CN104488701B - A kind of half high stake purple skin onion selection of the resistance to storage of kipeming high yield - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for breeding early-maturity, high-yield, and storage-resistant half-height purple-skinned onions. Specifically, onion resources are collected, identified and classified, and breeding parents and parents of sterile lines and maintainers with certain characteristics of breeding objectives are selected from the onions. The breeding parent of the male line with some characteristics of the breeding target; the method of combining the breeding of the large mother plant and the breeding of the small mother plant, using the sterile line and the breeding parent I of the maintainer line as breeding materials to select and breed some traits that meet the breeding objectives Paired sterile lines and maintainer lines; use the breeding parents of the male line as breeding materials to select and breed the male line V with some traits in line with the breeding objectives; adopt the method of "one mother with multiple fathers" and cross artificial pollination to obtain several hybrids New hybrid varieties with high parental combining ability and hybrids meeting the breeding objectives were screened out. The onion variety Zikui No. 3 bred by the method of the invention is a half-height pile with purple-red outer skin, high yield, good early maturity, short growth period and good storage resistance.

Description

Breeding method of a half-height pile purple onion with early maturity, high yield and storage resistance

technical field

The invention relates to breeding technology, in particular to a method for breeding early-maturity, high-yield, storage-resistant half-height purple-skinned onions.

Background technique

Onion is a health-care vegetable with therapeutic value and rich nutrition, known as the 'Queen of Vegetables', especially in reducing blood fat, preventing vascular sclerosis and hypertension, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-aging, etc. Recognize and accept. Onion is a worldwide vegetable, and its production area ranks third (potato first, tomato second). According to the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the world's onion planting area is 3.0695 million hectares, and the output is 53.433 million tons. my country's onion planting area and output both rank first in the world, accounting for nearly 1/3 of the world's planting area and output. In recent years, through market research and research, analysis, and discussion with brother units, it has been found that the market sales of purple onions and fresh vegetables are increasing year by year, and the domestic demand potential is huge.

However, some problems in onion production have gradually emerged. First, there are few good varieties, and most of the varieties used in production are conventional varieties, with low yield, poor quality, low disease resistance, stress resistance, and storage resistance; second, most of the export-earning varieties are imported varieties, and the seed price is high , the management requirements are strict; the third is the low degree of industrialization, the varieties are scattered, and the planting level is low; the fourth is the lack of efficient supporting technologies, and it is difficult to realize the efficient development of modern agriculture.

Through market research, it is found that the current purple onion varieties in production have the following problems: first, early-maturing onion bulbs are flat or half-height, with low yield and poor storage resistance; , although the yield is higher, but the maturity is late. Judging from the current level of onion breeding in my country, onion breeding is not compatible with major production and export countries. Not only are there few units engaged in onion breeding, but they are mainly engaged in conventional breeding. The varieties bred have poor uniformity, poor stress resistance, and few good varieties. However, hybrids with great potential, neat spherical shape and good commerciality are not widely used in my country at present. In recent years, some scientific research institutes have begun to try hybrid breeding, but most of them are still in their infancy, and have not bred a hybrid variety that is widely used in production, especially the half-height purple onion variety with early maturity, high yield, and storage resistance. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to breed new varieties of half-height purple onion with high yield, early maturity and storage resistance.

Contents of the invention

The present invention aims at the purple-skinned onion varieties currently in production, which have early-maturing onion bulbs with flat or half-high piles, low yield and poor storage resistance, and mid-late-maturing onion varieties with half-high piles or flat bulbs, high yields but late maturity. The problem is to provide a method for breeding early-maturity, high-yield, and storage-resistant half-height purple onions.

The early-maturity, high-yield and storage-resistant half-height pile purple onion breeding method of the present invention comprises the following steps:

1) Collect onion resources and identify and classify them. According to the breeding objectives, select the male sterile line and maintainer breeding parent I with certain characteristics of the breeding objectives from the onion resources, and the male parent line breeding parents with certain characteristics of the breeding objectives II;

2) The method of combining the breeding of the large mother plant and the breeding of the small mother plant, using the sterile line and the maintainer line breeding parent I as the breeding material, selecting a pair of sterile plants and fertile plants in the offspring of the breeding material for artificial pollination And fertility, character selection, selection of x pairs of sterile line III and maintainer line IV with some characters in line with the breeding objectives;

3) Using the breeding parent II of the male parent line as the breeding material, select and breed y male parent lines V whose part traits meet the breeding objectives;

4) Using the male sterile line III as the female parent, adopting the method of "one mother with multiple fathers", taking the male parent line V as the male parent, artificially pollinating and crossing to obtain z hybrids VI;

5) Screen out a new hybrid variety VII whose male and female parents have high combining ability and the hybrid meets the breeding objective from the z hybrids VI;

Wherein, x, y, z are positive integers.

Wherein, the method for breeding the early-maturity, high-yield, and storage-resistant half-height purple-skinned onions adopts a combination of net shed planting and bagging in the whole process to prevent the intervention of foreign pollen.

Wherein, in the artificial pollination, it is preferable to wash hands with clean water instead of alcohol hand sanitizer in conventional artificial pollination.

Among them, 1) the breeding objectives are mainly early maturity, high yield, storage tolerance, half-high pile, and purple skin.

Wherein, 1) the breeding objective also includes strong disease resistance.

The identification method of the disease resistance is to use the land where onions have been planted for many years to create a natural onion disease garden for identification of disease resistance.

Among them, 1) the method of combining the breeding of the large mother plant and the breeding of the small mother plant, the specific steps are as follows: after the seeds are harvested in early July, they are made in triplicate: one copy is kept for later use; one copy is used for the identification of the large mother plant, 8 Seedlings are raised from late September to early September, and they are planted in the open field in mid-to-late November. The identification of the large mother plant will be carried out in June of the next year; a copy is sown in a greenhouse or greenhouse before mid-July-August 5, so that its transverse diameter can be reached in the greenhouse or greenhouse. To a certain thickness, take control measures to avoid excessive growth, promote roughness and high control, and ensure that the bolting rate will reach more than 90% in the coming year. In early November, the film is planted in the greenhouse or open field, and the seeds are harvested in July of the next year.

Compared with the conventional procedure (for the production of seeds in the previous year, seedling cultivation before the first ten days of June, planting in the first ten days of November, and harvesting of seeds in the first ten days of July of the following year, one generation in three years), the method of combining large mother plant breeding and small mother plant breeding The identification of large mother plants and the addition of small mother plants are carried out at the same time, making full use of facilities such as greenhouses and greenhouses, greatly shortening the breeding cycle from 1 generation in 3 years to 1 generation in 2 years.

Step 4) The method of "one mother and multiple fathers" refers to crossing multiple male lines V with one sterile line III, identifying and screening the first generation of hybrids, and identifying beneficial parental hybrid combinations.

The hybridization described in step 4) is conventional onion artificial hybridization, and the main points are: the one, according to the biological characteristics of the male parent and the female parent, take cultivation technical measures to make the parents bloom at the same time; When the female parent is a sterile line, no manual emasculation is required), artificial pollination and other external means pass the pollen of the male parent to the stigma of the female parent for cross-pollination to obtain hybrid seeds.

Step 5) the high combining ability refers to adopting the diallell hybridization method, hybridizing each female parent with all male parents, and simultaneously hybridizing each male parent with all female parents, and planting the hybrid seeds obtained, according to the Li Garner combining ability Analytical method, to investigate and analyze the performance of yield and its related economic traits, if the hybrid of a certain female parent and male parent shows a higher yield than the average yield, then the combining ability of this female parent and male parent combination is high, otherwise it is a combination Power is low.

The breeding parent I of the sterile line and the maintainer line is Zikui No. 1 (from Shijiazhuang Vegetable Research Institute).

The breeding parent II of the male parent line is a variant strain with good bulb gloss among Shaanxi red sun onion varieties.

The new hybrid variety VII is Zikui 3.

The invention also provides the application of the method for breeding the early-maturity, high-yield and storage-storable half-height purple onion in onion breeding.

The early-maturing, high-yield and storage-resistant half-height purple-skinned onion breeding method of the present invention, the characteristics of the bred onion variety Zikui No. 3 are as follows:

Bulb half-high pile, outer skin purple red, transverse diameter 10-12cm, longitudinal diameter 8-10cm, bright and shiny, the appearance of the onion is neat and consistent, the rate of high-quality products is over 96%, the average weight of a single ball is about 500g, large balls can be Up to 750g. High yield, generally about 7500kg per mu, and up to 9000kg in high-yield plots, an increase of more than 20% compared with the current main variety Zixing 2. It has good precocity, and its growth period is about 270 days. Compared with Zixing 2, the maturity period is about 5 days earlier, and compared with Zikui No. 1, the maturity period is about 20 days earlier. It has good storage resistance. After three months of storage at room temperature, the loss rate is reduced by 12% compared with Zixing No. 2, and the loss rate is reduced by 9% compared with Zikui No. 1.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is technical path of the present invention.

Fig. 2 is a flow chart of breeding paired sterile lines and maintainer lines by the method of combining large mother plant breeding and small mother plant breeding in the present invention.

Among them, (1) is the first year, (2) is the second year, and (3) is the third year.

detailed description

The following examples are used to illustrate the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and essence of the present invention, any modifications or substitutions made to the methods, steps or conditions of the present invention fall within the scope of the present invention.

Unless otherwise specified, the hybridization, self-crossing, testcrossing, and backcrossing used in the examples are conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art.

Embodiment 1 Technical route of the present invention

Technical roadmap of the present invention is referring to Fig. 1, and it is:

1) Collect onion resources, identify and classify the resources, and select male sterile lines and maintainer breeding parents with certain characteristics of the breeding objectives, and male parent lines with certain characteristics of the breeding objectives from the onion resources according to the breeding objectives breeding parent;

2) Using the breeding parents of the sterile line and the maintainer line as the breeding material, select a pair of sterile plants and fertile plants from the offspring of the breeding material for artificial pollination and selection of fertility and traits, and select some of the traits that meet the breeding objectives. x for CMS and maintainer lines;

3) Using the breeding parents of the male line as the breeding material, select and breed y male lines whose part traits meet the breeding objectives;

4) Using the sterile line as the female parent, adopting the method of "one mother with multiple fathers", taking the male parent line as the male parent, artificially pollinating and crossing to obtain z hybrids;

5) After field production identification and cultivation tests, select new hybrid varieties from z hybrids whose male and female parents have high combining ability, and the hybrids meet the breeding objectives, and promote, develop and utilize the new varieties.

The process of breeding x-pair sterile lines and maintainer lines in the present invention adopts the mode of combining large mother plant breeding and small mother plant breeding, and its flow chart is shown in FIG. 2 . The specific steps of combining the breeding of the large mother plant and the breeding of the small mother plant are as follows: After harvesting the seeds in early July, make three copies: one copy is kept for later use; one copy is used for the identification of the large mother plant, and seedlings are raised from late August to early September , planted in the open field in mid-to-late November, and identify the large mother plant in June of the next year; sow in a greenhouse or greenhouse from mid-July to August 5, so that its transverse diameter can reach a certain thickness in the greenhouse and greenhouse, and take control measures To avoid excessive growth, promote coarse control, and ensure that the bolting rate in the coming year will reach more than 90%. In early November, the film is planted in the greenhouse or in the open field, and the seeds are harvested in July of the next year.

Whether the purity of the scallion variety gene can be maintained and whether it has high genetic transmission ability is an important key technology for the success of breeding. The present invention combines paired pollination and single plant selfing. The whole breeding process is planted in net sheds and nested The bag is combined to prevent the intervention of foreign pollen.

After experimental research, the applicant found that in the onion pollination process, the traditional alcohol hand rub can be changed to clear water to wash hands, which saves time and effort and reduces costs. After 5 consecutive years of experiments from 2010 to 2014, it was found that during the pollination process of onions, washing hands with clean water has the same effect as rubbing hands with alcohol.

The invention also utilizes the onion planting plots for many years to create a natural onion disease nursery, and systematically and effectively selects excellent disease-resistant materials and disease-resistant individual plants.

The concrete process of the present invention sees embodiment 2-8.

Collection and Identification Classification of Embodiment 2 Onion Resources

Our unit started the onion breeding research work in 1998, and has collected 63 onion materials such as purple skin resources such as Zixing (three types), red hydrangea (three types), Xinyou red flat pile, Gansu purple skin (four types), Red Sun (three types), Purple Star, Gao Yuan (three types), Taishan Purple Crown, Taishan Purple Jade, Purple Ball, Red Jade, Sun Purple, Xingda Purple Crown, Ziyun Xiuyu , Aichi Chiyu, Beidaohong, Xiongyue No. 2, etc.; yellow-skinned resources such as Chengde Huangyu onion (three types), Tianjin Dashuitao (four types), Tianjin water chestnut flat (three types), Xiongyue onion ( Three types), Beijing yellow skin (two types), etc.; white skin resources include Dingzhou white skin (four types), Baijingang, Baixue, Baiyan, Tianjin Xuanhuai (three types), etc.; imported foreign resources Cowboy, Pandora, Tokyo Daikadama, Hongbao 901, Hongshi, Hongdi, etc. In recent years, through investigation and research on market changes, 18 different types of onion resources at home and abroad have been collected in a targeted and various ways, such as Zaosheng Chiyu, Zijiao, Zaosheng Honggao, Hongping Zaofeng, Fuxing, Chunlei, Late jade, Golden Sun, Hongbao 905, Hongbao 909, Xinxiang Qixingying Zipi (four types) and so on.

The breeding goals are early maturity, high yield, storage tolerance, half-height pile, purple skin, and strong stress resistance. According to the breeding goal, the collected materials were screened and identified. We planted the above-mentioned 81 different cultivar resources under consistent cultivation conditions, so that they can fully express the genotype differences of each other. In order to fully display the horticultural traits of different species groups, we have adopted different planting patterns and cultivation techniques. During the whole plant growth process, the onion plants, number of leaves, bulb size, shape and color, ripeness, bolting, Tillering, resistance (using the land where onions have been planted for many years to create onion natural disease nurseries for resistance screening), etc., are screened and identified multiple times from different growth stages. The main product of onion is the enlarged bulb, which is half-covered in the soil in the field and cannot be fully tested. After the adult plants are harvested, field test identification is carried out. Finally, Zikui 1 was selected as the breeding parent of the CMS line and the maintainer line, and Red Sun, Xinxiang Zipi, Zaosheng Chiyu, Zixing (precocious type), Zaohong Honggao, Hongping Zaofeng, and Hongbao 905 were selected. The 7 materials that meet the breeding objectives are the breeding parents of the male line.

The breeding of embodiment 3 onion male sterile line and maintainer line

1. Breeding of sterile plants

Male sterile genes are more commonly found in onions, and it is easier to find male sterile plants in the field. At about 10:00 am on a sunny day, touch the flower ball of the onion in full bloom with the palm of your hand. If there is no yellow pollen in the palm, it may be a male sterile plant, and then visually inspect the characteristics of the stamens and anthers.

The stamen filaments of male sterile plants are shorter, the anthers are smaller, and the anthers are greenish-yellow, yellowish-brown or grayish-yellow, and have no inclusions in Yangon perspective. Divided into three types: regular drug type, thin drug type and short stamen type. The characteristics of the anthers of the common drug type are similar to those of the fertile ones, but the color of the anthers is green and difficult to identify. Breed thin drug type and short pistil type as much as possible.

In 2006, in Zikui No. 1 onion breeding field, 10 male sterile onion plants were found, respectively listed as 06 field EA-1, 06 field EA-2, 06 field EA-3, 06 field EA-4, Field 06 EA-5, Field 06 EA-6, Field 06 EA-7, Field 06 EA-8, Field 06 EA-9, Field 06 EA-10 were allowed to pollinate freely. After natural pollination, they were harvested according to the numbers save.

The single plant to be harvested in the same year will grow seedlings in mid-July, and will be planted in open-ground net sheds in October. In the first ten days of June 2007, the onion flowering stage investigation found that the selected 10 sterile onion plants had different fertility performances. Among them, EA-1 in field 06 showed a sterile rate of 93%, and EA-10 in field 06 showed a sterile rate of 90%. , the other 8 were all eliminated below 80% (see Table 1).

Table 1: The survey results of the sterile rate of sterile plants in our test field in 2007

Sterile strain code Plant a tree number of sterile plants Infertility rate 06 Tian EA-1 100 93 93% 06 Tian EA-2 100 76 76% 06 Tian EA-3 100 69 69% 06 Tian EA-4 100 77 77% 06 Tian EA-5 100 78 78% 06 Tian EA-6 100 47 47% 06 Tian EA-7 100 81 81% 06 Tian EA-8 100 25 25% 06 Tian EA-9 100 63 63% 06 Tian EA-10 100 90 90%

2. Breeding of maintaining strains

In 2006, 10 excellent individual plants with normal fertility and sufficient pollen were selected from the onion planting field, and the bloomed flowers were removed, bagged and self-crossed, and harvested and numbered respectively. Sow seeds in July 2006, and plant open-ground net sheds in October. In June 2007, one onion plant was selected when the onion bloomed, and the flowers that had already opened were removed, tagged and bagged, tested in pairs with the selected sterile plants, and self-crossed respectively, as the maintainer plants.

3. Pair selection of sterile lines and maintainer lines

During the flowering period of onion in June 2007, 2 excellent sterile plants were selected from 06 field EA-1, 06 field EA-2 ... 06 field EA-10, and the bloomed flowers were removed, put on a label and bagged, and from 2006 field. Among the 10 selected fertile individual plants, select 2 fertile individual plants with sufficient pollen, remove the bloomed flowers, put them into bags, and after 3-4 days, brush the pollen to the selected sterile plants to form a pair Pollination (wash your hands with clean water instead of alcohol to disinfect your hands when pollinating), brush pollen twice a day, and harvest seeds from individual plants after the seeds mature. 07 Tian EA-20, the seeds harvested from the fertile plants are the B line, and the numbers are 07 Tian EB-1...07 Tian EB-20. In the same year, the harvested seeds are divided into two parts (the method of combining large mother plant breeding and small mother plant breeding): a part of raising seedlings in July (i.e. summer seedling raising), a part of September 3 seedling raising (i.e. autumn seedling raising), July Seeds for raising seedlings were paired with A and B lines in October of that year and planted in the open-ground net shed. When flowering in June 2008, the fertility was identified, and the sterile and fertile plant rates of A and B lines were investigated respectively (see table 2. Table 3), the A line with high sterile plant rate and the high B line with fertile plant rate were selected to stay 07 field EA-3 to 07 field EB-3, 07 field EA-10 to 07 field EB-10,07 Field EA-13 paired with 07 field EB-13, selected 10 plants from the selected lines, backcrossed and selfed respectively, and the seeds of the backcrossed combination and the reincarnated male parent were collected from the ramets, numbered respectively as 08 Tian EA-1 and 08 Tian EB-1...08 Field EA-30 vs. 08 Field EB-30. The seeds raised on September 3 were planted in the open field on November 10 of that year (07) and covered with plastic film. When the onions were harvested in June 2008, they were planted in the field Species testing and adult plant identification, eliminating the lines with inferior growth in the field. Field 07 EA-3 vs. Field 07 EB-3, Field 07 EA-13 vs. 1...08 Field EA-10 to 08 Field EB-10, 08 Field EA-21 to 08 Field EB-21...08 Field EA-30 to 08 Field EB-30.

Select and keep 07 field EA-10 to 07 field EB-10, that is, 08 field EA-11 to 08 field EB-11... 08 field EA-20 to 08 field EB-20, and select special from the paired large mother plants Excellent or mutated sterile plants and maintainers were paired and planted in open field net sheds. The BC1 line and S2 line harvested in the same year also performed well in large plants and were planted in open-ground net sheds. The breeding performance was identified in June 2009, and so on in subsequent years.

Table 2: 2008 survey results of sterile strains in our test field

Sterile strain code Number of plants number of sterile plants Infertility rate 07 Tian EA-1 50 44 88% 07 Tian 7EA-2 50 37 74% 07 Tian EA-3 50 47 94% 07 Tian EA-4 50 41 82% 07 Tian E7A-5 50 41 82% 07 Tian EA-6 50 45 90% 07 Tian EA-7 50 30 60% 07 Tian EA-8 50 45 90% 07 Tian EA-9 50 43 86% 07 Tian EA-10 50 47 94% 07 Tian EA-11 50 28 56% 07 Tian EA-12 50 37 74%

07 Tian EA-13 50 49 98% 07 Tian EA-14 50 42 84% 07 Tian EA-15 50 40 80% 07 Tian EA-16 50 twenty two 44% 07 Tian EA-17 50 37 74% 07 Tian EA-18 50 29 58% 07 Tian EA-19 50 43 86% 07 Tian EA-20 50 41 82%

Table 3: 2008 survey results of maintaining plant fertility in our experimental fields

Keep the strain code Number of Plants number of fertile plants Fertility rate 07 Tian EB-1 50 49 98% 07 Tian EB-2 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-3 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-4 49 50 98% 07 Tian EB-5 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-6 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-7 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-8 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-9 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-10 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-11 50 49 98% 07 Tian EB-12 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-13 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-14 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-15 50 48 96% 07 Tian EB-16 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-17 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-18 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-19 50 50 100% 07 Tian EB-20 50 50 100%

In 2012, four onion sterile lines were found to be outstanding in the breeding nursery, namely 11 Field EA-2, 11 Field EA-5, 11 Field EA-6, and 11 Field EA-15, with a sterility rate of 100%; the corresponding The characteristics of the maintainer line and the sterile line are consistent, and the fertility reaches 100%. As a key breeding mother plant, in 2013 and 2014, the sterility rates of 11 fields EA-2, 11 fields EA-5, 11 fields EA-6, and 11 fields EA-15 were all 100%. The fertility rate also reached 100% (see Table 4).

While identifying the fertility, male sterile lines are used to configure hybrid combinations using the method of "one mother and multiple fathers", and the identification of hybrid combinations and small-area seed production are carried out, and multi-site and multi-site adaptability identification is arranged.

Table 4: Sterility rate of onion sterile lines and fertility rate of maintainer lines in 2013 and 2014

5. Characteristics of onion male sterile lines and maintainer lines (see Table 5)

Table 5: Characteristics of onion male sterile lines and maintainer lines

Numbering maturity bulb shape skin color Weight per plant (g) 11 Field EA-1 6.10 oblate Fuchsia 265 11 Field EB-1 6.10 oblate Fuchsia 230 11 Field EA-5 6.12 half height pile Fuchsia 280 11 Field EB-5 6.12 half height pile Fuchsia 250 11 Field EA-6 6.12 oblate bright purple 285 11 Field EB-6 6.12 oblate bright purple 250 11 Field EA-15 6.10 half height pile Fuchsia 300 11 Field EB-15 6.10 half height pile Fuchsia 260

So far, in this embodiment, various types of onion male sterile lines and four pairs of corresponding maintainer lines have been bred.

The breeding of embodiment 4 onion male parent line

In 2008, the male line of onion was selected and bred. According to the breeding goal: select 20 lines with excellent traits (more than 1 generation of self-crossing) from the breeding nursery and the imported onion varieties, and select 20 lines for each, and plant them in the field net shed in October, and bloom in June At the same time, 10 vigorous plants with sufficient pollen amount were selected for each variety and artificially bagged for self-pollination. After the seeds are harvested, the S1 seeds are harvested from a single plant and registered. The harvested seeds are raised in September and planted in the field in November of that year.

300 plants were planted for each variety. In June 2009, field testing, identification, and strict selection were carried out to eliminate 183 lines whose properties did not meet the requirements. The remaining 17 lines were selected, and these 17 lines were strictly selected. Excellent, according to plant growth, disease resistance, bulb size, ripeness, uniformity, smoothness and color and other traits, select the best among the best, keep 20 plants for each plant, and plant them in the open field net shed in September 2009. When the onion blooms in June, 6 plants are selected for each line, bagged and self-pollinated artificially, and the seeds are harvested after maturity and registered. At this time, the seeds have been selected for more than 3 generations, and some of them have become mature. At this time, in order to speed up the breeding progress and improve their viability (the viability of each generation of selfing basically has a decline phenomenon), the small mother plants are used for additional breeding. . Divide the harvested seeds into two parts, one part raised seedlings in July 2010, and the other part raised seedlings in September. The seeds raised in July were planted in open-ground net sheds in September 2010. When blooming in June 2011, 6 plants were selected for each line for bagging Pollination, seedlings raised in September, field planting in November 2011, field identification in June 2012, selection optimization, selection and selection of various types of high-yield, early maturity, anti-bolting, anti-tiller inbred lines with excellent traits 7 indivual.

The characteristics of the selected male parent line are shown in Table 6:

Table 6: Characteristics of the male parent line

Numbering maturity bulb shape skin color Weight per plant (g) 11ER5-2-4 6.2 flat Fuchsia 260 11ER5-3-1 6.2 oblate Fuchsia 280 11ER8-3-5 6.6 half height pile Fuchsia 315 11ER12-3-2 6.6 half height pile Fuchsia 310

11ER22-2-4 6.9 half height pile deep purple 300 11ER25-1-4 6.9 half height pile Fuchsia 320 11ER25-3-6 6.9 high pile Fuchsia 325 11ER34-4-8 6.2 high pile deep purple 215

So far, 7 high-generation inbred lines of various types with excellent traits have been bred in this example as possible male lines.

Example 5 Breeding of New Onion Variety Zikui No. 3

The matching of excellent hybrid combinations includes the matching of the complementation of the excellent characters of the parents and the matching ability. We first selected male sterile lines and male inbred lines according to the breeding objectives, and then measured combining ability.

In 2011, while we were carrying out the purification and screening of the sterile line, the maintainer line and the male parent line, we used the group rotation mating method to measure the combining ability, that is, the male sterile line was classified as the female parent group, and the inbred line was classified as the parental group. In this group, the same male sterile line was used as the female parent and the inbred lines of each male parent were combined to test the combining ability. Simultaneously with the detection of combining ability, new hybrid combinations that meet the breeding objectives are screened out.

A new hybrid onion variety Zikui 3 with early maturity, high yield, storage resistance, bolting resistance and tillering resistance was bred.

1. Breeding process

In 2011, the selected male sterile lines were used to cross with the excellent male parent lines in a small amount in separate sheds. In 2012, the prepared 66 onion male sterile line hybrid combinations were preliminarily identified in the experimental field of our institute, and it was found that the combination numbered YCZ12-65 performed outstandingly. The female parent of YCR12-65 hybrid onion is onion male sterile line 11 Tian EA-15, and the male parent is a variety of red sun onion from Shaanxi. The inbred line 11ER12-3-2, named the new hybrid variety Zikui 3.

In 2013 and 2014, product comparison tests and production demonstration tests were carried out. The control varieties were Zixing 2 from Handan Vegetable Research Institute and Zikui 1 from Shijiazhuang Vegetable Research Institute.

2. Breeding results

In 2013 and 2014, the Zikui No. 3 hybrid onion variety was tested for product comparison; in 2013 and 2014, multi-point production tests were carried out in Shijiazhuang, Handan Quzhou, Henan Xinxiang and other places, and promoted. Both the product comparison test and the production test were carried out in the same field under the same management, and the control varieties were Zixing 2 from Handan Institute and Zikui 1 from our institute. The experimental results are as follows:

(1) Fertility

Zikui 3 is significantly better than CK1 Zixing 2 in terms of uniformity and yield. The comparison test was repeated three times, and the average yield of CK1 Zixing 2 increased by 24.9% in two years (see Table 7). The production test is randomly arranged, and the average of three points is taken (10 square meters per point). Zikui 3 has increased production compared with CK1 Zixing 2 in the three test points, and the increase rate is 18.8-30.3%. The average mu of Zikui 3 Yield 7636kg/667m2, the average yield per mu of Zixing 2 was 6172kg/667m2, and the average yield per mu increased by 23.8%. (See Table 8). At the same time as the production test, the promotion test was started. The professional planting cooperatives and the growers agreed that the hybrid onion has early maturity, high uniformity, vigorous growth, and a significant increase in production compared with the local main varieties.

Table 7: Yield comparison of Zikui No. 3 onion variety test (average of three repetitions)

Note: CK1 is Zixing 2, and the yield is the average of three replicates

Table 8: Yield comparison of Zikui No. 3 onion production test in 2013 and 2014

Note: CK1 is Zixing 2, and the yield is the average of three replicates.

(2) Precocious

In terms of maturity, Zikui 3 matures about 5 days earlier than CK1 Zixing 2 on average, and about 20 days earlier than CK2 Zikui 1 (see Table 9 and Table 10).

Table 9: Comparison of ripeness of Zikui No. 3 onion varieties in comparison test

Note: CK1 is Zixing 2, CK2 is Zikui 1

Table 10: Comparison of ripeness of Zikui No. 3 onion production test in 2013 and 2014

Note: CK1 is Zixing 2, CK2 is Zikui 1

(3) Storage resistance

After the onion was harvested in June 2014, the Zikui No. 3 onion was stored and identified. The onions were harvested in sunny weather, and the harvested onions were dried in the shade for 2 days, and the onions with uniform size and no damage were evenly placed on the On a well-ventilated wooden frame, check it every 10 days after 40 days, and throw away some rotten onions. The investigation results after 90 days are: Zikui No. 11% for rotten balls; 4% for sprouted balls, 6% for Zikui No. 1 rotten balls, and 6% for germinated (see Table 11).

Table 11: Onion storage trials in 2014 (90-day survey)

(4) Stress resistance

Zikui No. 3 onion has a strong growth potential in the field, more wax powder on the leaves, and has strong resistance to downy mildew and viral diseases. It has strong anti-bolting and tillering performance in years with abnormal weather.

3. Characteristics of new varieties

The average plant height of Zikui No. 3 onion is 70cm. It grows strongly in the field, and the plants are uniform and upright. It has outstanding advantages such as high yield, early maturity, disease resistance, tillering resistance and bolting resistance.

The bulbs of this variety are semi-height piles, the outer skin is purple red, the transverse diameter is 10-12cm, and the longitudinal diameter is 8-10cm. Ball up to 750g. High yield, generally about 7500kg per mu, and up to 9000kg in high-yield plots, an increase of more than 20% compared with the current main variety Zixing 2. It has good precocity, and its growth period is about 270 days. Compared with Zixing 2, the maturity period is about 5 days earlier, and compared with Zikui No. 1, the maturity period is about 20 days earlier. It has good storage resistance. After three months of storage at room temperature, the loss rate is reduced by 12% compared with Zixing No. 2, and the loss rate is reduced by 9% compared with Zikui No. 1.

High-yield cultivation technique of embodiment 6 Zikui No. 3

(1) Sowing seedlings

1. Raising seedlings: Choose a plot that has not grown green onions and garlic vegetables for more than 3 years, apply enough base fertilizer, and make a 10-15m long and 1m wide plot.

2. Sowing time: Sow at the right time and cultivate strong seedlings. Sowing should be done between August 27th and September 10th in central and southern Hebei. New seeds of the year must be selected.

3. Seeding rate: 200g of onions are used per mu of field planted, and 3g of seeds per 1㎡ of nursery plot is appropriate.

4. Sowing: The sowing methods are divided into dry sowing and wet sowing, and the sowing methods are divided into broadcast and drill. After sowing, spray 120ml/mu of herbicide for field supplementation. In order to ensure that the seedlings are uniform with one water, the best way is to shade. If it cannot be shaded, the second water must be poured for 4-5 days, and the third water must be poured for 8-10 days to ensure that the seedlings are neat and strong.

5. Management at the seedling stage: pour small water every 7-10 days, and thin the seedlings in places where the seedlings are thick, with a distance of 3-4cm. After the seedlings grow for 30 days, a small amount of urea can be topdressed and potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed.

(2) Colonization

1. Soil preparation and fertilization

Choose loose and fertile land without heavy cropping, and apply 4000-5000kg of organic fertilizer or 1000kg of fermented chicken manure per 667㎡. In addition, 100kg of calcium superphosphate, 50kg of ammonium bicarbonate, 30kg of potassium sulfate (potassium chloride should not be used), or 60kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer should be applied to every 667 square meters. Make flat furrows.

2. Planting time and density

The suitable period for planting in Shijiazhuang is from late October to early November. The general planting row spacing is 20cm, the plant spacing is 15-17cm, and the density per mu is about 20,000 plants. In order to prevent bolting, it is generally advisable to use seedlings with a leaf sheath diameter of 6-7mm and a fresh weight of 4-6g per plant. Weed out big seedlings, weak seedlings, and inferior seedlings.

(3) Field management

1. Watering

After the onion seedlings survive the winter, they will enter the overwintering period. To ensure that the planted onion seedlings can survive the winter safely, they must be watered in good time. After overwintering, it turns green and enters the growth period of stems and leaves. At this stage, the water requirements are not only to promote growth, but also to control watering to prevent excessive growth. Generally, it takes about 15 days to squat seedlings. When the outer leaves of the onion seedlings are dark green, the wax increases, the mesophyll becomes thicker, and the heart leaves become darker, the seedlings are finished and watering begins. In the future, it is generally watered every 8-10 days to make the soil dry and wet, so as to promote the growth of plants and prevent the plants from growing excessively. Stop watering 7-8 days before harvesting.

2. Fertilization

Onion requires 13-15kg of nitrogen, 8-10kg of phosphorus, and 10-12kg of potassium per mu. Pay attention to the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and avoid excessive nitrogen fertilizers, so as not to cause bolting or delayed bulb expansion due to excessive growth of the aboveground parts. During the period of leaf growth and bulb expansion, onions need the most fertilizer and water. Fertilization should be timely , Watering, topdressing 15kg of diammonium phosphate, 20kg of diammonium phosphate, and 3-5kg of potassium sulfate on 667㎡ respectively.

After the onion is planted and before the seedlings are generally not topdressed, after wintering, it is combined with watering for wintering, and 1000-1300kg of human excrement is applied per mu.

3. Pest control

(1) The pests that harm onions are mainly ground maggots and onion thrips.

Prevention and control of ground maggots: Early and mid-May is the peak period for ground maggots, and the best period for prevention and control is from mid-April. Control methods: ① Use 50% phoxim EC 500 times liquid combined with watering, and use streptomycin sulfate to irrigate the roots. Once every 10 days or so, even irrigation 2-3 times. ②Use 500-600ml of 48% Lesiben EC per acre to control with irrigation. Although the cost of Lesben is higher, the validity period can reach about one month, and the effect of preventing ground maggots is very good.

Prevention and control of thrips onion: thrips onion mainly harms the heart leaves and leaves of plants, causing many long yellow and white spots on the leaves, which affect the light and effect and cause yield reduction. Generally, a large number of outbreaks begin in May, and prevention and control begin in early April. Spray the whole field with dimethoate or dimethoate plus abamectin and organic silicon additives or use 10% imidacloprid wettable powder plus organic silicon; spray once every 10 days or so.

(2), disease prevention and control

1) Diseases at the seedling stage: At present, the diseases at the seedling stage of onion are mainly blight and mildew. The soil is full of bacteria, the humidity is high, and the disease is severe when the seedlings are too long. Low humidity in the seedbed, too dense planting, poor ventilation, and insufficient light are conducive to the disease. Pathogenic bacteria can spread with rainwater, irrigation water, agricultural machinery, soil and bacteria-carrying organic fertilizer. Control methods: The diseased area should not be used as a seedbed. The nursery ground is finely prepared, and the decomposed base fertilizer without diseased residues is used. Strengthen the management at the seedling stage, keep the soil dry and wet, and weed and thin the seedlings in time. After a small amount of diseased seedlings appear in the seedbed, they should be pulled out in time and protected by spraying to prevent the disease from spreading. Available 50% carbendazim or 40% chlorothalonil.

2) The diseases that harm the growth period of onion are mainly downy mildew and gray mold.

Prevention and treatment of downy mildew: prevention and control began in early April in spring. Spray with 75% chlorothalonil 600 times solution, 58% metalaxyl manganese magnesium 500 times solution, 70% mancozeb 500 times solution, 64% antivirus alum 500 times solution. The control effect of mancozeb + downy mildew 600 times solution is also very good. , Add a bag of potion to each barrel of liquid medicine for prevention and treatment, so as to increase the adhesion. Spray once at intervals of 5-7 days, and use rotation or compound pesticides for more than 3 times in a row. Pay attention to choosing sunny days, especially in April when there is continuous light rain, and the disease is most likely to break out, so it must be prevented as soon as possible.

Prevention and control of gray mold: also known as gray rot, onion blast. In spring, the incidence of low temperature and high humidity is serious. From the first ten days of April, use 600 times liquid of 50% Miemethazol WP; 500 times liquid of 50% Carbendazim; 500 times liquid of 48% Botrytis Botrytis; To improve adhesion, add a bag of silicone to each bucket when spraying. Can improve the control effect. The above pesticides should be used alternately for more than 3 times in a row. When spraying, the ground should also be sprayed to reduce the chance of mutual induction.

(4) Timely harvesting

Harvesting time: When the onion leaves gradually start to turn yellow from bottom to top, and the pseudostem becomes soft and begins to fall, the onion can be harvested. Harvesting is carried out on a sunny day, and the skin is dried in the sun and then stored or marketed.

Seed production technology of the three-line parent of Example 7 Zikui No. 3 and hybrid Zikui No. 3

(1) Breeding of sterile lines and maintainer lines

CMS and maintainer breeding must adopt adult plants to collect seeds, and each generation must be strictly removed from impurities to prevent species degradation and variation.

1. Timely sowing and raising seedlings: CMS and maintainer lines must be sown separately to avoid mechanical mixing. The ratio of the amount of seeds used between the two is 4:1. The best time to sow seedlings in central and southern Hebei is between August 27 and September 10. The management at the seedling stage is the same as the cultivation technique of onions. The main difference is that there is no disease treatment during the growth period.

2. Colonization: The main reason is that the row spacing of the planting plants is 10-12cm×10-12cm, which is higher than the density of onions produced in the field.

3. Field treatment: Pull out bolting plants, diseased plants, and dwarfed plants in the original seed nursery in late May of the following year, and unnaturally lodging plants before harvesting onions.

4. Selection of bulbs: When harvesting shallots in late May, select onions over 200g as seed plants, and eliminate tiller balls, crack balls, sunken balls at the base of stems, skin color and ball-shaped mutants.

5. Oversummer storage: use the indoor shelf storage method, place the shallots in 1-2 layers, and keep the room well ventilated. From the beginning of putting on the shelves to the end of September, the premature bulbs, shrinking bulbs, and diseased bulbs will be phased out.

6. Isolation: CMS breeding fields must be strictly isolated to prevent foreign pollen pollution. Its isolation measures: natural geographical isolation above 2000m, isolation in the Internet room above 30 mesh.

7. Planting of bulbs: Planting around September 25 in central and southern Hebei. The method of 10 dense 1 thin planting is adopted, with a small row spacing of 30cm, a large row spacing of 100cm, and a plant spacing of 30cm. The ratio of colonization and row ratio of the sterile line to the maintainer line is 4:1. The field management after planting is the same as that of conventional planting and harvesting.

8. Overwintering: water once before the cultivated land freezes.

9. Field management after turning green: The local area starts to turn green in late February, water once in early March, and once in early April, and intertill 3 to 4 times in due course. Stop cultivating after the leaves are sealed. After the bolting starts in mid-April, topdress with human excrement or 15kg of urea and 10kg of potassium sulfate per 667㎡, and no nitrogen fertilizer will be applied in the future. Depending on the rain, water every 10-15 days and pull out the weeds in the field.

10. Field treatment during the bolting period: pull out diseased plants, curved moss plants, plant type variants, leaf color variants, no wax powder plants, weak moss plants, plants with inconsistent fertility, premature or premature bolting in the field in early May Late plants, plants with poor reproductive traits, etc. Fence protection ropes are set up around and on both sides of the aisle to prevent side row lodging.

11. Pest control: From May until the full flowering period is the peak occurrence of thrips onion, spray pesticides in time for control.

12. Management during flowering and seed setting: Meticulous artificial pollination must be carried out in the net room. It is best to pollinate once a day, no more than 2 days at most. Pollination can be done by gently touching the flower ball with the palm (or wearing thread gloves) or gently sweeping the surface of the flower ball with a feather duster, alternately between the sterile line and the maintainer line. In outdoor multifarious fields, artificial assisted pollination should also be carried out when there are few pollinating insects or on cloudy or windy days. In order to increase the yield of seed production, insects can be used to assist in pollination. Generally, one box of bees per 667 square meters is enough.

13. Seed harvesting: When the top of the bulb cracks, it should be harvested in batches. When harvesting, the bulbs of the sterile line and the maintainer line must be harvested separately, stored separately for post-ripening, threshed separately, stored separately, and marked to prevent mechanical mixing.

(2) Breeding of the male line

The method of the male parent line is the same as the sterile line (but only one line). With adult plant seed production, each generation must be strictly decontaminated and degraded to prevent the degradation and variation of the species.

(3) Seed Production Technology of Hybrid (F ₁ )

1. Isolation and plot selection: For hybrid (F ₁ ) production, seed production is generally under natural conditions. First, the isolation area must be considered, with the seed production field as the center, and no non-maternal seed plants can be collected within a radius of 1000m. Secondly, it is necessary to choose a plot that can be irrigated in drought, drained in flood, and the soil is suitable for onion picking. The third is to choose plots that are not stubbles of onions, garlic, or leeks.

2. Seedling cultivation: Seed production of onion hybrids (F ₁ ) can be produced by adult plants or semi-adult plants. Because semi-adult plant seed production takes a short time and the cost of seed production is relatively low, semi-adult plant seed production is generally used in production. In order to increase seed production, seedling cultivation should not be too late. Shijiazhuang area is generally in early and mid-July, during which time sowing The earlier the seed yields, the higher the yield. For hybrid seed production, the amount of seeds used per acre of the sterile line and the male line is 200g and 50g respectively, and the sterile line and the male line should be sown separately, and mechanical mixing is strictly prohibited. Other technical measures are the same as the breeding of sterile lines and male lines.

3. Planting: The planting method and density of semi-adult plants are the same as those of sterile line production. The difference is that 2-3 plants are planted in each hole, and the planting ratio of the parents is 1:4. After the flowering period is over, the male parents are removed. Seed strains. The seed received on the sterile line is the hybrid (F ₁ ).

The control of diseases and insect pests, other field management and seed harvesting in the seed production field are the same as the breeding techniques of the sterile line.

Embodiment 8 artificial pollination mode

Through experimental research, it is found that in the process of onion pollination, the traditional alcohol hand rub can be changed to clean water to wash hands, saving time and effort, and reducing costs. After 5 consecutive years of experiments from 2010 to 2014, it was found that during the pollination process of onions, washing hands with clean water has the same effect as rubbing hands with alcohol.

The method of artificial pollination is: chicken feather marbles are generally used for materials with a slightly larger area, and brushes or alcohol are used to wipe hands when adding materials and preliminary matching.

In 2009, it was inspired by the poor pollination and fruiting in corn farming fields in continuous rainy days.

During onion pollination in May 2010, 5 random pairs in the same combination washed their hands with clean water, and the rest wiped their hands with alcohol, marked them, harvested and planted separately. Seedlings were raised on September 5, and planting was done on November 6. Pass the seedling stage, growth stage, and the test of the bulbs after harvest. Washing hands with clean water has the same effect as rubbing hands with alcohol.

In 2011 and 2012, a two-year test was carried out, and the results were consistent.

A larger-scale and larger-area test was carried out in 2013, and the results were also consistent.

In 2014, during the pollination of onion materials, all the hand rubs with alcohol were changed to clean water.

The specific method is:

Multiple kegs are placed in each net shed, and each keg is equipped with a piece of special towel. Before pollination, replace fresh water in the bucket every day, wash your hands with clean water before pollination, dry with a towel, and then pollinate one or more plants of the same material. After the pollination, wash your hands with clean water, dry them and give the next group, and so on.

Claims (7)

1. the half of the resistance to storage of kipeming high yield high stake purple skin onion selection, it is characterised in that comprise the steps:

1) collect onion resource and carry out identifying classification, according to breeding objective, selecting from onion resource and there is breeding objective Sterile line and the holding of a little characteristics are breeding parent I, and have the male parent system breeding parent of some characteristic of breeding objective；

2) method combined with big maternal plant breeding and little maternal plant breeding, is that breeding parent I is for breeding material with sterile line and holding Material, hank in the offspring of breeding material to sterile plant and fertile plant carry out artificial pollination and fertility, character determination, select Part Traits meets the x of breeding objective and to sterile line III and keeps system；

The method that big maternal plant breeding and little maternal plant breeding combine, after specifically comprising the following steps that early July results seed, a formula three Part: a retention is standby；A for the qualification of big maternal plant, late August is colonizated in open country to early September nursery, mid or late November, Carry out big maternal plant qualification June in the coming year；Be seeded in greenhouse or booth before a mid-July-August 5 so that it is transverse diameter in greenhouse, Booth reaches certain rugosity, takes control measure in order to avoid excessive growth, promotees slightly to control height, it is ensured that bolting rate reached more than 90%, on November the coming year Ten days, epiphragma was colonizated in booth or open country, gathered in the crops seed July in the coming year；

3) with male parent system breeding parentFor breeding material, select Part Traits and meet y male parent system V of breeding objective；

4) with sterile line III as female parent, the method using " female many fathers ", with male parent system V as male parent, artificial pollination hybridization obtains Z cenospecies；

5) from z cenospeciesIn filter out its male parent and maternal coordinate force is high, and cenospecies to meet the hybridization of breeding objective new Kind；

Wherein, x, y, z is positive integer.

Selection the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described artificial pollination, washes one's hands with clear water and substitutes routine Alcohol hand sterilization in artificial pollination.

Selection the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that breeding objective includes that disease resistance is strong.

Selection the most according to claim 3, it is characterised in that the authentication method of disease resistance plants ocean for many years for utilizing The plot of green onion creates onion Infected Field and carries out Disease Resistance Identification.

Selection the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described sterile line and holding are that breeding parent I is for purple Chief No. 1.

Selection the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described hybrid new breedFor purple chief No. 3.

7. half of the resistance to storage of kipeming high yield described in any one of claim 1-6 high stake purple skin onion selection is in onion breeding Application.