherein, about 0.1% ~ about 2% of described coating comprises hole.
7., as claimed in claim 1 through the metallic particles of silica-coating, wherein, the diameter of the described metallic particles through silica-coating is about 1 nanometer ~ about 1,000,000 nanometer.
8., as claimed in claim 1 through the metallic particles of silica-coating, wherein, the diameter of the described metallic particles through silica-coating is about 1 nanometer ~ about 100 nanometers.
9., as claimed in claim 1 through the metallic particles of silica-coating, wherein, described coating is not more than about 1% relative to the volume fraction of described particle.
10., as claimed in claim 1 through the metallic particles of silica-coating, wherein, described at least one metal-cored surface is in oxidation state.
11. as claimed in claim 1 through the metallic particles of silica-coating, and wherein, described at least one metal-cored surface is in reduction-state.
12. 1 kinds of aggregates through the metallic particles of silica-coating, described aggregate comprises at least 10, the metallic particles through silica-coating according to any one of 000 claim 1 ~ 9, wherein at least 90% of particle swarm has the metal-cored surface being in oxidation state.
13. 1 kinds of aggregates through the metallic particles of silica-coating, described aggregate comprises at least 10, the metallic particles through silica-coating according to any one of 000 claim 1 ~ 9, wherein at least 90% of particle swarm has the metal-cored surface being in reduction-state.
14. 1 kinds of power transmitting method, described method comprises:
There is provided the metallic particles through silica-coating, described particle comprises:
It is metal-cored,
Described metal-cored on coating, wherein said coating comprises:
Silica; With
Run through described coating to described at least one metal-cored hole, wherein, it is described metal-cored that at least one hole described is constructed to that oxidant is contacted;
Reduce described metal-cored, thus accumulation heat; With
Be oxidized described metal-cored, thus producing heat.
15. methods as claimed in claim 14, wherein, the described metallic particles through silica-coating is oxidized in primary importance, moves to the second place, and reduces in the described second place, thus from described second place accumulation heat.
16. methods as claimed in claim 14, wherein, the described metallic particles through silica-coating reduces in primary importance, moves to the second place, and is oxidized in the described second place, thus provides heat in the described second place.
17. methods as claimed in claim 14, wherein, described oxidizing process comprises makes the described metallic particles through silica-coating contact with oxygen.
18. methods as claimed in claim 14, wherein, reduction process comprises makes the described metallic particles through silica-coating contact with one of hydrogen or reducing agent.
19. methods as claimed in claim 14, wherein, described reduction step comprises provides electrode with the negative potential described metallic particles through silica-coating being applied to about 0.5 volt ~ about 20 volts.
20. methods as claimed in claim 14, wherein, described method is carried out in vehicle power source inside.
21. methods as claimed in claim 14, wherein, described method is carried out repeatedly to the metallic particles once silica-coating, and the diameter of the wherein said metallic particles through silica-coating keeps constant in fact after repeated use.
22. 1 kinds of manufacture methods through the metallic particles of silica-coating, described method comprises:
There is provided metal-cored;
With metal-cored described in silica-coating, to form the core through silica-coating;
The dry described core through silica-coating; With
Cure described particle in the gas flow to form the metallic particles through silica-coating, thus providing package is containing running through the metallic particles through silica-coating of described coating to described at least one metal-cored hole, wherein, to be constructed to that oxidant is contacted described metal-cored at least one hole described.
23. methods as claimed in claim 22, wherein, described in process of curing carry out more than 30 minutes the temperature of about 300 DEG C ~ about 1000 DEG C, and wherein said air-flow comprises hydrogen, thus obtains the metal nanoparticle through silica-coating.
24. methods as claimed in claim 22, wherein, described in process of curing carry out the temperature of about 500 DEG C ~ about 800 DEG C, and wherein said air-flow comprises hydrocarbon, thus gives electric conductivity to described silicon dioxide layer.
25. methods as claimed in claim 24, wherein, the main component of described gas comprises hydrocarbon molecule, and described hydrocarbon molecule comprises a carbon atom, two carbon atoms, three carbon atoms or its combination.
26. 1 kinds of power transmission devices, described equipment comprises:
At least one is through the metallic particles of silica-coating, and described particle comprises:
Metal-cored; With
Described metal-cored on coating, wherein said coating comprises:
Silica; With
Run through described coating to described at least one metal-cored hole, wherein, it is described metal-cored that at least one hole described is constructed to that oxidant is contacted;
First chamber, described first chamber is constructed to the described metallic particles through silica-coating is reduced;
Second chamber, described second chamber is constructed to the described metallic particles through silica-coating is oxidized;
Passage, described passage makes described first chamber and described second chamber in fluid communication, and wherein, described passage is constructed to enable at least one metallic particles through silica-coating described flow to described second chamber from described first chamber; With
Device, described device is constructed to receive and is oxidized by the described metallic particles through silica-coating in described second chamber the heat produced.
27. power transmission devices as claimed in claim 26, wherein, described second chamber is operationally communicated in and needs the equipment of heat and provide heat to it.
28. power transmission devices as claimed in claim 26, wherein, described first chamber is configured to the equipment cooling producing heat.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2012/051055 WO2014028015A1 (en) | 2012-08-16 | 2012-08-16 | Power transmission |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104520099A true CN104520099A (en) | 2015-04-15 |
Family
ID=50099164
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201280075130.0A Pending CN104520099A (en) | 2012-08-16 | 2012-08-16 | Power transmission |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10005944B2 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN104520099A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2014028015A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP6988774B2 (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2022-01-05 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Heat generation method, vehicle that can perform heat generation method, and heat generation device |
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| US4971605A (en) * | 1989-09-18 | 1990-11-20 | Institute Of Gas Technology | Isothermal thermo-cyclic processing |
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| US6083862A (en) * | 1994-03-14 | 2000-07-04 | Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Cyclic process for oxidation of calcium sulfide |
| US6913825B2 (en) | 2001-09-20 | 2005-07-05 | University Of Notre Dame Du Lac | Process for making mesoporous silicate nanoparticle coatings and hollow mesoporous silica nano-shells |
| US7079370B2 (en) * | 2003-04-28 | 2006-07-18 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Apparatus and method for removal of surface oxides via fluxless technique electron attachment and remote ion generation |
| EP1791691A4 (en) * | 2004-09-20 | 2010-06-23 | Hexion Specialty Chemicals Res | Particles for use as proppants or in gravel packs, methods for making and using the same |
| US8691464B2 (en) * | 2007-05-25 | 2014-04-08 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Three dimensional single-chamber fuel cells |
| US8057734B2 (en) * | 2009-02-24 | 2011-11-15 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Producing metal and carbon dioxide with hydrogen recycle |
| US8353155B2 (en) * | 2009-08-31 | 2013-01-15 | General Electric Company | Catalyst and method of manufacture |
| US9156025B2 (en) * | 2012-11-21 | 2015-10-13 | SDCmaterials, Inc. | Three-way catalytic converter using nanoparticles |
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- 2012-08-16 CN CN201280075130.0A patent/CN104520099A/en active Pending
- 2012-08-16 US US13/809,539 patent/US10005944B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-08-16 WO PCT/US2012/051055 patent/WO2014028015A1/en active Application Filing
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20140048056A1 (en) | 2014-02-20 |
| WO2014028015A1 (en) | 2014-02-20 |
| US10005944B2 (en) | 2018-06-26 |
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