CN103841744B - Laser wake field acceleration and the method producing high brightness attosecond optical pulse - Google Patents
Laser wake field acceleration and the method producing high brightness attosecond optical pulse Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a kind of laser wake field acceleration and the method for generation high brightness attosecond optical pulse.This laser wake field acceleration includes for producing the lasing light emitter driving laser and the vacuum chamber being provided with gas generating unit and focusing system, wherein gas generating unit is for producing along the gas target driving laser propagation direction to have ascending-type density forward position, and focusing system is for driving laser to be focused.After the driving laser line focus system that lasing light emitter produces focuses on, the gas target incided, make the gas molecule in gas target by laser-beam ionization, produce the injection of Ah second's pulsewidth electronics sheet sync plus white electronics sheet to obtain attosecond optical pulse.The present invention can produce the attosecond optical pulse of the Theory of Relativity intensity, breaches the existing ability that can be output by radiation based on large-scale tradition accelerator simultaneously, provides Ah second's radiation source of compact high-quality for basic science widely and commercial Application.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an accelerator and a coherent radiation source generating device, in particular to a laser wake field accelerator which drives a gas target by ultrashort strong laser and generates high-brightness attosecond light pulses.
Background
Attosecond (1 attosecond = 10)-18Second) light pulse is the shortest electromagnetic radiation currently available experimentally, it can track and manipulate electron motion at the atomic scale, and it is a tool for studying and manipulating the micro world, e.g., attosecond pulses can be used for single shot imaging of macromolecular structures, diagnostic chemical reaction processes, identification of drug components, etc. Therefore, the development of the attosecond pulse generation technology has important value for basic scientific research of life, medicine, chemistry, materials and the like, advanced industrial application and the like. The generation of high brightness attosecond pulses is one of the major research topics in attosecond physics today.
The current mature method for generating ultrashort X-ray pulses is based on the synchrotron radiation device of the traditional accelerator and free electron laser, such as Shanghai light source, LCLS of SLAC, etc. Wherein the pulse width of the electron beam in the synchrotron radiation device is typically picoseconds (1 picosecond = 10)-12Seconds) to nanoseconds (1 nanosecond = 10)-9Seconds) and the generated radiation has a pulse width of the same order and is incoherent. Coherence can significantly increase the photon flux density of radiation, for which reason advanced X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) have been built based on conventional accelerators. The peak brightness of the light pulse output by the XFLEL is 7-9 orders of magnitude higher than that of a synchrotron radiation source, and the application potential of the XFLEL is greatly expanded. For example, the ten year-old progress selected in the us journal of science 2012 involved the identification of the knot of an enzyme required by trypanosoma brucei using an X-ray laser (10 hundred million times brighter than synchrotron radiation), which parasite is responsible for african lethargy, and thus first demonstrated the potential of coherent X-rays to directly decrypt proteins. However, it should be noted that even with the current state-of-the-art XFEL, the output radiation pulse width is no shorter than 100 femtoseconds (1 femtosecond = 10)-15Second), the single pulse energy does not exceed 5 millijoules. Furthermore, the conventional accelerator-based radiation source devices described above are large in scale (many kilometers of acceleration distance) and expensive to manufacture (about 10 billion dollars per XFEL), thereby limiting their applicability to a wider range of basic scientific and industrial applications. Directly providing an inexpensive, high brightness, shorter pulse width coherent radiation source is still one of the goals of future accelerator and radiation source fields of endeavor, for example, the conventional accelerator community is currently exploring whether X-ray pulses of attosecond pulse width can be generated.
In recent years, with the rapid development of ultrafast laser technology, ultrashort intense laser and plasma interaction have shown great potential in the direction of novel particle acceleration and radiation source generation. The plasma may carry up to 1011～1012The effective accelerating electric field per meter is 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than that of the traditional accelerator, for example, the laser tail wave field formed by the strong laser driving gas target can accelerate electrons to 10 cm at a distance of 3 cm9Electron volts, and thus laser plasma heatingSpeed is considered to be one of the hot candidates for future compact, inexpensive, and efficient accelerators. Based on laser wake field acceleration, various mechanisms have been developed to generate ultrashort X/gamma ray pulses, such as spontaneous synchrotron radiation of electron beams in the wake acceleration structure, or thomson/compton backscattering with other laser beams. These high brightness radiation sources have been used for single shot imaging applications and the like. However, at present, controllability of electron injection in the wake field acceleration is poor, and the electron injection usually occurs quasi-continuously within a certain time, and the pulse width of the generated electron beam is difficult to be lower than the femtosecond order, so that a radiation source generated based on the electron beams is often femtosecond pulse width and incoherent. New breakthrough is urgently needed for obtaining coherent radiation with attosecond pulse width through laser tail wave field acceleration.
On the other hand, based on the interaction of ultrashort intense lasers with matter, various methods have been invented to generate attosecond coherent radiation, some of which are even experimentally well established. For example, the light intensity is 1014～1016The femtosecond laser with watt per square centimeter can effectively excite the higher harmonic radiation of gas atoms, the radiation is expressed as integral multiple harmonic of incident light in a frequency domain, and is expressed as a periodic attosecond pulse chain in a time domain. The method is based on laser atomic process, and the incident light intensity requirement is less than 1016Watts per square centimeter, and thus the resulting attosecond pulse intensity is not high. In addition, relativistic intensity: (>1018Watts per square centimeter) with a solid target can produce high intensity surface harmonics. If these harmonic radiations are further high-pass filtered, a single attosecond pulse can be obtained. However, the solid surface higher harmonic intensity generally decreases rapidly with increasing harmonic order, so the efficiency of filtering to produce a single attosecond pulse is not high. Recently, based on the interaction between the ultra-strong few-cycle laser and the nano target, various schemes for directly generating high-brightness coherent attosecond pulses are also proposed. However, the scheme requires extremely high laser contrast and is extremely difficult to test. In addition, these solid target-based schemes also do not facilitate high repetition rate operation and have significant practical limitations.
It can be seen from the above that the scheme based on the traditional accelerator has many unique advantages in generating a novel radiation source based on the interaction between the intense laser and the plasma, but there is still a need for a simple and easy scheme with high repetition rate and low laser contrast requirement to directly generate high brightness, coherent and attosecond light pulses. Once the scheme is realized, a cheap and convenient high-quality attosecond light source is provided for wide basic scientific application and the like, and meanwhile, the bottleneck of outputting an ultrashort radiation source based on a traditional accelerator at present is broken through.
Disclosure of Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a relatively inexpensive and simple apparatus and method for generating high brightness coherent attosecond light pulses.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a laser wake field accelerator for generating attosecond light pulses, the laser wake field accelerator comprising: a laser source for generating a driving laser; and the vacuum chamber is internally provided with a gas generating device and a focusing system, wherein the gas generating device is used for generating a gas target with an ascending type density front edge along the propagation direction of the driving laser, and the focusing system is used for focusing the driving laser. The driving laser generated by the laser source is focused by the focusing system and then enters the gas target, so that gas molecules in the gas target are ionized by the laser beam, an attosecond electronic sheet is generated and injected and synchronously accelerated, and attosecond light pulses are obtained.
In another preferred embodiment, the density includes a total electron number density.
In another preferred embodiment, the gas target with an ascending density front is followed by a plateau or a descending density profile.
In another preferred embodiment, the different density distributions are smoothly transitioned through an intermediate density plateau.
In another preferred embodiment, the gas generating means comprises a gas nozzle which is a sub-millimeter long ultrashort supersonic gas nozzle, and the outlet of the gas nozzle has a sharp boundary.
In another preferred example, the sub-millimeter ultra-short supersonic gas nozzle sprays the gas target with the distance from the vacuum edge to the gas density platform not exceeding 200 microns.
In another preferred embodiment, the outlet of the gas nozzle is rectangular or circular.
In another preferred example, a metal piece for controlling the spray pattern of the gas target is provided at the outlet of the gas nozzle, the metal piece having a sharp boundary, the sharp boundary of the metal piece being in contact with the gas target.
In another preferred embodiment, the outlet direction of the nozzle is vertical upward, the metal sheet is horizontally placed at the outlet of the gas nozzle, and the area of the shielding outlet is not more than 1/2 of the whole outlet area.
In another preferred embodiment, the plane of the metal sheet is kept parallel to and flush with the plane of the nozzle outlet by using a support.
In another preferred example, the laser wake field accelerator further comprises a laser preprocessing system for providing processing laser to the gas target to shape the density distribution of the gas target, the laser preprocessing system comprising: the spatial light intensity modulation mask sheet is used for modulating the transverse spatial light intensity distribution of the processing laser, and the single-hole line width of the mask sheet is 20-500 microns, preferably 50-200 microns; the prism pair is used for focusing the modulated processing laser and adjusting the absolute light intensity of the processing laser; the processing laser focused by the prism is incident to the gas target along the direction vertical to the propagation direction of the driving laser; and the driving laser is incident on the gas target later than the processing laser, and the delay of the driving laser relative to the incidence of the processing laser on the gas target is not less than 2 nanoseconds, preferably 2 to 10 nanoseconds.
In another preferred example, the laser pulse generated by the laser source is split by the beam splitter to obtain the driving laser and the processing laser.
In another preferred embodiment, the transmission reflectance of the spectroscope is greater than 9: 1, driving laser from laser pulse generated by laser source and transmitting the laser through spectroscope, and processing laser from laser pulse generated by laser source and reflecting the laser through spectroscope.
In another preferred embodiment, the processing laser is one or more low-energy beamlets.
In another preferred example, the laser wake field accelerator further comprises a total reflection mirror for guiding the driving laser and/or the processing laser.
In another preferred example, the processing laser incident to the gas target covers the entire gas target or a front end of the gas target, which is an end of the driving laser that first acts on the gas target.
In another preferred example, the driving laser satisfies the following parameters:
(a) the radius of a waist spot focused on the gas target by the driving laser is in a micron order, generally 10-100 microns, preferably 10-50 microns;
(b) the pulse width of the driving laser is 1-100 femtoseconds, preferably 5-50 femtoseconds;
(c) the peak power of the driving laser is 100-10000 Tai W, preferably 200-5000 Tai W.
In another preferred example, the driving laser is a fundamental mode Gaussian beam or a super Gaussian beam;
in another preferred embodiment, the gas target is composed of a low atomic number gas or gases, preferably hydrogen, helium or mixtures thereof;
in another preferred embodiment, the gas target satisfies the following parameters:
(a) the size of the gas target along the propagation direction of the driving laser is 100-10000 microns, preferably 100-1000 microns;
(b) the gas target has good density uniformity within a certain dimension in the direction perpendicular to the propagation direction of the driving laser, and the dimension range is preferably 10-100 micrometers;
(c) the gas target contains a maximum electron number density of 10 after ionization18～1021Each cubic centimeter, preferably 1019～1020Each per cubic centimeter;
(d) the length of the rising density front along the propagation direction of the driving laser is 10-500 microns, preferably 50-200 microns.
In another preferred embodiment, the distance from the low density region boundary to the highest density region boundary of the ascending density front along the laser propagation direction is less than 10 times (about 200 microns) the wavelength of the electric plasma wave corresponding to the highest density.
In another preferred embodiment, the ascending density front includes a low density region (density in the range of 0-0.25 n)0Middle), middle density region (density 0.25-n)0In between) and the highest density region (density n)0) Wherein n is0Is the highest density.
In another preferred embodiment, the lowest density of the ascending density front is 0, and the highest density is not more than 2x1020Each per cubic centimeter.
In another preferred embodiment, the rise is a straight rise or a linear rise.
In another preferred embodiment, the radius of the waist spot for driving the laser to focus on the gas target is larger than the wavelength of the electron plasma wave corresponding to the maximum electron number density of the gas target.
In another preferred embodiment, the laser wake field accelerator produces dense electron flyers of attosecond pulse width, i.e., electron beams in a sheet-like structure.
In another preferred example, the attosecond light pulse generated by the laser wake field accelerator has the following characteristics:
(a) has space-time coherence;
(b) full width half maximum pulse width of light intensity is less than 500 attosecond;
(c) total energy is greater than 2 mJ;
(d) radiating from the plasma in a cone-like form with a cone angle theta with respect to the propagation direction of the driving laser0Typically 10-30 degrees depending on the drive laser and gas target parameters;
(e) the electric vector polarization state is close to radial polarization.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for generating pulses of attosecond light, the method comprising:
(a) providing a drive laser having a femtosecond magnitude pulse width and providing a gas target having a rising density front along a drive laser propagation direction;
(b) focusing the driving laser to generate laser pulses with the light spot radius of micron order;
(c) the focused laser beam is directed to a gas target, thereby generating and accelerating an electron beam in a sheet-like structure, i.e., an electron flyer, which generates attosecond light pulses in a wake field.
The invention provides a novel wake wave excitation and controllable electron beam injection mode based on the principle that ultrashort strong laser drives a gas target to generate wake wave field accelerated electrons, and realizes the injection of attosecond pulse width and dense electron flyers (namely electron beams in a sheet structure). The injected electron flyer produces a high intensity, coherent attosecond pulse while achieving acceleration in the wake field. The invention has the advantages of low technical requirement, high quality of generated radiation and low cost, thereby being beneficial to providing a compact and high-quality attosecond radiation source for wide basic science and industrial application.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a laser wake field accelerator according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2a is a schematic diagram of the operation of the present invention for generating attosecond light pulses;
FIG. 2b is a possible form of the total electron number density distribution after ionization of the gas target as claimed in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a laser wake field accelerator according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a laser wake field accelerator according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary simulation results of attosecond pulses generated by a laser wake field accelerator in one embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 illustrates an exemplary spatial structure of attosecond pulses generated along the center of the pulse in an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present inventors have made extensive and intensive studies and have proposed an apparatus which has a relatively simple structure and can efficiently produce high-brightness coherent attosecond light pulses. By adopting the device, the high-brightness attosecond light pulse can be conveniently and efficiently generated. The present invention has been completed based on this finding.
The invention provides a device and a method for controlling the injection position of an electron beam by shaping the density distribution of a gas target, thereby realizing the injection and acceleration of an attosecond pulse width electron beam in a tail wave field; meanwhile, the invention adopts the laser waist spot incidence condition which is larger than the wave wavelength of the electronic plasma, so that the injected electron beam has a sheet structure with large transverse-longitudinal ratio; the electron beam with attosecond pulse width sheet structure is accelerated in the tail wave field and is contracted under the action of electrostatic field force in transverse direction, so that coherent attosecond pulse width synchronous radiation pulse is generated.
Device and application
The following detailed description of embodiments of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings. It is to be noted that the present invention is not limited to the following description, and those skilled in the art will understand the present invention from the spirit embodied in the following description, and each technical term can be understood in its broadest sense based on the spirit of the present invention.
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a laser wake field accelerator according to a first embodiment of the present invention. As shown in fig. 1, the laser wake field accelerator includes:
the gas generating device comprises an ultrashort supersonic gas nozzle J1, and the gas nozzle J1 is used for generating a gas target with uniform density and adjustable density;
the laser beam splitting guiding device comprises a beam splitter M3, a total reflection mirror M1, an off-axis parabolic mirror M2 and a beam splitter M3, wherein the beam splitter M3 is used for splitting a laser pulse L0 output by a laser source into a transmitted driving laser L1 and a processing laser L2; and
the gas density distribution shaping device comprises total reflection mirrors M4 and M5, a light intensity space modulation mask SM1 and a prism pair M6 and M7, wherein the light intensity space modulation mask SM1 is used for modulating the transverse space light intensity distribution of processing laser L2, and the prism pair M6 and M7 are used for focusing the processing laser L2 guided by the total reflection mirror M5 and adjusting the absolute light intensity of the processing laser L2.
The gas generating device, the laser beam splitting guiding device and the gas density distribution shaping device are all positioned in the vacuum chamber.
The outlet of the gas nozzle J1 is rectangular or circular or any other suitable shape. The size of the gas target ejected from the gas nozzle J1 in the propagation direction of the driving laser is generally not more than 10000 microns, preferably 100-1000 microns.
After laser pulse L0 outputted from a laser source (not shown) enters the vacuum chamber, the transmittance-reflectance ratio is greater than 9: the beam splitter M3 of 1 is divided into two sub-beams L1 and L2, L1 carries more than 90% of the energy in L0 as the driving laser, and L2 carries less than 10% of the energy in L0 as the processing laser. The driving laser L1 is guided to the off-axis parabolic mirror M2 through the total reflection mirror M1 for focusing, and the focused driving laser L3 is incident on the gas target. The present invention requires that the radius of the waist spot when the laser L3 is driven to reach the front end of the gas target be 10-100 microns, preferably 10-50 microns.
After the transverse spatial light intensity distribution of the processing laser L2 is modulated by the light intensity spatial modulation mask SM1, the prism pair M6 and M7 further focus the processing laser L2 guided by the full-reflecting mirror M5 and adjust the absolute light intensity of the processing laser, and the focused processing laser L4 is incident on the gas target to shape the gas density distribution of the gas target. The present invention requires that the machining laser is incident on the gas target perpendicular to the propagation direction of the drive laser and can cover the entire gas target or the front end of the target. In addition, the invention requires that the high light intensity area of the processing laser corresponds to the front end of the gas target, namely the end of the driving laser L3 acting with the gas target first; and the time t1 when the processing laser light L4 reaches the gas target should be earlier than the time t when the drive laser light L3 reaches the gas target2Requiring a delay (t)2-t1）>2 ns, preferably (t)2-t1) 2-10 nanoseconds.
For ease of understanding, fig. 2a illustrates the principles of operation of the present invention for generating attosecond light pulses by interaction of a driver laser with a density-shaped gas target, although it will be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited by such principles of operation. As shown in fig. 2a, the drive laser L3 is incident on the density-shaped gas target T1 from the left to generate attosecond radiation R1. In the experiment, under the conditions of the driving laser and the gas target parameters, the driving laser L3 excites a large-amplitude plasma wave, namely a laser tail wave, when being transmitted in the gas target T1, and a compact tail wave electron thin layer is formed. The electron shells can inject the wake field instantaneously near the transition from the density riser to the plateau. Fig. 2a shows the spatial shape EB1 of an injected electron flyer at different moments of propagation. The electron flyer EB1 is accelerated in the wake field and makes transverse contraction movement due to the electrostatic field force, so as to generate coherent-like synchrotron radiation R1. The pulse R1 has an attosecond pulse width and a certain cone angle theta0The plasma is radiated. RP1 is the projection of an attosecond pulse in the plane at different propagation times.
As shown in FIG. 2b, the gas target T1 has an ascending density front and a subsequent plateau-shaped density profile along the propagation direction of the drive laser L3, preferably with smooth transitions between the different density profiles. The density gradient of the rising density front should be greater than a certain value, preferably from a low density region (e.g., n)0/4) to the region of highest density (n)0) Should be less than 10 times (about 200 microns) the wavelength of the electron plasma corresponding to the region of highest density. It is to be understood that the density profile of the gas target may be in other equivalent profiles.
Fig. 3 shows a laser wake field accelerator according to a second embodiment of the invention. The second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that: the laser pulse L0 generated by the laser source (not shown) enters the vacuum chamber and no longer breaks out another beamlet to serve as the processing laser. In the second embodiment, a metal sheet is properly disposed only at the outlet of the gas nozzle J1 to control the jet pattern of the emergent gas target (see the document phy. rev. st accel. beams,13,091301 (2010)), so as to generate the gas (plasma) density distribution required by the present invention. The metal sheet may be a rigid, sharp-edged metal foil, such as a razor blade. The metal sheet is horizontally placed at the outlet of the gas nozzle, the area of the shielding outlet is not more than 1/2 of the whole outlet area, the plane of the metal sheet is kept parallel to and attached to the plane of the nozzle outlet by adopting a support, and meanwhile, the sharp boundary edge of the metal sheet is contacted with gas.
Fig. 4 shows a laser wake field accelerator according to a third embodiment of the invention. The third embodiment differs from the above embodiments in that: after the laser pulse L0 generated by the laser source enters the vacuum chamber, another sub-beam is not decomposed to be used as a processing laser, and a metal sheet is not arranged at the outlet of the gas nozzle J1 to control the jet form of the gas target. In a third embodiment, the gas nozzle is required to be a sub-millimeter long ultrashort supersonic gas nozzle with a sharp edge at its outlet. The gas nozzle can generate a gas target with good gas density uniformity, and the size of the boundary of the front end of the gas target from vacuum to a density platform is not more than 500 microns. Preferably, the boundary dimension is no greater than 200 microns.
The three embodiments described above differ in the way the rising front of the gas density is generated, and theoretically the attosecond pulse results are substantially the same if the other parameters are identical. In fig. 2b, the first distribution at the top is an ideal distribution, which is difficult to obtain in the experiment. The second and third distributions below are actually possible distributions in the experiment, and the second and third distributions can be generated by all of the above three embodiments. The intermediate density plateau followed by the plateau or the falling density profile had little effect on the attosecond pulse generation.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the main differences and the effects that:
(a) in the typically tightly focused laser pulse driven wake field acceleration scheme, electron injection occurs quasi-continuously over a time frame, resulting in a final injected electron beam with femtosecond pulse widths, and the resulting radiation correspondingly has pulse widths on the order of femtoseconds and is incoherent. The invention provides a method for controlling the injection position of an electron beam through a gas density shaping target, thereby realizing the injection and acceleration of an attosecond pulse width electron beam in a wake field;
(b) the invention adopts the laser waist spot incidence condition larger than the longitudinal structure size of the tail wave, so that the injected electron beam is a sheet structure with wider transverse dimension, which is different from a beam structure with large aspect ratio obtained under the condition of the incidence of the common tightly focused laser pulse;
(c) the attosecond pulse width electronic flyer is accelerated in a wake-wave field and is contracted under the action of an electrostatic field force in the transverse direction, so that coherent synchronous radiation is generated, and the radiation pulse width is in attosecond order;
(d) compared with the scheme based on the interaction of laser and solid target, the invention only uses gas target, thus having the potential of high repetition rate realization experimentally;
(e) the invention can generate a single attosecond light pulse with relativistic intensity, is different from femtosecond pulse width and incoherent radiation which are usually obtained based on laser wake field acceleration in the past, and breaks through the capability of outputting radiation based on the existing large-scale traditional accelerator, so that a compact and high-quality attosecond radiation source can be provided for wide basic science and industrial application by a relatively cheap and simple method;
(f) the device of the invention has low cost and simple and convenient maintenance.
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. The experimental procedures, in which specific conditions are not noted in the following examples, are generally carried out under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturers.
Examples
The laser wake field accelerator of the present embodiment is based on the first embodiment (see fig. 1), and includes a laser beam splitting guide device, a gas generation device, and a gas density distribution shaping device.
In this embodiment, the gas ejected from the gas nozzle J1 is hydrogen, and the total electron density of the gas molecules is 4.7x10 at most19Each per cubic centimeter.
The light intensity spatial modulation mask SM1 has a single aperture side with a linewidth of 100 microns. After further modulation by the columnar prisms M6 and M7, the line width of the high light intensity region of the processing laser L4 is about 100 microns, and the light intensity is about 1014-1016The remaining portion of the L4 light intensity is less than 10 watts per square centimeter12Watts per square centimeter.
In this embodiment, the full width at half maximum of the laser pulse output from the laser source is 20 femtoseconds. After being focused by an off-axis parabolic reflector M2, the waist spot radius of the laser L3 when the laser L3 is driven to enter a gas target surface T1 is 17 micronsPeak light intensity of 7.7x1019Watts per square centimeter, peak power is 350 TW. Fig. 5 and 6 show the numerical simulation results of the present embodiment. FIG. 5 shows the electron acceleration and irradiation results of the wake field generated by the gas target T1 driven by the laser L3. As shown in fig. 5 (a), according to the basic principle of the present invention, the electron beam injected into the wake field takes a sheet-like structure (i.e. the above-mentioned electron flyer) which gets accelerated in the wake field while being laterally tapered. Fig. 5 (b) shows the structure of the corresponding generated attosecond radiation at different propagation moments. The fine structure of the generated attosecond pulse is shown in FIG. 6, with a pulse width of 120 attosecond and a peak light intensity of approximately 3 × 1019Watts per square centimeter, total energy of 12 millijoules. In three dimensions, the attosecond pulse is at θ0A cone angle of solid of 10 degrees is radiated from the plasma. Attosecond pulses with higher radiation intensity and energy can be obtained with incident driven lasers with larger focal spots. The attosecond pulse has complete space-time coherence, high energy, strong peak light intensity and pulse width generally less than 200 attosecond, and is suitable for a large amount of basic scientific researches and practical industrial applications of single-shot imaging, heavy element ionization control and the like of a macromolecular structure.
The laser wake field accelerator and the method for generating high-brightness attosecond light pulses have the following advantages:
the realization technical requirement is low: the gas target generation technology adopted by the invention is mature, and the shortest 200-micron ultrashort gas target can be realized at present. The density shaping of the gas target can be achieved by various means, such as the laser processing technique in the first embodiment, and even a density rising type boundary on the order of hundreds of micrometers inherent to the gas target can satisfy the requirements of the present invention. Ultra-short pulse lasers of the peak power from hundred-tera watt to beat watt used in the present invention have been available from some laser manufacturers;
the generated radiation is of high quality: the typical numerical results show that the method of the invention can directly generate relativistic intensity and coherent attosecond pulse radiation, and breaks through the existing pulse radiation parameters (picosecond pulse width, incoherent or partially coherent) which can be output based on a large-scale traditional accelerator;
the cost is low: the invention is based on the interaction of ultrashort strong laser and plasma, has the advantages of high efficiency, compactness and the like, and has very low cost compared with the scheme based on a large-scale traditional accelerator. Compared to schemes based on the interaction of intense laser light with a solid target, the present invention uses only a gas target and thus has the potential for high repetition rate implementation experimentally.
It will be appreciated that various changes or modifications may be made by those skilled in the art after reading the above teachings of the invention, and such equivalents are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (29)
1. A laser wake field accelerator for producing attosecond light pulses, the laser wake field accelerator comprising:
a laser source for generating a driving laser; and
the laser device comprises a vacuum chamber, wherein a gas generating device and a focusing system are arranged in the vacuum chamber, the gas generating device is used for generating a gas target with an ascending type density front edge along the propagation direction of driving laser, and the focusing system is used for focusing the driving laser; wherein,
the driving laser generated by the laser source is focused by the focusing system and then enters the gas target, so that gas molecules in the gas target are ionized by the laser beam, an attosecond electronic sheet is generated and injected and synchronously accelerated, the electronic sheet is transversely contracted under the action of an electrostatic field force while being accelerated, and coherent attosecond light pulses in a conical shape are obtained.
2. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas generating means comprises a gas nozzle which is a sub-millimeter long ultrashort supersonic gas nozzle, and the outlet of the gas nozzle has a sharp boundary.
3. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 1, characterized in that the gas generating means comprises a gas nozzle, at the outlet of which a metal sheet for controlling the spray pattern of the gas target is arranged, the metal sheet having an acute boundary, the acute boundary of the metal sheet being in contact with the gas target.
4. The laser wake field accelerator of claim 1 further comprising a laser preprocessing system for providing processing laser light to the gas target for density profile shaping of the gas target, the laser preprocessing system comprising:
the spatial light intensity modulation mask sheet is used for modulating the transverse spatial light intensity distribution of the processing laser, and the single-hole line width of the mask sheet is 20-500 microns; and
the prism pair is used for focusing the modulated processing laser and adjusting the absolute light intensity of the processing laser;
the processing laser focused by the prism is incident to the gas target along the direction vertical to the propagation direction of the driving laser; and is
The driving laser is incident to the gas target later than the processing laser, and the delay of the driving laser relative to the incidence of the processing laser to the gas target is not less than 2 nanoseconds.
5. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 4, characterized in that the mask has a single aperture line width of 50-200 microns.
6. The laser wake field accelerator of claim 4, wherein the drive laser is incident on the gas target later than the processing laser, and the drive laser has a delay of 2-10 nanoseconds with respect to the incidence of the processing laser on the gas target.
7. The laser wake field accelerator according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the driving laser satisfies the following parameters:
(a) the radius of the waist spot focused on the gas target by the driving laser is 10-100 microns;
(b) the pulse width of the driving laser is 1-100 femtoseconds;
(c) the peak power of the driving laser is 100-10000 terawatt.
8. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 7, wherein the radius of the waist spot focused by the driving laser onto the gas target is 10-50 μm.
9. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 7, characterized in that the pulse width of the driving laser is 5-50 femtoseconds.
10. The laser wake field accelerator of claim 7, wherein the peak power of the drive laser is 200-5000 terawatts.
11. The laser wake field accelerator according to any of the claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the gas target satisfies the following parameters:
(a) the size of the gas target along the propagation direction of the driving laser is 100-10000 microns;
(b) the density uniformity of the gas target in a certain scale in the direction perpendicular to the propagation direction of the driving laser is good, and the scale range is 10-100 micrometers;
(c) the gas target contains a maximum electron number density of 10 after ionization18～1021Each per cubic centimeter;
(d) the length of the rising type density front edge along the propagation direction of the driving laser is 10-500 micrometers.
12. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 7, characterized in that the gas target satisfies the following parameters:
(a) the size of the gas target along the propagation direction of the driving laser is 100-10000 microns;
(b) the density uniformity of the gas target in a certain scale in the direction perpendicular to the propagation direction of the driving laser is good, and the scale range is 10-100 micrometers;
(c) the gas target contains a maximum electron number density of 10 after ionization18～1021Each per cubic centimeter;
(d) the length of the rising type density front edge along the propagation direction of the driving laser is 10-500 micrometers.
13. The laser wake field accelerator of claim 12, wherein the dimension of the gas target along the direction of propagation of the driving laser is 100-1000 microns.
14. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 12, wherein the gas target after ionization contains a maximum number density of 10 electrons19～1020Each per cubic centimeter.
15. The laser wake field accelerator of claim 12, wherein the length of the rising density front in the direction of propagation of the driving laser is 50-200 microns.
16. The laser wake field accelerator according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the focal length of the waist spot of the drive laser focused on the gas target is larger than the wavelength of the electron plasma wave corresponding to the maximum electron number density of the gas target.
17. The laser wake field accelerator of claim 7, wherein the waist radius of the drive laser focused onto the gas target is greater than the electron plasma wave wavelength corresponding to the maximum electron number density of the gas target.
18. The laser wake field accelerator of claim 11, wherein the waist radius of the drive laser focused onto the gas target is greater than the electron plasma wave wavelength corresponding to the maximum electron number density of the gas target.
19. The laser wake field accelerator according to any of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it produces dense electron flyers of attosecond pulse width, i.e. electron beams in a lamellar structure.
20. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 7, characterized in that it produces dense electron flyers of attosecond pulse width, i.e. electron beams in a sheet-like structure.
21. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 11, characterized in that it produces dense electron flyers of attosecond pulse width, i.e. electron beams in a sheet-like structure.
22. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 16, characterized in that it produces dense electron flyers of attosecond pulse width, i.e. electron beams in a sheet-like structure.
23. The laser wake field accelerator according to any of the claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the attosecond light pulses generated by the laser wake field accelerator have the following characteristics:
(a) has space-time coherence;
(b) full width half maximum pulse width of light intensity is less than 500 attosecond;
(c) total energy is greater than 2 mJ;
(d) radiating from the plasma in a cone-like form with a cone angle theta with respect to the propagation direction of the driving laser0Depending on the driving laser and gas target parameters;
(e) the electric vector polarization state is close to radial polarization.
24. The laser wake field accelerator of claim 23 where attosecond light pulses produced by the laser wake field accelerator are at a cone angle θ relative to a drive laser propagation direction0Is 10-30 degrees.
25. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 7, characterized in that the attosecond light pulses generated by the laser wake field accelerator have the following characteristics:
(a) has space-time coherence;
(b) full width half maximum pulse width of light intensity is less than 500 attosecond;
(c) total energy is greater than 2 mJ;
(d) radiating from the plasma in a cone-like form with a cone angle theta with respect to the propagation direction of the driving laser0Depending on the driving laser and gas target parameters;
(e) the electric vector polarization state is close to radial polarization.
26. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 11, characterized in that the attosecond light pulses generated by the laser wake field accelerator have the following characteristics:
(a) has space-time coherence;
(b) full width half maximum pulse width of light intensity is less than 500 attosecond;
(c) total energy is greater than 2 mJ;
(d) radiating from the plasma in a cone-like form with a cone angle theta with respect to the propagation direction of the driving laser0Depending on the driving laser and gas target parameters;
(e) the electric vector polarization state is close to radial polarization.
27. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 16, characterized in that the attosecond light pulses generated by the laser wake field accelerator have the following characteristics:
(a) has space-time coherence;
(b) full width half maximum pulse width of light intensity is less than 500 attosecond;
(c) total energy is greater than 2 mJ;
(d) radiating from the plasma in a cone-like form with a cone angle theta with respect to the propagation direction of the driving laser0Depending on the driving laser and gas target parameters;
(e) the electric vector polarization state is close to radial polarization.
28. The laser wake field accelerator according to claim 19, characterized in that the attosecond light pulses generated by the laser wake field accelerator have the following characteristics:
(a) has space-time coherence;
(b) full width half maximum pulse width of light intensity is less than 500 attosecond;
(c) total energy is greater than 2 mJ;
(d) radiating from the plasma in a cone-like form with a cone angle theta with respect to the propagation direction of the driving laser0Depending on the driving laser and gas target parameters;
(e) the electric vector polarization state is close to radial polarization.
29. A method for generating attosecond light pulses, the method comprising:
(a) providing a drive laser having a femtosecond magnitude pulse width and providing a gas target having a rising density front along a drive laser propagation direction;
(b) focusing the driving laser to generate laser pulses with the light spot radius of micron order;
(c) the focused laser beam is led into the gas target, so that an electron beam in a sheet structure, namely an electron flyer, is generated and accelerated, and the electron flyer is transversely contracted under the action of an electrostatic field force while being accelerated, so that attosecond light pulses are generated in a wake field.
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| CN201410101155.4A CN103841744B (en) | 2014-03-18 | 2014-03-18 | Laser wake field acceleration and the method producing high brightness attosecond optical pulse |
| PCT/CN2015/074515 WO2015139636A1 (en) | 2014-03-18 | 2015-03-18 | Laser wake field accelerator and method for generating high-brightness attosecond optical pulse |
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| CN103841744B (en) * | 2014-03-18 | 2016-08-17 | 上海交通大学 | Laser wake field acceleration and the method producing high brightness attosecond optical pulse |
| CN105977785A (en) * | 2016-03-25 | 2016-09-28 | 中国科学院等离子体物理研究所 | Method for generating photon radiation source based on laser wake field and channel effect |
| CN107426911B (en) * | 2016-05-23 | 2019-04-05 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | A kind of electron accelerator equipment using cluster target |
| CN106848828B (en) * | 2017-01-03 | 2019-03-29 | 北京环境特性研究所 | A kind of production method and device of attosecond optical pulse |
| CN106873022A (en) * | 2017-03-20 | 2017-06-20 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | A kind of high-resolution electron spectrometer accelerated suitable for laser tail electronics |
| CN108112155B (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2019-09-24 | 上海交通大学 | The cascade unit and cascade system of laser wake field acceleration |
| CN108296230B (en) * | 2018-02-09 | 2019-06-28 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | Dynamic range laser cleaning method |
| EP3794393B1 (en) * | 2018-05-14 | 2023-09-27 | TRUMPF Lasersystems for Semiconductor Manufacturing GmbH | Focusing device and euv radiation generating device having same |
| CN109521623A (en) * | 2018-12-12 | 2019-03-26 | 汕头大学 | The device and method of chirped pulse is generated using polychromatic field and nanotip effect |
| CN111326947B (en) * | 2020-03-04 | 2021-05-25 | 上海交通大学 | Laser plasma optical device and method for generating ultrashort and ultrahigh mid-infrared pulse |
| CN113543451B (en) * | 2020-04-13 | 2023-03-24 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | Double-beam laser driving ion accelerating device |
| CN113225890B (en) * | 2021-05-08 | 2024-03-29 | 湖南太观科技有限公司 | Micro accelerator based on intelligent metamaterial and acceleration method thereof |
| CN113658841A (en) * | 2021-08-09 | 2021-11-16 | 南开大学 | Method and system for realizing transmission and focusing of ultrafast scanning electron microscope pump light |
| CN114845460B (en) * | 2022-03-04 | 2024-04-12 | 中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所 | Enhancement system of hard X-ray source based on density shock wave structure |
| CN114845458B (en) * | 2022-05-23 | 2023-04-18 | 清华大学 | Laser plasma electron acceleration method based on density structure modulation |
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