CN103414181B - A kind of micro-grid system method for designing - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开一种微电网系统设计方法，包括设计微电网接入配电网方案、设计微电网网络结构方案和设计微电网中分布式电源方案；微电网接入配电网设计方案：首先确定是孤网模式还是并网模式；然后根据微电网容量大小确定接入配电网的电压等级及接入位置；设计微电网网络结构方案：根据不同用户的负荷等级选择其供电方式为双重电源供电还是单电源供电；设计微电网中分布式电源方案：选择分布式电源的类型，优先选用风力发电、光伏发电等可再生能源发电形式，并配以相应的储能设备；选择分布式电源的容量。本发明为微电网系统建设提供了依据。本发明是根据用户实际需求而设计的微电网系统，实用性强，且降低了微电网系统的建设成本。The invention discloses a method for designing a microgrid system, which includes designing a scheme for connecting a microgrid to a distribution network, designing a scheme for a network structure of a microgrid, and designing a scheme for distributed power sources in a microgrid; the design scheme for connecting a microgrid to a distribution network: first determine Whether it is an isolated grid mode or a grid-connected mode; then determine the voltage level and access location of the distribution network according to the capacity of the micro-grid; design the network structure scheme of the micro-grid: select the power supply mode for dual power supply according to the load level of different users It is still a single power supply; design the distributed power supply scheme in the microgrid: choose the type of distributed power supply, give priority to wind power generation, photovoltaic power generation and other renewable energy generation forms, and match with corresponding energy storage equipment; choose the capacity of distributed power supply . The invention provides a basis for the construction of the micro grid system. The invention is a micro-grid system designed according to the actual needs of users, has strong practicability, and reduces the construction cost of the micro-grid system.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及电力系统设计方法，具体涉及一种微电网系统设计方法。该方法针对微电网的建设。The invention relates to a power system design method, in particular to a micro grid system design method. This method is aimed at the construction of microgrid.
背景技术Background technique
随着传统化石能源的日趋枯竭及低碳、环保的要求，清洁能源的分布式发电已成为当前研究热点，但分布式电源直接并网有可能造成电力系统的电能质量、电网安全稳定性等诸多问题。为了进一步提高电力系统运行的灵活性、可控性和经济性，以及更好地满足电力用户对电能质量和供电可靠性的更高要求，微电网的概念应运而生。With the depletion of traditional fossil energy and the requirements of low-carbon and environmental protection, the distributed power generation of clean energy has become a current research hotspot, but the direct connection of distributed power to the grid may cause many problems such as the power quality of the power system, the safety and stability of the power grid, etc. question. In order to further improve the flexibility, controllability and economy of power system operation, and to better meet the higher requirements of power users for power quality and power supply reliability, the concept of microgrid came into being.
微电网系统是一种独立性很强的分散型电源网络，由光伏发电、风力发电、燃气发电或柴油发电、燃料电池及蓄电池等储能装置组根据需要组合起来，再加入控制、保护和计量等装置，构成一个区域自治系统。微电网技术旨在中、低压配电网层面实现分布式发电技术的灵活、高效应用，解决数量庞大、形式多样的分布式电源并网运行，并通过智能能量管理维持功率局部优化与平衡，有效降低系统运行调度难度，微电网独立运行还可在外部电网故障时继续向关键负荷供电，提高用电可靠性。微电网技术是实现分布式发电系统广泛应用的关键技术之一。The micro-grid system is a highly independent decentralized power network, which is composed of energy storage devices such as photovoltaic power generation, wind power generation, gas power generation or diesel power generation, fuel cells and batteries as needed, and then added control, protection and metering and other devices constitute a regional autonomous system. Micro-grid technology aims to realize flexible and efficient application of distributed power generation technology at the level of medium and low-voltage distribution networks, solve the problem of grid-connected operation of a large number of distributed power sources in various forms, and maintain local power optimization and balance through intelligent energy management, effectively To reduce the difficulty of system operation and scheduling, the independent operation of the microgrid can continue to supply power to key loads when the external power grid fails, improving the reliability of power consumption. Microgrid technology is one of the key technologies to realize the widespread application of distributed power generation systems.
我国海岸线长，海岛数量多，其中不乏距离海岸较远的海岛，受地理因素制约，各海岛电网没有与大陆电网联网，难以保障供电可靠性，目前海岛供电主要依赖柴油机组供电，不仅存在环境污染问题，而且电价较高。针对当前现状，在海岛上建设微电网，利用清洁的可再生能源向岛上负荷供电是解决海岛用电问题最有效的方式。此外，在偏远山区、高原、大型企业、城市智能小区等多种场合可以通过微电网为用户提供清洁、可靠的电能。但是目前对于微电网的建设还存在以下问题：my country has a long coastline and a large number of islands, many of which are far away from the coast. Due to geographical constraints, the power grids of each island are not connected to the mainland power grid, so it is difficult to guarantee the reliability of power supply. At present, the power supply of islands mainly relies on diesel generators for power supply, which not only causes environmental pollution problem, and higher electricity prices. In view of the current status quo, building a micro-grid on the island and using clean and renewable energy to supply power to the load on the island is the most effective way to solve the island's power consumption problem. In addition, in remote mountainous areas, plateaus, large enterprises, urban smart communities and other occasions, clean and reliable power can be provided to users through microgrids. However, there are still the following problems in the construction of microgrids:
1）现有的微电网是为科研服务，存在不少实验性设备，未考虑实际应用需求；1) The existing microgrid is for scientific research, there are many experimental equipment, and the actual application requirements are not considered;
2）现有微电网缺乏技术经济性分析；2) The existing microgrid lacks technical and economical analysis;
3）不具有工程推广价值；3) It has no engineering promotion value;
4）对于微电网中各种分布式电源的容量确定往往根据经验选取，整个系统的成本较高，且部分设备无法充分利用；4) The determination of the capacity of various distributed power sources in the microgrid is often selected based on experience, the cost of the entire system is high, and some equipment cannot be fully utilized;
5）没有完整的微电网网架及分布式电源设计方案。5) There is no complete microgrid grid and distributed power design scheme.
综上所述，将微电网应用到人们的日常工作生活还存在一定的距离。To sum up, there is still a certain distance to apply microgrid to people's daily work and life.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的，是为了克服现有技术还没有完整的微电网网架及分布式电源设计方案等不足，提供一种微电网系统设计方法，通过该方法能够指导微电网的建设，降低微电网的建设成本，合理规划布局。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a micro-grid system design method to overcome the lack of a complete micro-grid grid and distributed power supply design scheme in the prior art, through which the construction of the micro-grid can be guided and the micro-grid The construction cost is reasonable, and the layout is planned reasonably.
本发明的目的可以通过以下技术方案实现：The purpose of the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions:
一种微电网系统设计方法，其特征在于：包括设计微电网接入配电网方案、设计微电网网络结构方案和设计微电网中分布式电源方案；A microgrid system design method, characterized in that it includes designing a microgrid access distribution network scheme, designing a microgrid network structure scheme, and designing a distributed power supply scheme in a microgrid;
1）设计微电网接入配电网方案1) Design the microgrid access distribution network scheme
首先根据微电网是否接入配电网确定是孤网模式还是并网模式，选择孤网模式时，微电网独立运行；选择并网模式时，采用交流直接连接、经电流源换流器CSC连接或经电压源换流器VSC接入配电网；然后根据微电网容量大小确定接入配电网的电压等级及接入位置；Firstly, it is determined whether the microgrid is in the isolated grid mode or the grid-connected mode according to whether the microgrid is connected to the distribution network. When the isolated grid mode is selected, the microgrid operates independently; when the grid-connected mode is selected, the AC direct connection is adopted, and the current source converter (CSC) is connected. Or access to the distribution network through the voltage source converter VSC; then determine the voltage level and access location of the access to the distribution network according to the size of the micro-grid capacity;
2）设计微电网网络结构方案2) Design the network structure scheme of the microgrid
按照母线性质将微电网划分为交流微电网、直流微电网以及交直流混合微电网三种，根据用户的负荷等级选择其供电方式为双重电源供电或单电源供电，根据微电网是低压微电网还是中压微电网选择其接线方式，所述中压微电网划分为若干子微电网，并采用架空线路网络接线与电缆线路网络接线混合配合；According to the nature of the bus, the microgrid is divided into three types: AC microgrid, DC microgrid, and AC-DC hybrid microgrid. According to the user's load level, the power supply mode is selected as dual power supply or single power supply. According to whether the microgrid is a low-voltage microgrid or a The medium-voltage micro-grid selects its connection mode, and the medium-voltage micro-grid is divided into several sub-micro-grids, and the overhead line network connection and the cable line network connection are mixed and coordinated;
3）设计微电网中分布式电源方案3) Design the distributed power supply scheme in the microgrid
选择分布式电源的类型，在满足微电网安全稳定和电能质量的前提下，优先选用可再生能源发电形式，并配以与所述可再生能源发电相应的储能设备；选择分布式电源的容量，根据微电网系统供需现状、负荷增长预测以及用地规划项目开发条件确定，并在微电网孤网运行时保证一级和二级负荷的可靠供电。Select the type of distributed power generation. Under the premise of satisfying the safety and stability of the microgrid and the power quality, the form of renewable energy power generation is preferred, and it is equipped with energy storage equipment corresponding to the renewable energy power generation; the capacity of distributed power generation is selected , determined according to the current supply and demand status of the microgrid system, load growth forecast, and land use planning project development conditions, and ensure reliable power supply for primary and secondary loads when the microgrid is running in isolation.
本发明的进一步方案：所述并网模式指微电网与由大机组供电的电网并列运行，即与所述由大机组供电的配电网在主回路上存在电气连接；微电网并网运行按照功率交换方式分为普通并网和并网不上网二种，普通并网中微电网向电网输送多余功率，并网不上网中微电网机组的功率不外送，即公共连接点PCC处功率流向只从由大机组供电的电网流向微电网用户。A further solution of the present invention: the grid-connected mode refers to the parallel operation of the microgrid and the power grid powered by the large unit, that is, there is an electrical connection with the distribution network powered by the large unit on the main circuit; the grid-connected operation of the microgrid is in accordance with The power exchange method is divided into two types: common grid-connected and grid-connected and off-grid. In ordinary grid-connected, the microgrid transmits excess power to the grid. In grid-connected and off-grid, the power of the microgrid unit is not sent out, that is, the power flow at the common connection point PCC Flows only from the grid fed by the larger units to the microgrid users.
本发明的进一步方案：设计微电网接入配电网方案中所述根据微电网容量大小确定接入配电网的电压等级，是指：200kW以下的微电网接入380V配电网，200～6000kW的微电网接入l0kV配电网或l0kV以下的配电网，容量大于6000kW的微电网接入l0kV以上配电网或按设定容量确定接入的电压等级；微电网接入配电网的位置，200kW以下的微电网直接就近接入380V配电网馈线，200kW及以上微电网需要接入l0kV以上的高压配网，接入位置包括变电站高压侧、低压侧。A further solution of the present invention: in the design of the microgrid access distribution network scheme, determining the voltage level of access to the distribution network according to the capacity of the microgrid refers to: the microgrid below 200kW is connected to the 380V distribution network, 200~ The 6000kW microgrid is connected to the 10kV distribution network or the distribution network below 10kV, and the microgrid with a capacity greater than 6000kW is connected to the 10kV distribution network or the voltage level is determined according to the set capacity; the microgrid is connected to the distribution network The microgrid below 200kW is directly connected to the 380V distribution network feeder, and the microgrid above 200kW needs to be connected to the high-voltage distribution network above 10kV. The connection location includes the high-voltage side and low-voltage side of the substation.
本发明的进一步方案：所述微电网接入l0kV以上的高压配网的位置时，符合以下条件：①能有效交换电力并且能确保电网的安全稳定运行；②当公共连接点PCC处并入一个以上的电源时，应总体考虑电源的影响，微电网中电源总容量原则上不宜超过上一级变压器供电区域内最大负荷的25%；③微电网中电源并网点的短路电流与微电网电源额定电流之比大于或等于10。A further solution of the present invention: when the micro-grid is connected to a high-voltage distribution network above 10kV, it meets the following conditions: ① can effectively exchange power and ensure the safe and stable operation of the power grid; ② when the public connection point PCC is incorporated into a For the above power supply, the influence of the power supply should be considered overall. In principle, the total capacity of the power supply in the microgrid should not exceed 25% of the maximum load in the power supply area of the upper transformer; The current ratio is greater than or equal to 10.
本发明的进一步方案：所述交流微电网指各分布式电源和负荷接入共同的交流母线，直流电源通过逆变器接入，通信用电的直流负荷通过整流系统从交流系统取电；所述直流微电网指微电网系统基于一条直流母线建设，通过一个统一的逆变器与交流电源相连，系统中的交流负荷和电源通过逆变或整流设备和直流母线相连；所述交直流混合微电网指各种微型电源与母线连接形式多样，通常会出现两条母线，一条交流母线，一条直流母线，各分布式电源和负荷接入母线方式按其类型选取交流或直流方式。A further solution of the present invention: the AC microgrid refers to that each distributed power supply and loads are connected to a common AC bus, the DC power supply is connected through an inverter, and the DC load for communication power is obtained from the AC system through a rectification system; The above-mentioned DC microgrid refers to the construction of the microgrid system based on a DC bus, which is connected to the AC power supply through a unified inverter, and the AC load and power supply in the system are connected to the DC bus through inverter or rectification equipment; the AC-DC hybrid microgrid The power grid refers to the connection of various micro power sources and busbars in various forms. Usually there are two busbars, one AC busbar and one DC busbar.
本发明的进一步方案：所述用户的负荷等级分为一级负荷用户，二级负荷用户和三级负荷用户，一级负荷和二级负荷的用户由双重电源供电；对于一级负荷中特别重要的负荷供电，除由双重电源供电外，还增设独立的应急电源；对三级负荷的用户采用单电源供电；对于不对称负荷用户，当三相用电不平衡电流超过供电设备额定电流的10%时，采用高一级电压供电。A further solution of the present invention: the load levels of the users are divided into first-level load users, second-level load users and third-level load users, and the first-level load users and the second-level load users are powered by dual power sources; especially important for the first-level load In addition to the dual power supply, an independent emergency power supply is also added; for users with three-level loads, a single power supply is used; for users with asymmetrical loads, when the unbalanced current of the three-phase power consumption exceeds 10% of the rated current of the power supply equipment %, use a higher level of voltage for power supply.
本发明的进一步方案：所述低压微电网指供电半径不超过400m，负荷集中，网络结构比较简单的电网，采用电缆线接线；所述中压微电网因供电半径较大，则划分成若干个相对独立的子微电网（供电区）；A further solution of the present invention: the low-voltage micro-grid refers to a power grid with a power supply radius of no more than 400m, concentrated loads, and a relatively simple network structure, which is connected by cables; the medium-voltage micro-grid is divided into several Relatively independent sub-microgrid (power supply area);
所述每个子微电网以能够孤网运行的标准进行划分，即考虑子微电网孤网运行时内部电源和负荷的平衡及重要负荷的供电可靠性，每个子微电网具有明确的供电范围，不交错重叠，并可根据负荷的发展适时调整和优化；子微电网内部可根据需要再次划分，形成多级微电网。Each of the sub-microgrids is divided according to the standard of being able to operate in an isolated grid, that is, considering the balance of internal power and loads and the reliability of power supply for important loads when the sub-microgrid operates in an isolated grid, each sub-microgrid has a clear power supply range. Interlaced and overlapping, and can be adjusted and optimized in a timely manner according to the development of load; the sub-microgrid can be divided again according to needs to form a multi-level microgrid.
本发明的进一步方案：中压微电网内的10kV线路满足末端电压质量的要求，按供电半径分为三类：A类供电区1.5km，B类供电区2.5km，C类供电区4.0km；架空线路网络接线的方法：对于A、B类供电区采用“三分段三联络”的接线方式，分段点的设置根据网络接线及负荷变化相应变动；对于C类供电区采用开环运行的环网接线方式，初期负荷较小时，采用单电源树干式接线方式，并随着负荷增长逐步向环网接线方式过渡；电缆线路网络接线的方法：①当单回路馈线负荷电流小于或等于其安全载流量的50％时，按两回馈线组成互为备用的“2-1”单环网接线；②当单回馈线负荷电流大于其安全载流量的50％时，三回馈线可组成互为备用的“3-1”单环网接线，每回馈线电缆的负荷电流根据实际情况确定，最高负荷电流不超过电缆安全载流量的2/3；③在高负荷密集地区，馈线电缆组成“N供一备”的接线，包括“二供一备”、“三供一备”及“四供一备”，备用电缆线路在正常运行方式下不带负荷；④在A类供电区，当供电可靠性要求很高时，由四回电缆馈线组成双环网的接线方式。A further solution of the present invention: the 10kV lines in the medium-voltage microgrid meet the requirements of the terminal voltage quality, and are divided into three categories according to the power supply radius: the A-type power supply area is 1.5km, the B-type power supply area is 2.5km, and the C-type power supply area is 4.0km; The method of overhead line network connection: for the A and B power supply areas, the "three-segment and three-connection" wiring method is adopted, and the setting of the segment points changes correspondingly according to the network connection and load changes; for the C-type power supply areas, the open-loop operation is adopted The ring network connection method, when the initial load is small, adopt the single power supply tree trunk connection method, and gradually transition to the ring network connection method as the load increases; the cable line network connection method: ① When the load current of the single-loop feeder is less than or equal to its safety When the current carrying capacity is 50%, the two feeder lines are used to form a "2-1" single-ring network connection for mutual backup; For the spare "3-1" single-ring network connection, the load current of each feeder cable is determined according to the actual situation, and the maximum load current does not exceed 2/3 of the safe current carrying capacity of the cable; The connection of "supply and one backup" includes "two supplies and one backup", "three supplies and one backup" and "four supplies and one backup". When the reliability requirement is very high, the wiring mode of double ring network composed of four-circuit cable feeder.
本发明的进一步方案：所述选择分布式电源的类型还考虑以下因素，A further solution of the present invention: the selection of the type of distributed power supply also considers the following factors,
①根据实际情况配置柴油发电机或微型燃气轮机；①According to the actual situation, configure a diesel generator or a micro gas turbine;
②根据项目所在地区的风能、太阳能资源、微电网系统供需现状、负荷增长预测、风、光发电对系统的影响和要求、对工程发电成本的影响以及用地规划的项目开发条件，论证和确定风、光发电的建设可行性；在风能资源丰富、稳定，风功率密度等级至少为2级的区域考虑风力发电；在太阳能资源丰富、稳定，太阳总辐射资源丰富程度等级至少为4级的区域考虑建设光伏发电；②According to the wind energy, solar energy resources, supply and demand status of the micro-grid system in the project area, load growth forecast, impact and requirements of wind and photovoltaic power generation on the system, impact on project power generation cost, and project development conditions of land use planning, demonstrate and determine the wind power. 1. Feasibility of photovoltaic power generation construction; wind power generation should be considered in areas with abundant and stable wind energy resources and a wind power density level of at least level 2; consideration should be given in areas with abundant and stable solar energy resources and a level of abundance of total solar radiation resources of at least level 4 Build photovoltaic power generation;
③储能设备的类型根据储能在微电网中的功用进行选择，当用于峰谷调节、系统备用、对响应速度要求不高时，选用能量密度大的储能类型；当用于系统电能质量快速调节时，选用瞬时功率大、响应速度快的储能类型；③The type of energy storage equipment is selected according to the function of energy storage in the microgrid. When it is used for peak-valley regulation, system backup, and the response speed is not high, the energy storage type with high energy density is selected; when it is used for system electric energy When the quality is adjusted quickly, the energy storage type with high instantaneous power and fast response speed is selected;
④孤网运行的微电网，或具有一、二级负荷的微电网，需配置具有稳定供电能力和良好调节性能的分布式电源，且分布式电源安装在重要负荷附近。④ A microgrid operating in an isolated grid, or a microgrid with primary and secondary loads, needs to be equipped with a distributed power supply with stable power supply capability and good regulation performance, and the distributed power supply should be installed near important loads.
本发明的进一步方案：所述选择分布式电源的容量还考虑以下因素：A further solution of the present invention: the selection of the capacity of the distributed power supply also considers the following factors:
①确保具有稳定供电能力的分布式电源总容量大于微网中一级和二级负荷的总容量，并根据5年负荷增长预测考虑15%裕量。①Ensure that the total capacity of distributed power sources with stable power supply capacity is greater than the total capacity of the primary and secondary loads in the microgrid, and consider a 15% margin based on the 5-year load growth forecast.
②根据项目所在地区的风能资源、微电网系统供需现状、负荷增长预测、风力发电对系统的影响和要求、对工程发电成本的影响以及用地规划的项目开发条件，论证和确定风力发电的容量，通过380V电压等级接入微电网的风力发电总容量原则上不超过上一级变压器供电区域内的最大负荷的25％，通过10kV电压等级接入微电网的风力发电总容量控制在所接入的微电网线路最大输送容量的30％内；② Demonstrate and determine the capacity of wind power generation according to the wind energy resources in the area where the project is located, the current supply and demand status of the micro-grid system, the forecast of load growth, the impact and requirements of wind power generation on the system, the impact on the cost of power generation of the project, and the project development conditions of land use planning, The total capacity of wind power connected to the microgrid through the 380V voltage level shall not exceed 25% of the maximum load in the power supply area of the upper transformer in principle, and the total capacity of the wind power connected to the microgrid through the 10kV voltage level shall be controlled within the connected Within 30% of the maximum transmission capacity of the microgrid line;
③根据风力发电机组的制造水平、技术成熟程度和价格，拟定若干不同的单机容量方案，结合项目的风况特征、风电机组的安装条件和设备运输条件，确定单机容量范围；③According to the manufacturing level, technology maturity and price of wind turbines, draw up several different single-unit capacity plans, and determine the range of single-unit capacity in combination with the wind condition characteristics of the project, wind turbine installation conditions and equipment transportation conditions;
④根据项目所在地区的太阳能资源、微电网系统供需现状、负荷增长预测、光伏发电对系统的影响和要求、对工程发电成本的影响以及用地规划的项目开发条件，论证和确定光伏发电的容量；通过380V电压等级接入微电网的光伏发电总容量原则上不超过上一级变压器供电区域内的最大负荷的25％，通过10kV电压等级接入微电网的光伏发电总容量控制在所接入的微电网线路最大输送容量的30％内；④ Demonstrate and determine the capacity of photovoltaic power generation according to the solar energy resources in the area where the project is located, the current supply and demand status of the microgrid system, load growth forecast, the impact and requirements of photovoltaic power generation on the system, the impact on project power generation costs, and the project development conditions of land use planning; The total capacity of photovoltaic power generation connected to the microgrid through the 380V voltage level shall not exceed 25% of the maximum load in the power supply area of the upper transformer in principle, and the total capacity of the photovoltaic power generation connected to the microgrid through the 10kV voltage level shall be controlled within the connected Within 30% of the maximum transmission capacity of the microgrid line;
⑤根据微电网系统供需现状、负荷增长预测、储能设备对系统的影响和要求、对工程发电成本的影响以及用地规划的项目开发条件，论证和确定储能设备的容量，当储能设备作为系统备用时，后备时间根据微电网事故停电后恢复供电时间确定。⑤ According to the current supply and demand status of the microgrid system, load growth forecast, the impact and requirements of energy storage equipment on the system, the impact on project power generation costs, and the project development conditions of land use planning, demonstrate and determine the capacity of energy storage equipment. When the system is in standby, the backup time is determined according to the power supply recovery time after the microgrid accident power outage.
本发明的有益效果：Beneficial effects of the present invention:
1）本发明提供了微电网接入配电网的设计方案、微电网网络结构的设计方案及微电网中分布式电源的设计方案，从而指导微电网系统的建设，为微电网系统的建设提供了依据，并且提高了微电网系统的设计效率和安全性。1) The present invention provides a design scheme for connecting the microgrid to the distribution network, a design scheme for the network structure of the microgrid, and a design scheme for distributed power sources in the microgrid, so as to guide the construction of the microgrid system and provide The basis is established, and the design efficiency and safety of the microgrid system are improved.
2）本发明是根据用户的实际需求而设计的微电网系统，实用性强，规划布局合理，还降低了微电网系统的建设成本。本发明建设的微电网系统实现了为人们的日常生活工作提供服务的目的。2) The present invention is a micro-grid system designed according to the actual needs of users. It has strong practicability, reasonable planning and layout, and reduces the construction cost of the micro-grid system. The micro-grid system constructed by the invention realizes the purpose of providing services for people's daily life and work.
具体实施方式：Detailed ways:
下面对本发明作进一步的说明。The present invention will be further described below.
一种微电网系统设计方法，包括微电网接入配电网设计方案、微电网网络结构设计方案和微电网中分布式电源设计方案；A microgrid system design method, including a microgrid access distribution network design scheme, a microgrid network structure design scheme, and a distributed power supply design scheme in the microgrid;
1）设计微电网接入配电网方案1) Design the microgrid access distribution network scheme
首先根据微电网是否接入配电网确定是孤网模式还是并网模式，选择孤网模式时，微电网独立运行；选择并网模式时，采用交流直接连接、经电流源换流器CSC连接或经电压源换流器VSC接入配电网；然后根据微电网容量大小确定接入配电网的电压等级及接入位置。Firstly, it is determined whether the microgrid is in the isolated grid mode or the grid-connected mode according to whether the microgrid is connected to the distribution network. When the isolated grid mode is selected, the microgrid operates independently; when the grid-connected mode is selected, the AC direct connection is adopted, and the current source converter (CSC) is connected. Or connect to the distribution network through the voltage source converter VSC; then determine the voltage level and access location of the access to the distribution network according to the size of the micro-grid capacity.
所述孤网模式指微电网独立运行，不与大电网连接，通过控制实现自身内部的功率平衡和稳定运行；The isolated grid mode refers to the independent operation of the microgrid without being connected to the large grid, and realizes its own internal power balance and stable operation through control;
所述并网模式指微电网与由大机组供电的电网并列运行，即与常规配电网在主回路上存在电气连接；微电网并网运行按照功率交换方式可分为普通并网和并网不上网两种，普通并网微电网可以向电网输送多余功率，而并网不上网微电网则严格禁止微电网机组的功率外送，即公共连接点（PCC）处功率流向只能从电网流向微电网用户。并网模式又可细分为并网上网模式和并网不上网模式。The grid-connected mode refers to the parallel operation of the micro-grid and the power grid powered by large units, that is, there is an electrical connection with the conventional distribution network on the main circuit; the grid-connected operation of the micro-grid can be divided into ordinary grid-connected and grid-connected according to the power exchange method There are two types of off-grid. Ordinary grid-connected microgrids can transmit excess power to the grid, while grid-connected off-grid microgrids strictly prohibit the power transmission of microgrid units, that is, the power flow at the point of public connection (PCC) can only flow from the grid. microgrid users. The grid-connected mode can be subdivided into grid-connected and grid-connected modes and grid-connected and non-grid modes.
所述根据微电网容量大小确定接入配电网的电压等级，是指：200kW以下的微电网接入380V配电网，200～6000kW的微电网接入l0kV配电网或l0kV以下的配电网，容量大于6000kW的微电网接入l0kV以上配电网或按设定容量确定接入的电压等级。The determination of the voltage level of access to the distribution network according to the capacity of the micro-grid refers to: the micro-grid below 200kW is connected to the 380V distribution network, and the micro-grid of 200-6000kW is connected to the 10kV distribution network or the distribution network below 10kV. The microgrid with a capacity greater than 6000kW is connected to the distribution network above 10kV or the voltage level of the access is determined according to the set capacity.
微电网接入配电网的位置，200kW以下的微电网直接就近接入380V配电网馈线，200kW及以上微电网需要接入l0kV以上的高压配网，接入位置包括变电站高压侧、低压侧。The location where the microgrid is connected to the distribution network, the microgrid below 200kW is directly connected to the 380V distribution network feeder, and the microgrid above 200kW needs to be connected to the high-voltage distribution network above 10kV. The connection location includes the high-voltage side and low-voltage side of the substation .
所述微电网接入10kV以上的高压配网的位置时，符合以下条件：①能有效交换电力并且能确保电网的安全稳定运行；②当公共连接点PCC处并入一个以上的电源时，应总体考虑电源的影响，微电网中电源总容量原则上不宜超过上一级变压器供电区域内最大负荷的25%；③微电网中电源并网点的短路电流与微电网电源额定电流之比大于或等于10。When the microgrid is connected to a high-voltage distribution network above 10kV, the following conditions must be met: ① It can effectively exchange power and ensure the safe and stable operation of the power grid; ② When the public connection point PCC is connected to more than one power supply, it should Considering the influence of the power supply as a whole, the total capacity of the power supply in the microgrid should not exceed 25% of the maximum load in the power supply area of the upper transformer in principle; 10.
2）设计微电网网络结构设计方案2) Design the network structure design scheme of the microgrid
按照母线性质将微电网划分为交流微电网、直流微电网以及交直流混合微电网三种，根据用户的负荷等级选择其供电方式为双重电源供电或单电源供电，根据微电网是低压微电网还是中压微电网选择其接线方式，所述中压微电网划分为若干子微电网，并采用架空线路网络接线与电缆线路网络接线混合配合。According to the nature of the bus, the microgrid is divided into three types: AC microgrid, DC microgrid, and AC-DC hybrid microgrid. According to the user's load level, the power supply mode is selected as dual power supply or single power supply. According to whether the microgrid is a low-voltage microgrid or a The medium-voltage micro-grid selects its connection mode, and the medium-voltage micro-grid is divided into several sub-micro-grids, and the overhead line network connection and the cable line network connection are mixed and coordinated.
交流微电网指各分布式电源和负荷接入共同的交流母线，直流电源通过逆变器接入，直流电源包括：光伏、储能等，通信用电等的直流负荷通过整流系统从交流系统取电。直流微电网指微电网系统基于一条直流母线建设，通过一个统一的逆变器与交流电源相连，系统中的交流负荷和电源通过逆变或整流设备和直流母线相连。交直流混合微电网指各种微型电源与母线连接形式多样，通常会出现两条母线，一条交流母线，一条直流母线，各分布式电源和负荷接入母线方式按其类型选取交流或直流方式。The AC microgrid refers to the connection of distributed power sources and loads to the common AC bus. The DC power source is connected through the inverter. electricity. The DC microgrid refers to the construction of the microgrid system based on a DC bus, which is connected to the AC power supply through a unified inverter, and the AC load and power supply in the system are connected to the DC bus through inverter or rectifier equipment. AC-DC hybrid micro-grid refers to the connection of various micro power sources and busbars in various forms. Usually there are two busbars, one AC busbar and one DC busbar.
所述用户的负荷等级分为一级负荷用户，二级负荷用户和三级负荷用户，一级负荷和二级负荷的用户由双重电源供电，当一电源发生故障时，另一电源不同时受到损坏；对于一级负荷中特别重要的负荷供电，除由双重电源供电外，还增设独立的应急电源；对三级负荷的用户采用单电源供电；对于不对称负荷用户，当三相用电不平衡电流超过供电设备额定电流的10%时，采用高一级电压供电。The load levels of the users are divided into first-level load users, second-level load users and third-level load users. The first-level load users and the second-level load users are powered by dual power sources. When one power supply fails, the other power supply will not be simultaneously damage; for the power supply of particularly important loads in the first-level load, in addition to the dual power supply, an independent emergency power supply is also added; for the third-level load users, a single power supply is used; for the asymmetrical load users, when the three-phase power consumption is not When the balance current exceeds 10% of the rated current of the power supply equipment, a higher voltage is used for power supply.
所述低压微电网指供电半径不超过400m，负荷集中，网络结构比较简单的电网，采用电缆线接线；所述中压微电网因供电半径较大，则划分成若干个相对独立的子微电网（供电区）；所述每个子微电网以能够孤网运行的标准进行划分，即考虑子微电网孤网运行时内部电源和负荷的平衡及重要负荷的供电可靠性，每个子微电网具有明确的供电范围，不交错重叠，并可根据负荷的发展适时调整和优化；子微电网内部可根据需要再次划分，形成多级微电网。The low-voltage micro-grid refers to a power grid with a power supply radius of no more than 400m, concentrated loads, and a relatively simple network structure, which is connected by cables; the medium-voltage micro-grid is divided into several relatively independent sub-micro-grids due to the large power supply radius (power supply area); each sub-microgrid is divided according to the standard of being able to operate in isolation, that is, considering the balance of internal power and loads and the reliability of power supply for important loads when the sub-microgrid operates in isolation, each sub-microgrid has a clear The scope of power supply is not staggered and overlapped, and can be adjusted and optimized in a timely manner according to the development of load; the sub-microgrid can be divided again according to needs to form a multi-level microgrid.
中压微电网内的10kV线路满足末端电压质量的要求，按供电半径分为三类：A类供电区1.5km，B类供电区2.5km，C类供电区4.0km；The 10kV lines in the medium-voltage microgrid meet the requirements of the terminal voltage quality, and are divided into three categories according to the power supply radius: A-type power supply area 1.5km, B-type power supply area 2.5km, and C-type power supply area 4.0km;
架空线路网络接线的方法：对于A、B类供电区采用“三分段三联络”的接线方式，分段点的设置根据网络接线及负荷变化相应变动；对于C类供电区采用开环运行的环网接线方式，初期负荷较小时，采用单电源树干式接线方式，并随着负荷增长逐步向环网接线方式过渡。The method of overhead line network connection: for the A and B power supply areas, the "three-segment and three-connection" wiring method is adopted, and the setting of the segment points changes correspondingly according to the network connection and load changes; for the C-type power supply areas, the open-loop operation is adopted The ring network connection method, when the initial load is small, adopts the single power supply trunk connection method, and gradually transitions to the ring network connection method as the load increases.
电缆线路网络接线的方法：①当单回路馈线负荷电流小于或等于其安全载流量的50％时，按两回馈线组成互为备用的“2-1”单环网接线；②当单回馈线负荷电流大于其安全载流量的50％时，三回馈线可组成互为备用的“3-1”单环网接线，每回馈线电缆的负荷电流根据实际情况确定，最高负荷电流不超过电缆安全载流量的2/3；③在高负荷密集地区，馈线电缆组成“N供一备”的接线，包括“二供一备”、“三供一备”及“四供一备”，备用电缆线路在正常运行方式下不带负荷；④在A类供电区，当供电可靠性要求很高时，由四回电缆馈线组成双环网的接线方式。Cable line network wiring method: ① When the load current of a single-loop feeder is less than or equal to 50% of its safe current carrying capacity, two feeder lines are used to form a "2-1" single-ring network connection for mutual backup; ② When the single-loop feeder When the load current is greater than 50% of its safe current carrying capacity, the three feeder lines can form a "3-1" single-ring network connection for mutual backup. The load current of each feeder cable is determined according to the actual situation, and the maximum load current does not exceed the safety of the cable. 2/3 of the ampacity; ③In high-load-intensive areas, the feeder cables form a "N supply and one backup" connection, including "two supplies and one backup", "three supplies and one backup" and "four supplies and one backup". The line has no load in the normal operation mode; ④ In the Class A power supply area, when the reliability of the power supply is required to be high, the wiring mode of the double-ring network is composed of four-circuit cable feeders.
3）设计微电网中分布式电源方案3) Design the distributed power supply scheme in the microgrid
选择分布式电源的类型，在满足微电网安全稳定和电能质量的前提下，优先选用可再生能源发电形式，可再生能源指风力发电、光伏发电等，并配以与所述可再生能源发电相应的储能设备；Select the type of distributed power generation, and on the premise of satisfying the security and stability of the microgrid and the power quality, give priority to the form of renewable energy generation. Renewable energy refers to wind power generation, photovoltaic power generation, etc., and is matched with the corresponding energy storage equipment;
所述选择分布式电源的类型还考虑以下因素：The selection of the type of distributed power also considers the following factors:
①根据实际情况还可配置柴油发电机或微型燃气轮机；① According to the actual situation, it can also be equipped with a diesel generator or a micro gas turbine;
②根据项目所在地区的风能、太阳能资源、微电网系统供需现状、负荷增长预测、风、光发电对系统的影响和要求、对工程发电成本的影响以及用地规划等项目开发条件，论证和确定风、光发电的建设可行性；② According to project development conditions such as wind energy, solar energy resources, micro grid system supply and demand status, load growth forecast, wind and photovoltaic power generation impact and requirements on the system, impact on project power generation cost, and land use planning, etc. , Construction feasibility of photovoltaic power generation;
在风能资源丰富、稳定，风功率密度等级至少为2级的区域可考虑风力发电；Wind power generation can be considered in areas with abundant and stable wind energy resources and a wind power density level of at least level 2;
在太阳能资源丰富、稳定，太阳总辐射资源丰富程度等级至少为4级的区域可考虑建设光伏发电；Photovoltaic power generation can be considered in areas with abundant and stable solar energy resources and a level of abundance of total solar radiation resources of at least level 4;
③储能设备的类型根据储能在微电网中的功用进行选择，当用于峰谷调节、系统备用、对响应速度要求不高时，选用能量密度大的储能类型；当用于系统电能质量快速调节时，选用瞬时功率大、响应速度快的储能类型；③The type of energy storage equipment is selected according to the function of energy storage in the microgrid. When it is used for peak-valley regulation, system backup, and the response speed is not high, the energy storage type with high energy density is selected; when it is used for system electric energy When the quality is adjusted quickly, the energy storage type with high instantaneous power and fast response speed is selected;
④孤网运行的微电网，或具有一、二级负荷的微电网，需配置柴油发电机、微型燃气轮机或储能设备等具有稳定供电能力和良好调节性能的分布式电源，且分布式电源安装在重要负荷附近。④ Microgrids operating in isolated grids, or microgrids with primary and secondary loads, need to be equipped with distributed power sources with stable power supply capabilities and good regulation performance, such as diesel generators, micro gas turbines or energy storage devices, and distributed power sources installed around the critical load.
选择分布式电源的容量，根据微电网系统供需现状、负荷增长预测以及用地规划项目开发条件确定，并在微电网孤网运行时保证一级和二级负荷的可靠供电。所述选择分布式电源的容量还考虑以下因素：The capacity of distributed power generation is selected according to the current supply and demand status of the microgrid system, load growth forecast and land use planning project development conditions, and the reliable power supply of primary and secondary loads is guaranteed when the microgrid is running in isolation. The selection of the capacity of the distributed power supply also considers the following factors:
①确保柴油发电机、微型燃气轮机或储能设备等具有稳定供电能力的分布式电源总容量大于微网中一级和二级负荷的总容量，并根据5年负荷增长预测考虑15%裕量。① Ensure that the total capacity of distributed power sources with stable power supply capabilities such as diesel generators, micro gas turbines or energy storage equipment is greater than the total capacity of primary and secondary loads in the microgrid, and consider a 15% margin based on the 5-year load growth forecast.
②根据项目所在地区的风能资源、微电网系统供需现状、负荷增长预测、风力发电对系统的影响和要求、对工程发电成本的影响以及用地规划的项目开发条件，论证和确定风力发电的容量，通过380V电压等级接入微电网的风力发电总容量原则上不超过上一级变压器供电区域内的最大负荷的25％，通过10kV电压等级接入微电网的风力发电总容量控制在所接入的微电网线路最大输送容量的30％内；② Demonstrate and determine the capacity of wind power generation according to the wind energy resources in the area where the project is located, the current supply and demand status of the micro-grid system, the forecast of load growth, the impact and requirements of wind power generation on the system, the impact on the cost of power generation of the project, and the project development conditions of land use planning, The total capacity of wind power connected to the microgrid through the 380V voltage level shall not exceed 25% of the maximum load in the power supply area of the upper transformer in principle, and the total capacity of the wind power connected to the microgrid through the 10kV voltage level shall be controlled within the connected Within 30% of the maximum transmission capacity of the microgrid line;
③根据风力发电机组的制造水平、技术成熟程度和价格，拟定若干不同的单机容量方案，结合项目的风况特征、风电机组的安装条件和设备运输条件，确定单机容量范围；③According to the manufacturing level, technology maturity and price of wind turbines, draw up several different single-unit capacity plans, and determine the range of single-unit capacity in combination with the wind condition characteristics of the project, wind turbine installation conditions and equipment transportation conditions;
④根据项目所在地区的太阳能资源、微电网系统供需现状、负荷增长预测、光伏发电对系统的影响和要求、对工程发电成本的影响以及用地规划的项目开发条件，论证和确定光伏发电的容量；通过380V电压等级接入微电网的光伏发电总容量原则上不超过上一级变压器供电区域内的最大负荷的25％，通过10kV电压等级接入微电网的光伏发电总容量控制在所接入的微电网线路最大输送容量的30％内；④ Demonstrate and determine the capacity of photovoltaic power generation according to the solar energy resources in the area where the project is located, the current supply and demand status of the microgrid system, load growth forecast, the impact and requirements of photovoltaic power generation on the system, the impact on project power generation costs, and the project development conditions of land use planning; The total capacity of photovoltaic power generation connected to the microgrid through the 380V voltage level shall not exceed 25% of the maximum load in the power supply area of the upper transformer in principle, and the total capacity of the photovoltaic power generation connected to the microgrid through the 10kV voltage level shall be controlled within the connected Within 30% of the maximum transmission capacity of the microgrid line;
⑤根据微电网系统供需现状、负荷增长预测、储能设备对系统的影响和要求、对工程发电成本的影响以及用地规划的项目开发条件，论证和确定储能设备的容量，当储能设备作为系统备用时，后备时间根据微电网事故停电后恢复供电时间确定。⑤ According to the current supply and demand status of the microgrid system, load growth forecast, the impact and requirements of energy storage equipment on the system, the impact on project power generation costs, and the project development conditions of land use planning, demonstrate and determine the capacity of energy storage equipment. When the system is in standby, the backup time is determined according to the power supply recovery time after the microgrid accident power outage.
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