CN104058558B - A kind of circulation utilization method of wastewater from pig farm - Google Patents

A kind of circulation utilization method of wastewater from pig farm Download PDF

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CN104058558B
CN104058558B CN201410329100.9A CN201410329100A CN104058558B CN 104058558 B CN104058558 B CN 104058558B CN 201410329100 A CN201410329100 A CN 201410329100A CN 104058558 B CN104058558 B CN 104058558B
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oxidation
pond
oxidation pond
pig farm
water channel
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CN104058558A (en
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黄瑞华
唐磊
李平华
周波
魏清甜
林明新
杨晓文
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Nanjing Agricultural University
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Abstract

The present invention discloses a kind of wastewater from pig farm circulation utilization method, comprises the following steps: after the excrement dirt produced in the production process of pig farm is homogeneous, carry out anaerobically fermenting; The natural pond liquid that anaerobically fermenting obtains carries out three grades of aerating oxidation at least 2 cover tertiary oxidation ponds be arranged in parallel; A biological degradation is carried out through the natural pond liquid that three grades of aerating oxidation obtain; Water after biological degradation waterplant in circulation water channel carries out secondary biological degradation; Through the biodegradable water accumulation of secondary, discharge after reaching emission standard.The present invention can solve the pressure that piggery waste brings, and reduces the use water pressure in water resources anxiety area, can reduce simultaneously and produce vegetables required purchase fertilizer expenses.Present invention achieves the regeneration of the energy, the combination of plant husbandry and aquaculture, achieve " zero release " of Animal Husbandry Pollution, finally can realize the Sustainable development of livestock industry.This wastewater from pig farm circulation utilization method simplicity of design, implements convenient, simple to operate and safe and practical, suitablely promotes.

Description

A kind of circulation utilization method of wastewater from pig farm
Technical field
The invention belongs to wastewater from pig farm processing and utilizing technology field, specifically a kind of circulation utilization method of wastewater from pig farm, is more particularly to the process of piggery waste through the natural pond liquid that anaerobically fermenting obtains.
Background technology
Along with mass-producing, intensive industrialized piggery flourish; wastewater from pig farm emissions amount sharply increases; exert heavy pressures on to environment protection; stock-farms waste is the another overall situation source of pollution after three industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals, chemical fertilizer, traffic exhaust gas and resident living waste, and large-scale pig farm is the heavy polluter in stock-farms.National environmental protection department has realized that this point; for the dirty tupe mostly adopting simple biogas fermentation of excrement that large-scale pig farm produces; for the area that Agricultural land attached around pig farm is abundant; the natural pond liquid produced after utilizing this tupe biogas fermentation can go back field nearby; the environmental stress that pig farm is brought can not only be solved, the recycling of piggery waste can also be realized.But along with China can the continuous minimizing in farming soil, do not have enough soils to decompose the excrement dirt of pig farm generation nearby around a lot of pig farm at all, can not be suitable on most of pig farm as above-mentioned treatment for cow manure pattern, meanwhile, internal pair production water in pig farm is also a kind of challenge to the area that water resources lacks.That is, although present most of pig farm adopts the biogas fermentation process of excrement dirt, to a certain degree alleviating many environmental stresss, but the natural pond liquid produced after biogas fermentation, it is a puzzlement pig farm investor's difficult problem always, and piggery waste brings serious destruction to agroecological environment, affect the Sustainable development of surrounding area macroeconomic.Therefore, be necessary to propose scientific and reasonable wastewater from pig farm tupe.
Summary of the invention
Object of the present invention, in order to solve the Problems existing in existing piggery waste treatment technology, provides a kind of circulation utilization method of wastewater from pig farm.
The object of the invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
A circulation utilization method for wastewater from pig farm, carries out anaerobically fermenting, three grades of aerating oxidation, a biological degradation, secondary biological degradation process successively, comprises the following steps:
(1), the excrement that produces in the production process of pig farm dirty homogeneous after, carry out anaerobically fermenting;
(2) the natural pond liquid that, anaerobically fermenting obtains carries out three grades of aerating oxidation at least 2 cover tertiary oxidation ponds be arranged in parallel;
(3), a biological degradation is carried out through the natural pond liquid that three grades of aerating oxidation obtain through waterplant;
(4) waterplant in circulation water channel of the water, after a biological degradation carries out secondary biological degradation;
(5), through the biodegradable water accumulation of secondary, discharge after reaching emission standard.
In step (1), the excrement produced in the production process of pig farm is dirty fully homogeneous in homogeneous pond, and homogeneous is process pig manure and sewage mixed, and the excrement dirt after homogeneous carries out anaerobically fermenting in biogas anaerobic fermentation tower.It is routine operation that anaerobically fermenting is carried out in excrement dirt in biogas anaerobic fermentation tower, adopts the clearance of anaerobically fermenting COD generally between 80%-90%.
In step (2), the alternative aeration oxidation at least 2 cover tertiary oxidation ponds be arranged in parallel of natural pond liquid, described tertiary oxidation pond of often overlapping comprises the first oxidation pond, the second oxidation pond and the 3rd oxidation pond that are linked in sequence successively, and the volume of the first described oxidation pond, the second oxidation pond and the 3rd oxidation pond is respectively 600m 3, 400m 3and 300m 3; Be equipped with oxygen increasing pump in first oxidation pond, the second oxidation pond and the 3rd oxidation pond, allow the oxygen in air fully contact with natural pond liquid, increase the oxygen level of natural pond liquid, guarantee that in the liquid of natural pond, dissolved oxygen is 2.5 ~ 4.5mg/L.The object being arranged in parallel tertiary oxidation pond is that standing aerating oxidation process is carried out to biogas in another set of tertiary oxidation pond in order to make a set of tertiary oxidation pond when collecting natural pond liquid, avoids the situation that inflow limit, liquid limit, natural pond aeration causes oxidation effectiveness not good.
Preferred further, the alternative aeration oxidation in 2 covers tertiary oxidation pond (the tertiary oxidation pond, A district be namely arranged in parallel and tertiary oxidation pond, B district) be arranged in parallel of natural pond liquid; The concrete operations of alternative aeration oxidation are: natural pond liquid is first with 5m 3the flow velocity of/h enters into A district first oxidation pond until fill, and starts standing aerating oxidation; Natural pond liquid in A district first oxidation pond leaves standstill aerating oxidation 10-15 days, supernatant liquor is entered A district second oxidation pond again and carry out secondary aerating oxidation 10-15 days, in A district second oxidation pond, the supernatant liquor of 2/3 enters into A district the 3rd oxidation pond and carries out three grades of aerating oxidation 10-15 days; When natural pond liquid in A district first oxidation pond starts standing aerating oxidation, natural pond liquid is entered into B district first oxidation pond with identical flow velocity, according to the treatment process in tertiary oxidation pond, A district, aerating oxidation is step by step carried out to natural pond liquid; Tertiary oxidation pond rotation alternative aeration in A, B district is oxidized, and to maintain in the liquid of natural pond dissolved oxygen at 2.5 ~ 4.5mg/L in aerating oxidation process.
In step (3), the natural pond liquid after three grades of aerating oxidation stops waterplant Tanaka and within 10-15 days, carries out a biological degradation; Described waterplant Tanaka planting aquatic plants.Described waterplant is in waterplant field planting density: wide row 1m, narrow row 0.8m, spacing in the rows 0.6m, plants 1400 piers for every mu.
In step (4), in circulation water channel, carry out secondary biological degradation through once biodegradable water, in circulation water channel, the flow velocity of water is 1-2cm/s, is conducive to waterplant in water channel and carries out biological degradation.Described circulation water channel is made up of the horizontal water channel of multistage, and often adjacent two sections of horizontal water channels form the drop of 10-20cm; In each section of horizontal water channel, be provided with at least one net cage, plant in described net cage and be implanted with waterplant.Circulation water channel builds formation Biosafety isolation strip around periphery, pig farm, again can squeeze into water channel starting point with water pump from water channel terminal according to the water in the situation circulation water channel of process, and repeatedly biological degradation is carried out in circulation.
Waterplant of the present invention is Herba Eichhorniae, lotus root, wild rice stem, reed or calamus, preferred wild rice stem.Waterplant feature is that environmental compatibility is very strong, and growing way is rapid, well developed root system, and water requirement is many, suitable planting in having abundant water resources, pour water conveniently, deep soft, the fertile soil of soil layer, to be rich in the strong glutinous loam of organic matter, preserve moisture and fertility ability or loam.Waterplant can consume most of contamination index in sewage.Adopt the salvaging that net cage planting aquatic plants is convenient to control waterplant to collect in circulation water channel, as the green forage on pig farm, also effectively can control the diffusion being defined as noxious plant by people.
In step (5), accumulate settling bowl through the biodegradable water of secondary, supernatant liquor enters discharge region discharge.
Present invention also offers a kind of cyclic utilization system of wastewater from pig farm, comprise homogeneous pond, biogas anaerobic fermentation tower, the tertiary oxidation pond of at least 2 cover parallel connections, waterplant field, circulation water channel, described homogeneous pond is connected with pig farm, homogeneous pond is connected with biogas anaerobic fermentation tower through pipeline, biogas anaerobic fermentation tower is connected with the import in tertiary oxidation pond, often overlaps tertiary oxidation pond and comprises the first oxidation pond, the second oxidation pond and the 3rd oxidation pond that are linked in sequence successively; Described the 3rd oxidation pond often overlapping tertiary oxidation pond passes into waterplant field by the road, and described waterplant field is connected with circulation water channel through water channel; Described circulation water channel is made up of the horizontal water channel of multistage, and often adjacent two sections of horizontal water channels form the drop of 10-20cm, in each section of horizontal water channel, be provided with at least one net cage; Described circulation water channel is connected with settling tank; Described settling tank is connected with discharge region.
Preferred further, the cyclic utilization system of described wastewater from pig farm is arranged in parallel 2 cover tertiary oxidation ponds; Described each section horizontal water channel is provided with a net cage.
Water channel slabstone outside described waterplant ridge is provided with boxes out, for filtering through waterplant field once biodegradable water; The pipeline that tertiary oxidation pond the 3rd oxidation pond and waterplant field are often overlapped in described connection is provided with water pump.
The principle that the inventive method relates to is as follows:
A. " zero release principle ": the circulation of " by pig-breeding-sewage-anaerobically fermenting-aerobic oxidation-waterplant/waterplant biological degradation-pig-breeding ", achieves the sewage " zero release " on pig farm.
B. less energy-consumption: select the artificial swamp mode process wastewater from pig farm that investment is less, significantly can reduce the content of total phosphorus, total nitrogen and heavy metal copper in excrement dirt, zinc.
C. the piggery waste nutritive ingredient of fermenting in the natural pond liquid of generation can be used as the fertilizer of waterplant, needed for aquatic plants growth.
Compared to the prior art, beneficial effect of the present invention:
The circulation utilization method of wastewater from pig farm of the present invention is simple, implements convenient, simple to operate and safe and practical, is suitable for popularization.The sewage on pig farm can be made to obtain desirable process on the one hand, reduce the environmental stress that piggery waste brings, reduce the use water pressure in the nervous area of water resources; Can reduce on the other hand and produce the required expense buying fertilizer of waterplant (vegetables).COD in wastewater from pig farm can be greatly reduced through the inventive method process, N, the content of P, Zn, Cu, in wastewater from pig farm, the clearance of COD reaches 99.5%, the clearance of total phosphorus (TP) reaches 99.5%, the clearance that the clearance that the clearance of total nitrogen (TN) reaches 76.1%, Cu reaches 61.5%, Zn reaches 99.2%, especially adopt waterplant to carry out biological degradation to natural pond liquid, can significantly remove COD, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, heavy metal ion Cu and Zn.There is the features such as environmental protection, economy, energy-conservation, water saving.The inventive method achieves the regeneration of the energy, the recycle of pig farm water of productive use, realizes the combination of plant husbandry and aquaculture, achieves " zero release " of Animal Husbandry Pollution, finally can realize the Sustainable development of livestock industry.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the circulation utilization method schema of wastewater from pig farm of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is tertiary oxidation pond aerating oxidation schematic diagram;
Fig. 3 is that schematic diagram is filtered in waterplant field;
Fig. 4 is circulation water channel degraded natural pond liquid schematic diagram.
In figure, 1-pig farm, the homogeneous pond of 2-, 3-biogas anaerobic fermentation tower, 4-tertiary oxidation pond, 5-waterplant field, 6-circulation water channel, 7-settling bowl, 8-discharge region, 9-A district first oxidation pond, 10-B district first oxidation pond, 11-A district second oxidation pond, 12-B district second oxidation pond, 13-A district the 3rd oxidation pond, 14-B district the 3rd oxidation pond, 15-waterplant ridge, 16-boxes out, 17-water channel slabstone, 18-net cage.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with concrete case, the present invention is described further.
See Fig. 1,2,3 and 4, a cyclic utilization system for wastewater from pig farm, comprises homogeneous pond (2), biogas anaerobic fermentation tower (3), the tertiary oxidation pond (4) of 2 cover parallel connections, waterplant field (5), circulation water channel (6); Described tertiary oxidation pond of often overlapping comprises the first oxidation pond (9,10), the second oxidation pond (11,12) and the 3rd oxidation pond (13,14) that are linked in sequence successively; Described homogeneous pond (2) is connected with pig farm (1), homogeneous pond (2) is connected with biogas anaerobic fermentation tower (3) through pipeline, biogas anaerobic fermentation tower (3) is connected with the first oxidation pond (9, the 10) import of often overlapping tertiary oxidation pond, the 3rd oxidation pond (13,14) often overlapping tertiary oxidation pond passes into waterplant field (5) by the road, connects the 3rd oxidation pond (13,14) and is provided with water pump with the pipeline in waterplant field (5); Described waterplant ridge (15) water channel slabstone (17) is outward provided with box out (16), and waterplant field (5) are connected with circulation water channel (6) through water channel; Described circulation water channel (6) is made up of the horizontal water channel of multistage, and often adjacent two sections of horizontal water channels form the drop of 10-20cm, are provided with a net cage (18) in each section of horizontal water channel; Described circulation water channel (6) is connected with settling tank (7); Described settling tank (7) is connected with discharge region (8).
The volume of described the first oxidation pond (9,10), the second oxidation pond (11,12) and the 3rd oxidation pond (13,14) is respectively 600m 3, 400m 3and 300m 3; Be equipped with oxygen increasing pump in first oxidation pond (9,10), the second oxidation pond (11,12) and the 3rd oxidation pond (13,14), allow the oxygen in air fully contact with natural pond liquid, increase the oxygen level of natural pond liquid.
Described circulation water channel (6) width is 3m, and each section of horizontal water channel length is 4-6m; Described net cage (18) specification is 2.5 × 3m 2or 2.5 × 4m 2.
A circulation utilization method for wastewater from pig farm, comprises the following steps:
(1), the excrement that produces in pig farm (1) production process is dirty after homogeneous pond (2) are fully homogeneous, in biogas anaerobic fermentation tower (3), carry out anaerobically fermenting.
(2), through biogas anaerobic fermentation tower (3) anaerobically fermenting produce natural pond liquid enter be arranged in parallel 2 cover tertiary oxidation pond (4) carry out alternative aeration oxidation, concrete operations are: natural pond liquid is first with 5m 3the flow velocity of/h enters into A district first oxidation pond (9) until fill, start standing aerating oxidation, natural pond liquid in A district first oxidation pond (9) leaves standstill aerating oxidation 10 days, supernatant liquor is entered A district second oxidation pond (11) again and carry out secondary aerating oxidation 10 days, in A district second oxidation pond (11), the supernatant liquor of 2/3 enters into A district the 3rd oxidation pond (13) and carries out aerating oxidation 10 days; When natural pond liquid in A district first oxidation pond starts standing aerating oxidation, by natural pond liquid with 5m 3the identical flow velocity of/h enters into B district first oxidation pond, carries out aerating oxidation step by step according to the treatment process in tertiary oxidation pond, A district to natural pond liquid; Tertiary oxidation pond rotation alternative aeration in A, B district is oxidized, and to maintain in the liquid of natural pond dissolved oxygen at 2.5 ~ 4.5mg/L in aerating oxidation process.
(3), enter kind of the waterplant field (5) being implanted with a wild rice stem stop through the natural pond liquid that three grades of aerating oxidation obtain and within 15 days, carry out a biological degradation, wild rice stem is in waterplant field planting density: wide row 1m, narrow row 0.8m, spacing in the rows 0.6m, plant 1400 piers for every mu.
(4) water, obtained through a biological degradation process flows into water channel through the outer water channel slabstone (17) of waterplant ridge (15) is boxed out (16), import in the circulation water channel (6) be made up of the horizontal water channel of multistage again, the flow velocity controlling water is 1-2cm/s, carries out secondary biological degradation by wild rice stem in net cage (18) to water simultaneously.
(5), through the biodegradable water of secondary accumulate settling bowl (7) to precipitate, the water reaching emission standard enters discharge region (8) discharge.
Application example
The pig farm of a Jiangsu basic sow 1200, has 2000m 3biogas anaerobic fermentation tower, 20 mu, attached waterplant field, waterplant Tanaka plants wild rice stem.The circulation utilization method of wastewater from pig farm of the present invention is adopted to process this wastewater from pig farm, the content of the COD treatment stage of detecting each, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and heavy metal Cu, Zn.
Table 1 wastewater from pig farm circular treatment each stage relevant contexts index (n=7)
Note: a, b, c, d colleague compares, and subscript represents significant difference (P<0.05) without same letter; A, B, C colleague compares, without same letter, subscript represents that difference extremely significantly (P<0.01); Data acquisition represents with " mean value ± standard error ".
As can be seen from Table 1, can be removed the COD of in excrement dirt 86% by anaerobically fermenting process, the COD value after fermentation extremely significantly reduces (P<0.01); Three grades of aerating oxidation remove the COD of in the liquid of natural pond 30%, and in the water after three grades of aerating oxidation, COD value is significantly lower than the COD value (P<0.05) in natural pond liquid after anaerobically fermenting; The COD of 73% of water after tertiary oxidation is removed in a biological degradation, and the COD of 83% of the water after a biological degradation is removed in secondary biological degradation, and in final piggery waste, the total removal rate of COD reaches 99.5%.After anaerobically fermenting, total phosphorus (TP) removes 7%, total phosphorus 3.8% in the liquid of natural pond is removed after tertiary oxidation, total phosphorus 56% in water after biological degradation removal tertiary oxidation, total phosphorus 98% in the water after a biological degradation is removed in secondary biological degradation, and the total removal rate of total phosphorus reaches 99.5%.The total removal rate that the total removal rate that the total removal rate of total nitrogen (TN) reaches 76.1%, Cu reaches 61.5%, Zn reaches 99.2%.In sum, adopt the inventive method process piggery waste, can significantly remove COD, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, heavy metal ion Cu and Zn, COD, TP, TN are far below " livestock and poultry breeding industry pollutant emission standard " (GB18596-2001) after treatment, and the content of copper, zinc also reduces (P<0.01) extremely significantly.
Table 2 waterplant field soil and waterplant different sites Zn, Cu content (n=5)
Note: A, B, C, D colleague compares, without same letter, subscript represents that difference extremely significantly (P<0.01), data acquisition represents with " means standard deviation ".
As can be seen from Table 2, in the soil of waterplant field, the content of Cu and Zn reaches " standard of soil environment quality (revised edition) " GB15618-2008.It is that the intake of Zn has downtrending, and the result of 2007 is lower than developed country's level, and the intake of Cu is higher than developed country because the intake of China resident meals Fe and developed country are similar to that China abrogates the limit index of Fe, Cu, Zn in food.Meanwhile, the intake of Fe, Cu, Zn is all far below the highest intake of tolerance.So Cu and the Zn content in wild rice stem is all in safety range.

Claims (8)

1. a circulation utilization method for wastewater from pig farm, is characterized in that carrying out anaerobically fermenting, three grades of aerating oxidation, a biological degradation, secondary biological degradation process successively, specifically comprises the following steps:
(1), the excrement that produces in the production process of pig farm dirty homogeneous after, carry out anaerobically fermenting;
(2), the 2 cover tertiary oxidation ponds that are being arranged in parallel of the natural pond liquid that obtains of anaerobically fermenting, alternative aeration oxidation in the tertiary oxidation pond, A district be namely arranged in parallel and tertiary oxidation pond, B district; Described tertiary oxidation pond of often overlapping comprises the first oxidation pond, the second oxidation pond and the 3rd oxidation pond that are linked in sequence successively, is equipped with oxygen increasing pump in the first oxidation pond, the second oxidation pond and the 3rd oxidation pond;
The concrete operations of alternative aeration oxidation are: first natural pond liquid enter into A district first oxidation pond until fill, and starts standing aerating oxidation; Natural pond liquid in A district first oxidation pond leaves standstill aerating oxidation 10-15 days, supernatant liquor is entered A district second oxidation pond again and carry out secondary aerating oxidation 10-15 days, in A district second oxidation pond, the supernatant liquor of 2/3 enters into A district the 3rd oxidation pond and carries out three grades of aerating oxidation 10-15 days; When natural pond liquid in A district first oxidation pond starts standing aerating oxidation, natural pond liquid is entered into B district first oxidation pond, according to the treatment process in tertiary oxidation pond, A district, aerating oxidation is step by step carried out to natural pond liquid; Tertiary oxidation pond rotation alternative aeration in A, B district is oxidized, and to maintain in the liquid of natural pond dissolved oxygen at 2.5 ~ 4.5mg/L in aerating oxidation process;
(3), a biological degradation is carried out through the natural pond liquid that three grades of aerating oxidation obtain;
(4) waterplant in circulation water channel of the water, after a biological degradation carries out secondary biological degradation;
(5), through the biodegradable water accumulation of secondary, discharge after reaching emission standard.
2. the circulation utilization method of wastewater from pig farm according to claim 1, is characterized in that in step (1), and the excrement produced in the production process of pig farm is dirty fully homogeneous in homogeneous pond, in biogas anaerobic fermentation tower, carry out anaerobically fermenting.
3. the circulation utilization method of wastewater from pig farm according to claim 1, is characterized in that in step (3), and the natural pond liquid after three grades of aerating oxidation stops waterplant Tanaka and within 10-15 days, carries out a biological degradation; Described waterplant Tanaka planting aquatic plants; Waterplant is in waterplant field planting density: wide row 1m, narrow row 0.8m, spacing in the rows 0.6m, plants 1400 piers for every mu.
4. the circulation utilization method of wastewater from pig farm according to claim 1, is characterized in that in step (4), and in circulation water channel, carry out secondary biological degradation through once biodegradable water, in circulation water channel, the flow velocity of water is 1-2cm/s; Described circulation water channel is made up of the horizontal water channel of multistage, and often adjacent two sections of horizontal water channels form the drop of 10-20cm; In each section of horizontal water channel, be provided with at least one net cage, plant in described net cage and be implanted with waterplant.
5. the circulation utilization method of wastewater from pig farm according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in step (5), accumulating settling bowl through the biodegradable water of secondary, and supernatant liquor enters discharge region discharge.
6. the cyclic utilization system of a wastewater from pig farm, it is characterized in that comprising homogeneous pond, biogas anaerobic fermentation tower, the tertiary oxidation pond of at least 2 cover parallel connections, waterplant field, circulation water channel, described homogeneous pond is connected with pig farm, homogeneous pond is connected with biogas anaerobic fermentation tower through pipeline, biogas anaerobic fermentation tower is connected with the import in tertiary oxidation pond, often overlaps tertiary oxidation pond and comprises the first oxidation pond, the second oxidation pond and the 3rd oxidation pond that are linked in sequence successively; Described the 3rd oxidation pond often overlapping tertiary oxidation pond passes into waterplant field by the road, and described waterplant field is connected with circulation water channel through water channel; Described circulation water channel is made up of the horizontal water channel of multistage, and often adjacent two sections of horizontal water channels form the drop of 10-20cm, in each section of horizontal water channel, be provided with at least one net cage; Described circulation water channel is connected with settling tank; Described settling tank is connected with discharge region.
7. the cyclic utilization system of wastewater from pig farm according to claim 6, is characterized in that the cyclic utilization system of described wastewater from pig farm is arranged in parallel 2 cover tertiary oxidation ponds; Described each section horizontal water channel is provided with a net cage.
8. the cyclic utilization system of wastewater from pig farm according to claim 6, the water channel slabstone that it is characterized in that outside described waterplant ridge is provided with boxes out; The pipeline that tertiary oxidation pond the 3rd oxidation pond and waterplant field are often overlapped in described connection is provided with water pump.
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CN108264199B (en) * 2018-02-01 2020-02-14 温州科技职业学院 Pig farm wastewater treatment process

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