CN103441547A - Charger and electric moped with same - Google Patents
Charger and electric moped with same Download PDFInfo
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- CN103441547A CN103441547A CN2013103952492A CN201310395249A CN103441547A CN 103441547 A CN103441547 A CN 103441547A CN 2013103952492 A CN2013103952492 A CN 2013103952492A CN 201310395249 A CN201310395249 A CN 201310395249A CN 103441547 A CN103441547 A CN 103441547A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a charger which comprises a temperature collecting module, a central control module, a digital voltage reference module and a power supply module. The temperature collecting module is used for collecting temperature of the environment where a charged battery is placed in real time and sending a collected temperature value. The central control module is used for receiving the temperature value and carrying out analysis and operation on the temperature value and pre-stored parameters of the voltage and the current of the charged battery, pulse width modulation duty ration corresponding to the temperature value is obtained by operation, and the pulse width modulation duty ration is sent. The digital voltage reference module is used for receiving the pulse width modulation duty ration, according to the pulse width modulation duty ration, a charging voltage reference parameter is generated, and the charging voltage reference parameter is sent. The power supply module is used for receiving the charging voltage reference parameter and outputting a charging parameter matched with the charging voltage reference parameter according to the received charging voltage reference parameter. Under any environment temperature, the charger can output the optimal charging parameter, and the problem that a battery is not fully charged in a low-temperature environment and is overly charged in a high-temperature environment by the charger is avoided.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the charger technical field, specifically, relate to a kind of charger and the Moped Scooter with this charger.
Background technology
At present, lead-acid battery is the Moped Scooter main power source, is widely used in the Moped Scooter field.Use conventional charging technique, battery life only has more than a year, and a large amount of discarded batteries cause great environmental pollution, can not adapt to the growing electric motor car market demand, more can not adapt to national energy-saving and reduce discharging and environmental protection requirement.The reason that affects battery serviceability and life-span has: lead-acid battery polarizing polar plates, electrolyte dehydration, CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTION be uneven, excessively discharge and recharge etc.This is wherein except the properties influence of battery itself, and charge and discharge process is the most direct and most important life-span influencing factor.There are some researches show, the overwhelming majority causes that the reason of battery failure is the long-term undercharge of battery and overcharges.Therefore scientific, the intelligent degree of charging process of charger, will to the lead-acid battery Moped Scooter use and vital effect is played in popularization.
The gassing of lead-acid battery in charging process is the major reason that causes the electrolyte dehydration, reduce the dehydration of battery electrolyte, the gassing rate in the time of just should alleviating the battery charging.And under different ambient temperatures, the gassing electrical voltage point difference of battery.Conventional charger adopts single charge parameter, if do not overcharge while guaranteeing summer high-temperature, can reduce the gassing electrical voltage point, but like this winter during low temperature often battery fill not enough electric weight, cause the battery pole plates polarization.Guarantee battery abundance in winter, single charge parameter can cause again the overcharging of battery in summer, causes the increase of battery charging gassing rate, and the dehydration of electrolyte even causes the drum that fills of battery.
Except traditional single parameter charger, also has the charger of two kinds of multi-parameters on market, a kind of is two-parameter charger, this charger adopts a fixed temperature is set is boundary, automatically set one group of charge parameter lower than this fixed temperature charger, higher than this fixed temperature charger, automatically set another group charge parameter.So just alleviated to a certain extent the generation of undercharge situation in overcharged, winter in battery summer.But due to lead-acid battery at the varying environment temperature, gassing point voltage difference, and be a non-linear relation between the two.So this two-parameter charger can not really guarantee that charger can be exported the optimal charge parameter under any ambient temperature.Another kind is the moving multi-parameter charger arranged of armrest, is that a plurality of key switches are set on charger.Charge parameter at the corresponding temperature of each key switch, the moving switch that pushes button of armrest is set charge parameter corresponding to different temperatures.Due to the restriction on technology and cost, can set 3-5 group key switches, that is to say and only have at most five groups of charge parameters for general.So this charger can not really guarantee that charger can be exported the optimal charge parameter under any ambient temperature.And too much key switch can reduce the reliability of charger, the user can't determine ambient temperature when reality is used, and brings the inconvenience in use.
Can not be under any ambient temperature for charger in correlation technique, the problem of output optimal charge parameter, not yet propose effective solution at present.
Summary of the invention
Can not be under any ambient temperature for charger in correlation technique, the problem of output optimal charge parameter, the present invention proposes a kind of charger and has the Moped Scooter of this charger, can realize under any ambient temperature, automatically export the optimal charge parameter, avoid charger when battery is charged, the problem of over-charging of battery under battery charge less under low temperature and high temperature occurred.
Technical scheme of the present invention is achieved in that
According to an aspect of the present invention, provide a kind of charger.
This charger comprises:
Temperature collect module, be recharged the temperature of battery place environment for Real-time Collection, and send the temperature value gathered;
Central control module, for receiving temperature value, and carry out analytic operation by the parameter of temperature value and the pre-stored voltage and current that is recharged battery, calculates the pulse width modulated duty cycle that temperature value is corresponding, and send pulse width modulated duty cycle;
The digital voltage base modules, for received pulse width modulated duty ratio, and, according to pulse width modulated duty cycle, generate the charging voltage basic parameter corresponding with this pulse width modulated duty cycle, and send the charging voltage basic parameter;
Power module, for receiving the charging voltage basic parameter, and according to the charging voltage basic parameter received, the charge parameter that output and this charging voltage basic parameter are suitable.
In addition, this charger also comprises current acquisition module and voltage acquisition module, and wherein, the current acquisition module, be recharged the charging current of battery while charging for Real-time Collection; Voltage acquisition module, be recharged the charging voltage of battery while charging for Real-time Collection.
Wherein, after by current acquisition module and voltage acquisition module chalk, collecting the charging current and charging voltage that is recharged battery, central control module also, for the charging voltage value of the charging current value according to the collection of current acquisition module and voltage acquisition module collection, is determined the actual electric weight that is recharged battery.
In addition, this charger also comprises display module, is recharged the actual electric weight of battery for demonstration.
Wherein, display module show the display mode be recharged the actual electric weight of battery comprise following one of at least: the form with icon shows, with the form of percentage show, with the form of word show, with the form demonstration of different colours.
Wherein, with the form of icon show comprise following one of at least: the form with battery icon shows, with the form in fan section, show.
In addition, display module also is recharged the connection status of battery for demonstration.
In addition, this charger also comprises alarm module, for the connection status being recharged battery, occurs sending alarm sound when abnormal.
Wherein, the connection status that is recharged battery occur abnormal sight comprise following one of at least: be recharged battery in not-connected status, be recharged battery in the reversal connection state, be recharged battery in the misconnection state.
Wherein, central controller is the STM8S embedded microprocessor, and power module is the constant voltage supply module, and display module is liquid crystal display, and alarm module is buzzer.
According to a further aspect in the invention, provide a kind of Moped Scooter.This is electric boosted comprises above-mentioned charger.
The present invention is recharged the temperature of battery place environment by the temperature collect module Real-time Collection, and the temperature value of collection is sent to central control module, calculate the charging voltage basic parameter corresponding with this temperature value by central control module and digital voltage base modules, and using this charging voltage basic parameter as the constant current constant voltage Switching Power Supply reference voltage of two closed control circuits, thereby guaranteed at the varying environment temperature, the constant current constant voltage switch power module all can be exported the charge parameter suitable with this temperature value, realized under any ambient temperature, charger can be exported best charge parameter, not only avoided charger under low temperature environment, the battery charge less appears, with under hot environment, the problem of over-charging of battery, and improved the serviceability that is recharged battery, also effectively extended the useful life that is recharged battery simultaneously, have energy-conservation, environmental protection, the characteristics of low cost and sustainable development.
In addition, the present invention also shows by display module the actual electric weight that is recharged battery in real time, whether prompting is recharged battery and is full of, thereby has further avoided because being recharged overcharging or charger that undercharge causes and be recharged the situation generation of the damage of battery of battery.In addition, the present invention is when being recharged battery and abnormal connection status occurs, also by alarm module, carry out audible alarm, the prompting user, thereby avoided, because being recharged the true situation generation that causes charger and be recharged battery appearance damage of battery malunion, having improved greatly charger and the useful life that is recharged battery.
The accompanying drawing explanation
In order to be illustrated more clearly in the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, below will the accompanying drawing of required use in embodiment be briefly described, apparently, accompanying drawing in the following describes is only some embodiments of the present invention, for those of ordinary skills, under the prerequisite of not paying creative work, can also obtain according to these accompanying drawings other accompanying drawing.
Fig. 1 is the structural representation according to the charger of the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the system framework figure according to the charger of the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3 be according to the embodiment of the present invention carry out the icon text prompt in LCD MODULE the time schematic diagram;
Fig. 4 is the automatic circuit theory diagrams according to ambient temperature adjustment charging output parameter function according to the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is the circuit theory diagrams according to the multiple charged state prompt facility of the embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is clearly and completely described, obviously, described embodiment is only the present invention's part embodiment, rather than whole embodiment.Embodiment based in the present invention, the every other embodiment that those of ordinary skills obtain, belong to the scope of protection of the invention.
According to embodiments of the invention, provide a kind of charger.
As shown in Figure 1, according to the charger of the embodiment of the present invention, comprise:
Temperature collect module 11, be recharged the temperature of battery place environment for Real-time Collection, and send the temperature value gathered;
Central control module 12, for receiving temperature value, and carry out analytic operation by the parameter of temperature value and the pre-stored voltage and current that is recharged battery, calculates the pulse width modulated duty cycle that temperature value is corresponding, and send pulse width modulated duty cycle;
Digital voltage base modules 13, for received pulse width modulated duty ratio, and, according to pulse width modulated duty cycle, generate the charging voltage basic parameter corresponding with this pulse width modulated duty cycle, and send the charging voltage basic parameter;
In addition, this charger also comprises current acquisition module (not shown) and voltage acquisition module (not shown), and wherein, the current acquisition module, be recharged the charging current of battery while charging for Real-time Collection; Voltage acquisition module, be recharged the charging voltage of battery while charging for Real-time Collection.
Wherein, after by current acquisition module and voltage acquisition module chalk, collecting the charging current and charging voltage that is recharged battery, central control module 12 also, for the charging voltage value of the charging current value according to the collection of current acquisition module and voltage acquisition module collection, is determined the actual electric weight that is recharged battery.
In addition, this charger also comprises the display module (not shown), is recharged the actual electric weight of battery for demonstration.Wherein, display module shows that the display mode that is recharged the actual electric weight of battery can show for the form with icon, for example, form with battery icon (for example shows, the battery icon that the battery space of take is progress bar, the six sections battery icons that lattice are progress of take in battery space), or show with sector diagram target form, can also show for the form with percentage, perhaps the form with word shows, moreover shows with the form of different colours.
In addition, display module also is recharged the connection status of battery for demonstration.
In addition, this charger also comprises alarm module, for the connection status being recharged battery, occurs sending alarm sound when abnormal.Wherein, the connection status that is recharged battery occur abnormal sight comprise following one of at least: be recharged battery in not-connected status, be recharged battery in the reversal connection state, be recharged battery in the misconnection state.
During practical application, central controller can adopt the STM8S embedded microprocessor, and power module can adopt the constant voltage supply module, and display module can adopt liquid crystal display, and alarm module can adopt buzzer.
By such scheme of the present invention, can be according to ambient temperature, automatic adaptation is the optimal charge parameter of correspondence with it, really accomplishes to charge the battery under any ambient temperature, and battery can not overcharge, can the charge less electricity yet.Thereby effectively raise serviceability and the useful life of battery.
Below from the angle of charger system framework, technique scheme of the present invention is described.
Fig. 2 is the system framework figure of charger, as can be seen from Figure 2, system mainly is comprised of central control module (embedded type CPU), temperature sampling module, digital voltage base modules, LCD MODULE, charge prompting alarm module, constant current constant voltage switch power module and power-supply management system etc.
Wherein, the ambient temperature during charging of temperature sampling module real-time sampling, and the temperature parameter of sampling is sent into to central control module, power-supply management system in embedded type CPU carries out comprehensive computing by real time temperature parameter and the battery parameter prestored, and operation result is outputed to the digital voltage base modules, to produce different charging voltage basic parameters, this voltage reference parameter is as the reference voltage of the two closed control circuits of constant current constant voltage Switching Power Supply, guaranteed at the varying environment temperature, the output of constant current constant voltage switch power module is the charge parameter of adaptation with it.
Wherein, LCD MODULE adopts segmentation LED-backlit liquid crystal display device cheaply to form, and the icon word shown for needs, coordinate the control of central control module, accurately the operating state of display reminding charger.Embedded type CPU is recharged according to the sampling parameter value judgement of charging current, cell voltage feedback is current the actual electric weight that battery is filled with, and is divided into six segmentation icons demonstrations.Thisly show the visual control carry out charging process in conjunction with word, facilitated the grasp of user to charged state.LCD MODULE is except real-time demonstration is recharged the electric weight that battery is filled with, combined charge prompt alarm module, not only can " charge normal " in the liquid crystal screen display, " battery is full of ", " battery misconnection ", " battery does not connect " four kinds of different charged states.Simultaneously corresponding " battery reversal connection ", " battery misconnection ", " battery does not connect " three kinds of error in charging states, have the audible alarm prompt facility, with the incorrect link of pointing out in time the user to correct charger and battery, avoids occurring the artificial damage of charger and battery.As shown in Figure 3, Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram while in LCD MODULE, carrying out the icon text prompt to prompt facility.
Below from the angle of know-why, technique scheme of the present invention is elaborated.
When practical application, the present invention can adopt the STM8S embedded microprocessor as central control module (MCU), by MCU complete temperature, be recharged cell voltage, the A/D sample conversion of charging current.Utilize the power-supply management system in MCU, to temperature, voltage, the amperometry computing gathered.And section completes Digital Signal Processing, produce the required pwm signal (pulse width modulating signal) of digital voltage base modules within it.Pwm signal, after filtering, becomes the reference voltage of two closed control circuit LM324 comparators in outside constant voltage supply module, and this reference voltage has determined the voltage and current parameter of charger output.MCU, by the monitoring of the sampling to cell voltage, charging current signal, to judge the current operating state of charger, controls LCD MODULE and shows accordingly and point out simultaneously, and charging alarm prompt module is carried out alarm prompt to abnormal charged state.
Fig. 4 is the automatic circuit theory diagrams according to ambient temperature adjustment charging output parameter function, as can be seen from Figure 4, the constant voltage supply main circuit adopts isolated single-ended reverse exciting switching voltage regulator topological structure, the PWM control integration circuit chip of UC3842 fixed frequency current-mode of take is circuit core, uses four high guaily unit LM324 to complete voltage, current signal sampling.Feed back to 2. pin of UC3842 after the photoelectricity isolation, UC3842 exports the inter-train pause formula driving switch pipe Q1 work of adjustable duty ratio, and the pulse duty factor of UC3842 output is controlled by 2. pin feedback signal.U5A and U5D are respectively Voltage Feedback and current feedback loop, drive the photoelectricity isolated tube, realize on the one hand prime and elementary electrical equipment isolation, realize on the other hand constant pressure and flow control.
Feedback control procedure is: when output voltage (electric current) ↑ → the U4A drive current ↑ → the U4B electric current ↑ → UC3842 2. pin voltage ↑ → UC3842 6. pin output pulse duty factor ↓ → output voltage (electric current) ↓.
In addition, at U5A end of oppisite phase reference voltage, during higher than in-phase end, voltage feedback loop U5A wouldn't work, and UC3824 is controlled by current feedback U5D, to realize constant current charge in advance.In the constant current charge process, the constant voltage supply constant output current, output voltage raise gradually with the charging interval.When the output voltage height arrives certain value, U5A in-phase end voltage is higher than end of oppisite phase, and Voltage Feedback starts to work, and charger enters the constant voltage charge section.Voltage now is called even charging voltage.
As can be seen here, charger turns by constant current the reference voltage that the constant voltage transfer point is controlled by the U5A end of oppisite phase, both can, by adjusting U5A end of oppisite phase reference voltage, heighten or turn down even charging voltage.And even charging voltage is one of important parameter of charger, as too high as even charging voltage, after charging enters battery gassing electrical voltage point, charging current still keeps the large electric current of constant current, can cause the battery gassing rate to increase.As too low as even charging voltage, charging enters the constant voltage section in advance, and charging current descends, and causes the battery charge less.And the height of ambient temperature is proportional with battery gassing electrical voltage point, therefore, according to collecting the ambient temperature parameter, obtain the reference voltage of the U5A end of oppisite phase of adaptation with it after the MCU computing, can realize controlling the size of charger even charging voltage value.
In the present invention, adopt a road PWM1 signal of central control module (MCU) output, after R30, C31 filtering as the reference voltage of Voltage Feedback U5A end of oppisite phase, i.e. digital voltage benchmark.The size of this voltage depends on the duty ratio of PWM1 signal, and the value of the duty ratio of PWM1 signal is to obtain according to the battery relevant parameter computing prestored in the size of MCU temperature sampling value and MCU, PWM1 signal dutyfactor size determines the reference voltage size of U5A end of oppisite phase, the reference voltage size of U5A end of oppisite phase determines the height of charger even charging voltage, thereby realizes the automatic adaptation of charger even charging voltage parameter and ambient temperature.Adaptive control procedure is as follows: ambient temperature ↑ → the PWM1 signal dutyfactor ↓ → reference voltage of U5A end of oppisite phase ↓ → the charger even charging voltage ↓ → charging current when entering battery gassing voltage ↓ → the battery gassing rate ↓.
The present invention is at the varying environment temperature, and charger has different best even charging voltage values.When temperature raises, even charging voltage descends automatically, and when charging enters gassing voltage, charging current descends, thereby has reduced gassing rate, avoids the electrolyte dehydration; During due to low temperature, battery gassing electrical voltage point can raise, when temperature descends, even charging voltage raises automatically with the rising of gassing electrical voltage point, before entering the gassing electrical voltage point, charger keeps constant current large current charge pattern, has not only ensured that battery is filled with enough electric weight, not there will be charge less, shortened the charging interval again simultaneously.Effectively raise serviceability and the useful life of lead-acid battery.
In addition, on the basis of technique scheme, MCU can also increase by a road PWM2 signal output again, after filtering as the reference voltage of current feedback loop U5D end of oppisite phase.Change this numerical reference voltage, can change the charging current of constant current section.So not only the automatic adaptation of even charging voltage and ambient temperature can be guaranteed, but also the automatic adaptation of charging current and ambient temperature can be guaranteed.Thereby realize the difference according to ambient temperature, the charge parameter of the better more science of charger automatic adaptation adjustment.
In addition, in technique scheme, also can adopt the embedded type CPU with D/A output, directly utilize the reference voltage of the direct voltage of D/A output as feedback loop.
Fig. 5 is the circuit theory diagrams of multiple charged state prompt facility, and as can be seen from Figure 5, the sampled value that is recharged cell voltage and charging current is delivered to respectively VOLAD and the CURAD AD input of STM8S.MCU, according to above parameter, utilizes LCD LCD MODULE and BELL buzzer, can realize multiple charge prompting function.Multiple prompting functions comprises as follows:
MCU, according to the battery voltage value collected, through being scaled the actual electric weight be filled with of battery, shows in real time with six sections icons on LCD MODULE.Facilitate the current electric weight that has been filled with battery of the accurate understanding of user, estimation also needs the time of charging.
When the battery voltage value gathered departs from normal value, LCD MODULE will show with mode word " battery misconnection ", and buzzer produces chimes of doom simultaneously, and the prompting user changes and charger matched battery in time.
The electric current gathered as MCU is little to zero the time, and LCD MODULE will show with mode word " battery does not connect ", and buzzer produces chimes of doom simultaneously, and the prompting user checks whether charger is connected with battery normal in time.
When battery polar and charger polarity connect inverse time, transducer U4 can produce alarm signal IG, and the IG signal is delivered to MCU.LCD MODULE will show with mode word " battery misconnection ", and buzzer produces chimes of doom simultaneously, the connected mode that the prompting user corrects charger and battery in time.The reverse battery protection circuit be comprised of Q1, Q5 and D10, when the battery reversal connection, the protection charger can be not damaged simultaneously.
According to embodiments of the invention, a kind of Moped Scooter also is provided, this Moped Scooter comprises above-mentioned charger.
In sum, by means of technique scheme of the present invention, be recharged the temperature of battery place environment by the temperature collect module Real-time Collection, and the temperature value of collection is sent to central control module, calculate the charging voltage basic parameter corresponding with this temperature value by central control module and digital voltage base modules, and using this charging voltage basic parameter as the constant current constant voltage Switching Power Supply reference voltage of two closed control circuits, thereby guaranteed at the varying environment temperature, the constant current constant voltage switch power module all can be exported the charge parameter suitable with this temperature value, realized under any ambient temperature, charger can be exported best charge parameter, not only avoided charger under low temperature environment, the battery charge less appears, with under hot environment, the problem of over-charging of battery, and improved the serviceability that is recharged battery, also effectively extended the useful life that is recharged battery simultaneously, have energy-conservation, environmental protection, the characteristics of low cost and sustainable development.
In addition, the present invention also shows by display module the actual electric weight that is recharged battery in real time, whether prompting is recharged battery and is full of, thereby has further avoided because being recharged overcharging or charger that undercharge causes and be recharged the situation generation of the damage of battery of battery.In addition, the present invention is when being recharged battery and abnormal connection status occurs, also by alarm module, carry out audible alarm, the prompting user, thereby avoided, because being recharged the true situation generation that causes charger and be recharged battery appearance damage of battery malunion, having improved greatly charger and the useful life that is recharged battery.
The foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to limit the present invention, within the spirit and principles in the present invention not all, any modification of doing, be equal to replacement, improvement etc., within all should being included in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a charger, is characterized in that, comprising:
Temperature collect module, be recharged the temperature of battery place environment for Real-time Collection, and send the temperature value gathered;
Central control module, for receiving described temperature value, and described temperature value and the pre-stored described parameter that is recharged the voltage and current of battery are carried out to analytic operation, calculate the pulse width modulated duty cycle that described temperature value is corresponding, and send described pulse width modulated duty cycle;
The digital voltage base modules, for receiving described pulse width modulated duty cycle, and, according to described pulse width modulated duty cycle, generate the charging voltage basic parameter corresponding with this pulse width modulated duty cycle, and send described charging voltage basic parameter;
Power module, for receiving described charging voltage basic parameter, and according to the described charging voltage basic parameter received, the charge parameter that output and this charging voltage basic parameter are suitable.
2. charger according to claim 1, is characterized in that, further comprises:
The current acquisition module, the described charging current that is recharged battery while charging for Real-time Collection;
Voltage acquisition module, the described charging voltage that is recharged battery while charging for Real-time Collection;
And described central control module also, for the charging voltage value of the charging current value according to described current acquisition module collection and the collection of described voltage acquisition module, is determined the described actual electric weight that is recharged battery.
3. charger according to claim 2, is characterized in that, further comprises:
Display module, for showing the described actual electric weight that is recharged battery.
4. charger according to claim 3, is characterized in that, described display module show the described display mode that is recharged the actual electric weight of battery comprise following one of at least:
Show, with the form of percentage, show, with the form of word, show, show with the form of different colours with the form of icon.
5. charger according to claim 4, is characterized in that, the described form with icon show comprise following one of at least:
Show, show with the form in fan section with the form of battery icon.
6. charger according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described display module is also for showing the described connection status that is recharged battery.
7. charger according to claim 6, is characterized in that, further comprises:
Alarm module, send alarm sound for occurring in the described connection status that is recharged battery when abnormal.
8. charger according to claim 7, is characterized in that, the described connection status that is recharged battery occur abnormal sight comprise following one of at least:
Be recharged battery in not-connected status, be recharged battery in the reversal connection state, be recharged battery in the misconnection state.
9. according to the described charger of claim 1 to 8 any one, it is characterized in that, described central controller is the STM8S embedded microprocessor, and described power module is the constant voltage supply module, described display module is liquid crystal display, and described alarm module is buzzer.
10. a Moped Scooter, is characterized in that, comprises the described charger of claim 1 to 9 any one.
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| CN105576308B (en) * | 2016-02-04 | 2019-11-01 | 北京长城华冠汽车科技股份有限公司 | A kind of the battery modules charging method and device of vehicle-mounted chargeable energy-storage system |
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Application publication date: 20131211 |