CN103136596A - Mountain flood disaster monitoring and early-warning business platform system in medium or small rivers - Google Patents
Mountain flood disaster monitoring and early-warning business platform system in medium or small rivers Download PDFInfo
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- CN103136596A CN103136596A CN201310027596XA CN201310027596A CN103136596A CN 103136596 A CN103136596 A CN 103136596A CN 201310027596X A CN201310027596X A CN 201310027596XA CN 201310027596 A CN201310027596 A CN 201310027596A CN 103136596 A CN103136596 A CN 103136596A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A10/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE at coastal zones; at river basins
- Y02A10/40—Controlling or monitoring, e.g. of flood or hurricane; Forecasting, e.g. risk assessment or mapping
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
- Y02A90/10—Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation
Abstract
The invention discloses a mountain flood geological disaster monitoring and early-warning business platform system (short for MFDOWS). According to the mountain flood geological disaster monitoring and early-warning business platform system, an integral design including a disaster risk assessment model, a disaster indirect conditions, a face / point rainfall concept, integral monitoring, forecasting, assessment, alarming, and service business is introduced aiming at three main mountain flood geological disaster hazard-affected bodies, namely mountain rivers, dangerously weak reservoirs and geological disaster hidden points; a business process is reconstructed; business products are innovate; data of a radar net and an automatic observation station net are fully used; a result in a refined meso-scale numerical prediction model is used; a radar ration estimation technique (quantitative precipitation estimation / quantitative precipitation forecast) (QPE / QPF) is used; a large quantity of refined and diversified products which can be conveniently used by a forecaster or a server are obtained; and therefore the business platform which is capable of fast and effectively monitoring, forecasting, early warning and analyzing mountain flood geological disasters is established. The MFDOWS supports the subsystems such as a subsystem, a product generation subsystem, a product display and analysis subsystem, a serving product management subsystem, and a system maintenance subsystem. In addition, the mountain flood disaster monitoring and early-warning business platform system in medium or small rivers is convenient to operate, high in stability and reliability, good in performance, and good in application value.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to disaster monitoring early warning field, relate in particular to meteorological system mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning operation system.
Background technology
China's middle and small river is numerous, with a varied topography, mountain flood very easily occured in summer, particularly in recent years, climate change causes Extreme Strong Precipitation Events and increases, mountain flood take place frequently the loss even more serious, for alleviating the particularly loss that causes of mountain flood of Loss Caused by Meteorological Disasters, during 11th Five-Year, China Meteorological Administration builds China New Generation Weather Radar and automatic weather station energetically, the existing whole nation has been laid 158 China New Generation Weather Radars and nearly 30,000 automatic weather stations, tentatively set up the meteorological disaster monitoring system, simultaneously in 2011 in order to strengthen meteorological disaster monitoring and warning and information issue work, the General Office of the State Council has also put into effect the Office of the State Council and has sent out file (2011) No. 33, therefore, make these observation information reach the purpose of preventing and reducing natural disasters, must build relevant operation system, just can give full play to the benefit of monitoring system.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to give full play to the advantage of weather radar net of new generation and automatic Weather Station net recording geometry, rely on existing scientific and technological achievement, set up mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning business platform based on the Micaps/Swan business platform that numerous forecasters are familiar with very much, precipitation event when fast and effeciently monitoring the mountain torrents arrival, particularly based on the precipitation in the zones such as mountain torrents ditch, dangerously weak reseroirs, geologic hazard landslide point, the accuracy of raising to the mountain flood and geological disaster forecast, for mountain flood and geological disaster Weather Risk early warning business provides important support, reach the target of preventing and reducing natural disasters.
The object of the present invention is to provide mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning business platform, described mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning service platform system comprises:
The Data support unit is used for carrying out meteorological data collection, and resolution data is controlled quality and management document daily record;
The product generation unit is connected with described Data support unit, be used for generating real-time product and analyze after product, carry out the product log management;
The product analysis display unit is connected with described product generation unit, is used for carrying out product and shows, product analysis and alarm analysis;
The service product administrative unit is connected with described product analysis display unit, is used for making, distribution and management service product, and the daily record of management service product;
The system maintenance unit is connected with aforementioned unit, is used for leading subscriber, the configuration of basic data and Fundamental Geographic Information System, and carry out the data stored configuration, the maintaining loading volume data.
Further, described Data support unit also comprises:
The meteorological data collection module is used for scanning automatic Weather Station data, radar data, numerical model product documentation and other associated documents;
Data resolution module is connected with described meteorological data collection module, receives the information of meteorological data collection module, is used for resolving QPE, QPF file, numerical model product and radar storm data;
Quality control module with described data resolution module, the information of receive data parsing module, is used for checking filename template and file field form;
The file journalization administration module is connected with described quality control module, and the information of quality of reception control module is used for log recording and inquiry are carried out in each file operation of resolving.
Further, described product generation unit also comprises:
Real-time product generation module, time rainfall when many for the generation automatic Weather Station, time rainfall when radar is many is monitored product, and forecast model products is assessed product and warning product;
Analytic product production module is connected with described real-time product generation module, receives the information of real-time product generation module, is used for generating revised product and retrieval products;
The product log management module is connected with described analytic product production module, the information of receiving and analyzing production module, and whether being used for each product of monitoring, to generate node running situation normal and generate log recording.
Further, described product analysis display unit also comprises:
The product display module is used for showing the monitoring product, forecast model products, assessment product and warning product and enquiry of historical data;
The product analysis module, be connected with described product display module, receive the information of product display module, be used for carrying out the pattern conversion, adopt the isoline mode respective regions forecast data to be revised and after the real-time prediction failure, analyzed based on process to controversial forecast area;
The alarm analysis module is connected with described product analysis module, receives the information of product analysis module, is used for carrying out statistical study and process analysis procedure analysis.
Further, described service product administrative unit also comprises:
Service product is made module, is used for the service product template is managed editor and audit;
The service product distribution module, making module with described service product is connected, receive service product and make the information of module, be used for the short message type service product is sent with short message mode, the Doctype service product is sent with fax mode, the Doctype service product is sent in the FTP mode and the Doctype service product is sent with the Email mail;
The service information management module is connected with described service product distribution module, receives the information of service product distribution module, is used for management management service unit and personnel's information;
The service product log management module is connected with described service information management module, receives the information of service information management module, is used for service product is made, examines, distributed and carry out log recording and statistics.
Further, described system maintenance unit also comprises:
The user management generic module is used for the user of system is registered, logs in management;
The basic data Configuration Manager, be connected with described user management generic module, receive the information of user management generic module, be used for automatic Weather Station site location, station number, name of station are configured, to report to the police using icon type, depositing the path and be configured, province, city, county's administrative division information are configured and relevant unit/department information is managed for configuration;
Data stored configuration module, be connected with described basic data Configuration Manager, receive the information of basic data Configuration Manager, be used for the catalogue of data source information with storage monitoring, forecast, assessment, warning, service product is configured, and the related data that exceeds backup cycle is backed up, provide simultaneously Backup Data to recover restoring function;
The Fundamental Geographic Information System administration module is connected with described data stored configuration module, and the information of receive data stored configuration module is used for safeguarding base map layers data and administrative division data, controls base map color matching and figure layer;
The supporting body data maintenance module is connected with described Fundamental Geographic Information System administration module, receives the information of Fundamental Geographic Information System administration module, is used for mountain torrents ditch data, and dangerously weak reseroirs data and landslide point data are safeguarded, the figure layer is controlled.
The present invention has following advantage:
Mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning business platform provided by the invention, intelligent, integrated degree is high: separate sources, different observation method, different-format etc. are the weather data quick obtaining in real time, concentrate fast, the quality control method of robotization, guarantee correctness and the validity of data, according to certain rules and standardization real time data; GIS information integrated level is high: adopt the multi-layer image treatment technology to make GIS process the degree that becomes more meticulous high; Product generates intelligent: flow process, the product of monitoring, forecasting, assessing, reporting to the police, serving each stage carried out integrated design, and embedded flow process and standard take full advantage of server resource, the needed product of fast automatic generation; Rich choice of products, service are efficient: product divides monitoring, forecast, assessment, warning, serves 5 large classes totally 451 kinds, and product can generate frequency products up to ten thousand every day from 10 minutes to 24 hours; The product effect of visualization is good: in the warning product, distinct symbols, different colours Combination application have increased information contents of products effectively, multi-layer image, the GIS information stack that becomes more meticulous, the information of point, line, surface has strengthened effect of visualization in conjunction with application, shows that it is professional especially; Service product is made quick: built-in services (early warning) product template generates service (early warning) product according to the warning product intelligent; The service product distribution is efficient: the built-in services library of object, and one-touch transmission service (early warning) product effectively improves the disaster information issue capability to disaster section person liable and weather information person; The business platform function is applicable, analysis platform is strongly professional: adopting two platforms, is forecaster's operational platform, is again forecaster's platform of analyzing and researching; Business integrated design, monitor set, forecast, assessment, warning, service business are in one, and system is combined with practical business closely, and easy to operate practicality is interactive strong; With Swan system seamless coupling, the Micaps system that the system exploitation is familiar with based on the forecaster very much and Swan system carry out secondary development, form between they they one unified whole and be integrated on the unified platform; The inverting mode analysis and research are worth high: system is provided with real-time mode and inverting mode, inverting mode can revise easily after disaster occurs for the forecaster various conditions (as, automatic Weather Station rainfall, critical surface rainfall) recomputate according to operation flow, analyze the disaster correlation circumstance, further improve the hazard forecasting ability.GIS is powerful, the system expandability is strong: system adopts component technology to expand the GIS function, point, the face GIS information such as dangerously weak reseroirs, geologic hazard hidden danger point, mountain torrents ditch can be processed easily, multi-layer image treatment technology (stack) makes the service product degree that becomes more meticulous high, readability is higher, more easily identification; System architecture technology and service detach, relevant information and content adopt configurable extendible application system, as, can manage at any time geologic hazard hidden danger dot information etc.; Adapt to the expansion of the scope of business, increase the needs of multiple application, for system extension is from now on laid a good foundation.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the realization flow figure of the middle and small river territory mountain flood monitoring and warning service platform system that provides of the embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
In order to make purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and advantage clearer, below in conjunction with drawings and Examples, the present invention is further elaborated.Should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein only in order to explain the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
The embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning business platform, and this middle and small river territory mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning service platform system comprises:
The Data support unit is used for carrying out meteorological data collection, and resolution data is controlled quality and management document daily record;
The product generation unit is connected with described Data support unit, be used for generating real-time product and analyze after product, carry out the product log management;
The product analysis display unit is connected with described product generation unit, is used for carrying out product and shows, product analysis and alarm analysis;
The service product administrative unit is connected with described product analysis display unit, is used for making, distribution and management service product, and the daily record of management service product;
The system maintenance unit is connected with described service product administrative unit, is used for leading subscriber, the configuration of basic data and Fundamental Geographic Information System, and carry out the data stored configuration, the maintaining loading volume data.
As a prioritization scheme of the embodiment of the present invention, the Data support unit also comprises:
The meteorological data collection module is used for scanning automatic Weather Station data, radar data, numerical model product documentation and other associated documents;
Data resolution module is connected with described meteorological data collection module, receives the information of meteorological data collection module, is used for resolving QPE, QPF file, numerical model product and radar storm data;
Quality control module with described data resolution module, the information of receive data parsing module, is used for checking filename template and file field form;
The file journalization administration module is connected with described quality control module, and the information of quality of reception control module is used for log recording and inquiry are carried out in each file operation of resolving.
As a prioritization scheme of the embodiment of the present invention, the product generation unit also comprises:
Real-time product generation module, time rainfall when many for the generation automatic Weather Station, time rainfall when radar is many is monitored product, and forecast model products is assessed product and warning product;
Analytic product production module is connected with described real-time product generation module, receives the information of real-time product generation module, is used for generating revised product and retrieval products;
The product log management module is connected with described analytic product production module, the information of receiving and analyzing production module, and whether being used for each product of monitoring, to generate node running situation normal and generate log recording.
As a prioritization scheme of the embodiment of the present invention, the product analysis display unit also comprises:
The product display module is used for showing the monitoring product, forecast model products, assessment product and warning product and enquiry of historical data;
The product analysis module, be connected with described product display module, receive the information of product display module, be used for carrying out the pattern conversion, adopt the isoline mode respective regions forecast data to be revised and after the real-time prediction failure, analyzed based on process to controversial forecast area;
The alarm analysis module is connected with described product analysis module, receives the information of product analysis module, is used for carrying out statistical study and process analysis procedure analysis.
As a prioritization scheme of the embodiment of the present invention, the service product administrative unit also comprises:
Service product is made module, is used for the service product template is managed editor and audit;
The service product distribution module, making module with described service product is connected, receive service product and make the information of module, be used for the short message type service product is sent with short message mode, the Doctype service product is sent with fax mode, the Doctype service product is sent in the FTP mode and the Doctype service product is sent with the Email mail;
The service information management module is connected with described service product distribution module, receives the information of service product distribution module, is used for management management service unit and personnel's information;
The service product log management module is connected with described service information management module, receives the information of service information management module, is used for service product is made, examines, distributed and carry out log recording and statistics.
As a prioritization scheme of the embodiment of the present invention, the system maintenance unit also comprises:
The user management generic module is used for the user of system is registered, logs in management;
The basic data Configuration Manager, be connected with described user management generic module, receive the information of user management generic module, be used for automatic Weather Station site location, station number, name of station are configured, to report to the police using icon type, depositing the path and be configured, province, city, county's administrative division information are configured and relevant unit/department information is managed for configuration;
Data stored configuration module, be connected with described basic data Configuration Manager, receive the information of basic data Configuration Manager, be used for the catalogue of data source information with storage monitoring, forecast, assessment, warning, service product is configured, and the related data that exceeds backup cycle is backed up, provide simultaneously Backup Data to recover restoring function;
The Fundamental Geographic Information System administration module is connected with described data stored configuration module, and the information of receive data stored configuration module is used for safeguarding base map layers data and administrative division data, controls base map color matching and figure layer;
The supporting body data maintenance module is connected with described Fundamental Geographic Information System administration module, receives the information of Fundamental Geographic Information System administration module, is used for mountain torrents ditch data, and dangerously weak reseroirs data and landslide point data are safeguarded, the figure layer is controlled.
Referring to accompanying drawing 1, a kind of middle and small river of embodiment of the present invention territory mountain flood monitoring and warning service platform system is described in further detail.
As shown in Figure 1, middle and small river territory mountain flood monitoring and warning service platform system of the present invention comprises:
Product analysis display unit 13 comprises: product display module 131 is used for showing the monitoring product, forecast model products, assessment product and warning product and enquiry of historical data; Product analysis module 132 is used for carrying out the pattern conversion, adopts the isoline mode respective regions forecast data to be revised and after the real-time prediction failure, analyzed based on process to controversial forecast area; Alarm analysis module 133 is used for carrying out statistical study and process analysis procedure analysis;
Service product administrative unit 14 comprises: service product is made module 141, is used for the service product template is managed editor and audit; Service product distribution module 142 is used for the short message type service product is sent with short message mode, and the Doctype service product is sent with fax mode, and the Doctype service product is sent in the FTP mode and the Doctype service product is sent with the Email mail; Service information management module 143, the information that is used for managing management service unit and personnel; Service product log management module 144 is used for service product is made, examines, distributed and carry out log recording and statistics;
Carry out meteorological data collection by data pretreatment unit 11, resolution data is controlled quality and management document daily record; Product generation unit 12 generates the product after real-time product and analysis, carries out the product log management; Product analysis display unit 13 carries out product and shows, product analysis and alarm analysis; 14 making of service product administrative unit, distribution and management service product, and the daily record of management service product; System maintenance unit 15 comes leading subscriber, the configuration of basic data and Fundamental Geographic Information System, and carry out the data stored configuration, the maintaining loading volume data.
This platform realized from live observation data collection, Monitoring Data calculate, the complete operation flow that the mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warnings serve such as forecast business diagnosis, disaster risk assessment, early warning product generate, service product is made distribution, interrelated between each service node, cooperatively interact.
The above is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, not in order to limiting the present invention, all any modifications of doing within the spirit and principles in the present invention, is equal to and replaces and improvement etc., within all should being included in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning business platform, is characterized in that, described mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning service platform system comprises:
The Data support unit is used for carrying out meteorological data collection, and resolution data is controlled quality and management document daily record;
The product generation unit is connected with described Data support unit, is used for generating real-time product and analytic product, carries out the product log management;
The product analysis display unit is connected with described product generation unit, is used for carrying out product and shows, product analysis and alarm analysis;
The service product administrative unit is connected with described product analysis display unit, is used for making, distribution and management service product, and the daily record of management service product;
The system maintenance unit is connected with aforementioned several unit, is used for leading subscriber, the configuration of basic data and Fundamental Geographic Information System, and carry out the data stored configuration, the maintaining loading volume data.
2. mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning business platform as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described Data support unit also comprises:
The meteorological data collection module is used for scanning automatic Weather Station data, radar data, numerical model product documentation and other associated documents;
Data resolution module is connected with described meteorological data collection module, receives the information of meteorological data collection module, is used for resolving QPE, QPF file, numerical model product and radar storm data etc.;
Quality control module with described data resolution module, the information of receive data parsing module, is used for checking filename template and file field form;
The file journalization administration module is connected with aforementioned several modules, and the information that reception ﹠ disposal is relevant is used for log recording and inquiry are carried out in each file operation.
3. mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning service platform system as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described product generation unit also comprises:
Real-time product generation module, time rainfall when many for the generation automatic Weather Station, time rainfall when radar is many is monitored product, and forecast model products is assessed product and warning product;
Analytic product production module is connected with the product analysis module, receives the information of forecast revision analysis, process back analysis module, is used for generating revised product and retrieval products;
The product log management module is connected with described analytic product production module, the information of receiving and analyzing production module, and whether being used for each product of monitoring, to generate node running situation normal and generate log recording.
4. mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning business platform as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described product analysis display unit also comprises:
The product display module is used for showing the monitoring product, forecast model products, assessment product and warning product and enquiry of historical data;
The product analysis module, change by pattern, switch to analytical model, receive the information of product display module, adopt the isoline mode respective regions forecast data to be revised and after the real-time prediction failure, analyzed based on process to controversial forecast area;
The alarm analysis module is connected with described real-time product module, receives the information of production module, is used for statistical study and the process analysis procedure analysis of reporting to the police.
5. mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning business platform as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described service product administrative unit also comprises:
Service product is made module, is used for service product (template) is managed editor and audit;
The service product distribution module, making module with described service product is connected, receive service product and make the information of module, be used for the short message type service product is sent with short message mode, the Doctype service product is sent with fax mode, the Doctype service product is sent in the FTP mode and the Doctype service product is sent with the Email mail;
The service information management module is connected with the modules of described service product unit, receives the information of each module, is used for the information such as management service unit, personnel and product;
The service product log management module is connected with described service information management module, receives the information of service information management module, is used for service product is made, examines, distributed and carry out log recording and statistics.
6. mountain flood and geological disaster monitoring and warning business platform as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, described system maintenance unit also comprises:
The user management generic module is used for the user of system is registered, logs in management;
The basic data Configuration Manager, be connected with described user management generic module, receive the information of user management generic module, be used for automatic Weather Station site location, station number, name of station are configured, to report to the police using icon type, depositing the path and be configured, province, city, county's administrative division information are configured and relevant unit/department information is managed for configuration;
Data stored configuration module, be connected with described basic data Configuration Manager, receive the information of basic data Configuration Manager, be used for the catalogue of data source information with storage monitoring, forecast, assessment, warning, service product is configured, and the related data that exceeds backup cycle is backed up, provide simultaneously Backup Data to recover restoring function;
The Fundamental Geographic Information System administration module is connected with described data stored configuration module, and the information of receive data stored configuration module is used for safeguarding base map layers data and administrative division data, controls base map color matching and figure layer;
The supporting body data maintenance module is connected with described Fundamental Geographic Information System administration module, receives the information of Fundamental Geographic Information System administration module, is used for mountain torrents ditch data, and dangerously weak reseroirs data and landslide point data are safeguarded, the figure layer is controlled.
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Cited By (15)
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| CN103400337A (en) * | 2013-08-02 | 2013-11-20 | 贵州东方世纪科技有限责任公司 | Method for determining early-warning index of mountain torrent disaster in small watershed |
| CN103985227A (en) * | 2014-06-05 | 2014-08-13 | 重庆誉鸣科技有限公司 | Mountain torrent disaster prewarning and prediction system |
| CN104424611A (en) * | 2013-08-23 | 2015-03-18 | 深圳市昆特科技有限公司 | Early warning information data acquisition system |
| CN105303007A (en) * | 2015-12-04 | 2016-02-03 | 松辽流域水资源保护局松辽流域水环境监测中心 | Method for building Nierji reservoir water ecological risk early warning model through fusion technology |
| CN105608840A (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2016-05-25 | 长江水利委员会水文局 | Mountain torrents early warning platform based on fused quantitative rainfall forecast algorithm, and early warning method thereof |
| CN107423313A (en) * | 2017-03-22 | 2017-12-01 | 四川省气象信息中心 | A kind of meteorological INTEGRATED SIGHT business integration system at county level |
| CN107562953A (en) * | 2017-09-28 | 2018-01-09 | 成都万江港利科技股份有限公司 | A kind of river information system based on GIS geographical information technologies |
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| CN108647740A (en) * | 2018-05-16 | 2018-10-12 | 河海大学 | The method for carrying out multi-source precipitation fusion using high-resolution landform and meteorological factor |
| CN108646319A (en) * | 2018-08-09 | 2018-10-12 | 深圳市雅码科技有限公司 | A kind of heavy showers forecasting procedure and system in short-term |
| CN109426906A (en) * | 2017-08-29 | 2019-03-05 | 北京思湃德信息技术有限公司 | A kind of heavy rain Hazard Evaluation for Weather Disaster system |
| CN110991720A (en) * | 2019-11-25 | 2020-04-10 | 中国长江三峡集团有限公司 | Geological disaster monitoring, early warning, preventing and treating system |
| CN111274775A (en) * | 2020-01-20 | 2020-06-12 | 清华大学 | Watershed water environment model verification system |
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| CN103400337A (en) * | 2013-08-02 | 2013-11-20 | 贵州东方世纪科技有限责任公司 | Method for determining early-warning index of mountain torrent disaster in small watershed |
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