CN104498409A - Method for culturing rhodospirillum for degrading organic contaminations of aquiculture - Google Patents
Method for culturing rhodospirillum for degrading organic contaminations of aquiculture Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104498409A CN104498409A CN201410848190.2A CN201410848190A CN104498409A CN 104498409 A CN104498409 A CN 104498409A CN 201410848190 A CN201410848190 A CN 201410848190A CN 104498409 A CN104498409 A CN 104498409A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- rhodospirillum
- aquaculture
- substratum
- sodium
- days
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000009360 aquaculture Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 241000190967 Rhodospirillum Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 230000000593 degrading Effects 0.000 title abstract 3
- 244000144974 aquaculture Species 0.000 claims description 31
- 241000605008 Spirillum Species 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L mgso4 Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 14
- QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monochloramine Chemical compound ClN QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940041514 Candida albicans extract Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 229960002989 Glutamic Acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Iron(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940045641 Monobasic Sodium Phosphate Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 229960004249 Sodium Acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium molybdate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O TVXXNOYZHKPKGW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011790 ferrous sulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000003891 ferrous sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001954 sterilising Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012138 yeast extract Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000001580 bacterial Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 13
- 241000238557 Decapoda Species 0.000 abstract description 5
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 abstract description 4
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000001488 breeding Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 231100000956 nontoxicity Toxicity 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000015784 hyperosmotic salinity response Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003000 nontoxic Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 231100000486 side effect Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003588 decontaminative Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009629 microbiological culture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008239 natural water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010815 organic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009372 pisciculture Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015170 shellfish Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
- C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
Abstract
The invention provides a method for culturing rhodospirillum for degrading organic contaminations of aquiculture. The method comprises the steps of breeding salt tolerance of rhodospirillum and sulfur-free rhodospirillum, obtaining salt-tolerant blended rhodospirillum strains according to a gradient cultivation method and culturing salt-tolerant blended rhodospirillum. The method for culturing rhodospirillum for degrading organic contaminations of aquiculture disclosed by the invention has the beneficial effects that the salt-tolerant blended rhodospirillum has no toxicity to aquatic animals and no side and toxicity to human bodies, is capable of effectively improving the conditions of water areas for aquiculture, is simple in use, and has good application prospect; and the salt-tolerant blended rhodospirillum obtained according to the method disclosed by the invention and added in a growth water area of aquatic animals can be used for effectively reducing the content of organic contaminations in the bottom mud of the water area, so that the environment of the culture water area is beneficial to the growth of aquatic animals such as fish, shrimps and crabs.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to field of microbial culture technology, more specifically to a kind of rhodospirillum cultural method for aquaculture degradable organic pollutant.
Background technology
Aquaculture is the activity in production of breeding, cultivating and gather in the crops aquatic animals and plants under manual control.Generally comprise the whole process forming fishery products under artificial breeding management from seed.Broadly also Enhancement of fishery resources can be comprised.Aquaculture has the modes such as extensive cultivation, intensive culture and high density culture.Extensive cultivation throws in seed in medium and small natural water area, forms fishery products completely by natural bait, as lake and reservoir breed fish and shallow sea support shellfish etc.Intensive culture forms fishery products with bait throwing in, fertilizing method, as aqiuculrue, cage culture and enclosure culture, net enclosure culture etc. in comparatively small size pond.High density culture adopts flowing water, temperature control, oxygenation and the methods such as high-quality bait of throwing something and feeding, and carries out high-density breeding in small size pond, thus obtains high yield, as Running Water Intensive Fish Farming, shrimp etc.
Rhodospirillum is lived in the mud in lake, pond, is a kind of typical amphitrophy type bacterium.When rhodospirillum grows under difficult environmental conditions, its nutrient type can change.Do not having under organic condition, it can utilize luminous energy, and stabilizing carbon dioxide fixes organism; Having under organic condition, it can utilize again organism to grow.According to its feature, start at present to use rhodospirillum to purify the organic waste water of high density in efforts at environmental protection, to reach protection of the environment, the object of decontamination.
Summary of the invention
Instant invention overcomes deficiency of the prior art, provide a kind of rhodospirillum cultural method for aquaculture degradable organic pollutant.
Object of the present invention is achieved by following technical proposals.
For the rhodospirillum cultural method of aquaculture degradable organic pollutant, carry out according to following step:
Step 1, rhodospirillum and sulfur-free rhodospirillum are inoculated in substratum and cultivate, consisting of of described substratum: through the seawater 1L of sterilizing, ammonium chloride 0.1-1.5g, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC 0.2-2.7g, yeast extract 2.5-9.6g, sodium-acetate 2.7-6.8g, ammonium sulfate 0.1-1.5g, Sodium orthomolybdate 0.05-0.15g and boric acid 0.05-0.15g, PH is 6.5-7.8, cultivates 3-10 days;
Step 2, is cultivated cultivating the hybrid bacterial strain obtained in described step 1 by gradient method of cultivation, and after continuous passage 3-6 generation, obtaining can in the salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum strain of stable growth under sea conditions;
Step 3, by the salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum strain obtained in described step 2, at 25-35 DEG C, intensity of illumination is continue under the condition of 10000-70000LX to cultivate, consisting of of selected substratum: aquaculture waters bed mud 0.5L, ammonium chloride 0.1-1.5g, magnesium sulfate 1.5-3.5g, L-glutamic acid 0.15-0.56g, ferrous sulfate 0.25-0.75g and aquaculture seawater 0.5L, PH is 7.0-8.0, cultivates 9-15 days, obtains salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum.
In described step 1, consisting of of described substratum: through the seawater 1L of sterilizing, ammonium chloride 1.2g, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC 1.9g, yeast extract 4.8g, sodium-acetate 5.6g, ammonium sulfate 0.8g, Sodium orthomolybdate 0.09g and boric acid 0.09g, PH are 7.4, and described incubation time is 7 days.
In described step 2, described continuous passage was 5 generations.
In described step 3, described culture condition is: culture temperature is 30 DEG C, intensity of illumination is 30000LX, described substratum consists of: aquaculture waters bed mud 0.5L, ammonium chloride 1.2g, magnesium sulfate 2.6g, L-glutamic acid 0.36g, ferrous sulfate 0.56g and aquaculture seawater 0.5L, PH are 7.4, described incubation time 10 days.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is: this salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum, to hydrocoles nontoxicity, to human non-toxic's side effect, and effectively improves the water area condition in aquaculture waters, and application method is simple, has a good application prospect; The salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum that the inventive method obtains is added with in fishery products growth waters, effectively reduce the content of this Cultivated water Organic Pollutants in Sedimentary Mud, make the growth of the fish of environmental benefits in aquaculture, shrimp, crab etc. the fishery products of this Cultivated water.
Embodiment
Below by specific embodiment, technical scheme of the present invention is further described.
Embodiment 1
For the rhodospirillum cultural method of aquaculture degradable organic pollutant, carry out according to following step:
Step 1, rhodospirillum and sulfur-free rhodospirillum are inoculated in substratum and cultivate, consisting of of substratum: through the seawater 1L of sterilizing, ammonium chloride 0.1g, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC 0.2g, yeast extract 2.5g, sodium-acetate 2.7g, ammonium sulfate 0.1g, Sodium orthomolybdate 0.05g and boric acid 0.05g, PH is 7.8, cultivates 10 days;
Step 2, is cultivated cultivating the hybrid bacterial strain obtained in step 1 by gradient method of cultivation, and after continuous passage 6 generation, obtaining can in the salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum strain of stable growth under sea conditions;
Step 3, by the salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum strain obtained in step 2, at 35 DEG C, intensity of illumination is continue under the condition of 70000LX to cultivate, consisting of of selected substratum: aquaculture waters bed mud 0.5L, ammonium chloride 0.1g, magnesium sulfate 1.5g, L-glutamic acid 0.15g, ferrous sulfate 0.25g and aquaculture seawater 0.5L, PH is 8.0, cultivates 15 days, obtains salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum.
Embodiment 2
For the rhodospirillum cultural method of aquaculture degradable organic pollutant, carry out according to following step:
Step 1, rhodospirillum and sulfur-free rhodospirillum are inoculated in substratum and cultivate, consisting of of substratum: through the seawater 1L of sterilizing, ammonium chloride 1.5g, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC 2.7g, yeast extract 9.6g, sodium-acetate 6.8g, ammonium sulfate 1.5g, Sodium orthomolybdate 0.15g and boric acid 0.15g, PH is 6.5, cultivates 3 days;
Step 2, is cultivated cultivating the hybrid bacterial strain obtained in step 1 by gradient method of cultivation, and after continuous passage 3 generation, obtaining can in the salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum strain of stable growth under sea conditions;
Step 3, by the salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum strain obtained in step 2, at 25 DEG C, intensity of illumination is continue under the condition of 10000LX to cultivate, consisting of of selected substratum: aquaculture waters bed mud 0.5L, ammonium chloride 1.5g, magnesium sulfate 3.5g, L-glutamic acid 0.56g, ferrous sulfate 0.75g and aquaculture seawater 0.5L, PH is 7.0, cultivates 9 days, obtains salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum.
Embodiment 3
For the rhodospirillum cultural method of aquaculture degradable organic pollutant, carry out according to following step:
Step 1, rhodospirillum and sulfur-free rhodospirillum are inoculated in substratum and cultivate, consisting of of substratum: through the seawater 1L of sterilizing, ammonium chloride 1.2g, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC 1.9g, yeast extract 4.8g, sodium-acetate 5.6g, ammonium sulfate 0.8g, Sodium orthomolybdate 0.09g and boric acid 0.09g, PH is 7.4, cultivates 7 days;
Step 2, is cultivated cultivating the hybrid bacterial strain obtained in step 1 by gradient method of cultivation, and after continuous passage 5 generation, obtaining can in the salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum strain of stable growth under sea conditions;
Step 3, by the salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum strain obtained in step 2, at 30 DEG C, intensity of illumination is continue under the condition of 30000LX to cultivate, consisting of of selected substratum: aquaculture waters bed mud 0.5L, ammonium chloride 1.2g, magnesium sulfate 2.6g, L-glutamic acid 0.36g, ferrous sulfate 0.56g and aquaculture seawater 0.5L, PH is 7.4, cultivates 10 days, obtains salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum.
This salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum, to hydrocoles nontoxicity, to human non-toxic's side effect, and effectively improves the water area condition in aquaculture waters, and application method is simple, has a good application prospect; The salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum that the inventive method obtains is added with in fishery products growth waters, effectively reduce the content of this Cultivated water Organic Pollutants in Sedimentary Mud, make the growth of the fish of environmental benefits in aquaculture, shrimp, crab etc. the fishery products of this Cultivated water.
Above to invention has been exemplary description; should be noted that; when not departing from core of the present invention, any simple distortion, amendment or other those skilled in the art can not spend the equivalent replacement of creative work all to fall into protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. for the rhodospirillum cultural method of aquaculture degradable organic pollutant, it is characterized in that: carry out according to following step:
Step 1, rhodospirillum and sulfur-free rhodospirillum are inoculated in substratum and cultivate, consisting of of described substratum: through the seawater 1L of sterilizing, ammonium chloride 0.1-1.5g, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC 0.2-2.7g, yeast extract 2.5-9.6g, sodium-acetate 2.7-6.8g, ammonium sulfate 0.1-1.5g, Sodium orthomolybdate 0.05-0.15g and boric acid 0.05-0.15g, PH is 6.5-7.8, cultivates 3-10 days;
Step 2, is cultivated cultivating the hybrid bacterial strain obtained in described step 1 by gradient method of cultivation, and after continuous passage 3-6 generation, obtaining can in the salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum strain of stable growth under sea conditions;
Step 3, by the salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum strain obtained in described step 2, at 25-35 DEG C, intensity of illumination is continue under the condition of 10000-70000LX to cultivate, consisting of of selected substratum: aquaculture waters bed mud 0.5L, ammonium chloride 0.1-1.5g, magnesium sulfate 1.5-3.5g, L-glutamic acid 0.15-0.56g, ferrous sulfate 0.25-0.75g and aquaculture seawater 0.5L, PH is 7.0-8.0, cultivates 9-15 days, obtains salt tolerant mixture of red spirillum.
2. the rhodospirillum cultural method for aquaculture degradable organic pollutant according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in described step 1, consisting of of described substratum: through the seawater 1L of sterilizing, ammonium chloride 1.2g, SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC 1.9g, yeast extract 4.8g, sodium-acetate 5.6g, ammonium sulfate 0.8g, Sodium orthomolybdate 0.09g and boric acid 0.09g, PH is 7.4, and described incubation time is 7 days.
3. the rhodospirillum cultural method for aquaculture degradable organic pollutant according to claim 1, is characterized in that: in described step 2, and described continuous passage was 5 generations.
4. the rhodospirillum cultural method for aquaculture degradable organic pollutant according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in described step 3, described culture condition is: culture temperature is 30 DEG C, and intensity of illumination is 30000LX, and described substratum consists of: aquaculture waters bed mud 0.5L, ammonium chloride 1.2g, magnesium sulfate 2.6g, L-glutamic acid 0.36g, ferrous sulfate 0.56g and aquaculture seawater 0.5L, PH is 7.4, described incubation time 10 days.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410848190.2A CN104498409A (en) | 2014-12-29 | 2014-12-29 | Method for culturing rhodospirillum for degrading organic contaminations of aquiculture |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410848190.2A CN104498409A (en) | 2014-12-29 | 2014-12-29 | Method for culturing rhodospirillum for degrading organic contaminations of aquiculture |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104498409A true CN104498409A (en) | 2015-04-08 |
Family
ID=52939863
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201410848190.2A Pending CN104498409A (en) | 2014-12-29 | 2014-12-29 | Method for culturing rhodospirillum for degrading organic contaminations of aquiculture |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN104498409A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105296397A (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2016-02-03 | 蚌埠市水森林生态农业科技园 | Method for culturing aquaculture rhodospirillum |
| CN109479766A (en) * | 2018-11-14 | 2019-03-19 | 浙江海洋大学 | Bream artificial cultivating method |
-
2014
- 2014-12-29 CN CN201410848190.2A patent/CN104498409A/en active Pending
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105296397A (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2016-02-03 | 蚌埠市水森林生态农业科技园 | Method for culturing aquaculture rhodospirillum |
| CN109479766A (en) * | 2018-11-14 | 2019-03-19 | 浙江海洋大学 | Bream artificial cultivating method |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN103992187B (en) | A kind of bio-bacterial manure for preventing and treating water body moss and preparation method thereof | |
| CN103314904B (en) | Large gauge Eriocheir sinensia pond ecological seedling-cultivating method | |
| CN104206359B (en) | A kind of method of utilizing micro-algae and other microorganism composite bait artemia cultures | |
| CN103444603B (en) | Method for culturing grouper fries in small water body | |
| CN102106297A (en) | Ecological cultivation method for mixed cultivation of stichopus japonicus and abalone | |
| CN104642223A (en) | High-yield management method of oreochromis mossambicus | |
| CN106688999A (en) | Method for breeding South America white shrimps | |
| CN105557569A (en) | Pond culture method for Mastacembelus armatus | |
| CN103141411A (en) | Hippocampus erectus parent sea horse pairing method | |
| CN102017905B (en) | Method for breeding pinaeus monodon fries | |
| CN104498409A (en) | Method for culturing rhodospirillum for degrading organic contaminations of aquiculture | |
| CN104186431A (en) | High-density artemia breeding method with single-cell protein single-step food chain utilized | |
| CN110250047A (en) | A kind of method of industrial aquaculture threadfin | |
| CN106614171A (en) | High-efficiency river crab seedling growing integrated cultivation method | |
| Amisah et al. | Effects of bamboo substrate and supplementary feed on growth and production of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus | |
| CN105557589B (en) | A kind of method of epinephelus akaara seedling less salt breeding | |
| Kasan et al. | Application of biofloc technology (BFT) in shrimp aquaculture industry | |
| CN104872027B (en) | Facility and method for indoor large-scale cultivation of larvae and juveniles of Sillago sihama using prawn cultivation wastewater | |
| CN106577372A (en) | Syngnathus overwintering and artificial reproduction method | |
| CN106305534A (en) | Culture method of single oysters | |
| CN107867757B (en) | Water quality improvement method for cultivating grouper fries | |
| CN103430882B (en) | A kind of fishes and shrimps shellfish polyculture method of low-carbon (LC) | |
| CN105409848A (en) | Method for controlling bacterial diseases by co-culturing Siganus ConcatenaluJ and Penaeus japonicus | |
| CN105309357A (en) | Method for cultivating large high-quality pelteobagrus fulvidraco fingerling | |
| CN102106298B (en) | Cultivation method of panulirus stimpsoni larva |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication | ||
| WD01 | Invention patent application deemed withdrawn after publication |
Application publication date: 20150408 |