CN103452246A - Grouted deformed steel tube sleeve abutted and connected by steel bar grouting anchor - Google Patents
Grouted deformed steel tube sleeve abutted and connected by steel bar grouting anchor Download PDFInfo
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- CN103452246A CN103452246A CN2013102879771A CN201310287977A CN103452246A CN 103452246 A CN103452246 A CN 103452246A CN 2013102879771 A CN2013102879771 A CN 2013102879771A CN 201310287977 A CN201310287977 A CN 201310287977A CN 103452246 A CN103452246 A CN 103452246A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a grouted deformed steel tube sleeve abutted and connected by a steel bar grouting anchor. Two connected steel bars (7) are oppositely inserted from two ends in a seamless steel tube (1), and a high-strength shrinkage-free cement-based grouting material (8) is filled in a cavity, so that a steel bar abutted grouting anchor connector is formed; the grouted deformed steel tube sleeve is directly manufactured by sawing the seamless steel tube (1); and the outer surface of the seamless steel tube (1) is provided with a plurality of radial inverted trapezoidal grooves (2) formed through roll finishing, the inner surface of the seamless steel tube (1) which is located on the same part with the grooves (2) is provided with circular arc raised ring ribs (3) raised along with the deformation of the grooves (2) formed through rolling compression, and the inverted trapezoidal grooves (2) in the outer surface of the seamless steel tube (1) are distributed in a way of more at two ends and less in the middle by taking the central point of the seamless steel tube (1) as a boundary. The grouted deformed steel tube sleeve disclosed by the invention can be used for greatly reducing the expense of grouted cast steel abutted and connected by a load-bearing steel bar anchor in a prefabricated concrete member or the expense for cutting and processing a steel sleeve and simplifying the processing technology and can be directly applied to engineering practices.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that the docking of a kind of prefabrication and assembly construction concrete component steel bar stress slurry anchor connects, belong to the concrete structure engineering technical field.
Background technology
For meeting the anti-seismic performance requirement of prefabricated concrete structure, when the splicing of precast unit site operation is installed, between its prefabricated units, the method for attachment of main steel bar stress and connection reliability become the key that determines novel prefabrication and assembly construction concrete structure engineering successful Application.The main steel bar stress slurry of current known precast unit anchor docking method of attachment has two reinforcing bars that are connected to inserting cylindric cast steel steel bushing, the full grout sleeve method of attachment of the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of its gap-fill high strength; Or the sleeve of slurry anchor reinforcing bar adopts forging or process for stamping to make, or adopt round steel or polygonal shaped steel machining to make, by two reinforcing bars being connected to inserting cylinder-shaped steel sleeve, the full grout sleeve method of attachment of the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of its gap-fill high strength; Or the sleeve of slurry anchor reinforcing bar is made bottle shape Cast-steel Sleeve, one end is connected reinforcing bar and directly inserts in sleeve, the other end is at the internal thread of bottleneck position turning processing connecting reinforcement, screwed in the pass of Cast-steel Sleeve after the end reinforced roll extrusion straight thread of company, the Cast-steel Sleeve internal pore is filled the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of high strength, form by one of two reinforcing bar that connect and connect for starching anchor, another root is the Cast-steel Sleeve method of attachment of partly being in the milk that straight thread connects; Or directly by the round steel machining, become the tubular steel bushing end of with, utilize the internal thread through hole of certain thickness cylinder end processing connecting reinforcement, two reinforcing bars that are connected, one is directly inserted in steel bushing, filling with high strength by pressure connects without receiving cement-based grout slip anchor, another root is processed into straight thread by an end, and it is directly screwed in the cylinder end screwed hole of steel bushing, forms slurry anchor reinforcing bar and connects the steel bushing method of attachment of partly being in the milk that is connected combination with straight thread reinforced bar.
Above-mentioned known precast unit steel bar stress docking connects, slurry anchor connecting method for reinforcing bars for full grouting Cast-steel Sleeve, its Cast-steel Sleeve need adopt cast steel material and the precision casting process of high strength and high tenacity, casting flaw is easily arranged, therefore its processing cost is high, has directly affected the engineering large scale application; For the concavo-convex ripple rib of spirality continuous circular arc shape of rolling or the rotary pressing processing steel bushing that entirely is in the milk, the non-deformability of its sleeve under axial push-pull power is poor; The full grouting steel bushing of the outer recessed convex of interval annular machining, its machining amount is large, the cost of manufacture directly strengthened; For being connected two reinforcing bars, one connects for the slurry anchor, the band bottom tube-like of partly be in the milk Cast-steel Sleeve or a machining connected for the straight thread steel bushing that partly is in the milk, its Cast-steel Sleeve easily has casting flaw, the steel bushing machining amount that its round steel is processed into is excessive, and wherein a velamen connecting reinforcement end also needs to be processed into straight thread, and these all cause the processing and fabricating cost to strengthen, economic index is bad, has also affected the engineering large scale application.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem: for the deficiency existed in the grout sleeve technology that overcomes existing reinforcing bar slurry anchor docking connection, the invention provides the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that between a kind of prefabrication and assembly construction concrete structure prefabricated units, the docking of steel bar stress slurry anchor connects, directly utilize the seamless steel pipe of low-alloy steel or alloy steel to make full grout sleeve, avoided tubular partly the be in the milk material requirements of Cast-steel Sleeve of Cast-steel Sleeve or bottle shape of entirely being in the milk high, hot investment casting requires the impact on its stress performance of high and casting flaw, avoided the inside and outside ripple rib of the continuous rotation steel bushing that entirely is in the milk to bear axial push-pull ability shortcoming, also avoided an end to reach greatly for the metalworking amount of starching round steel machining half grout sleeve that the anchor reinforcing bar other end is the straight thread connecting reinforcement defect that production efficiency is low, take full advantage of the good ductility of low-alloy steel and alloy steel seamless steel tube, three shaft rollers of the gusseted such as employing are in the radially roll extrusion of seamless steel pipe external surface, form the full grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that the outer recessed convex of multiple tracks is arranged vertically, fill betwixt the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of high strength in gap, can realize meeting the slurry anchor steel reinforcement abutting joints jointing that the reinforcing steel bar machinery switching performance of national project regulation and stipulation requires, improved the processing technology of grout sleeve, reduced cost, can directly apply to the engineering practice that job site precast unit steel bar stress slurry anchor docking connects.
Technical scheme: for solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical scheme that the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that reinforcing bar slurry anchor of the present invention docking connects adopts is:
The grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that reinforcing bar slurry anchor of the present invention docking connects comprises seamless steel pipe, the circular-arc bulge loop rib of outer surface of steel tube inverted trapezoidal groove and steel pipe internal-surface, form steel reinforcement abutting joints slurry anchor jointing from two ends to inserting two velamen connecting reinforcements and pouring into the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of high strength at cavity in described seamless steel pipe; It is characterized in that: described grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder directly adopts the seamless steel pipe saw to cut processing and fabricating and forms; The multiple tracks that the seamless steel pipe external surface has a rolling and processing moulding is inverted trapezoidal groove radially, with the seamless steel pipe interior surface at the same position of groove, the circular-arc bulge loop rib of following the roll extrusion groove variations and convexing to form is arranged, the inverted trapezoidal groove of described seamless steel pipe external surface be take vertically the seamless steel pipe central point and is few distribution the in many middle parts, two ends as boundary.
Moulding is made in three shaft roller roll extrusion cold working of the gusseted such as the inverted trapezoidal groove employing of seamless steel pipe external surface, and the width of groove is 4～8mm, and the degree of depth is 2～4mm, and the angle on trapezoidal hypotenuse and bottom land limit is 40 °～60 °.
Follow the distortion of periphery roll extrusion groove and convex to form circular-arc bulge loop rib with the seamless steel pipe interior surface of seamless steel pipe external surface inverted trapezoidal groove corresponding position, bulge loop rib rib is high is 1.5～3mm.
Grouting mouth and the plasma discharge mouth that pressure injection is filled the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of high strength that is connected reinforcing bar and grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder space offered apart from port one 5～25mm place in the two ends of seamless steel pipe.
What seamless steel pipe both sides port arranged that median pore radius equals to be connected bar diameter can insert the ring-shaped rubber plug that is connected reinforcing bar.
Arrange at the middle part of seamless steel pipe and control the alignment pin that is connected the reinforcing bar insertion depth.
Beneficial effect: the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that the prefabricated units steel bar stress slurry anchor docking of prefabrication and assembly construction concrete structure provided by the invention connects, there is following advantage: 1) directly adopt low-alloy or alloy seamless steel pipe saw to cut and be processed into grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder, improved the processing technology of grout sleeve, working (machining) efficiency is high, moulding is simple, effectively reduces the cost of grout sleeve; 2) the seamless steel pipe periphery of grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder is by the inverted trapezoidal groove of rolling and processing, improve intensity and the hardness on surface, inverted trapezoidal roll extrusion position through roll extrusion cold working, increased the axial non-deformability of deformed steel pipe box cylinder when being connected reinforcing bar tension or pressurized.3) when seamless steel pipe periphery formation multiple tracks has the inverted trapezoidal groove of one fixed width, the circular-arc bulge loop rib that its corresponding position steel pipe inside wall forms is under highly guaranteed prerequisite, its width is strengthened, be also that shearing resistance is improved, the resistance to plucking output capacity that makes parcel be inserted in the grouting material anchoring section that is connected reinforcing bar in the steel pipe sleeve is improved.4) be cast in the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder in precast unit; the inverted trapezoidal groove that the multiple tracks that its periphery forms has one fixed width has increased and concrete adhesion stress; reached the same function with the notched bars Rib Reinforced; improved the be in the milk acting in conjunction of deformed steel pipe box cylinder outside concrete cover of prefabricated units under stress, prevented that member from bursting apart in advance part under the use state.
The accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder schematic diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the enlarged drawing of the grouting deformed steel pipe box typical external surface radial groove of cylinder seamless steel pipe and the circular-arc bulge loop rib of same position inside wall;
The steel bar stress that Fig. 3 is two velamens connections is to inserting grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder, and pressure pours into the schematic diagram that anchor steel reinforcement abutting joints jointing is starched in the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material formation of high strength;
Fig. 4 adopts three shaft roller roll extrusion seamless steel pipes to form the ring schematic diagram of outer recessed convex for grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder;
Fig. 5 is that the precast unit vertical reinforcement adopts grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder docking connection diagram;
Fig. 6 is that the precast unit horizontal reinforcement adopts grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder docking connection diagram.
Wherein have: seamless steel pipe 1, inverted trapezoidal groove 2, circular-arc bulge loop rib 3, plasma discharge mouth 4, ring-shaped rubber plug 5, alignment pin 6, quilt are connected reinforcing bar 7, strength cement-based grouting material 8.
The specific embodiment
The grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that between prefabrication and assembly construction concrete structure prefabricated units, the docking of steel bar stress slurry anchor connects, comprise seamless steel pipe, the reinforcing bar be connected and fill the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of high strength in space between the two, the seamless steel pipe that described slurry anchor steel reinforcement abutting joints connects, its external surface adopts by three axle hydraulic roller wheels radially without the cutting rolling and processing, utilize the plastic strain of tube material, outer surface of steel tube is after being rolled into inverted trapezoidal groove, strengthened in the top layer at groove position, its yield strength and ultimate strength are increased, hardness slightly is improved, having strengthened sleeve draws bearing axially, non-deformability under pressure, steel pipe internal-surface at the same position of groove forms the circular-arc bulge loop rib with regulation height of projection and one fixed width simultaneously, stop that being filled in the grouting material anchoring body be connected between reinforcing bar and steel pipe sleeve slides vertically.The outer recessed convex ring of seamless steel pipe surfaces externally and internally is furnished with multiple tracks vertically, and arranges less at mid portion, forms and inserts longer grouting material anchoring section of reinforcing bar second half section in the steel pipe sleeve; Near two-port, position is arranged morely, forms multiple tracks and stops the thing of keeping out that the grouting material anchoring section extracts.The seamless steel pipe of the full grout sleeve that described slurry anchor steel reinforcement abutting joints connects, at its external surface inverted trapezoidal groove of roll extrusion radially, by three axle hydraulic roller wheel rolls forming, hydraulic jack is pressurizeed to a movable pulley, coordinate two fast pulleys synchronously to drive seamless steel pipe and rotate, form continuous border groove, its groove width is 4～8mm, the degree of depth is 2～4mm, and the angle on trapezoidal hypotenuse and bottom land limit is 40～60 °.The height that simultaneously is out of shape the inwall bulge loop rib of formation with peripheral groove is controlled at 1.5～3mm.When the inverted trapezoidal groove with one fixed width of seamless steel pipe periphery is shaped, strengthened the width of circular-arc bulge loop rib with the position inside wall at it, be equivalent to widen the facewidth at the bottom of the tooth of similar mechanical thread, strengthen bulge loop rib shear resistance vertically, also improved the mechanical snap power of anchor bar grouting material anchoring section in sleeve.The two-port of the seamless steel pipe of described grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder is provided with the rubber stopper that shutoff is connected reinforcing bar and socket port gap, and at the grouting mouth, the plasma discharge mouth that are being provided with the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of high strength of press to fill with filling gap with a certain distance from the seamless steel pipe port, and can Alternate; Described grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder seamless steel pipe, be provided with at its symmetric points place, axial middle part and control the alignment pin that is connected reinforcing bar insertion deformed steel pipe length sleeve, control the insertion depth that is connected steel bar stress while being convenient to precast unit, when the job site horizontal reinforcement connects, this alignment pin can not established yet.
The grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that above-mentioned reinforcing bar slurry anchor connects, the prior art of comparing, the inwall that has retained former grouting Cast-steel Sleeve and machining steel bushing utilizes the protrusion operative constraint and stops the parcel reinforcing bar grouting material anchoring section that inserts grout sleeve to slide vertically, increase the advantage of mechanical snap power, but shape and the processing molding method of grout sleeve inwall protrusion have been changed, the integrated machine-shaping simultaneously of steel pipe periphery inverted trapezoidal groove and inside wall circular arc bulge loop rib co-located, simplified processing technology, improved working (machining) efficiency, and avoided similar cast steel, or the defect of the concavo-convex rib of the circular-arc ripple of continuous rotation rolling and machining steel bushing.Simultaneously, at seamless steel pipe external surface multiple tracks inverted trapezoidal groove, by rolling and processing, obtain deformation strengthening, improved the non-deformability of grout sleeve axially drawing, under pressure.In addition, in roll extrusion, have in the inverted trapezoidal groove process of one fixed width, the width of the circular-arc bulge loop rib of projection formed in steel pipe is strengthened, and has strengthened the shear resistance of this rib.
The method that utilization grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder of the present invention carries out precast unit steel bar stress slurry anchor docking connection is: while in concrete prefabricated element factory, making prefabricated units, in the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder of end reinforced insertion one an end port with rubber stopper be connected, the reinforcing bar head reaches the alignment pin position at sleeve middle part, the other end port of grouting distortion steel pipe and the template of prefabricated units are fixed, plastics grout pipe and grouting mouth and plasma discharge mouth are connected and fixed, build concrete members maintenance to prescribed strength.After precast unit is transported to job site, carry out hoisting prefabricated member, and stay the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder of establishing to aim at reinforcing bar insertion slowly that another velamen connects member, the prefabricated units splicing is put in place, after the shutoff of the periphery of the piece between prefabricated units, the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of the high strength of stirring is poured into from the grouting mouth pressure that is positioned at low level of grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder, grouting material is discharged from the plasma discharge mouth that is positioned at high level, shutoff plasma discharge mouth, the grouting material maintenance, to prescribed strength, forms the joint that slurry anchor steel reinforcement abutting joints connects.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is further described.
Be the grouting deformed steel pipe muff joint that between a kind of prefabrication and assembly construction concrete structure prefabricated units, the docking of steel bar stress slurry anchor connects as shown in Figure 1,2,3, 4, comprise seamless steel pipe 1, be distributed in vertically the multiple tracks inverted trapezoidal groove 2 and the bulge loop rib 3 that is distributed in the circular-arc projection of corresponding inner surface of external surface.The two ends mouth of pipe of seamless steel pipe 1 is provided with ring-shaped rubber plug plug 5, and middle part is provided with controls the alignment pin 6 that is connected reinforcing bar 7 intubating lengths, is provided with grouting mouth and the plasma discharge mouth 4 of pressure injection grouting material from two-port 15～25mm.
The concrete processing method of above-mentioned reinforcing bar slurry anchor grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder is:
(1) according to reinforcing bar 7 diameters that are connected, select low-alloy steel or the alloy steel seamless steel tube 1 of appropriate length, diameter and wall thickness, directly saw cuts standby;
(2) according to material and the wall thickness of selected seamless steel pipe 1, select the fast pulley 10 of the gusseted such as suitable coupling special roller 9 and formation, on three shaft rolling machines, seamless steel pipe 1 external surface from the middle to both ends mouthful is carried out to roll extrusion (Fig. 4) by inverted trapezoidal groove 2 numbers of design vertically, and near the height of the circular-arc bulge loop rib 3 of the steel pipe inner wall upper process sampling observation port;
(3) bore and control the dowel hole that inserts reinforcing bar length in the axial middle part of seamless steel pipe 1, and alignment pin 6 rivets are installed;
(4) bore grouting mouth and the plasma discharge mouth 4 of the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of pressure injection high strength of 16～20mm from seamless steel pipe 1 port one 5～25mm place, two ends, and the plastics fastener of special-purpose connection grouting plastic pipe is being installed, completing the processing of grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder.
The vertical applied force reinforcing bar of above-mentioned prefabrication and assembly construction concrete column or wall body construction adopts grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder (Fig. 5) to dock the job practices connected:
(1) at first that concrete column or concrete wall layering is prefabricated, be installed at the prefabricated units processing factory deformed steel pipe box cylinder that will be in the milk steel bar stress 7 ends that member bottom is connected, and insert grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder to prescribed depth, ring-shaped rubber plug 5 shutoff for port that have reinforcing bar to insert, another of sleeve section port and prefabricated units mould are fixed, concreting maintenance are to prescribed strength, and the demoulding is stacked stand-by.
(2) when install at the prefabricated units scene, by be embedded in prefabricated units bottoms be connected grouting deformed steel pipe box nozzle on steel bar stress aim at same position on flooring stretch out expose be connected reinforcing bar 7 heads, and slowly descend by lifting appliance, until prefabricated units are in place, after prefabricated units are proofreaied and correct and are temporary fixed, the shutoff splicing seams, and the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material 8 of high strength be stirred from grouting mouth 4 pressure injections of the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder of low level, until plasma discharge mouth 4 grouting materials of seam total cross-section and grout sleeve high level are discharged, after shutoff in time, maintenance is to the intensity of regulation, the vertical applied force reinforcing bar slurry anchor that completes prefabricated units connects.
Above-mentioned prefabrication and assembly construction concrete beam adopts grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder to dock the job practices that be connected (Fig. 6) with wall or wall with the horizontal force reinforcing bar of post with beam, wall:
(1) at precast beam and beam, wall is connected reserved gap portions with wall or wall with the horizontal reinforcement of post, the related port ring-shaped rubber plug of deformed steel pipe box cylinder 15 integral body of first being in the milk are inserted on the horizontal reinforcement 7 that left end is connected, after second half prefabricated units are in place, stressed horizontal reinforcement 7 terminations, left side that are connected are aimed at one by one with the termination, right side, by being arranged on the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder 1 that left end is connected on horizontal reinforcement 7, move to the right, until the middle part of sleeve symmetry is positioned at the centre of head with the head of two horizontal reinforcements 7 that are connected, check the shutoff sealing effectiveness of sleeve two-port ring-shaped rubber plug 5, the plastic pipe that connects grouting mouth and plasma discharge mouth 4 is installed.
(2) build precast beam and be connected reserved gap portions concrete maintenance with beam, wall with the horizontal reinforcement of post with wall or wall, from the reserved non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material 8 of grouting mouth 4 pressure injection high strength of deformed steel pipe box cylinder 1 that is in the milk, until plasma discharge mouth grouting material 4 is discharged and shutoff, the slurry anchor steel reinforcement abutting joints that completes horizontal reinforcement 7 between prefabricated units connects.
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention; be noted that for those skilled in the art; under the premise without departing from the principles of the invention, can also make some improvements and modifications, these improvements and modifications also should be considered as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that reinforcing bar slurry anchor docking connects, comprise seamless steel pipe (1), the circular-arc bulge loop rib of outer surface of steel tube inverted trapezoidal groove (2) and steel pipe internal-surface (3), form steel reinforcement abutting joints slurry anchor jointing from two ends to inserting two velamen connecting reinforcements (7) and pouring into the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of high strength (8) at cavity in described seamless steel pipe (1); It is characterized in that: described grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder directly adopts seamless steel pipe (1) saw to cut processing and fabricating and forms; The multiple tracks that seamless steel pipe (1) external surface has a rolling and processing moulding is inverted trapezoidal groove (2) radially, with seamless steel pipe (1) inner surface at the same position of groove (2), the circular-arc bulge loop rib (3) of following roll extrusion groove (2) distortion and convexing to form is arranged, the inverted trapezoidal groove (2) of described seamless steel pipe (1) external surface be take vertically seamless steel pipe (1) central point and is few distribution the in many middle parts, two ends as boundary.
2. the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that reinforcing bar slurry anchor according to claim 1 docking connects, moulding is made in the three shaft roller roll extrusion cold working that it is characterized in that the gusseted such as inverted trapezoidal groove (2) employing of seamless steel pipe (1) external surface, the width of groove is 4～8mm, the degree of depth is 2～4mm, and the angle on trapezoidal hypotenuse and bottom land limit is 40 °～60 °.
3. the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that reinforcing bar slurry anchor according to claim 1 docking connects, it is characterized in that: follow the distortion of periphery roll extrusion groove and convex to form circular-arc bulge loop rib (3) with seamless steel pipe (1) inner surface of seamless steel pipe (1) external surface inverted trapezoidal groove (2) corresponding position, bulge loop rib (3) rib is high is 1.5～3mm.
4. the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that reinforcing bar slurry anchor according to claim 1 docking connects is characterized in that: the two ends of seamless steel pipe (1) are offered the pressure injection filling apart from port one 5～25mm place and are connected grouting mouth and the plasma discharge mouth (4) of reinforcing bar with the non-shrinkage cement-based grouting material of high strength in grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder space.
5. reinforcing bar slurry anchor according to claim 1 docking connects grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder, and it is characterized in that: seamless steel pipe (1) both sides port arranges median pore radius and equals to be connected the ring-shaped rubber plug (5) that inserting of reinforcing bar (7) diameter is connected reinforcing bar (7).
6. the grouting deformed steel pipe box cylinder that reinforcing bar slurry anchor according to claim 1 docking connects is characterized in that: arrange at the middle part of seamless steel pipe (1) and control the alignment pin (6) that is connected reinforcing bar (7) insertion depth.
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