CN103532123B - A kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection - Google Patents

A kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103532123B
CN103532123B CN201310521672.2A CN201310521672A CN103532123B CN 103532123 B CN103532123 B CN 103532123B CN 201310521672 A CN201310521672 A CN 201310521672A CN 103532123 B CN103532123 B CN 103532123B
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reactor
resistance
capacitance
absorption
protective
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CN103532123A (en
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王永红
高自伟
朱学成
聂洪岩
张健
赵淼
杨飞
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State Grid Corp of China SGCC
Harbin University of Science and Technology
Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co Ltd
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State Grid Corp of China SGCC
Harbin University of Science and Technology
Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Heilongjiang Electric Power Co Ltd
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Abstract

For a protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection, relate to a kind of excess voltage protection of dry-type air-core reactor.Solve existing reactor excess voltage protection, timesharing protection cannot be carried out to object of protection, and the problem low to the control ability of Overvoltage Amplitude.Can select suitable component parameters that protective circuit of the present invention is met according to the electric current be truncated; be truncated electric current lower time; resistance-capacitance absorption device controls the Overvoltage Amplitude at reactor two ends; make it can not reach the puncture voltage of portable protective gaps; portable protective gaps is in off state; reactor and respective Resistor-Capacitor Unit form RLC oscillating circuit; be truncated electric current larger time; the Overvoltage Amplitude at reactor two ends is higher; portable protective gaps is breakdown; electric capacity and protective resistance thereof are shorted, and the present invention is applied in reactor protection field.

Description

A kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of excess voltage protection of dry-type air-core reactor.
Background technology
In superhigh pressure Large Copacity electrical network, in order to the reactive power of compensation network, require the reactor installing some.Dry-type air-core reactor adopts many encapsulatings and around structural shape, compared with iron-core reactor, has the technical advantages such as price is low, structure is simple, lightweight, reactance value is linear, loss is low, easy to maintenance.From last century the nineties, electric power system widely uses dry-type air-core reactor.Along with dry-type air-core reactor puts into operation the increase of quantity and time of putting into operation, accident also progressively increases, and frequent ignition, bring very large impact to safe operation of power system.Field investigation and anatomical study show that dry-type air-core reactor fault majority is that inter-turn insulation defect causes turn-to-turn short circuit to cause.A large amount of data show, various overvoltage causes reactor inter-turn insulation defect, finally causes the main cause of short circuit.Reduce overvoltage level on dry-type air-core reactor and not only can effectively slow down turn-to-turn insulation deterioration, and amplitude overvoltage can be avoided to cause turn-to-turn insulation to puncture, this is very necessary to raising dry-type air-core reactor safety operation level.
According to the rudimentary knowledge of electrical theory, energy can not be undergone mutation, and the electric current namely on inductance can not be undergone mutation, and can produce certain magnitude of voltage, meet e=Ldi/dt in the fast-changing process of current continuity at the two ends of inductance.Reactor cater in process, due to the mechanical property of circuit breaker, the bounce that can exist (contact of breaker combines, flick, in the process combined).In the process that contact combines, the electric current in reactor has increased to certain numerical value (storing certain magnetic field energy in reactor), and in the process that contact flicks, this electric current can produce Multiple subcutaneous insulin infusion at contact two ends.In like manner, in the process that reactor cuts off, larger rated current (storing certain magnetic field energy) is flow through in reactor before cut-out, in the process of cut-off breaker (switching dams and produces overvoltage description), this electric current can produce at the two ends of reactor block overvoltage.
The conventional main promising zinc oxide arrester of over-voltage protection method, resistance capaciting absorpting circuit, portable protective gaps.There is intrinsic thermally-stabilised problem in gapless metal-oxide lighting arrester, can be aging because repeatedly bearing overvoltage effect, finally under continuous operating voltage or overvoltage effect, loses thermally-stabilised and damage or blast.In addition, the reactor insulation level run for many years can reduce, and may occur the situation of its insulation level lower than protection of arrester voltage, can not reach satisfied protected effect.In dry-type air-core reactor protection field, in order to reach the effect of protection, resistance-capacitance absorption method usually needs the bulky capacitor that rated voltage is higher, and its problem such as volume, cost limits it and promotes on a large scale in electrical network.The high energy arc that gap protection device produces when gap breakdown can cause electrode surface to occur defect, and frequent movement can increase the dispersiveness of gap breakdown voltage, finally makes gap damage (general gap protection does not have resistance, causes busbar short-circuit); In addition mostly non-resistance in existing portable protective gaps device, during action, breakdown current is comparatively large, easily causes the ablation of electrode; In addition, be provided with current transformer in the loop, gap punctures, and electric current is undergone mutation, and instrument transformer sends whistle control system relaying protection action, causes power-off.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is to solve existing reactor excess voltage protection, cannot carry out timesharing protection to object of protection, and the problem low to the control ability of Overvoltage Amplitude.The invention provides a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection.
A kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection, it comprises circuit breaker, first reactor, second reactor, 3rd reactor, first resistance-capacitance absorption device, second resistance-capacitance absorption device, 3rd resistance-capacitance absorption device, first portable protective gaps, second portable protective gaps and the 3rd portable protective gaps, the first described resistance-capacitance absorption device comprises the first main resistor and the first Absorption Capacitance, the second described resistance-capacitance absorption device comprises the second main resistor and the second Absorption Capacitance, the 3rd described resistance-capacitance absorption device comprises the 3rd main resistor and the 3rd Absorption Capacitance,
The three-phase input end of described circuit breaker is connected with electrical network, in described circuit breaker three-phase output end, A phase output terminal is connected with one end of the first reactor and one end of the first main resistor simultaneously, in described circuit breaker three-phase output end, B phase output terminal is connected with one end of the second reactor and one end of the second main resistor simultaneously, in described circuit breaker three-phase output end, C phase output terminal is connected with one end of the 3rd reactor and one end of the 3rd main resistor simultaneously, the other end of the first described main resistor is connected with one end of the first Absorption Capacitance and one end of the first portable protective gaps simultaneously, the other end of the second described main resistor is connected with one end of the second Absorption Capacitance and one end of the second portable protective gaps simultaneously, the other end of the 3rd described main resistor is connected with one end of the 3rd Absorption Capacitance and one end of the 3rd portable protective gaps simultaneously, the other end of the first described reactor, the other end of the first Absorption Capacitance, the other end of the first portable protective gaps, the other end of the second reactor, the other end of the second Absorption Capacitance, the other end of the second portable protective gaps, the other end of the 3rd reactor, the other end of the 3rd Absorption Capacitance and the other end of the 3rd portable protective gaps are connected with power supply ground simultaneously.
Principle analysis: a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection of the present invention with two kinds of mode of operation, i.e. resistance-capacitance absorption mode and portable protective gaps-resistance mode,
(A): resistance-capacitance absorption mode: when being truncated electric current and being lower; resistance-capacitance absorption device can limit reactor two ends Overvoltage Amplitude, and make it can not reach the puncture voltage of portable protective gaps, portable protective gaps is in off state; simplify circuit theory as shown in Figure 4
After circuit breaker disconnection generation is dammed, reactor and respective Resistor-Capacitor Unit form RLC oscillating circuit, and loop current equation meets:
L C di 2 d t + R C d i d t + i = 0 - - - ( 1 )
Wherein, i represents loop current;
R represents the resistance of resistive element;
C represents the electric capacity of capacity cell;
L represents the reactance of reactor;
? condition under, i 0for shut off value, the solution of loop current equation is:
i = ω 0 ω i 0 e - δ t s i n ( ω t + π / 2 ) - - - ( 2 )
Wherein:
for natural oscillation angular frequency,
for attenuation coefficient,
for actual oscillation frequency,
As enough hour of δ, ω=ω 0;
Then:
i＝i 0e -δtsin(ωt+π/2)(3)
Visible, flowing through current waveform on reactor is attenuation oscillasion impulse.
Voltage e on reactor capacitance-resistancefor:
Then have,
From formula (5), reactor produces superpotential size and be directly proportional to circuit breaker shut off value, be inversely proportional to absorbing circuit electric capacity 1/2 power.Obviously, by the setting to Absorption Capacitance size, superpotential amplitude can be reduced.
(B): portable protective gaps-resistance mode: when being truncated electric current and being larger; resistance-capacitance absorption device can not limit superpotential amplitude; the Overvoltage Amplitude at reactor two ends is higher; now portable protective gaps is breakdown; electric capacity and protective resistance thereof are shorted; portable protective gaps now and main resistor form portable protective gaps-resistance protection, and simplify circuit theory as shown in Figure 5, principle is as follows:
Formed during Circuit Breaker Switching action and dam, reactor two ends form overvoltage overvoltage reaches portable protective gaps puncture voltage e btime, portable protective gaps punctures, reactor to conductive discharge, i 0for shut off value, then the current i on reactor abe changed to:
i a = i 0 exp ( - R L t ) - - - ( 6 )
Wherein: t represents the time;
Voltage e on reactor gapchanging Pattern is:
Then have,
| e gap|=i 0r (8)
As can be seen from formula (8), on reactor, the amplitude of voltage is directly proportional to size of damming, and increases along with the increase of protective resistance resistance.By the setting to protective resistance size, while meeting bus protection requirement, soaking reactor energy, superpotential amplitude can be controlled in certain scope.
Assuming that the overvoltage of restriction is the rated value of 3 times; known with reference to formula (8), protective resistance resistance should be 3 times of protected reactor resistance value, in the process of protective device work; the electric current needing bus to provide is only during normal work 1/3, can not produce any impact to system.
As can be seen from formula (5) and formula (8), in two kinds of protected modes, superpotential size is all relevant with the size of shut off value, allly according to the statistics of current value when thoroughly blocking in break-in operation, can determine a critical value.By the determination of other circuit element parameter, make to be truncated electric current when being less than critical value, portable protective gaps does not puncture, and bears superpotential protected working by resistance-capacitance absorption device; When being truncated current value and being greater than critical value, portable protective gaps punctures, and bears superpotential protected working by portable protective gaps and resistance.The circuit analysis connected for A phase output terminal in the three-phase output end of circuit breaker, if the Overvoltage Amplitude that portable protective gaps limits is 3U l is specified, wherein U l is specifiedfor the rated voltage of reactor, namely no matter work in resistance-capacitance absorption mode, or work in portable protective gaps mode, superpotential amplitude meets e≤3U all the time l is specified.Superpotential maximum e m=3U l is specified, diameter and the spacing of selected portable protective gaps ball electrode can be worth accordingly.In the overvoltage that switching reactor produces, the overvoltage produced in cutting-off process is much larger than the overvoltage of catering in process.And in the process cutting off reactor, no matter when action, the overwhelming majority thoroughly disconnects near current zero-crossing point, rare cut-off current situation, i mfor the amplitude of rated current, so get the electric current that dams be the critical current of two kinds of protected modes:
A, when time, work, cut-off current in resistance-capacitance absorption mode time, overvoltage e on reactor capacitance-resistance=3U l is specified, substitute into formula (5) and can Absorption Capacitance be obtained
B, when time, resistance-capacitance absorption mode can not meet portable protective gaps overvoltage and limit needs, and protection sphere gap punctures, and works, work as cut-off current in the mode of portable protective gaps | i 0|=i mtime, overvoltage e on reactor gap=3U l is specified, substitution formula enters formula (8) and can obtain resistance
Empirical threshold value is wherein, i mrepresent rated current, being truncated the probability that electric current is less than this critical value is 90%.By formula (5), with traditional overvoltage protection ratio, when overvoltage is controlled in identical value, protective circuit electric capacity C of the present invention novelelectric capacity C in resistance-capacitance absorption device is adopted separately with tradition traditionmeet this will reduce required electric capacity volume greatly, reduce costs; The action frequency of protective circuit intermediate gap of the present invention is reduced to when tradition only adopts portable protective gaps simultaneously because the existence of main resistor will reduce the arc current of portable protective gaps, thus extend useful life and the probability of damage of portable protective gaps greatly.
Can obtain according to above-mentioned principle analysis the beneficial effect that the present invention brings to have; electric capacity volume needed for a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection of the present invention is little, cost is low; reduce the action frequency of portable protective gaps, extend useful life and the spoilage of portable protective gaps.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the principle schematic of a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the principle schematic of a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection described in embodiment two.
Fig. 3 is the principle schematic of a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection described in embodiment three.
Fig. 4 is portable protective gaps when being open circuit, the principle of equal effects schematic diagram of a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection of the present invention.
Fig. 5 be portable protective gaps breakdown time, the principle of equal effects schematic diagram of a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection of the present invention.
Embodiment
Embodiment one: present embodiment is described see Fig. 1; a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection described in present embodiment; it comprises circuit breaker Q F, the first reactor DK-1, the second reactor DK-2, the 3rd reactor DK-3, the first resistance-capacitance absorption device, the second resistance-capacitance absorption device, the 3rd resistance-capacitance absorption device, the first portable protective gaps Ga, the second portable protective gaps Gb and the 3rd portable protective gaps Gc, and the first described resistance-capacitance absorption device comprises the first main resistor R sAwith the first Absorption Capacitance C sA, the second described resistance-capacitance absorption device comprises the second main resistor R sBwith the second Absorption Capacitance C sB, the 3rd described resistance-capacitance absorption device comprises the 3rd main resistor R sCwith the 3rd Absorption Capacitance C sC,
The three-phase input end of described circuit breaker Q F is connected with electrical network, in described circuit breaker Q F three-phase output end A phase output terminal simultaneously with one end and the first main resistor R of the first reactor DK-1 sAone end connect, in described circuit breaker Q F three-phase output end B phase output terminal simultaneously with one end and the second main resistor R of the second reactor DK-2 sBone end connect, in described circuit breaker Q F three-phase output end C phase output terminal simultaneously with one end and the 3rd main resistor R of the 3rd reactor DK-3 sCone end connect, the first described main resistor R sAthe other end simultaneously with the first Absorption Capacitance C sAone end be connected with one end of the first portable protective gaps Ga, the second described main resistor R sBthe other end simultaneously with the second Absorption Capacitance C sBone end be connected with one end of the second portable protective gaps Gb, the 3rd described main resistor R sCthe other end simultaneously with the 3rd Absorption Capacitance C sCone end be connected with one end of the 3rd portable protective gaps Gc, the other end of the first described reactor DK-1, the first Absorption Capacitance C sAthe other end, the other end of the first portable protective gaps Ga, the other end of the second reactor DK-2, the second Absorption Capacitance C sBthe other end, the other end of the second portable protective gaps Gb, the other end of the 3rd reactor DK-3, the 3rd Absorption Capacitance C sCthe other end and the 3rd portable protective gaps Gc the other end simultaneously and power supply be connected.
In present embodiment, be the first main resistor R in the first resistance-capacitance absorption device under lower overvoltage sA, the second main resistor R in the second resistance-capacitance absorption device sBwith the 3rd main resistor R in the 3rd resistance-capacitance absorption device sCplay a part to absorb superpotential energy, under higher overvoltage, be protective resistance, bus shorted to earth when preventing portable protective gaps from puncturing, simultaneously the energy of soaking reactor when portable protective gaps punctures.
Embodiment two: present embodiment is described see Fig. 2, the difference of present embodiment and a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection described in embodiment one is, it also comprises the first protective resistance Ra, the second protective resistance Rb and the 3rd protective resistance Rc;
The first described protective resistance Ra is connected on the first main resistor R sAwith the first Absorption Capacitance C sAbetween, and the first protective resistance Ra and the first Absorption Capacitance C sAbe connected in parallel with the first portable protective gaps Ga after being connected in series,
The second described protective resistance Rb is connected on the second main resistor R sBwith the second Absorption Capacitance C sBbetween, and the second protective resistance Rb and the second Absorption Capacitance C sBbe connected in parallel with the second portable protective gaps Gb after being connected in series, the 3rd described protective resistance Rc is connected on the 3rd main resistor R sCwith the 3rd Absorption Capacitance C sCbetween, and the 3rd protective resistance Rc and the 3rd Absorption Capacitance C sCbe connected in parallel with the 3rd portable protective gaps Gc after being connected in series.
Embodiment three: present embodiment is described see Fig. 3, the difference of present embodiment and a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection described in embodiment two is, it also comprises the first fuse FUa, the second fuse FUb and the 3rd fuse FUc; The first described fuse Fua is connected on A phase output terminal and the first main resistor R of circuit breaker Q F sAbetween, the second described fuse FUb is connected on B phase output terminal and the second main resistor R of circuit breaker Q F sBbetween, the 3rd described fuse FUc is connected on C phase output terminal and the 3rd main resistor R of circuit breaker Q F sCbetween.
Embodiment four: present embodiment is described see Fig. 1 and 2; the difference of present embodiment and a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection described in embodiment one or two is, the first described reactor DK-1, the second reactor DK-2 and the 3rd reactor DK-3 are dry-type air-core reactor.

Claims (4)

1. the protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection; it comprises circuit breaker (QF), the first reactor (DK-1), the second reactor (DK-2), the 3rd reactor (DK-3), the first resistance-capacitance absorption device, the second resistance-capacitance absorption device, the 3rd resistance-capacitance absorption device, the first portable protective gaps (Ga), the second portable protective gaps (Gb) and the 3rd portable protective gaps (Gc), and the first described resistance-capacitance absorption device comprises the first main resistor (R sA) and the first Absorption Capacitance (C sA), the second described resistance-capacitance absorption device comprises the second main resistor (R sB) and the second Absorption Capacitance (C sB), the 3rd described resistance-capacitance absorption device comprises the 3rd main resistor (R sC) and the 3rd Absorption Capacitance (C sC), the three-phase input end of described circuit breaker (QF) is connected with electrical network, in described circuit breaker (QF) three-phase output end A phase output terminal simultaneously with one end and the first main resistor (R of the first reactor (DK-1) sA) one end connect, in described circuit breaker (QF) three-phase output end B phase output terminal simultaneously with one end and the second main resistor (R of the second reactor (DK-2) sB) one end connect, in described circuit breaker (QF) three-phase output end C phase output terminal simultaneously with one end and the 3rd main resistor (R of the 3rd reactor (DK-3) sC) one end connect, the first described main resistor (R sA) the other end simultaneously with the first Absorption Capacitance (C sA) one end be connected with one end of the first portable protective gaps (Ga), the second described main resistor (R sB) the other end simultaneously with the second Absorption Capacitance (C sB) one end be connected with one end of the second portable protective gaps (Gb), the 3rd described main resistor (R sC) the other end simultaneously with the 3rd Absorption Capacitance (C sC) one end be connected with one end of the 3rd portable protective gaps (Gc), the other end of described the first reactor (DK-1), the first Absorption Capacitance (C sA) the other end, the other end of the first portable protective gaps (Ga), the other end of the second reactor (DK-2), the second Absorption Capacitance (C sB) the other end, the other end of the second portable protective gaps (Gb), the other end of the 3rd reactor (DK-3), the 3rd Absorption Capacitance (C sC) the other end and the 3rd portable protective gaps (Gc) the other end simultaneously and power supply be connected;
It is characterized in that, described protective circuit, with two kinds of mode of operation, is respectively resistance-capacitance absorption mode and portable protective gaps-resistance mode,
(A): resistance-capacitance absorption mode: when being truncated electric current and being less than critical current; all resistance-capacitance absorption devices all can limit reactor two ends Overvoltage Amplitude; the reactor two ends Overvoltage Amplitude corresponding to each resistance-capacitance absorption device is made to be less than or equal to the puncture voltage of the portable protective gaps corresponding to resistance-capacitance absorption device; above-mentioned portable protective gaps is in off state
When any one circuit breaker disconnects after generation dams, belonging to the reactor belonging to described circuit breaker and this reactance, Resistor-Capacitor Unit forms RLC oscillating circuit, and loop current equation meets:
L C di 2 d t + R C d i d t + i = 0 - - - ( 1 ) ,
Wherein, i represents loop current;
R represents the resistance of resistive element;
C represents the electric capacity of capacity cell;
L represents the reactance of reactor;
? condition under, i 0for shut off value, the solution of loop current equation is:
i = ω 0 ω i 0 e - δ t s i n ( ω t + π / 2 ) - - - ( 2 ) ,
Wherein:
for natural oscillation angular frequency,
for attenuation coefficient,
for actual oscillation frequency,
As enough hour of δ, ω=ω 0;
Then:
i＝i 0e -δtsin(ωt+π/2)(3)，
Visible, flowing through current waveform on reactor is attenuation oscillasion impulse;
Voltage e on reactor capacitance-resistancefor:
Then have,
(B): portable protective gaps-resistance mode: when being truncated electric current and being greater than critical current; any one resistance-capacitance absorption device cannot limit the superpotential amplitude at these reactor two ends corresponding to resistance-capacitance absorption device; portable protective gaps now belonging to described reactor is breakdown; electric capacity belonging to described reactor and protective resistance thereof are shorted; portable protective gaps now and main resistor form portable protective gaps-resistance protection
Formed when any one Circuit Breaker Switching action and dam, the reactor two ends corresponding to described circuit breaker form overvoltage overvoltage reaches portable protective gaps puncture voltage e btime, portable protective gaps punctures, reactor to conductive discharge, i 0for shut off value, then the current i on reactor abe changed to:
i a = i 0 exp ( - R L t ) - - - ( 6 ) ,
Wherein: t represents the time;
Voltage e on reactor gapchanging Pattern is:
Then have,
E gap|=i 0r (8),
Get the electric current that dams be the critical current of two kinds of protected modes:
A, when time, work in resistance-capacitance absorption mode,
B, time, protection sphere gap punctures, and works in the mode of portable protective gaps-resistance.
2. a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, it also comprises the first protective resistance (Ra), the second protective resistance (Rb) and the 3rd protective resistance (Rc);
Described the first protective resistance (Ra) is connected on the first main resistor (R sA) and the first Absorption Capacitance (C sA) between, and the first protective resistance (Ra) and the first Absorption Capacitance (C sA) be connected in series after be connected in parallel with the first portable protective gaps (Ga),
Described the second protective resistance (Rb) is connected on the second main resistor (R sB) and the second Absorption Capacitance (C sB) between, and the second protective resistance (Rb) and the second Absorption Capacitance (C sB) be connected in series after be connected in parallel with the second portable protective gaps (Gb),
The 3rd described protective resistance (Rc) is connected on the 3rd main resistor (R sC) and the 3rd Absorption Capacitance (C sC) between, and the 3rd protective resistance (Rc) and the 3rd Absorption Capacitance (C sC) be connected in series after be connected in parallel with the 3rd portable protective gaps (Gc).
3. a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, it also comprises the first fuse (FUa), the second fuse (FUb) and the 3rd fuse (FUc); Described the first fuse (FUa) is connected on A phase output terminal and the first main resistor (R of circuit breaker (QF) sA) between, described the second fuse (FUb) is connected on B phase output terminal and the second main resistor (R of circuit breaker (QF) sB) between, the 3rd described fuse (FUc) is connected on C phase output terminal and the 3rd main resistor (R of circuit breaker (QF) sC) between.
4. a kind of protective circuit for dry-type air-core reactor switching overvoltage protection according to claim 1 and 2; it is characterized in that, described the first reactor (DK-1), the second reactor (DK-2) and the 3rd reactor (DK-3) are dry-type air-core reactor.
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CN203504171U (en) * 2013-10-29 2014-03-26 国家电网公司 Protection circuit used for dry-type hollow electric reactor switching overvoltage protection

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