CN103352477A - 竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙及挡墙的设计与施工方法 - Google Patents
竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙及挡墙的设计与施工方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及岩土工程灾害防治技术领域。本发明的竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙，包括设置在基岩层上的浆砌块石墙体，浆砌块石墙体、基岩层沿同一竖直方向开有锚孔，锚孔内设有锚杆，锚杆与锚孔之间填充水泥砂浆，锚孔的顶端设有混凝土锚梁，混凝土锚梁置于浆砌块石墙体的上端，混凝土锚梁上设有混凝土锚头。本发明的竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙与传统重力式挡墙相比，利用锚杆的弹性回缩对墙体施加预应力不仅可以代替挡墙圬工重量，减小挡墙的截面尺寸，增强挡墙墙身整体性及其抗剪强度。
Description
竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙及挡墙的设计与施工方法
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及岩土工程灾害防治技术领域，具体涉及综合运用预应力锚杆与重力式挡墙抗滑塌受力特点，建立一种治理不稳定边坡的竖向预应力锚杆与重力式挡墙的复合支护结构设计方法以及该结构的施工方法。
背景技术
[0002] 滑坡是一种分布很广，危害很大的自然灾害。随着经济建设的飞速发展，在水利水电、铁路、公路、矿山建设等工程领域都会遇到大量的边坡工程稳定性问题，边坡加固已成为我国基础设施建设中一个常见的难点问题，因此，边坡支挡防治工程是边坡工程稳定性防治的基础性岩土工程，其中，挡墙是现今边坡加固、支挡工程中普遍采用的最行之有效的防治工程之一。
[0003] 挡墙因其能够抵抗侧向土压力，防止墙后岩土体坍塌，尤其在公路边坡工程中，以稳定路堤和路堑边坡，减少土石方工程量，防止水流冲刷路基而被广泛应用。常用的挡墙有重力式挡墙、衡重式挡墙及悬臂式挡墙。重力式挡墙主要依靠石砌圬工或水泥混凝土墙体的自重来抵抗岩土体侧压力以达到边坡稳定；衡重式挡墙主要利用衡重台上部填土的重力，使墙体重心后移来抵抗土体侧压力以达到稳定边坡；悬臂式挡墙主要由底板及固定在底板上的悬臂式直墙构成，靠底板上的填土重量维持边坡的稳定。
[0004] 对于以上传统挡墙:重力式挡墙由于其自重、墙身抗倾覆稳定性等原因其应用受到限制，墙体圬工量大，墙身低，施工与自身占地面积大，在一些特殊限制的工程中，需要对边坡进行削方以达到挡墙墙身自重的要求，如此则会额外增加边坡治理的工程量与治理费用，同时因减少边坡阻滑段加大边坡失稳的可·能性；衡重式挡墙采用在衡重台上部填土使墙体重心后移以抵抗土压力，其原理仍然是重力式挡墙的概念，且衡重台下部为混凝土结构，在一定程度上增大边坡工程治理的费用(包括材料费、人工费、运输费等)、施工难度及施工工日；悬臂式挡墙采用钢筋混凝土墙，在底板墙趾与墙踵上填土，但这种墙身立壁前后都需设置底板，从而占用空间来填土，对场地的要求苛刻。
[0005] 在边坡加固工程中还衍生出挡墙和其它技术相结合的复合挡墙结构。锚杆挡墙由钢筋混凝土墙面和锚杆组成，依靠锚固在岩层内的锚杆提供水平拉力以抵抗土体侧压力，锚杆一般水平向下倾斜10° —15°，为主要的受力构件，但锚杆必须要锚固在边坡滑动面下的稳定基岩内，锚杆离墙底越远，则需要的材料长度越长，裸露在边坡内部的锚杆材料也无法保证其抗腐蚀性，设计使用年限也难以保证。
[0006] 由此可见，传统挡墙支挡加固结构，要么是对坡脚设置挡墙的空间要求较大，要么
是施工操作复杂和工程费用较高，要么是进行额外削方扰动边坡稳定性，都有其不足之处，
而且对于特殊场地均有局限性。因此，在综合运用预应力锚杆与重力式挡墙抗滑塌受力特
点基础上，建立一种竖向预应力锚杆与重力式挡墙的复合支护结构设计方法，将在不稳定
边坡的治理实践中克服传统边坡挡墙的不足，并可充分发挥边坡挡墙的减灾防灾作用与效.、/■
Mo发明内容
[0007] 本发明的技术效果能够克服上述缺陷，提供一种竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙，其大大减少了挡墙墙体的重力和占地面积，具有很好的防治边坡灾害的能力。
[0008] 为实现上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案:其包括设置在基岩层上的浆砌块石墙体，浆砌块石墙体、基岩层沿同一竖直方向开有锚孔，锚孔内设有锚杆，锚杆与锚孔之间填充水泥砂浆，锚孔的顶端设有混凝土锚梁，混凝土锚梁置于浆砌块石墙体的上端，混凝土锚梁上设有混凝土锚头。
[0009] 本发明的竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙，在边坡支挡工程中，由于边坡坡脚位置施工空间限制，在满足挡墙自重的条件下设置传统重力式挡墙，而施工空间不能满足其墙体截面尺寸即墙身厚度等原因下，选择使用竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙，按照施工方法，计算出在挡墙墙体自重不足时需要在竖向锚杆上施加的预应力大小以达到应补偿的挡墙墙体重力，然后根据预应力锚杆的锚固施工原理进行边坡灾害治理。
[0010] 锚孔沿公路方向间隔设置。锚杆采用高强度精轨螺纹钢，锚杆置于浆砌块石墙体内的部分为自由段，其缠两层浙青玻纤布，外部套缠PVC管。
[0011] 本发明的另一个目的是提供一种竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙的施工方法，针对上述传统边坡挡墙的不足，特别是针对不能放坡和左右施工空间狭小的公路边坡等，设置挡墙空间有限，采用传统重力式挡墙其施工场地不能满足传统边坡挡墙设计条件与要求的条件下，特提出一种竖向预应力锚杆与重力式挡墙相结合的边坡复合支护方法。
[0012] 本发明的竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙设计与施工方法，包括如下步骤:
[0013] ( I )边坡重力式复合挡墙基本参数的确定:根据重力式挡墙设计规范和待治理边坡坡形、坡高、坡体厚度及场地空间条件，确定预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙底面宽度B、顶面宽度D及挡墙高度H ；
[0014] (II)测位放线及基槽开挖:根据边坡重力式复合挡墙基本参数，在边坡坡脚位置，保留施工面宽度，确定浆砌块石墙体的底面宽度，坡脚处沿平行公路方向石灰放线，标记出基槽开挖的宽度，并进行开挖；
[0015] (III)单位长度复合挡墙的预应力锚杆位置与预应力大小的确定:
[0016] (I)当满足抗倾覆所需预应力大于满足抗滑所需预应力时，锚杆施加的预应力F及锚杆的位置Zf为:
[0019] (2)当满足抗滑所需预应力大于满足抗倾覆所需预应力时，锚杆施加的预应力F及锚杆的位置Zf为:
[0022] 其中，Ktl为挡墙抗倾覆整体稳定系数，K。为挡墙沿基底抗滑稳定系数，B为挡墙的底部宽度，Ye为下滑推力作用点至挡墙底部的高度，E为滑坡的下滑推力，G为挡墙自重，Zg为重力作用点至墙趾的距离，a为下滑推力与水平线的夹角，[σ]为基底容许承载力，μ为基底摩擦系数；
[0023] (3)复合挡墙锚杆预应力设计值F’与纵向间距的确定:
[0024] (a)对锚杆预应力值进行安全系数修正，修正办法是根据边坡工程的重要性和规模、边坡失稳的后果及整合难易程度综合因素，并依据行业规范确定边坡安全系数K’，其中K’ =1.30〜1.35，取待治理边坡安全系数K’作为锚杆预应力的安全修正系数，以此确定单位长度复合挡墙锚杆预应力设计值，即F’ =K’ *F;
[0025] (b)根据锚杆的抗拔力N’及单位长度复合挡墙锚杆预应力设计值F’，确定锚杆的纵向间距d:
[0027] (IV)锚杆钻孔和浆砌墙体:在开挖好的基槽沿挡墙的内侧按上述预应力锚杆的位置进行钻孔，锚杆钻孔完成后，对就近采取的块石稍作打磨后，用水泥砂浆开始砌筑；
[0028] (V)将锚杆插入钻孔，进行灌浆锚固；
[0029] (VI)锚杆预应力张拉与锁定:当墙体达到设计强度100%、锚固段强度达到80%、混凝土垫板达到100%设计强度后，进行预应力锚杆的张拉与锁定，在张拉过程中保证墙体受力均匀，采用变形缝为单位实施张拉作业，对每个变形缝段内的锚杆同时进行张拉，统一号令，每级的张拉与最终的锁定控制在同一时间完成，在预应力张拉至大于锚杆预应力设计值，稳定后，再卸载拉力至设计值，稳定后拧紧螺母进行锁定，锁定完成后用混凝土将锚头封闭。
[0030] 该复合挡墙通过在现有挡墙内设置竖向预应力锚杆，以预应力施加在挡墙上的锚固预应力来补偿挡墙重量，减小挡墙厚度，以满足上述工程条件下其挡墙的结构支护标准与要求。此挡墙采用传统重力式挡墙的浆砌块石墙体，锚杆采用高强度精轨螺纹钢，挡墙基础置于基岩之中，施工简便快捷，费用低廉，由于锚杆可锚入中风化基岩之中，锚杆锚固效益高且耐久性好，锚杆的预应力可增加挡墙的竖向力，加大挡墙抗滑与抗倾覆能力，也可增大土岩界面的静摩擦力，提高边坡的稳定性，对于上述提到的公路边坡非常适用。
[0031] 其施工工艺的具体步骤如下:1)在边坡坡脚位置进行土石清除处理，治理处垂直开挖到稳定基岩面即边坡滑移面以下30cm处；2)在清理出来的施工面上，按照本发明步骤三中确定的锚杆位置，开挖一排竖向锚孔(包括钻孔及清孔)；3)在锚孔内竖向垂直插入选好的Φ 18-32毫米的HRB335螺纹钢，并浇筑微膨胀水泥砂浆进行锚固段灌浆；4)水泥砂浆砌筑毛石挡墙。在边坡治理区周围选取毛石以备挡墙砌筑使用，使用水泥砂浆砌筑以保证挡墙的整体性，砌筑挡墙时应将锚固砌筑在毛石以内，按结构要求选取到墙体边缘的距离；5)安放锚具。挡墙砌筑完成后，在墙顶横梁上锚固伸出位置放置锚具。6)预应力锚杆张拉，并同时进行锚杆墙体内自由段水泥砂浆灌注；7)当水泥砂浆初凝时，抗张锁定预应力锚杆。[0032] 其过程也可以描述为:
[0033] 土石清理--*.钻孔--*.锚杆埋置--预应力锚杆锚固段烧注--挡墙砌筑--*.安防锚具--张拉预应力，自由段灌楽.-->"锚固锁定。
[0034] 步骤(III)中作用在单位长度竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙上的荷载有:滑坡推力E、墙体自身重力G、预应力荷载F和基底摩阻力f，作用在挡墙上的水平推力为:
[0035] Σ T=Ecos α式中，α为滑坡推力作用线与水平线的夹角；
[0036] 作用在挡墙上的抗滑力即为基底摩擦阻力，其为:
[0037] Σ N=f= μ (Esin a +G+F)，式中，μ为基底摩擦系数；
[0038] 步骤(III)中确定锚杆施加的预应力F及锚杆的位置Zf具体步骤如下:
[0039] ( I)锚杆重力式挡墙的抗滑稳定性:
[0040] 锚杆挡墙整体抗滑移稳定计算:
[0042] 从上式可推出单位长度挡墙预应力锚杆需施加的预应力F
[0044] ( 2 )锚杆挡墙的抗倾覆稳定:
[0045] 竖向预应力锚杆挡墙整体抗倾覆稳定计算:
[0047] 从上式中可以求出单位长度挡墙预应力锚杆需要施加的预应力F，
[0048]
式中，Zf为预应力至墙趾的距离；
ί’.[0049] (3)挡墙基底压力计算:
[0050] 基底的合力作用点:
[0052] 偏心距:
[0054] 基底两边缘点,趾部和踵部的法向压应力OpO2分别为:
[0056] 式中:Σ M—各力对中性轴的力矩之和，Σ M= Σ N1Xe,
[0057] Σ N1+作用于基底上的总垂直力，
[0058] W—基底截面模量，对单位延米的挡墙，ff=B2/6,
[0059] A—基底截面面积，对单位延米的挡墙，A=B,[0060] 基底压应力不得大于基底容许承载力[σ ];
[0061] (4)锚杆的设计:
[0062] 锚杆的钻孔位置应在满足基底容许承载力[σ ]的前提下往挡墙内侧设置，预应力锚杆能够提供最大的抗倾覆力；
[0063] 钻孔位置的计算:
[0064] 墙鍾处应力最大为σ 2应小于等于基底容许承载力[σ ],即:
[0066] 根据上述公式得出在满足最大基底压力的情况下锚杆的钻孔位置Zf:
[0068] 可得:
[0070] 此时锚杆的位置既能满足基底附加应力的要求又能满足抗倾覆的要求，反推预应力锚杆所能提供的预应力为:
[0072] 当满足抗滑所需预应力大于满足抗倾覆所需预应力时，重新计算锚杆的位置:
[0074]步骤(III)中:
[0075] 步骤(b)中，孔距大于20倍钻孔直径。
[0076] 步骤(b)中，钻孔时必须确保以下条件:
[0077] (I)锚孔定位偏差须小于20mm，锚孔偏斜度须小于1% ；
[0078] (2)进尺完成后清空孔内残留岩芯，锚固段灌浆以前重新清孔并对钻孔进行冲洗；
[0079] (3)钻孔深度超过锚杆长度500mm ；
[0080] (4)钻孔完成后，在孔口预留PVC管至拟建挡墙顶，之后的挡墙砌筑沿PVC管留出钻孔。
[0081] 步骤(IV)中在砌筑过程中要保证钻孔口插置的竖向PVC管竖直，PVC管直径大于钢筋直径3-4_，长度取1.2-1.5倍开挖深度，管口封闭，以防水泥浆流入。
[0082] 步骤(V)中，位于浆砌块石墙体内的锚杆为自由锻，位于基岩层内的为锚固段，锚固段与自由段分段注浆，浆体采用水泥砂浆，强度M30 ;锚固段采用二次灌浆技术，第一次为常压灌浆，采用孔底法灌注，第二次灌浆在第一次灌浆水泥砂浆结石体强度达到5.0MPa后进行，灌浆压力1.5-2MPa ；自由段灌注软浙青，将浙青加温成半液态，再用泵将浙青送入孔内，浙青自然溢出孔口即可结束。
[0083] 综上所述，本发明的竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙与传统重力式挡墙相比，利用锚杆的弹性回缩对墙体施加预应力不仅可以代替挡墙圬工重量，减小挡墙的截面尺寸，更好的适用于和克服特殊施工场地条件的不足与限制，还可以增强挡墙墙身整体性及其抗剪强度，同时具有节省墙体圬工、就地取材、造价低廉、施工方便及减少坡脚削方的优点，大大降低圬工量和边坡治理的成本，还在充分保证边坡安全不致破坏的前提下，使边坡挡墙设计达到最优的工程治理效果和合理的经济方案。
附图说明
[0084] 图1是本发明竖向预应力锚杆挡墙计算简图；
[0085] 图2是本发明竖向预应力锚杆挡墙结构示意图；
[0086] 图3是本发明竖向预应力锚杆挡墙纵向断面示意图。
[0087] 图中:E为滑坡的下滑推力；G为挡墙的自重丨为预应力的大小；f为基底摩阻力；H为挡墙的高度；B为挡墙的底部宽度；D为挡墙的上部宽度；YE为下滑推力作用点至挡墙底部的高度；Ze为重力作用点至墙趾的距离；ZF为预应力至墙趾的距离；α为下滑推力与水平线的夹角。其中各力的单位为牛顿，长度的单位为米。
[0088] 1-混凝土锚头；2_混凝土锚梁；3_滑坡坡面；4_浆砌块石墙体；5_滑动面；6_锚杆-J-水泥砂衆；8-基岩层；9_锚孔。
具体实施方式
[0089] 本发明的竖向预应力重力式复合挡墙，包括设置在基岩层8上的浆砌块石墙体4，衆砌块石墙体4、基岩层8沿同一竖直方向开有锚孔9,锚孔9内设有锚杆6,锚杆6与锚孔9之间填充水泥砂浆7，锚孔9的顶端设有混凝土锚梁2，混凝土锚梁2置于浆砌块石墙体4的上端，混凝土锚梁2上设有混凝土锚头I。
[0090] 锚孔9沿公路方向间隔设置。锚杆采用高强度精轨螺纹钢，锚杆置于浆砌块石墙体4内的部分为自由段，其缠两层浙青玻纤布，外部套缠直径PVC管。
[0091] 浆砌块石墙体4设置在滑坡坡面3的前端，起到阻挡的作用，可有效防止滑坡坡面3沿滑动面5产生塌方等地质灾害。
[0092] 本发明的竖向预应力重力式复合挡墙的施工方法，主要内容包括预应力锚杆的张拉锚固以及施加在浆砌块石墙体内的锚杆的预应力大小，主要施工过程及步骤原理如下所述:
[0093] 本发明主要施工工序包括钻孔(钻孔，清孔，锚固段灌浆)、插入锚杆(安装)、砌筑片石圬工、安放锚具和张拉锚杆，其基本发明步骤如下:
[0094] 步骤一:边坡重力式复合挡墙基本参数的确定
[0095] 根据重力式挡墙设计规范和待治理边坡坡形、坡高、坡体厚度及场地空间条件，确定预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙底面宽度、顶面宽度及挡墙高度。
[0096] 步骤二:测位放线及基槽开挖
[0097] 根据边坡重力式复合挡墙基本参数，在边坡坡脚位置，保留合适的施工面宽度，确定浆砌块石墙体的底面宽度，坡脚处沿平行公路方向石灰放线，标记处基槽开挖的宽度，并进行人工开挖。
[0098] 步骤三:单位长度复合挡墙的预应力锚杆位置与预应力大小的确定
[0099] 根据预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙的设计原则，应同时满足挡墙抗滑、抗倾覆及基底稳定的条件，本发明确定的单位长度复合挡墙预应力的大小及位置如下:
[0100] I)当满足抗倾覆所需预应力大于满足抗滑所需预应力时,锚杆施加的预应力F及锚杆的位置Zf为:
[0103] 2)当满足抗滑所需预应力大于满足抗倾覆所需预应力时,锚杆施加的预应力F及锚杆的位置Zf为:..KK, cos a....[0104] ---— Cbsma+65
[0106] 预应力F及锚杆位置Zf的具体推导过程见本发明预应力锚杆复合挡墙设计原理4:锚杆的设计及图1、图2。
[0107] 3)复合挡墙锚杆预应力设计值F’与纵向间距的确定:
[0108] a)考虑到重力式挡墙浆砌后，在对锚杆施加预应力的过程中，其挡墙的变形可导致预应力在加载过程中产生一定量的损耗，因此，要对锚杆预应力值进行安全系数修正。修正办法是根据边坡工程的重要性和规模、边坡失稳的后果及整合难易程度等综合因素，并依据《建筑边坡工程技术规范》(GB50330——2002)确定边坡安全系数K’(K’ =1.30〜1.35)。取待治理边坡安全系数K’作为锚杆预应力的安全修正系数，以此确定单位长度复合挡墙锚杆预应力设计值，即F’ =K’ *F。
[0109] b)根据锚杆的抗拔力N’及单位长度复合挡墙锚杆预应力设计值F’，确定锚杆的纵向间距d:
[0111] 根据抗拔试验在破坏时形成的漏斗大小，并为避免锚杆孔过密造成岩层中应力集中，孔距应大于20倍钻孔直径。在试验工程中常采用的锚孔间距I米以上。
[0112] 锚杆的孔径主要由锚杆所需施加的预应力和施工条件而定，在岩石地基中，孔径一般为50毫米左右。
[0113] 步骤四:锚杆钻孔和浆砌墙体
[0114] 在开挖好的基槽沿挡墙的内侧按上述预应力锚杆的位置进行钻孔。钻孔时必须确保以下条件:[0115] (I)锚孔定位偏差须小于20mm，锚孔偏斜度须小于1% ；
[0116] (2)进尺完成后清空孔内残留岩芯，锚固段灌浆以前重新清孔并对钻孔进行冲洗；
[0117] (3)钻孔深度超过锚杆长度500mm。
[0118] (4)钻孔完成后，在孔口预留PVC管至拟建挡墙顶，之后的挡墙砌筑可沿PVC管留出钻孔，不需要对墙体再钻孔。
[0119] 锚杆钻孔完成后，对就近采取的块石稍作打磨后，用水泥砂浆开始砌筑。在砌筑过程中要保证钻孔口插置的竖向PVC管竖直，PVC管直径宜大于钢筋直径3-4_，长度取
1.2-1.5倍开挖深度，管口封闭，以防水泥浆流入。
[0120] 步骤五:锚杆制作
[0121] 锚杆采用高强度精轨螺纹钢，锚杆杆体接长采用专用套筒连接，套筒的钢材应与杆体相同。自由段缠浙青玻纤布2层，外部套缠直径40mmPVC管；锚头采用螺丝端杆锚具，螺母、螺帽与连接件的钢材均采用与杆体一样的类型。
[0122] 步骤六:锚杆的灌浆锚固
[0123] 设置止浆环，锚固段与自由段分段注浆，浆体采用水泥砂浆，强度M30 ;锚固段采用二次灌浆技术，第一次为常压灌浆，采用孔底法灌注，第二次灌浆在第一次灌浆水泥砂浆结石体强度达到5.0MPa后进行，灌浆压力1.5-2MPa ；自由段灌注软浙青，将浙青加温成半液态，再用泵将浙青送入孔内，浙青自然溢出孔口即可结束。
[0124] 步骤七:锚杆预应力张拉与锁定。
[0125] 当墙体达到设计强度100%、锚固段强度达到80%、混凝土垫板达到100%设计强度后，进行预应力锚杆的张拉与锁定。在张拉过程中保证墙体受力均匀，采用变形缝为单位实施张拉作业，即对每个变形缝段内的锚杆同时进行张拉，统一号令，每级的张拉与最终的锁定基本控制在同一时间完成。在预应力张拉至稍大于锚杆预应力设计值，稳定5分钟后，再卸载拉力至设计值，稳定后拧紧螺母进行锁定。锁定完成后用C30混凝土将锚头封闭。
[0126] 本发明竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙设计原理如下:
[0127] 作用在单位长度竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙上的荷载有:滑坡推力E、墙体自身重力G、预应力荷载F和基底摩阻力f (见图1)。
[0128] 作用在挡墙上的水平推力为:
[0129] Σ T=Ecos α (I)
[0130] 式中，α为滑坡推力作用线与水平线的夹角。
[0131] 作用在挡墙上的抗滑力即基底摩擦阻力为:`[0132] Σ N=f=y (Esina +G+F) (2)
[0133] 式中，μ为基底摩擦系数，不同岩土层对挡墙的基底摩擦系数可按建筑地基基础设计规范表6.7.5-2选取，特殊情况下可通过现场摩擦试验确定。
[0134] 1、锚杆重力式挡墙的抗滑稳定性
[0135] 锚杆挡墙整体抗滑移稳定计算:
[0137] 式中，K。为挡墙沿基底抗滑稳定系数，根据《建筑地基基础设计规范》GB50007-2011规定选取，一般取1.3。
[0138] 从(3)式中可以看出，当K。一定时，竖向预应力锚杆提供的预应力荷载可以提高挡墙的基底摩阻力来平衡滑坡的下滑推力，从而达到平衡重力式挡墙因截面减少导致重力不足的问题。
[0139] 从式(3)可推出单位长度挡墙预应力锚杆需施加的预应力F
[0141] 2、锚杆挡墙的抗倾覆稳定
[0142] 竖向预应力锚杆挡墙整体抗倾覆稳定计算:
[0144] 式中，Ktl为挡墙抗倾覆整体稳定系数，根据《建筑地基基础设计规范》GB50007-2011规定选取，一般取1.6，其他符号意义见图(I )。
[0145] 从公式(5)中可以看出竖向预应力锚杆提供的预应力荷载增加了挡墙的整体抗倾
覆稳定性。
[0146] 从公式(5)中可以求出单位长度挡墙预应力锚杆需要施加的预应力F
[0148] 3、挡墙基底压力计算
[0149] 基底的合力作用点:
[0151] 偏心距:
[0153] 基底合力的偏心距，土质地基不应大于B/10,岩石地基不应大于B/4。
[0154] 基底两边缘点，即趾部和踵部的法向压应力OpO2分别为:
[0156] 式中:Σ M—各力对中性轴的力矩之和，Σ M= Σ N1Xe ；
[0157] Σ N1-作用于基底上的总垂直力。
[0158] W—基底截面模量，对单位延米的挡墙，ff=B2/6 ；
[0159] A—基底截面面积，对单位延米的挡墙，A=B。
[0160] 基底压应力不得大于基底容许承载力[σ ]，当考虑主要力系和附加力系组合时，地基承载力可提闻20%ο
[0161] 4、锚杆的设计
[0162] 锚杆的钻孔位置应在满足基底容许承载力[σ ]的前提下尽量往挡墙内侧设置，预应力锚杆才能够提供最大的抗倾覆力。
[0163] 钻孔位置的计算:
[0164] 墙鍾处应力最大为σ 2应小于等于基底容许承载力[σ]，即:
[0166] 根据(7)、(8)、(9)、(10)式得出在满足最大基底压力的情况下锚杆的钻孔位置
[0168] 把式(6)带入式(11)可得:
[0170] 此时锚杆的位置既能满足基底附加应力的要求又能满足抗倾覆的要求，反推预应力锚杆所能提供的预应力为:
[0172] 锚杆的材料宜选用高强度精规螺纹钢，根据(4)和(13)式中较大的预应力来选取锚杆，当(4)式中的预应力大于(13)式时，应将(4)式带入(6)式重新计算锚杆的位置:
[0174] 为了防止挡墙发生位移时锚杆在水平推力作用下在基岩面处应力过分集中并被剪断，要求在基岩面下一定范围内灌注有机胶凝材料浙青，因此锚杆的锚固深度应从浙青以下算起。
[0175] 在普通的挡墙上施加预应力荷载以后，有效的增加了墙体本身的整体性和抗剪能力。在挡墙的受拉区，预应力锚杆又起到了受拉钢筋的作用。
Claims (9)
1.一种竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙，包括设置在基岩层(11)上的浆砌块石墙体(4)，其特征在于，浆砌块石墙体(4)、基岩层(11)沿同一竖直方向开有锚孔(12)，锚孔(12)内设有锚杆(6 )，锚杆(6 )与锚孔(12 )之间填充水泥砂浆(7 )，锚孔(12 )的顶端设有混凝土锚梁(2 )，混凝土锚梁(2 )置于浆砌块石墙体(4 )的上端，混凝土锚梁(2 )上设有混凝土锚头(I)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙，其特征在于，锚孔(12)沿公路方向间隔设置。
3.根据权利要求1所述的竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙，其特征在于，锚杆采用高强度精轨螺纹钢，锚杆置于浆砌块石墙体(4)内的部分为自由段，自由段缠两层浙青玻纤布后外部套缠PVC管。
4.一种上述任一权利要求所述的挡墙的设计与施工方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤: (I )边坡重力式复合挡墙基本参数的确定:根据重力式挡墙设计规范和待治理边坡坡形、坡高、坡体厚度及场地空间条件，确定预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙底面宽度B、顶面宽度D及挡墙高度H ； (II)测位放线及基槽开挖:根据边坡重力式复合挡墙基本参数，在边坡坡脚位置，保留施工面宽度，确定浆砌块石墙体的底面宽度，坡脚处沿平行公路方向石灰放线，标记出基槽开挖的宽度，并进行开挖； (III)单位长度复合挡墙的预应力锚杆位置与预应力大小的确定: (O当满足抗倾覆所需 预应力大于满足抗滑所需预应力时，锚杆施加的预应力F及锚杆的位置Zf为:
(2)当满足抗滑所需预应力大于满足抗倾覆所需预应力时，锚杆施加的预应力F及锚杆的位置Zf为:
其中，K0为挡墙抗倾覆整体稳定系数，K。为挡墙沿基底抗滑稳定系数，B为挡墙的底部宽度，Ye为下滑推力作用点至挡墙底部的高度，E为滑坡的下滑推力，G为挡墙自重，Zg为重力作用点至墙趾的距离，α为下滑推力与水平线的夹角，[σ]为基底容许承载力，μ为基底摩擦系数； (3)复合挡墙锚杆预应力设计值F’与纵向间距的确定:(a)对锚杆预应力值进行安全系数修正，修正办法是根据边坡工程的重要性和规模、边坡失稳的后果及整合难易程度综合因素，并依据行业规范确定边坡安全系数K’，其中K’ =1.30〜1.35，取待治理边坡安全系数K’作为锚杆预应力的安全修正系数，以此确定单位长度复合挡墙锚杆预应力设计值，即F’ =K’ *F; (b)根据锚杆的抗拔力N’及单位长度复合挡墙锚杆预应力设计值F’，确定锚杆的纵向间距d:
(IV)锚杆钻孔和浆砌墙体:在开挖好的基槽沿挡墙的内侧按上述预应力锚杆的位置进行钻孔，锚杆钻孔完成后，对就近采取的块石稍作打磨后，用水泥砂浆开始砌筑； (V)将锚杆插入钻孔，进行灌浆锚固； (VI)锚杆预应力张拉与锁定:当墙体达到设计强度100%、锚固段强度达到80%、混凝土垫板达到100%设计强度后，进行预应力锚杆的张拉与锁定，在张拉过程中保证墙体受力均匀，采用变形缝为单位实施张拉作业，对每个变形缝段内的锚杆同时进行张拉，统一号令，每级的张拉与最终的锁定控制在同一时间完成，在预应力张拉至大于锚杆预应力设计值，稳定后，再卸载拉力至设计值，稳定后拧紧螺母进行锁定，锁定完成后用混凝土将锚头封闭。
5.根据权利要求4所述的挡墙的设计与施工方法，其特征在于，步骤(III)中作用在单位长度竖向预应力锚杆重力式复合挡墙上的荷载有:滑坡推力E、墙体自身重力G、预应力荷载F和基底摩阻力f，作用在挡墙上的水平推力为: Σ T=Ecos α式中，α为滑坡推力作用线与水平线的夹角； 作用在挡墙上的抗滑力即为基底摩擦阻力，其为: Σ N=f=y (Esin α+G+F)，式中，μ为基底摩擦系数； 步骤(III)中确定锚杆施加的预应力F及锚杆的位置Zf具体步骤如下: (1)锚杆重力式挡墙的抗滑稳定性: 锚杆挡墙整体抗滑移稳定计算: K _ Σ A, _ /((Esina+G+F).V/' /Vcos a 从上式可推出单位长度挡墙预应力锚杆需施加的预应力F
(2)锚杆挡墙的抗倾覆稳定: 竖向预应力锚杆挡墙整体抗倾覆稳定计算: 
从上式中可以求出单位长度挡墙预应力锚杆需要施加的预应力F，
式中，Zf为预应力至墙趾的距离； (3)挡墙基底压力计算: 基底的合力作用点:
偏心距:
基底两边缘点，趾部和踵部的法向压应力OpO2分别为:
式中:Σ M—各力对中性轴的力矩之和，Σ M= Σ N1Xe, Σ N1+作用于基底上的总垂直力， W—基底截面模量，对单位延米的挡墙，ff=B2/6, A—基底截面面积，对单位延米的挡墙，A=B, 基底压应力不得大于基底容许承载力[σ]; (4)锚杆的设计: 锚杆的钻孔位置应在满足基底容许承载力[σ]的前提下往挡墙内侧设置，预应力锚杆能够提供最大的抗倾覆力； 钻孔位置的计算: 墙踵处应力最大为σ 2应小于等于基底容许承载力[σ ]，即:
根据上述公式得出在满足最大基底压力的情况下锚杆的钻孔位置Zf:
可得:
此时锚杆的位置既能满足基底附加应力的要求又能满足抗倾覆的要求，反推预应力锚杆所能提供的预应力为:
当满足抗滑所需预应力大于满足抗倾覆所需预应力时，重新计算锚杆的位置:
6.根据权利要求4所述的挡墙的设计与施工方法，其特征在于，步骤(b)中，孔距大于20倍钻孔直径。
7.根据权利要求4所述的挡墙的设计与施工方法，其特征在于，步骤(b)中，钻孔时必须确保以下条件: (1)锚孔定位偏差须小于20mm，锚孔偏斜度须小于1% ； (2)进尺完成后清空孔内残留岩芯，锚固段灌浆以前重新清孔并对钻孔进行冲洗； (3)钻孔深度超过锚杆长度500mm ； (4)钻孔完成后，在孔口预留PVC管至拟建挡墙顶，之后的挡墙砌筑沿PVC管留出钻孔。
8.根据权利要求4所述的挡墙的设计与施工方法，其特征在于，步骤(IV)中在砌筑过程中钻孔口插置的竖向PVC管竖直，PVC管直径大于钢筋直径3-4_，长度取1.2-1.5倍开挖深度，管口封闭。
9.根据权利要求4所述的挡墙的设计与施工方法，其特征在于，步骤(V)中，位于浆砌块石墙体内的锚杆为自由段，位于基岩层内的为锚固段，锚固段与自由段采用分段注浆，浆体采用水泥砂浆，强度M30 ;锚固段采用二次灌浆，第一次为常压灌浆，采用孔底法灌注，第二次灌浆在第一次灌浆水泥砂浆结石体强度达到5.0MPa后进行，灌浆压力1.5-2MPa ；自由段灌注软浙青，将浙青加温成半液态，再用泵将浙青送入孔内，浙青自然溢出孔口即可结束。
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