CN103274632B - Reinforced cement grinding aid and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Reinforced cement grinding aid and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a reinforced cement grinding aid and a preparation method thereof. The reinforced cement grinding aid is characterized by comprising the following materials in parts by weight: 20-65 parts of mixed solution of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) and aluminum sulfate, 5-25 parts of alkanolamine, 5-20 parts of polyhydric alcohol, 3-15 parts of saccharides, 0.1-1 part of antifoaming agent and 15-45 parts of water. The reinforced cement grinding aid is prepared by mixing and stirring the mixed solution, alkanolamine, polyhydric alcohol, saccharides, an antifoaming agent and water. Preferably, the sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) is prepared by taking waste polystyrene as the raw material, serves as a long-chain linear macromolecule water-based material and is a surface active agent and a cement dispersing agent as well as an early strength agent and a water reducing agent; the aluminum sulfate is an effective reinforcing agent of Portland cement; and the prepared reinforced cement grinding aid has good grinding aid and reinforcing effects, and the cost is lower than that of the conventional triethanolamine cement grinding aid. According to the method, waste polystyrene plastics are recycled, and no waste acid, waste water and waste residue are discharged. Therefore, the method is environment-friendly and low in cost.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to cement grinding technical field, relate to a kind of enhanced cement grinding aid and preparation method thereof, particularly relate in the cement taking flyash as main blended material (if Portland fly ash cement P.F and part take flyash as the composite Portland cement P.C of main blended material) grinding is produced, cement grinding power consumption can be reduced, a kind of cement grinding aid reinforcing agent improving the early stage and later strength of cement and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
In manufacture of cement, in order to improve mill efficiency, reducing grinding machine power consumption, improving cement quality, in grinding process, usually add a small amount of grinding aid.The surface energy that cement grinding aid is conducive to reducing material in grinding process, the mobility eliminated electrostatic between material micro powder granule, improve material in mill, thus improve mill efficiency, improve cement granules grating.
In recent years, along with the rise of coal price, the production cost of cement clinker increases severely, and blended material is cheap, cement production enterprise all attempts the usage quantity reducing cement clinker by improving the addition content of blended material in cement proportion, thus reduces the comprehensive production cost of ton cement.Blended material mainly comprises blast-furnace slag, flyash, slag, natural volcanic ash, slag, Wingdale etc., wherein based on blast-furnace slag and flyash.Traditional cement grinding aid or toughener are mostly form by trolamine and various villaumite, urea etc. are composite, and villaumite and urea have the effect improving strength of cement.Such as, application number be 200510047822.6 Chinese patent report a kind of multifunctional cement grinding aid, be made up of flyash, sodium-chlor, trolamine, water glass, zinc ore stone flour, benzene first trisodium, gypsum, Diethylene Glycol.Due to cement grinding aid of the prior art directly by trolamine with villaumite is composite forms, be adapted to mix slag in the production of main cement grinding, and it is not obvious to pulverized fuel ash cement reinforced effects, and, this cement grinding aid makes to introduce a large amount of chlorion in cement, thus make cement in use cause the corrosion of reinforcing bar, it is unfavorable to produce Building life cycle.Slag at home most area has become rare starting material, and price is far above flyash.If increase flyash proportioning in cement grinding, easily cause that the standard consistency water requirement of cement obviously increases, cement early strength and later strength decline obviously.Therefore, market requirement one can effectively improve cement grinding efficiency, improves the enhanced cement grinding aid of the early stage of the cement of a large amount of adding coal ash and later strength simultaneously.
Application number be 200910034779.8 Chinese patent literature report a kind of chlorine-free powdery cement grinding aid being applicable to flyash and preparation method thereof, for the mixture of alkanolamine, polyvalent alcohol, vitriol, acetate, sulfonated lignin, carbohydrate organism, bassanite, urea, inorganic carrier material, the weight ratio of this mixture is: alkanolamine 2 parts, polyvalent alcohol 3.5 parts, 37.5 parts, vitriol, acetate 12 parts, sulfonated lignin 1 part, carbohydrate organism 4 parts, bassanite 15 parts, 10 parts, urea, inorganic carrier material 15 parts.This grinding aid contains urea, and is powder body material, and consumption is higher, and incorporation is 0.5%, is unfavorable for using on a large scale in manufacture of cement.
Application number be 201010585447.1 Chinese patent literature report a kind of preparation method of enforced flyash cement grinding aid, comprise: take the vitriol oil as catalyzer, by alcamine compound as trolamine or tri-isopropanolamine, react at 130 ~ 140 DEG C with organic acid, obtain organic ammonium salt; Be enhanced described organic ammonium salt, water, Sodium salts humic acids, wooden calcium and Sodium Nitrite mix and blend type water of coal ash cement grinding aids.This invention is main raw material with alcamine compound, and production cost is higher.
In addition, prior art and research mostly adopt traditional cement grinding aid component if trolamine, urea etc. are as the enhanced type grinding aids of Portland fly ash cement, DeGrain in practical application, and production cost is higher.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide a kind of enhanced cement grinding aid, this cement grinding aid reinforcing agent is for Portland fly ash cement and take flyash as the composite Portland cement of main blended material, have better grinding aid and reinforced effects, production cost reduces further.Invention also provides the preparation method of above-mentioned enhanced cement grinding aid.
Technical scheme of the present invention is: a kind of enhanced cement grinding aid, it is characterized in that its feed composition and the weight part shared by each component are respectively: sodium polystyrene sulfonate is called for short mixing solutions 20 ~ 65 weight part, alkanolamine 5 ~ 25 weight part, polyvalent alcohol 5 ~ 20 weight part, carbohydrate 3 ~ 15 weight part, defoamer 0.1 ~ 1 weight part, water 15 ~ 45 weight part of SPS and Tai-Ace S 150; Wherein the mass concentration of the mixing solutions of SPS and Tai-Ace S 150 is the mass ratio of 20% ~ 50%, SPS and Tai-Ace S 150 is 1:(2 ~ 5).Mixing solutions 25 ~ 55 weight part of preferred SPS and Tai-Ace S 150, alkanolamine 5 ~ 20 weight part, polyvalent alcohol 5 ~ 15 weight part, carbohydrate 5 ~ 10 weight part, defoamer 0.2 ~ 0.5 weight part, water 20 ~ 40 weight part.
Preferably described SPS and the mixing solutions of Tai-Ace S 150 are prepared by following methods: take the vitriol oil as sulphonating agent, waste polystyrene plastic dissolves in organic solvent in advance, and under catalyst action, sulfonation reaction obtains sulfonated polystyrene; The Separation of Organic after stirring that adds water reclaims for subsequent use, then with in waste alumina or low taste aluminium vanadine and superfluous sulfuric acid impurity screening, then reacts with NaOH solution and sulfonated polystyrene and generates sodium polystyrene sulfonate, obtain the mixing solutions of SPS and Tai-Ace S 150.The massfraction of the preferred above-mentioned vitriol oil is 95 ~ 97%, the mass ratio 2:1 ~ 10:1 of the described vitriol oil and deposed polystyrene; Described organic solvent is hexanaphthene or 1,2-ethylene dichloride, and the mass ratio of described organic solvent and deposed polystyrene is 2:1 ~ 10:1; Described catalyzer is Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES or Sulfuric acid disilver salt, and the mass ratio of catalyzer and deposed polystyrene is 0.5% ~ 2%; Described NaOH solution mass concentration is 20% ~ 50%.Preferred sulfonation reaction temperature is 40 ~ 80 DEG C; The sulfonation reaction time is 2 ~ 8 hours.
Preferred described alkanolamine is at least any one or a few the mixing in di-alcohol monoisopropanolamine (DEIPA), N, N, N', N'-tetra-(2-hydroxyethyl) quadrol (THEEA) or N methyldiethanol amine (MEDA).Preferably described polyvalent alcohol is in the aliphatic dibasic alcohol of C2 ~ C5 or trivalent alcohol, as the mixing of any one or a few in propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol or Diethylene Glycol.Preferably described carbohydrate organism is at least at least one in molasses, maize treacle, glucose, sucrose, gluconic acid or glucosamine salt or several mixing.Preferably described defoamer be at least in tributyl phosphate (TNBP) or three iso-butyl ester of phosphoric acid (TIBP) one.
Present invention also offers the method for the above-mentioned enhanced cement grinding aid of preparation, its concrete steps are: the mixing solutions of SPS and Tai-Ace S 150, water, alkanolamine, polyvalent alcohol, carbohydrate, defoamer are mixed in proportion, are stirred, obtains enhanced cement grinding aid.
Enhanced cement grinding aid in use its incorporation is 0.05% ~ 0.15% of cement weight, preferably adopts volume pump to add on mill cement material.This enhanced cement grinding aid, while grinding aid, effectively can improve the intensity of silicate cement.
Polystyrene foamed plastics (PS) is also called polystyrene foamed, new packaging material, building material which can retain moisture, acousticing heat-insulating material etc. is widely used in because it has the advantages such as easy-formation, price is low, use properties is good, but the polystyrene foamed plastics after using goes out of use in a large number, adds that it is difficult to degrade voluntarily and cause well-known " white pollution ".In polystyrene molecule, phenyl ring has greater activity, can to be induced one in phenyl ring other functional group by chemical modification, as sulfonic group, carboxylic acid group, hydroxyl etc., make it be transformed into and there is the functional macromolecular material of object, as being used as auxiliary agent for water treatment, sizing agent, or catalytic pyrolysis prepares styrene monomer, fuel etc.Aqueous high molecular material due to application performance excellent, widespread use in cement concrete industry in recent years.After waste polystyrene foam plastic is sulphur-modified, cement water reducing agent and oil well cement additive etc. can be prepared.
The method of sulfonating of polystyrene with in technique it is crucial that being separated and process of remaining sulfuric acid and waste water, prior art adopts and is separated or adopts calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide or limestone vegetation to be cross after calcium sulfate to filter, pollute comparatively large, intractability is high and affect the application of its technology and promote.Compared with prior art, cost of the present invention low, pollution-free, discharge without spent acid waste water and dregs.The present invention is by after deposed polystyrene and strong sulfuric acid response, and first with the sulfuric acid that the neutralization such as waste alumina or low-grade aluminium vanadine is superfluous, obtain Tai-Ace S 150, this is known cement early strength agent; Then with NaOH neutralization, obtain the mixing solutions of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) and Tai-Ace S 150, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) is known cement dispersants and water reducer; Again the mixing solutions of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) and Tai-Ace S 150 is mixed with water, alkanolamine, polyvalent alcohol, carbohydrate, defoamer etc., prepare enhanced cement grinding aid.The waste alumina used or low-grade aluminium vanadine is cheap is easy to get.Production technique in the present invention does not need the process considering residual sulfuric acid and waste water, but is translated into effective cement early strength agent-Tai-Ace S 150; In addition, the mixing solutions of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) and Tai-Ace S 150 is also had no report as cement grinding aid reinforcing agent.
Beneficial effect:
Raw material of the present invention is based on waste polystyrene foam plastic, and source is sufficient and cheap, pollution-free, discharge without spent acid waste water and dregs, thus enhanced cement grinding aid provided by the invention has a good application prospect.The present invention take polystyrene as sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) prepared by raw material is long-chain linear polymer waterborne material, and being a kind of tensio-active agent and cement dispersants, is again hardening accelerator and water reducer; Tai-Ace S 150 is effective toughener of Portland fly ash cement; Its mixing solutions has good reinforced effects to Portland fly ash cement, and, preparation method's not chloride ion-containing of the enhanced cement grinding aid for Portland fly ash cement prepared by the present invention, thus cement can not be made in use to cause the corrosion of reinforcing bar.Simultaneously, the grinding aid of the cement grinding aid reinforcing agent for Portland fly ash cement prepared by the present invention is functional, cost is lower, cement output and cement early strength can be increased substantially, meet the requirement of national standard to cement products and cement grinding aid, concrete weather resistance is had no adverse effect.Experimental result shows, enhanced cement grinding aid prepared by the present invention, is when in the Portland fly ash cement of 30%, volume is 0.1% at doping quantity of fly ash, 3d/28d ultimate compression strength respectively comparatively reference sample improve 4.2Mpa and 6.8Mpa.Enhanced cement grinding aid prepared by the present invention is applicable to various cement, especially has obvious reinforced effects to Portland fly ash cement.
Embodiment
Carry out clear, complete description to the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention below, obviously, described embodiment is only a part of embodiment of the present invention, instead of whole embodiment; According to following embodiment, the present invention may be better understood.But those skilled in the art will readily understand, concrete material proportion, processing condition and result thereof described by embodiment only for illustration of the present invention, and should can not limit the present invention described in detail in claims yet.Based on the embodiment in the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art, not making other embodiments all obtained under any creative work prerequisite, belong to the scope of protection of the invention.
In order to further illustrate technical scheme of the present invention, below in conjunction with embodiment, the preferred embodiment of the invention is described, but should be appreciated that these describe the feature and advantage just for further illustrating, instead of limiting to the claimed invention.
Embodiment 1:
10 weight part polystyrene foamed plasticss are dissolved in advance in 30 weight parts organic solvent oxepane, add the catalyzer Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES of 0.05 weight part, the vitriol oil of 20 weight parts 95% is added dropwise to reactor, at 60 DEG C, reaction is stirred after adding 50 weight parts waters after 4 hours and is isolated oxepane, use in waste alumina again and remaining sulfuric acid, cross and filter impurity and unreacted waste alumina, with the NaOH solution adjustment solution pH value 7 of 20%, obtain the mixing solutions of SPS and Tai-Ace S 150;
Get mixing solutions 26 weight part of above-mentioned SPS and Tai-Ace S 150, add water 28.5 weight part, di-alcohol monoisopropanolamine (DEIPA) 20 weight part, ethylene glycol 5 weight part, Diethylene Glycol 10 weight part, molasses 10 weight part, the mixing of tributyl phosphate 0.5 weight part successively, stir, the type that is enhanced cement grinding aid.
Be enhanced cement grinding aid prepared by the present embodiment adding 0.05% in the Portland fly ash cement of 30% at doping quantity of fly ash, carry out reinforced effects mensuration to it, measurement result is as shown in table 1.
Embodiment 2:
10 weight part polystyrene foamed plasticss are dissolved in 100 weight parts organic solvent 1 in advance, in 2-ethylene dichloride, add the catalyst sulfuric acid silver of 0.2 weight part, the vitriol oil of 25 weight parts 97% is added dropwise to reactor, and at 40 DEG C, reaction is stirred after adding 65 weight parts waters after 8 hours and is isolated 1,2-ethylene dichloride, use in aluminium vanadine again and remaining sulfuric acid, cross and filter impurity and unreacted aluminium vanadine, with the NaOH solution adjustment solution pH value 7 of 40%, obtain the mixing solutions of SPS and Tai-Ace S 150;
Get mixing solutions 52.5 weight part of above-mentioned SPS and Tai-Ace S 150, add water 20.2 weight part, N successively, N, N', N'-tetra-(2-hydroxyethyl) quadrol (THEEA) 3 weight part, di-alcohol monoisopropanolamine (DEIPA) 7 weight part, Diethylene Glycol 7 weight part, maize treacle 5 weight part, sucrose 5 weight part, three iso-butyl ester of phosphoric acid 0.3 weight part mix, stir, the type that is enhanced cement grinding aid.
Be enhanced cement grinding aid prepared by the present embodiment adding 0.05% in the Portland fly ash cement of 30% at doping quantity of fly ash, carry out reinforced effects mensuration to it, measurement result is as shown in table 1.
Embodiment 3:
Mixing solutions 45 weight part of the SPS prepared by Example 2 and Tai-Ace S 150, add water 30 weight part, N successively, N, N', N'-tetra-(2-hydroxyethyl) quadrol (THEEA) 5 weight part, methyldiethanolamine (MEDA) 2.5 weight part, propylene glycol 5 weight part, Diethylene Glycol 5 weight part, sucrose 5 weight part, Sunmorl N 60S 2.3 weight part, tributyl phosphate 0.2 weight part mix, stir, the type that is enhanced cement grinding aid.
Be enhanced cement grinding aid prepared by the present embodiment adding 0.1% in the Portland fly ash cement of 30% at doping quantity of fly ash, carry out reinforced effects mensuration to it, measurement result is as shown in table 1.
Embodiment 4:
Mixing solutions 44.8 weight part of the SPS prepared by Example 2 and Tai-Ace S 150, add water 35 weight part, di-alcohol monoisopropanolamine (DEIPA) 1 weight part, N successively, N, N', N'-tetra-(2-hydroxyethyl) quadrol (THEEA) 3 weight part, methyldiethanolamine (MEDA) 1 weight part, ethylene glycol 5 weight part, maize treacle 10 weight part, three iso-butyl ester of phosphoric acid 0.2 weight part mix, and stir, the type that is enhanced cement grinding aid.
Be enhanced cement grinding aid prepared by the present embodiment adding 0.15% in the Portland fly ash cement of 30% at doping quantity of fly ash, carry out reinforced effects mensuration to it, measurement result is as shown in table 1.
Comparative example 1
Carry out strength detection to the Portland fly ash cement that doping quantity of fly ash is 30%, result is as shown in table 1.
Comparative example 2
Be the application number adding 0.5% in the Portland fly ash cement of 30% at doping quantity of fly ash be the powder grinding aid of embodiment 6 in the Chinese patent literature of 200910034779.8, measure its reinforced effects, measurement result is as shown in table 1.
Table 1 doping quantity of fly ash is the reinforced effects of the enhanced cement grinding aid of 30%
As can be seen from above-described embodiment and comparative example, the enhanced cement grinding aid not chloride ion-containing for Portland fly ash cement provided by the invention, production cost is low, has better reinforced effects, and especially later strength is promoted more obvious.
Grinding-aid effect compares:
According to the proportional arrangement cement of grog 55%, flyash 30%, slag 6%, Wingdale 5%, gypsum 4%.First cement clinker and gypsum jaw crusher are crushed to below 5mm, then mix with other blended material in proportion; Mix the grinding aid of various dose respectively, grinding after 25 minutes in experiment mill, measure 45um and the 80um screen over-size of cement sample after grinding respectively, as table 2.From table, embodiment and comparative example can be found out and can find out, the enhanced cement grinding aid for Portland fly ash cement provided by the invention has good grinding-aid effect.
The grinding-aid effect of the grinding aid component of table 2 different addition quantity and kind compares
To the above-mentioned explanation of the disclosed embodiments, professional and technical personnel in the field are realized or uses the present invention.To be apparent for those skilled in the art to the multiple amendment of these embodiments, as defined herein general away from can without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention, realize in other embodiments.Therefore, the present invention can not be restricted to these embodiments shown in this article, but will meet the widest scope consistent with principle disclosed herein and features of novelty.
Claims (9)
1. an enhanced cement grinding aid, is characterized in that its feed composition and the weight part shared by each component are respectively: sodium polystyrene sulfonate is called for short mixing solutions 20 ~ 65 weight part, alkanolamine 5 ~ 25 weight part, polyvalent alcohol 5 ~ 20 weight part, carbohydrate 3 ~ 15 weight part, defoamer 0.1 ~ 1 weight part, water 15 ~ 45 weight part of SPS and Tai-Ace S 150; Wherein the mass concentration of the mixing solutions of SPS and Tai-Ace S 150 is the mass ratio of 20% ~ 50%, SPS and Tai-Ace S 150 is 1:(2 ~ 5); Wherein said SPS and the mixing solutions of Tai-Ace S 150 are prepared by following methods: take the vitriol oil as sulphonating agent, waste polystyrene plastic dissolves in organic solvent in advance, and under catalyst action, sulfonation reaction obtains sulfonated polystyrene; The Separation of Organic after stirring that adds water reclaims for subsequent use, then with in waste alumina or low taste aluminium vanadine and superfluous sulfuric acid impurity screening, then reacts with NaOH solution and sulfonated polystyrene and generates sodium polystyrene sulfonate, obtain the mixing solutions of SPS and Tai-Ace S 150.
2. enhanced cement grinding aid according to claim 1, is characterized in that its feed composition and the weight part shared by each component are respectively: mixing solutions 25 ~ 55 weight part of SPS and Tai-Ace S 150, alkanolamine 5 ~ 20 weight part, polyvalent alcohol 5 ~ 15 weight part, carbohydrate 5 ~ 10 weight part, defoamer 0.2 ~ 0.5 weight part, water 20 ~ 40 weight part.
3. enhanced cement grinding aid according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the massfraction of the described vitriol oil is 95 ~ 97%, the mass ratio 2:1 ~ 10:1 of the described vitriol oil and deposed polystyrene; Described organic solvent is hexanaphthene or 1,2-ethylene dichloride, and the mass ratio of described organic solvent and deposed polystyrene is 2:1 ~ 10:1; Described catalyzer is Vanadium Pentoxide in FLAKES or Sulfuric acid disilver salt, and the mass ratio of catalyzer and deposed polystyrene is 0.5% ~ 2%; Described NaOH solution mass concentration is 20% ~ 50%.
4. enhanced cement grinding aid according to claim 1, is characterized in that, sulfonation reaction temperature is 40 ~ 80 DEG C; The sulfonation reaction time is 2 ~ 8 hours.
5. enhanced cement grinding aid according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described alkanolamine is at least di-alcohol monoisopropanolamine, N, N, any one or a few mixing in N ', N '-four (2-hydroxyethyl) quadrol or N methyldiethanol amine.
6. enhanced cement grinding aid according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described polyvalent alcohol is any one or a few the mixing in propylene glycol, glycerol, ethylene glycol or Diethylene Glycol.
7. enhanced cement grinding aid according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described carbohydrate organism is at least at least one in molasses, maize treacle, glucose, sucrose, gluconic acid or glucosamine salt or several mixing.
8. enhanced cement grinding aid according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described defoamer is at least the one in tributyl phosphate or three iso-butyl ester of phosphoric acid.
9. prepare the method for enhanced cement grinding aid as claimed in claim 1 for one kind, its concrete steps are: the mixing solutions of SPS and Tai-Ace S 150, water, alkanolamine, polyvalent alcohol, carbohydrate, defoamer are mixed in proportion, are stirred, obtains enhanced cement grinding aid.
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| CN104909597B (en) * | 2015-05-20 | 2017-01-04 | 南京工业大学 | Cement grinding aid prepared from waste antifreezing solution |
| CN105271875B (en) * | 2015-09-18 | 2017-11-14 | 南京工业大学 | A kind of chemical addition agent for calcium sulphoaluminate modified portland cement |
| CN105820798B (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2018-08-28 | 湖北富邦科技股份有限公司 | A kind of phosphorus ore grinding aid and its preparation method and application |
| CN105837078A (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2016-08-10 | 南京工业大学 | Compound type cement grinding aid as well as preparation method and application thereof |
| CN107840588A (en) * | 2017-11-03 | 2018-03-27 | 宁夏宝塔化工中心实验室(有限公司) | A kind of high mill warm water cement grinding aids and preparation method thereof |
| CN109748535B (en) * | 2019-03-29 | 2021-05-28 | 日照弗尔曼新材料科技有限公司 | Cement grinding aid and preparation method thereof |
| CN113307530B (en) * | 2021-06-17 | 2022-04-15 | 福建富润建材科技股份有限公司 | Fly ash activator containing alkanolamine and application thereof |
| CN114804701B (en) * | 2022-02-25 | 2023-04-07 | 唐山冀东水泥外加剂有限责任公司 | Cement activator and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN116730647A (en) * | 2023-02-07 | 2023-09-12 | 临沂德艺科技发展有限公司 | Cement activation enhancer and preparation method thereof |
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| CN102060467A (en) * | 2010-12-01 | 2011-05-18 | 镇江市百瑞吉混凝土外加剂有限公司 | Composite cement grinding aid and preparation method thereof |
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Application publication date: 20130904 Assignee: HUBEI XINTONGLING VIENTIANE TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD. Assignor: Nanjing University of Technology Contract record no.: 2015420000128 Denomination of invention: Reinforced type cement grinding aid and preparation method thereof Granted publication date: 20150218 License type: Exclusive License Record date: 20150707 |
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