CN103205044A - Silane grafted polyethylene thermally conductive composite material and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Silane grafted polyethylene thermally conductive composite material and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN103205044A CN103205044A CN2013101039146A CN201310103914A CN103205044A CN 103205044 A CN103205044 A CN 103205044A CN 2013101039146 A CN2013101039146 A CN 2013101039146A CN 201310103914 A CN201310103914 A CN 201310103914A CN 103205044 A CN103205044 A CN 103205044A
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- composite material
- conductive composite
- grafted polyethylene
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- silane
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/04—Particle-shaped
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
- B29C2948/92704—Temperature
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92819—Location or phase of control
- B29C2948/92857—Extrusion unit
- B29C2948/92876—Feeding, melting, plasticising or pumping zones, e.g. the melt itself
- B29C2948/92895—Barrel or housing
Abstract
The present invention discloses a silane grafted polyethylene thermally conductive composite material and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein said silane grafted polyethylene thermally conductive composite material solves the deterioration problems of mechanical properties of composite material in the prior art due to a large number of thermal conductive fillers filled into the thermally conductive composite material, and also improves high-temperature resistance of the polyethylene thermally conductive composite material in the prior art. Said silane grafted polyethylene thermally conductive composite material of the invention has high thermal conductivity, high heat resistance and good mechanical properties. As polyethylene is used as an actual polymer matrix of the thermally conductive composite material, the silane grafted polyethylene thermally conductive composite material has low cost of raw materials. The silane grafted polyethylene thermally conductive composite material has other features of simple preparation method, short technical processes, easy operation, and low investment cost of equipment, thus the silane grafted polyethylene thermally conductive composite material has good economic benefit and broad industrial application prospect.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material and its preparation method and application, belong to technical field of composite materials.
Background technology
Traditional thermally conductive material is generally metallic substance, because the density of metal is big, fusing point is high, makes that the power consumption of polymer processing cost of thermally conductive material is higher, is unfavorable for the lightweight of goods.With the polymkeric substance by the heat-conductive composite material of matrix because having advantages such as quality is light, corrosion-resistant, easy processing paid attention to by people.Polymer-based carbon thermally conductive material of the prior art adopts that a large amount of heat conductive fillers of filling are prepared from the polymeric matrix.The loading level of heat conductive filler is more big, and the heat conductivility of leading the polymer-based carbon heat-conductive composite material for raising is more favourable, but is disadvantageous for the mechanical property of heat-conductive composite material.Existing bibliographical information prepares the polyethylene heat-conductive composite material (thermal conductivity of BN/HDPE heat-conducting plastic with the boron nitride filling high-density polyethylene, polymer material science and engineering, 2008, (24) 2:83-86), also having patent CN101410447A to introduce a kind of is matrix resin with the polyamide thermoplastic, prepares the method for heat-conductive composite material by the filling heat conductive filler.But the following problem of existing heat-conductive composite material ubiquity: (1) adopts the resistance toheat of the heat-conductive composite material that general-purpose plastics (as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene) prepares for polymeric matrix relatively poor, or under heat conductive filler loading level condition with higher the rapid variation of mechanical property; (2) adopt engineering plastics (as polymeric amide, polycarbonate, polyphenylene sulfide, polyester engineering plastic) though the heat-conducting plastic for preparing for matrix has higher thermotolerance and mechanical property, the cost of polymeric matrix will be far above general-purpose plastics.In a word, owing to be subjected to the restriction of body material performance, make the heat-conductive composite material of prior art can not reach each side requirements such as heat conductivility, resistance toheat, mechanical property and Financial cost simultaneously, be difficult to real substituted metal thermally conductive material, thereby limited the widespread use of heat-conductive composite material.Thereby, need the polymer-based carbon heat-conductive composite material of exploring a kind of high economy and possessing good heat conductivility, resistance toheat and mechanical property badly, with real substituted metal thermally conductive material.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome defective of the prior art, a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material and its preparation method and application is provided, described heat-conductive composite material has excellent heat conductivility, resistance toheat and mechanical property, production cost is low simultaneously, has good economic benefits and wide industrial applications prospect.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical programs.
A kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, described matrix material is made up of following component by mass parts:
Above-mentioned a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, wherein, the general formula of described vinyl silanes is: CH=CH (CH
2)
nSiX
3X is hydrolysable group.
Above-mentioned a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, wherein, described vinyl silanes is a kind of in vinyltrimethoxy silane, vinyl trichloro silane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl three ('beta '-methoxy oxyethyl group) silane, vinyl tri-tert silane, vinyl silane tri-butyl peroxy or the vinyltriacetoxy silane.
Above-mentioned a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, wherein, described peroxide initiator is dicumyl peroxide, dual-tert-butyl peroxidation diisopropyl benzene, 2, one or more in 5-2 or the benzoyl peroxide.
Above-mentioned a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, wherein, the granularity of described Graphite Powder 99 is 2000 orders.
Above-mentioned a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, wherein, the diameter of described aluminum fiber is 0.03mm, and length is 0.6-0.8mm, and length-to-diameter ratio is 20-28.
The preparation method of above-mentioned a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, preparation process is as follows: polyethylene, Graphite Powder 99, aluminum fiber, vinyl silanes and peroxide initiator are mixed in high-speed mixer, stirring velocity 1500-2500r/min, churning time 5-10min, pass through the twin screw or single screw extruder extruding pelletization then, the extrusion temperature interval of forcing machine is 150-200 ℃, can obtain described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material.
The application of above-mentioned a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, after the injection moulding of described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material or extrusion moulding made goods, need in 60-100 ℃ hot water, soak 8-24h, namely by hot-water soak realizing the hydrolytic crosslinking of silane grafted polyethylene, thereby improve mechanical property and the resistance toheat of goods.
It is matrix resin that silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material of the present invention adopts polyethylene, vinyl silanes is linking agent, superoxide is initiator, Graphite Powder 99 and aluminum fiber are heat conductive filler, in the extrusion of matrix material and under the extrusion temperature condition, finish the situ-formed graft reaction of vinyl silanes on polyethylene, vinyl silanes can be grafted on the sub polyethylene subchain formation vinyl silanes grafted polyethylene owing to contain vinyl structure in the molecule under the peroxide action of evocating.By vinyl silanes is grafted in the polyethylene matrix, but make the polyethylene matrix possess the crosslinked characteristic of hot water.Because by crosslinked mechanical property and the resistance toheat that improves material, so the heat conduction goods made from silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material of the present invention have excellent mechanical property and resistance toheat.Ultimate principle is as follows: the vinyl silanes grafted polyethylene is owing to contain hydrolysable group in the molecular chain, and the hydrolytic crosslinking by these groups can couple together the sub polyethylene subchain, forms cross-linked network shape structure, namely forms crosslinked polyethylene.Owing in the polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, introduce network-like crosslinking structure, thereby make the mechanical property of heat-conductive composite material and resistance toheat all obtain large increase.Silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material of the present invention can guarantee to fill at the height that possesses realization heat conductive filler under the condition of higher mechanical property, thereby has good heat conductivility.Silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material of the present invention has solved heat-conductive composite material in the prior art and has caused the problem of composite materials property variation owing to having filled a large amount of heat conductive fillers, has improved the resistance to elevated temperatures of polyethylene heat-conductive composite material of the prior art simultaneously.Described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material had both had high thermal, higher heat resistance and favorable mechanical performance are arranged again, polyethylene is as the actual polymeric matrix of heat-conductive composite material simultaneously, raw materials cost is cheap, the preparation method of whole silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material is simple, and technical process is short, easy handling, equipment investment cost is low, thereby has good economic benefits and wide industrial applications prospect.
Embodiment
Below by specific embodiment the specific embodiment of the present invention is described in further detail.
Employed twin screw extruder among the present invention, model AK-36, Ke Ya company in Nanjing produces; High-speed mixer, model SHR-10A, Jiangsu snow bear machinery company limited produces.
Use the performance of following instrument test sample among the present invention, carry out the tensile property test by GB/T 1040-2006 standard at RG1-5 type electronic universal tester (production of the Rui Geer of Shenzhen Instr Ltd.), specimen size is 140mm * 10mm * 4mm, and test speed is 50mm/min; Carry out the heat-drawn wire test by GB/T 1634-1979 standard at XRW-300 type heat-drawn wire determinator (production of Chengde trier company limited); Press GB/T 11205-1989 standard in DRM-2 type conductometer (production of Xi'an space material company) test thermal conductivity.
Illustrate: the testing data of appended embodiment 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-3 in the table 1, after embodiment and prepared each heat-conductive composite material of Comparative Examples are injection molded into the batten of test usefulness, in 80 ℃ hot water, soak 20h, carry out the data that performance test obtains then.The testing data of Comparative Examples 4 is tested the data that obtain for after prepared heat-conductive composite material is injection molded into the batten of test usefulness without hot-water soak.
Embodiment 1
A kind of preparation method of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, preparation process is as follows: 100 parts polyethylene, 30 parts Graphite Powder 99,5 parts aluminum fiber, 0.5 part vinyltrimethoxy silane and 0.05 part dicumyl peroxide are mixed in high-speed mixer, stirring velocity 1500r/min, churning time 5min, pass through the twin screw extruder extruding pelletization then, the extrusion temperature interval of forcing machine is 150-200 ℃, can obtain described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material.
A kind of application of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, the injection moulding of described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material or extrusion moulding made goods after, in 60-100 ℃ hot water, soak 8-24h.
Embodiment 2
A kind of preparation method of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, preparation process is as follows: 100 parts polyethylene, 50 parts Graphite Powder 99,10 parts aluminum fiber, 0.8 part vinyl trichloro silane and 0.08 part dual-tert-butyl peroxidation diisopropyl benzene are mixed in high-speed mixer, stirring velocity 1800r/min, churning time 8min, pass through the twin screw extruder extruding pelletization then, the extrusion temperature interval of forcing machine is 150-200 ℃, can obtain described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material.
A kind of application of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, the injection moulding of described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material or extrusion moulding made goods after, in 60-100 ℃ hot water, soak 8-24h.
Embodiment 3
A kind of preparation method of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, preparation process is as follows: with 2 of 100 parts polyethylene, 80 parts Graphite Powder 99,15 parts aluminum fiber, 1.5 parts vinyltriethoxysilane and 0.12 part, 5-dimethyl-2,5-two (t-butylperoxy) hexane mixes in high-speed mixer, stirring velocity 2000r/min, churning time 10min, pass through the twin screw extruder extruding pelletization then, the extrusion temperature interval of forcing machine is 150-200 ℃, can obtain described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material.
A kind of application of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, the injection moulding of described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material or extrusion moulding made goods after, in 60-100 ℃ hot water, soak 8-24h.
Embodiment 4
A kind of preparation method of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, preparation process is as follows: 100 parts polyethylene, 100 parts Graphite Powder 99,20 parts aluminum fiber, 2 parts vinyl three ('beta '-methoxy oxyethyl group) silane and 0.15 part benzoyl peroxide are mixed in high-speed mixer, stirring velocity 1500r/min, churning time 5min, pass through the twin screw extruder extruding pelletization then, the extrusion temperature interval of forcing machine is 150-200 ℃, can obtain described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material.
A kind of application of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, the injection moulding of described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material or extrusion moulding made goods after, in 60-100 ℃ hot water, soak 8-24h.
Embodiment 5
A kind of preparation method of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, preparation process is as follows: with 100 parts polyethylene, 120 parts Graphite Powder 99,25 parts aluminum fiber, 2.5 the vinyl tri-tert silane of part and 0.12 part dicumyl peroxide, 0.06 the dual-tert-butyl peroxidation diisopropyl benzene of part mixes in high-speed mixer, stirring velocity 1800r/min, churning time 8min, pass through the twin screw extruder extruding pelletization then, the extrusion temperature interval of forcing machine is 150-200 ℃, can obtain described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material.
A kind of application of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, the injection moulding of described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material or extrusion moulding made goods after, in 60-100 ℃ hot water, soak 8-24h.
Embodiment 6
A kind of preparation method of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, preparation process is as follows: 100 parts polyethylene, 60 parts Graphite Powder 99,30 parts aluminum fiber, 3 parts vinyltrimethoxy silane and 0.2 part dicumyl peroxide are mixed in high-speed mixer, stirring velocity 2000r/min, churning time 10min, pass through the twin screw extruder extruding pelletization then, the extrusion temperature interval of forcing machine is 150-200 ℃, can obtain described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material.
A kind of application of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material, the injection moulding of described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material or extrusion moulding made goods after, in 60-100 ℃ hot water, soak 8-24h.
Comparative Examples 1
Get pure polyethylene by the twin screw extruder extruding pelletization.
Comparative Examples 2
Raw material is 100 parts polyethylene, the aluminum fiber of 100 parts Graphite Powder 99 and 30 parts, and preparation technology is with embodiment 1.
Comparative Examples 3
Raw material is 100 parts polyethylene, 100 parts Graphite Powder 99,30 parts aluminum fiber and 0.2 part dicumyl peroxide, and preparation technology is with embodiment 1.
Comparative Examples 4
Raw material is 100 parts polyethylene, 30 parts Graphite Powder 99,30 parts aluminum fiber, 0.5 the vinyltrimethoxy silane of part and 0.05 part dicumyl peroxide, preparation technology is with embodiment 1, but behind the batten that heat-conductive composite material is injection molded into test usefulness, without the direct test bars performance of hot-water soak.
The performance test data of table 1 embodiment 1-6 and Comparative Examples 1-4
| Numbering | Tensile strength (MPa) | Thermal conductivity (W/mk) | Heat-drawn wire (℃) |
| Embodiment 1 | 17 | 1.8 | 99 |
| Embodiment 2 | 15 | 2.7 | 111 |
| Embodiment 3 | 22 | 4.4 | 118 |
| Embodiment 4 | 20 | 4.3 | 121 |
| Embodiment 5 | 21 | 4.4 | 117 |
| Embodiment 6 | 22 | 4.3 | 119 |
| Comparative Examples 1 | 9 | 0.3 | 73 |
| Comparative Examples 2 | 8 | 4.4 | 79 |
| Comparative Examples 3 | 9 | 4.5 | 80 |
| Comparative Examples 4 | 10 | 1.8 | 77 |
From above-mentioned table 1 test data of the mechanical property of embodiment and Comparative Examples, heat conductivility and resistance toheat as can be seen, on mechanical property, silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material of the present invention has higher draw tensile strength; On heat conductivility, the thermal conductivity of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material of the present invention can reach 4.4 W/mk, is 14.7 times of common polythene; On resistance toheat, silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material of the present invention has higher heat resistance, and its heat-drawn wire adopts the heat-drawn wire of the polyethylene heat-conductive composite material of other ordinary methods preparations in the pure material of polyethylene and the Comparative Examples.In addition, silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material of the present invention, also have be fit to extrude, the processing characteristics of several different methods processing such as injection.
Here description of the invention and application is illustrative, is not to want that therefore, the present invention is not subjected to the restriction of present embodiment with scope restriction of the present invention in the above-described embodiments, and the technical scheme that any employing equivalence replacement obtains is all in the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. a silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material is characterized in that, described matrix material is made up of following component by mass parts:
100 parts of polyethylene
Graphite Powder 99 30-120 part
Aluminum fiber 5-30 part
Vinyl silanes 0.5-3 part
Peroxide initiator 0.05-0.2 part.
2. a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that the general formula of described vinyl silanes is: CH=CH (CH
2)
nSiX
3X is hydrolysable group.
3. a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that described vinyl silanes is a kind of in vinyltrimethoxy silane, vinyl trichloro silane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyl three ('beta '-methoxy oxyethyl group) silane, vinyl tri-tert silane, vinyl silane tri-butyl peroxy or the vinyltriacetoxy silane.
4. a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, described peroxide initiator is dicumyl peroxide, dual-tert-butyl peroxidation diisopropyl benzene, 2, in 5-2 or the benzoyl peroxide one or more.
5. a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the granularity of described Graphite Powder 99 is 2000 orders.
6. a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the diameter of described aluminum fiber is 0.03mm, and length is 0.6-0.8mm, and length-to-diameter ratio is 20-28.
7. the preparation method of a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, preparation process is as follows: polyethylene, Graphite Powder 99, aluminum fiber, vinyl silanes and peroxide initiator are mixed in high-speed mixer, stirring velocity 1500-2500r/min, churning time 5-10min, pass through the twin screw or single screw extruder extruding pelletization then, the extrusion temperature interval of forcing machine is 150-200 ℃, can obtain described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material.
8. the application of a kind of silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, after the injection moulding of described silane grafted polyethylene heat-conductive composite material or extrusion moulding made goods, need in 60-100 ℃ hot water, soak 8-24h, namely by hot-water soak realizing the hydrolytic crosslinking of silane grafted polyethylene, thereby improve mechanical property and the resistance toheat of goods.
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104945563A (en) * | 2015-07-08 | 2015-09-30 | 王金明 | Novel chlorination method of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride |
| CN107189017A (en) * | 2017-07-06 | 2017-09-22 | 四川鑫利达皮具伞业有限责任公司 | A kind of polyethylene rotational molding cross-linked composition and preparation method thereof |
| US10385250B2 (en) | 2016-06-14 | 2019-08-20 | Nano And Advanced Materials Institute Limited | Thermally conductive composites and method of preparing same |
| CN112063053A (en) * | 2020-09-18 | 2020-12-11 | 鲁姣利 | Modified polypropylene wave crest double-wall pipe and preparation method of modified polypropylene material thereof |
| CN114953681A (en) * | 2022-07-11 | 2022-08-30 | 山东宏图新材料科技股份有限公司 | High-heat-shrinkage-resistant polyethylene film and preparation method thereof |
| CN116063768A (en) * | 2023-04-03 | 2023-05-05 | 潍坊学院 | High-heat-conductivity high-strength cross-linked polyethylene floor heating pipe |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104945563A (en) * | 2015-07-08 | 2015-09-30 | 王金明 | Novel chlorination method of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride |
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| US10385250B2 (en) | 2016-06-14 | 2019-08-20 | Nano And Advanced Materials Institute Limited | Thermally conductive composites and method of preparing same |
| CN107189017A (en) * | 2017-07-06 | 2017-09-22 | 四川鑫利达皮具伞业有限责任公司 | A kind of polyethylene rotational molding cross-linked composition and preparation method thereof |
| CN112063053A (en) * | 2020-09-18 | 2020-12-11 | 鲁姣利 | Modified polypropylene wave crest double-wall pipe and preparation method of modified polypropylene material thereof |
| CN114953681A (en) * | 2022-07-11 | 2022-08-30 | 山东宏图新材料科技股份有限公司 | High-heat-shrinkage-resistant polyethylene film and preparation method thereof |
| CN116063768A (en) * | 2023-04-03 | 2023-05-05 | 潍坊学院 | High-heat-conductivity high-strength cross-linked polyethylene floor heating pipe |
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Application publication date: 20130717 |