CN103202198A - Method for cultivating short shoot type Fuji apple trees - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, in particular to a method for cultivating short shoot type Fuji apple trees. The method for cultivating the short shoot type Fuji apple trees is characterized in that a short shoot type variation shoot selective-breeding test is performed; single Fuji shoots bearing more than 20 apples are selected in multiple apple orchards; the selected shoots are top-grafted onto multiple tree species bearing various type apples for a contrast test; and based on three-year observance, contrast and test, the top-grafted trees having the characteristics of early fruit bearing, robust compact shoots, thick leaves in dark green, short internodes, fast fruit development, bright red fruit color and stable character expression are selected and determined as short shoot type Fuji apple tree species and then cultivated widely. The method for cultivating the short shoot type Fuji apple trees has the beneficial effects that the selectively-bred short shoot type Fuji apple trees bear large high-pile apples with fresh and lovely luster, high content of soluble solids and extremely excellent tolerance to storage and transportation, and the fruit trees are stable in high yield character expression and strong in stress resistance.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the fruit tree planting technique field, be specially a kind of cultivation method of brachyplast type red Fuji apple tree.
Background technology
The Fuji apple be select the bud (branch) from common Fuji becomes the general designation of colour system Fuji.Fuji apple is that Sheng another arena, ridge, Japanese Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry fruit tree test site is female parent in nineteen thirty-nine with state's light, the marshal is hybridized for male parent, year surplus going through 20, the apple improved seeds that select, have advantages such as late-maturing, of fine quality, delicious, anti-storage, in definite designation in 1962, it is one of foremost winter apple kind in the world.Though Fuji's fruit has advantages such as raciness, late-maturing, anti-storage, also exist the shortcoming of fruit color difference.For this reason, many painted good Fuji's bud mutations have been selected again in Japanese various places in the middle of Fuji, be referred to as the Fuji apple.
The Jingning County, Gansu Province is State Administration of Forestry's name " township of Chinese apple " and " national economic forest is built advanced county ".In August, 2006, being ratified by State General Administration for Quality Supervision with " the Jingning apple " of Fuji apple, Qin Guanwei representative is the national geography famous special product.Especially red fuji apple since introducing the Jingning County cultivation eighties in last century, with its good kind, has won leading position, accounts for more than 75% of whole county apple area at present, and introduction, the seed selection of red fuji apple improved seeds become the main attack problem.Through seed selection, a kind of kind fruit of brachyplast type red Fuji apple tree knot is individual big, the high stake of fruit type, lovely luster, the soluble solid content height, utmost point storage tolerance is through the test of multiple spot district, its APPLE QUALITY, high yield The Characters are stablized, and strong stress resistance has bright development prospect.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of brachyplast type red fuji apple seeds of seed selection from the red fuji apple branch.The red fuji apple of this seeds knot is early bearing, has the good characteristics of high-quality, high yield, storage tolerance.Its single fruit weight can reach 245g, and pulp white, densification, meat is crisp, juice is many, pericarp is thick, soluble solid 15.8%-16.2%, fruit type index 0.9, hardness 8.3kg/cm
2More than, fruit utmost point storage tolerance can be preserved about 120d at normal temperatures.
To achieve these goals, the cultivation step of the present invention's employing is as follows:
One, brachyplast form variation branch seed selection test
1, brachyplast form variation branch is selected: Fuji apple's branch of seed selection individual plant in a plurality of apple orchards, and this branch major branch stalwartness, compactness, other branch amount is big, loose.The knot apple is more than 20, and fruit is individual big, the high stake of fruit type, and proper, painted morning, color and luster is rose, this variation branch just can be elected as brachyplast form variation branch.
2, brachyplast form variation branch test: in a plurality of apple orchards, select Fuji apple, yellow marshal, new Red Star to carry out height and connect comparative trial;
3, brachyplast form variation branch is cultivated: through the observations in 3 years, contrast, test, select and bear fruit early, each branch stalwartness, compactness, dark green leaf color plumpness, fast, the color and luster cerise of fruit colouring, the branch that its The Characters is stable is defined as brachyplast type red fuji apple seeds and enlarges cultivation.
Two, the cultivation method of brachyplast type seeds
1, milpa point selection: selecting has irrigation conditions, and cultivate in the area of fertile soil, and planting density meter is advisable with 2-3 * 4, adopts spindle or elongated spindle shaped training.
2, fertilizer irrigation management: treelet is imposing urea: 0.5-1kg, superphosphate: 1-1.5kg in earlier stage every year; The every 100kg fruit of bearing-age tree applies pure N, P the whole year, the K ratio was respectively 1: 1.2: 1kg, base manure are in autumn the previous year or apply every mu of 3000-5000kg of fertilizer then and be advisable.But before the potted flower of topdressing, spend back, young fruit expanding stage, adopt and applied in preceding 1 month, respectively with year amount about 1/5.Pour water and look soil moisture content and pour water in good time.
3, flower and fruit thinning management: remove weak inflorescence in the inflorescence separation period respectively, every 15-20cm stays an inflorescence.Full-bloom stage removes ray flower, stays middle disc flower, removes fruitlet behind the setting, and the 20cm size is stayed 1, rectifies ghlory flower down, and the agent of initial bloom stage spray fruit type is to improve fruit shape index.
4, prune and decide tap and to manage: decided the trunk branch in 1 meter in 1 year; 1 year spring weighed cutting back to the branch that the sends 3-5 bud of selecting and remain, and inspired rectangularly to cultivate as major branch; The 3rd year spring all pulled into 80-90 ° to the major branch that length reaches more than 1 meter, and central dried secateurs removes 1/4-1/5, and every 20cm place thereon, selected different azimuth to carve bud and cultivated major branch; The 4th year height of tree reaches about 3 meters and is shaped, and the ground floor major branch begins to bear fruit; The average strain of full tree be can reach on the 5th year and 20kg, per mu yield 1250-1500kg produced.Summer pruning is erased and is competed branch, the back branch, and the bob plagiotropic growth inspires fruit spur; Winter pruning is adjusted the tree body structure to dredge branch, keeps branch amount rationally.
5, diseases and pests controlling management: branch rudiment the last week, except wintering pest, reduce disease worm index with 3-5 degree lime sulfur; Spend one week of back interior with 5000 times+500 times polyoxin+calcium tonics of 2.0% acetamiprid, control two spotted spider mite, powdery mildew etc.; The young fruit expanding stage is with 3000 times of 2.0% acetamiprid, 5000 times+10% imidacloprid wps+living greatly M
15800 times+calcium tonic control two spotted spider mite, aphid, spot defoliation, water core etc.; In 7 months, the last ten-days period are with 1000 times of controls of the basic topsin of 5000 times of 2.5% acetamiprids+morning two spotted spider mite, spot defoliation etc.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is that the red fuji apple of this seeds knot is late-maturing Fuji apple's improved seeds of early bearing, high-quality, high yield, storage tolerance.Its single fruit weight can reach 245g, and pulp white, densification, meat is crisp, juice is many, pericarp is thick, soluble solid 15.8%-16.2%, fruit type index 0.9, hardness 8.3kg/cm
2More than, fruit utmost point storage tolerance can be preserved about 120d at normal temperatures.Its apple, high-quality, high yield The Characters are stablized, and strong stress resistance has bright development prospect.
Embodiment
Example one, the cultivation of carrying out brachyplast type red Fuji apple tree in conjunction with Jingning County, Pingliang, Gansu Province is described further.
(1), brachyplast form variation branch seed selection test
1. seed selection district and seed selection process: in one apple orchard, Liu Jin village, Jingning County Li Dian town, select 1 strain growth in 9 years Fuji apple, one major branch, tie on it 20 surplus an apple, it is big to show as fruit, the high stake of fruit type is rectified, and sees that look early, color and luster is rose, this branch stalwartness, compactness; Other shoot growth amount is big, loose.The branch that should make a variation is just elected good brachyplast form variation as.Winter this branch is carried out careful pruning then, and to the branch of clip in next year late March carry out height in yellow marshal, new Red Star, the Fuji in the apple orchard around and connect observation, wherein yellow marshal's 6 strains, new Red Star 5 strains, Fuji's 4 strains, each branch stalwartness, compactness, dark green leaf color plumpness, short, fast, the color and luster cerise of fruit colouring of internode, its The Characters is stable.
2. main The Characters
2.1 botanical character
The plantation of " seed selection kind " botanical character and former red fuji apple relatively, its branch stalwartness, compactness, dark green leaf color, plumpness, one-tenth leaf in age oval, sharp sawtooth, petiole is short, the blade face is glossy.Contrast sees Table 1.
Table 1: botany proterties
2.2 Fruit Economic Traits
Fruit Economic Traits and former kind be relatively: fruit circle, fruit are big, carpopodium is short, mean fruit weight 245 grams, and fruit dot is little, less, seed 7-9 grain, pulp white, densification of painted, painted fast, color and luster cerise, core comprehensively, meat is crisp, juice is many, pericarp is thick, soluble solid 15.9%." seed selection kind " and the fruit properties of check variety see Table 2.
2.3 growth result proterties
" seed selection kind " growth result characteristic and former kind relatively, the germination rate height, become that principal stresses is weak, internode is short, become the bow structure fruit early, tree vigo(u)r golden mean of the Confucian school stalwartness.Treelet phase vegetative shoot accounts for 65% of total amount, and middle long fruit branch accounts for 20%, and fruit spur accounts for 15%; Enter fruiting period, fruit bearing shoot quantity accounts for more than 70% of total amount, based on the fruit spur result, accounts for 50% of total amount, and middle long fruit branch accounts for 20% of total amount, and vegetative shoot accounts for 30% of total amount.Its growth result characteristic is little with different stock differences, fruit is big, the high stake of fruit shape, proper, beautiful in colour, percent rate of high quality fruit is high, economic characters are good.
Table 2: " seed selection " and former kind fruit properties
2.4 output over the years, benefit are relatively, see Table 3, table 4, table 5.
Table 3:2009 annual production, benefit table
Table 4:2010 annual production, benefit table
Table 5:2011 output, benefit table
On average contrast as can be seen by the continuous output of 2009-2011, benefit: " seed selection kind " per mu yield, continuous three annuals of mu benefit are 2194 kilograms and 8282.4 yuan, " original seed kind " and " introduced variety " per mu yield, continuous three annuals of mu benefit are respectively 1478 kilograms, 1812.3 kilograms and 4634.7 yuan, 6413.4 yuan, and " seed selection kind " per mu yield, continuous three annuals of mu benefit are " original seed kind " and " introduced variety " 1.5 times, 1.7 times and 1.2 times, 1.3 times.
2.5 the phenophase
Liu Jin village, Li Dian town, height above sea level 1450m, 9.1 ℃ of average annual temperature, " seed selection kind " in rudiment mid-April, late April blooms on this ground, and its budding period, early flowering season were than " original seed kind " Zao 3-5 days, late August begins painted, the painted phase is than " original seed kind " Zao 7-10 days, mid-October maturation, the maturing stage is consistent with " original seed kind ".
Table 6: phenophase
2.6 resistance investigation
Powdery mildew, spot defoliation, 2 kinds of regular incidences are carried out in the design of above-mentioned 4 residential quarters carry out investigation statistics.Its result shows: " seed selection kind " susceptible rate is extremely low, and disease index is well below check variety.We to blade infect powdery mildew, spot defoliation is divided into three grades by the extent of injury, one-level: do not find scab; Secondary: lesion area accounts for leaf area below 5%; Three grades: lesion area accounts between the 5-25% on blade face.(disease index=∑ fx/Nxn * 100%.In the formula: f: the morbidity numbers of sheets at different levels; X: state of an illness grade typical value; N: number of sheets summations at different levels; Xn: highest typical value.) patient's condition statistics sees Table 7.
Table 7: powdery mildew, spot defoliation state of an illness statistical form
2.7 suitable cultivation area
" seed selection kind " tree vigo(u)r stalwartness, amount of growth be little, easily become the bow structure fruit, high yield characteristic is good, fruit is individual greatly, the fruit type is good, beautiful in colour, outward appearance is beautiful, economic characters are good, strong stress resistance, suit at average annual temperature more than 7.5 ℃, height above sea level 1300-1600 rice has the regional culture of irrigation condition.Plant the result according to examination, annual rainfall＜500mm, the Drought Mountain Area cultivation of non-irrigated condition, tree vigo(u)r is easily weak after bearing fruit, and fruit is individual ceases to be faithful, and therefore, Drought Mountain Area is cultivated can take shop, ground sand, cover soil moisture conservation getting fat ground covering techniques such as grass, plastic film mulch cultivates.This kind polar growth is strong, and apical dominance is obvious, and self-sow major branch angle is little, draws branch flat excessively, and extending head can be weak.The overall growth amount is little, the tree crown compactness, and suitable tall anvil planting culture, seeding row spacing 2-3 * 4m cultivation is advisable, and mu is planted the 83-55 strain.
3. culture technique main points
(1) build the garden: " seed selection kind " will be chosen in irrigation conditions, the regional culture of fertile soil, mountain area cultivation should take the shop husky, cover soil moisture conservation technology such as grass, guarantee to set the bulk-growth amount, planting density meter is advisable with 2-3 * 4, adopts spindle or elongated spindle shaped training.
(2) rich water quality management: treelet should impose urea 0.5kg, superphosphate 1kg in early stage every year; The every 100kg fruit of bearing-age tree applies pure N, P the whole year, the K ratio was respectively 1: 1.2: 1kg, base manure are in autumn the previous year or apply every mu of 3000-5000kg of fertilizer then and be advisable.But before the potted flower of topdressing, spend back, young fruit expanding stage, adopt and applied in preceding 1 month, respectively with year amount about 1/5.Pour water and to follow " principle that the spring early, the summer is skilful, the autumn is controlled, the winter is full ", look soil moisture content and pour water in good time.
(3) flower and fruit management: the Cheng Hualiang of " seed selection kind " is big, the percentage of fertile fruit height, and in time flower and fruit thinning is saved nutrient.Remove weak inflorescence in the inflorescence separation period respectively, every 15-20cm stays an inflorescence.Full-bloom stage removes ray flower, stays middle disc flower, the fruitlet that removes behind the setting, and the 20cm size stays 1 to rectify ghlory flower down, and the agent of initial bloom stage spray fruit type is to improve fruit shape index.
(4) prune: the treelet phase, early bearing, high-quality, the high-yield cultivation technique of taking " shapings in 4 years born fruit to draw generation to cut in 3 years, 5 years high yields for 1 year fixed doing, heavy pruning in 2 years " is to do surely in 1 meter in 1 year; 1 year spring selected 3-4 to stay the 3-5 bud to weigh cutting back to the branch that sends, and inspired rectangularly to cultivate as major branch; The 3rd year spring all pulled into 80-90 ° to the major branch that length reaches more than 1 meter, the dried 1/4-1/5 that cuts off of central authorities, and every 20cm selects different azimuth to carve bud cultivation major branch thereon; The 4th year height of tree reaches about 3 meters and is shaped, and the ground floor major branch begins to bear fruit; The average strain of full tree be can reach on the 5th year and 20kg, per mu yield 1250-1500kg produced.Summer pruning is erased and is competed branch, the back branch, and the bob plagiotropic growth inspires fruit spur; Winter pruning is adjusted the tree body structure to dredge branch, keeps branch amount rationally.
(5) diseases and pests controlling." seed selection kind " disease resistance is strong, but still will carry out the extermination of disease and insect pest work of following critical period, i.e. rudiment the last week, 3-5 degree lime sulfur reduces disease worm index except wintering pest; Spend one week of back interior with 5000 times+500 times polyoxin+calcium tonics of 2.0% acetamiprid, control two spotted spider mite, powdery mildew etc.; The young fruit expanding stage is with 3000 times of 2.0% acetamiprid, 5000 times+10% imidacloprid wps+living greatly M
45800 times+calcium tonic control two spotted spider mite, aphid, spot defoliation, water core etc.; In 7 months, the last ten-days period are with 1000 times of controls of the basic topsin of 5000 times of 2.5% acetamiprids+morning two spotted spider mite, spot defoliation etc.Carry out the diseases and pests controlling of above four critical periods and can effectively control endangering of annual damage by disease and insect, other each period can according to sick worm a situation arises flexibly support hold.
The red fuji apple that the invention reside in this " seed selection kind " knot is late-maturing Fuji apple's improved seeds of early bearing, high-quality, high yield, storage tolerance.Its single fruit weight can reach 245g, and pulp white, densification, meat is crisp, juice is many, pericarp is thick, soluble solid 15.8%-16.2%, fruit type index 0.9, hardness 8.3kg/cm
2More than, fruit utmost point storage tolerance can be preserved about 120d at normal temperatures.Its apple, high-quality, high yield The Characters are stablized, and strong stress resistance has bright development prospect.
Claims (2)
1. the cultivation method of a brachyplast type red Fuji apple tree, it is characterized in that: brachyplast form variation branch seed selection test is Fuji apple's branch of seed selection individual plant in a plurality of apple orchards, the knot apple is more than 20, carry out height with the seeds of a plurality of apple types and connect comparative trial, through the observations in 3 years, contrast, test, select height and connect the rime fruit early, each branch stalwartness, compactness, dark green leaf color plumpness, short, fast, the color and luster cerise of fruit colouring of internode, its The Characters is stable, is defined as brachyplast type red fuji apple seeds and enlarges cultivation.
2. the cultivation method of a kind of brachyplast type red Fuji apple tree as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that:
(1), milpa point selection: namely selecting has irrigation conditions, and cultivate in the area of fertile soil, and planting density meter is advisable with 2-3 * 4, adopts spindle or elongated spindle shaped training;
(2), fertilizer irrigation management: namely treelet is imposing urea: 0.5-1kg, superphosphate: 1-1.5kg in earlier stage every year; The every 100kg fruit of bearing-age tree applies pure N, P the whole year, the K ratio was respectively 1: 1.2: 1kg, base manure are in autumn the previous year or apply every mu of 3000-5000kg of fertilizer then and be advisable; But before the potted flower of topdressing, spend back, young fruit expanding stage, adopt and applied in preceding 1 month, respectively with year amount about 1/5;
(3), flower and fruit thinning management: remove weak inflorescence in the inflorescence separation period respectively, every 15-20cm stays an inflorescence; Full-bloom stage removes ray flower, stays middle disc flower, removes fruitlet behind the setting, and the 20cm size is stayed 1, rectifies ghlory flower down, and the agent of initial bloom stage spray fruit type is to improve fruit shape index.
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Cited By (2)
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| CN105613185A (en) * | 2016-01-27 | 2016-06-01 | 河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所 | Shaping method for shaping apple trees into slender spindle shape |
| CN109328845A (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2019-02-15 | 甘肃德美地缘现代农业集团有限公司 | A kind of breeding method for high quality apple fruit tree of getting bumper crops |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN105613185A (en) * | 2016-01-27 | 2016-06-01 | 河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所 | Shaping method for shaping apple trees into slender spindle shape |
| CN105613185B (en) * | 2016-01-27 | 2018-04-03 | 河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所 | A kind of shaping methods of apple tree slender spindle like |
| CN109328845A (en) * | 2018-12-07 | 2019-02-15 | 甘肃德美地缘现代农业集团有限公司 | A kind of breeding method for high quality apple fruit tree of getting bumper crops |
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