CN104341072A - 一种节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统 - Google Patents
一种节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104341072A CN104341072A CN201410635954.XA CN201410635954A CN104341072A CN 104341072 A CN104341072 A CN 104341072A CN 201410635954 A CN201410635954 A CN 201410635954A CN 104341072 A CN104341072 A CN 104341072A
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- waste water
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统，包括废水进料单元、废水循环单元、热交换及热补充单元和结晶盐滤除单元；所述废水进料单元包废水收集箱、废水给水泵、前置过滤器和辅换热器；所述废水循环单元包括闪蒸罐和循环泵，所述循环泵的出口管依次设置浓缩液回流接口和进料接口，分别连接至结晶盐回收单元和辅换热器；所述热交换及热补充单元包括蒸汽压缩机、主换热器和蒸汽补充管；所述结晶盐滤除单元包括结晶盐分离器。本发明采用特种机械蒸汽再压缩连续蒸发结晶工艺实现的复杂废水零排放，可有效降低预处理复杂程度，缩短工艺流程，蒸发和结晶一体化，更加经济和节能。
Description
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及节能环保领域，更具体地说，涉及一种节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统。
背景技术
[0002] 随着我国医药、化工、煤化工行业的快速发展，产生越来越多的难降解高盐度废水，这类废水大多含有大量无机盐、难降解有机物以及SS等，很难进行生物处理。所带来的环境污染和危害问题也越来越严重，直接导致水质矿化度显著提高，加速盐碱化、沙漠化进程，给生态环境带来严重的负面影响。
[0003] 随着水资源的短缺，环境污染日益严重，废水零排放的需求与日俱增。由于高盐废水通常伴随着高悬浮物、高有机物和重金属、甚至有时含有石油类物质等，目前膜处理系统仅能实现废水浓缩处理回用，但无法实现零排放。现有的废水蒸发结晶技术主要有多效蒸发(MSF)、机械蒸汽再压缩蒸发浓缩结晶等技术(称为MVR或MVC)。降膜法MVR蒸发系统只能将废水含盐量浓缩至18%，甚至更低。
[0004] 由于多效蒸发能耗较高，而机械蒸汽再压缩蒸发技术目前被广泛的应用与化工、食品行业，是最有前途的废水零排放技术。但现有机械蒸汽再压缩蒸发技术大多以降膜法为主流，降膜法需要非常复杂的预处理，一般要求废水中的TSS < 10mg/L,C0D也不能太高，且必须软化，石油类的含量也必须控制在10mg/L，这些严格的进水要求使降膜法的预处理复杂，成本高，且降膜法的降膜管极易结垢，废水浓缩比例有限，结晶设备与浓缩设备是分离的两个系统，设备投资大，运行成本高。
发明内容
[0005] 本发明要解决的技术问题在于，提供一种节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统，可有效降低预处理复杂程度，缩短工艺流程，蒸发和结晶一体化，更加经济和节能。
[0006] 本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是:构造一种节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统，包括废水进料单元、废水循环单元、热交换及热补充单元和结晶盐滤除单元；
[0007] 所述废水进料单元包括采用管道依次连接的废水收集箱、废水给水泵、前置过滤器和辅换热器；辅换热器的废水出口连接到废水循环单元主管上；
[0008] 所述废水循环单元包括采用管道连接的闪蒸罐和循环泵，所述循环泵的出口管依次设置浓缩液回流接口和进料接口，分别连接至结晶盐回收单元和辅换热器；
[0009] 所述热交换及热补充单元包括蒸汽压缩机、主换热器和蒸汽补充管，所述辅换热器热介质进口与主换热器二次的蒸汽出口连接，所述蒸汽压缩机进口连接闪蒸罐二次蒸汽出口，蒸汽压缩机的出口连接至所述主换热器的二次蒸汽进口，主换热器上设置一路外来蒸汽补充管，并设置冷凝水回流口 ；
[0010] 所述结晶盐滤除单元包括结晶盐分离器，所述结晶盐分离器的进口连接循环泵的出口管的浓缩液回流接口，结晶盐分离器出口连接至废水收集箱。
[0011] 上述方案中，所述辅换热器采用板式换热器，其板片材质采用高钥合金A1-6XN。
[0012] 上述方案中，所述前置过滤器的过滤精度为100微米，流速小于10m/h。
[0013] 上述方案中，所述闪蒸罐材质选用玻璃钢或不锈钢耐腐蚀衬里，其内的循环回流管为浸没式。
[0014] 上述方案中，所述主换热器的废水流通流道采用人字型板片。
[0015] 实施本发明的节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统，具有以下有益效果:
[0016] (I)本系统可将废水含盐量浓缩至40%，浓缩倍率高，闪蒸罐内直接产生盐结晶，最终被滤出；
[0017] (2)对废水硬度没有特别要求，进水无需做软化预处理。
[0018] (4)对进水TSS没有特别要求，废水TSS高达5000mg/L，依然可以被系统蒸发结晶，而降膜法MVR蒸发系统TSS通常不能高于10mg/L ；
[0019] (5)对进水含油量没有特别要求，而降膜法MVR蒸发系统含油量通常不得高于10mg/L ；
[0020] (6)本发明的换热器与蒸发罐采用分离结构，方便管理和维护。
附图说明
[0021] 下面将结合附图及实施例对本发明作进一步说明，附图中:
[0022] 图1是本发明节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统的示意图。
具体实施方式
[0023] 为了对本发明的技术特征、目的和效果有更加清楚的理解，现对照附图详细说明本发明的具体实施方式。
[0024] 如图1所示，本发明节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统，包括废水进料单元、废水循环单元、热交换及热补充单元和结晶盐滤除单元。
[0025] 废水进料单元包括采用管道依次连接的废水收集箱101、废水提升泵102、前置过滤器103和辅换热器104 ;辅换热器104的废水出口连接到废水循环单元主管上。废水提升泵102其过流材质选用耐腐蚀双相不锈钢2501。前置过滤器103其过滤精度为100微米，流速小于10m/h，过滤网材质选用耐腐蚀双相不锈钢2501，其主要功能是滤除废水中的大颗粒物质。辅换热器104采用板式换热器，其板片材质采用耐磨损、耐腐蚀、耐酸高钥合金A1-6XN，辅换热器104内被设计为最大的流速和剪切率，以此来增加热传递效率和减小结垢现象；二次蒸汽经过辅换热器104后变为冷凝水回收利用。
[0026] 废水循环单元包括采用管道连接的闪蒸罐105和循环泵106，循环泵106的出口管依次设置浓缩液回流接口和进料接口，分别连接至结晶盐回收单元和辅换热器104。循环泵106其过流材质选用耐磨损、耐腐蚀、耐酸高钥合金A1-6XN ;其循环流量为给料流量的200〜250倍。闪蒸罐105材质选用玻璃钢或不锈钢耐腐蚀衬里，其内的循环回流管采用浸没式设计，这样含有大量饱和蒸汽的过热水进入闪蒸罐105后，避免因持续沸腾产生大量的水雾和泡沫。
[0027] 热交换及热补充单元包括蒸汽压缩机108、主换热器107和蒸汽补充管110，辅换热器104热介质进口与主换热器107 二次的蒸汽出口连接，蒸汽压缩机108进口连接闪蒸罐105 二次蒸汽出口，蒸汽压缩机108的出口连接至主换热器107的二次蒸汽进口，主换热器107上设置一路外来蒸汽补充管110，并设置冷凝水回流口。
[0028] 主换热器107其废水采用升膜和降膜设计，废水流通流道采用人字型板片，最大限度的产生湍流，提升换热器换热效率，避免换热器结垢；主换热器107板片材质选用高钥合金A1-6XN，运行时控制其进出水温差在3°C以内，流速控制在3〜6m/s，能有效避免结垢；系统损失热量通过外来蒸汽管补充，通常热损失在4%〜7%左右。补充蒸汽需要被引入主换热器107内部的一套独立的系统。主换热器107的清洁(供热)端，被划分成2个系列，称为:工艺蒸汽系列和补充蒸汽系列。主换热器107的污浊(低温)端是一个独立的系统，污水在该处循环，而清洁端与污浊端是公用的一个整体。
[0029] 蒸汽压缩机108选用单级离心蒸汽压缩机108，其与蒸汽接触材质为316L。
[0030] 结晶盐滤除单元包括结晶盐分离器109，结晶盐分离器109的进口连接循环泵106的出口管的浓缩液回流接口，结晶盐分离器109出口连接至废水收集箱101。
[0031] 本发明采用的蒸发器的热交换器设置在蒸发罐外部。在蒸发罐内部没有挂膜降流管或其他元件。因此没有必要进入罐内进行维修或保养工作，这就使设备的维修保养非常容易。由于热交换器是外置式的，罐体就可以用玻璃钢来制作，这大大降低了对蒸发罐体的材质要求。
[0032] 本发明闪蒸罐105内部使用了淹没式沸腾工艺，一个闪蒸罐105完成了蒸发器和结晶器两项工作。和其他MVR蒸发器不一样，在闪蒸罐105内不需要将盐和悬浮性固体物质去除。此外，淹没式沸腾工艺，最大限度地减少了压缩蒸汽系统的水雾或泡沫的遗留，并且该工艺可以在很小的罐体内完成而不需要其它类型蒸发器的大型闪蒸罐105。
[0033] 本发明采用的闪蒸罐105采用高流速循环工艺，这也是该系统的独特之处。当蒸发器和结晶器系统运行时，高流速再循环水泵，使水在闪蒸罐105与热交换器之间循环，并使系统保持较高的热传递效率。这种高流速过程，产生机械摩擦，使换热器系统表面不产生盐垢。(即溶液中的盐类晶体被水泵送入换热器，在换热过程中冲刷换热器盘片，从而实现清洁的目的。)
[0034] 本发明采用的闪蒸罐105可应用于高TSS，高含有机物、高COD和高含盐的工况。当其他系统易堵塞而失去热交换能力时，该系统可以正常运行。
[0035] 本发明系统的工作过程如下:
[0036] 废水由废水收集箱101收集，经废水提升泵102通过前置过滤器103后，废水经过辅助热交换器进行预热处理输送到循环系统内，经主换热器107换热后进入闪蒸罐105。废水自闪蒸罐105经循环泵106的大流量比循环中进入主换热器107，经换热后形成过热水(水中含有大量蒸汽)，过热水循环至闪蒸罐105，产生大量二次蒸汽，蒸汽从闪蒸罐105顶部被抽入蒸汽压缩机108，被蒸汽压缩机108压缩后提高温度，进入主换热器107与废水进行换热。
[0037] 污浊的废水通过循环泵106作用从闪蒸罐105分离室进入预-热交换器然后再进入闪蒸罐105分离室。该循环系统内的水在辅换热器104内被设计为最大的流速和剪切率，以此来增加热传递效率和减小结垢现象。加之循环水流会被封闭在一个淹没式沸腾的条件下，该条件减缓了沸腾，由此缩放比例，在辅换热器104内将特定的废水闪蒸为蒸汽进入闪蒸罐105。
[0038] 在闪蒸罐105分离容器内循环废水闪蒸后产生的蒸汽被叶轮式蒸汽压缩机108压缩升温。蒸汽压缩机108将水蒸汽的升温、升压，然后水蒸气被送到辅热交换器的清洁端。在辅热交换器内部，高温和高压的蒸汽通过盘片将其潜热传递给循环的污水，蒸汽凝结成过饱和水。
[0039] 空气压缩机将过饱和冷凝液从主换热器107传输到辅换热器104，该辅换热器104将进水预加热，并且使出水冷却。通常情况下热损失为4-7%，补充热量和初始启动时所需热量可以通过蒸汽或电提供。补充蒸汽或热源液体需要被引入主换热器107内部的一套独立的系统。主换热器107的清洁(供热)端，被划分成2个系列，称为:工艺蒸汽系列和补充蒸汽系列。主换热器107的污浊(低温)端是一个独立的系统，污水在该处循环，而清洁端与污浊端是公用的一个整体。
[0040] 当系统运行时，循环污水被浓缩，蒸汽在闪蒸罐105内释放并被鼓风机移走。由于有新加入的污水，闪蒸罐105内液位保持稳定。热源物和废水的性质决定了污水可以被浓缩的程度。去除和控制干扰气流总是可以使浓缩污水保持最大的浓缩度。本发明系统是全自动的，由PLC控制。
[0041] 上面结合附图对本发明的实施例进行了描述，但是本发明并不局限于上述的具体实施方式，上述的具体实施方式仅仅是示意性的，而不是限制性的，本领域的普通技术人员在本发明的启示下，在不脱离本发明宗旨和权利要求所保护的范围情况下，还可做出很多形式，这些均属于本发明的保护之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统，其特征在于，包括废水进料单元、废水循环单元、热交换及热补充单元和结晶盐滤除单元； 所述废水进料单元包括采用管道依次连接的废水收集箱、废水给水泵、前置过滤器和辅换热器；辅换热器的废水出口连接到废水循环单元主管上； 所述废水循环单元包括采用管道连接的闪蒸罐和循环泵，所述循环泵的出口管依次设置浓缩液回流接口和进料接口，分别连接至结晶盐回收单元和辅换热器； 所述热交换及热补充单元包括蒸汽压缩机、主换热器和蒸汽补充管，所述辅换热器热介质进口与主换热器二次的蒸汽出口连接，所述蒸汽压缩机进口连接闪蒸罐二次蒸汽出口，蒸汽压缩机的出口连接至所述主换热器的二次蒸汽进口，主换热器上设置一路外来蒸汽补充管，并设置冷凝水回流口 ； 所述结晶盐滤除单元包括结晶盐分离器，所述结晶盐分离器的进口连接循环泵的出口管的浓缩液回流接口，结晶盐分离器出口连接至废水收集箱。
2.根据权利要求1所述的节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统，其特征在于，所述辅换热器采用板式换热器，其板片材质采用高钥合金A1-6XN。
3.根据权利要求1所述的节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统，其特征在于，所述前置过滤器的过滤精度为100微米，流速小于10m/h。
4.根据权利要求1所述的节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统，其特征在于，所述闪蒸罐材质选用玻璃钢或不锈钢耐腐蚀衬里，其内的循环回流管为浸没式。
5.根据权利要求1所述的节能的废水连续蒸发结晶系统，其特征在于，所述主换热器的废水流通流道采用人字型板片。
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