CN103081683B - Improved American red maple twig cutting propagation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种改良美国红枫嫩枝扦插繁殖方法。本发明属于植物栽培技术领域。包括以下步骤:(1)在选取的繁殖地上建立经消毒的温床、苗床上架设拱架,在苗床内铺设经消毒的扦插基质;(2)从改良美国红枫母本植株上采取半木质化的枝条剪穗,剪成长度为8~10cm,带2芽及2片半片叶子的插穗;(3)插穗下切口在生根剂、生根粉溶液、激素溶液中浸泡,用以促进生根;(4)将插穗插入苗床基质中,插入深度2~4cm,密度为株行距5×6cm,叶片朝向同一方向;(5)扦插后用水浇透基质,然后在拱架上覆盖塑料薄膜和遮阳网,进入插后管理。该方法不受地域和气候条件限制,操作简便,繁殖速度快,成活率达95%以上,得到的改良美国红枫苗根系发达,品质优良,市场前景广阔。An improved cutting propagation method of American red maple twigs. The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation. It includes the following steps: (1) Establish a sterilized hotbed on the selected breeding ground, erect an arch frame on the seedbed, and lay a sterilized cutting substrate in the seedbed; Cut the ears of the branches, and cut them into cuttings with a length of 8-10cm, with 2 buds and 2 and a half leaves; (3) Soak the lower incision of the cuttings in rooting agent, rooting powder solution, and hormone solution to promote rooting; (4 ) Insert the cuttings into the seedbed substrate, the insertion depth is 2-4cm, the density is 5×6cm between plants and rows, and the leaves face the same direction; (5) After the cuttings, water the substrate thoroughly, then cover the arch frame with plastic film and sunshade net, and enter Post-plug management. The method is not restricted by regions and climate conditions, and is easy to operate, fast in propagation, and has a survival rate of over 95%. The improved American red maple seedlings obtained have well-developed root systems, good quality, and broad market prospects.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明属于植物栽培技术领域,具体涉及一种改良美国红枫嫩枝扦插繁殖方法。 The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation, and in particular relates to an improved cutting propagation method of American red maple twigs.
背景技术 Background technique
美国红枫是北美地区红枫的通称,其植物学名为红花槭(Acer rubrum),是槭树科槭树属落叶乔木。红花槭原产于美国及加拿大地区,在2000年前后红花槭原种被引入国内,常称为美国红枫。通常以籽播方式繁殖的原种,在国内种植规模较小。在美国,为了获得秋色明亮,红叶持久的观赏性能,园艺工作者从中选育了四十余个非常优秀的园艺栽培品种,统称为改良美国红枫,一般必须通过无性繁殖的方式繁殖。 American red maple is a general term for red maple in North America. Its botanical name is Acer rubrum , which is a deciduous tree belonging to the family Aceraceae. The red maple is native to the United States and Canada. The original species of the red maple was introduced into China around 2000, and it is often called the American red maple. The original species, which are usually propagated by seed sowing, are planted on a small scale in China. In the United States, in order to obtain bright autumn colors and long-lasting ornamental properties of red leaves, horticultural workers have selected more than forty excellent horticultural cultivars, collectively known as the improved American red maple, which generally must be reproduced by asexual reproduction.
目前,我国引进的改良美国红枫品种主要有红花槭改良品种“夕阳红”(Acer rubrum ’Red Sunset’)、“夏日红”(Acer rubrum ‘Summer Red’)、“秋烈焰”(Acer rubrum ‘Autumn Flame’)、“十月光辉”(Acer rubrum ‘October Glory’)、“酒红”(Acer rubrum ‘Brandy wine’)、“秋塔”(Acer rubrum ‘Autumn Spire’),杂交红花槭改良品种“秋火焰”(Acer r.×freemanii‘Autumn Blaze’)、“秋日梦幻”(Acer r.×freemanii‘Autumn Fantasy’)等品种。 At present, the improved American red maple varieties introduced in China mainly include Acer rubrum 'Red Sunset' , Acer rubrum 'Summer Red' , Acer rubrum ' Autumn Flame' ), Acer rubrum 'October Glory' , Acer rubrum 'Brandy wine' , Acer rubrum 'Autumn Spire' , hybrid Acer rubrum improved Varieties such as " Acer r.×freemanii'Autumn Blaze'"(Acer r.×freemanii'Autumn Blaze' ), "Autumn Fantasy"( Acer r.×freemanii'Autumn Fantasy' ) and other varieties.
改良美国红枫的主要优点是:季相变化明显,观赏性好。栽植范围宽广,我国黑龙江以南、广东以北都可种植。改良美国红枫在园林上主要用作行道树、遮阴树和景观树,是目前最流行的彩色绿化树种之一,市场需求巨大。在上海和北京植物园已引种栽培多年,表现较好。目前,山东、安徽、江苏、上海、浙江、湖南、湖北、辽宁等省市都有引种栽培。改良美国红枫的繁殖方式有嫁接繁殖、扦插繁殖和组织培养繁殖等。在国内,改良美国红枫扦插繁殖成活率普遍较低,仅30-40%左右,且技术实用性差。 The main advantages of the improved American red maple are: obvious seasonal changes and good viewing. The planting range is wide, and it can be planted in the south of Heilongjiang and the north of Guangdong in my country. The improved American red maple is mainly used as a street tree, shade tree and landscape tree in gardens. It is currently one of the most popular colored greening tree species, and the market demand is huge. It has been introduced and cultivated in Shanghai and Beijing Botanical Gardens for many years and performed well. At present, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei, Liaoning and other provinces and cities have introduced and cultivated. The propagation methods of improved American red maple include grafting propagation, cutting propagation and tissue culture propagation. In China, the survival rate of improved American red maple cuttings is generally low, only about 30-40%, and the technical practicability is poor.
本发明中涉及的一种改良美国红枫品种为“秋火焰”(Acer × freemanii ‘Autumn Blaze’), 是沈阳农业大学于2008年从美国引的品种,经过几年的栽培选育,筛选出适宜北方地区自然条件的优良植株,在此基础上扦插繁殖。 An improved American red maple variety involved in the present invention is " Acer × freemanii 'Autumn Blaze' ", which was introduced from the United States by Shenyang Agricultural University in 2008. After several years of cultivation and selection, it was screened out Excellent plants suitable for the natural conditions in the northern region can be propagated by cuttings on this basis.
改良美国红枫“秋火焰”,为槭树科槭树属落叶乔木,树高18~25m,冠幅12~15m,树冠椭圆形。叶对生,3或5浅裂,掌状,叶长5~10cm。春天幼叶浅红色,多被白色绒毛,夏季叶色碧绿,秋天叶色变为深红色,挂色期长、落叶晚。春季开花,红色花穗。翅果浅红色,长2.5~5cm。幼树树皮光滑,灰白色,接近银色。树干笔直,成深褐色鳞片状,材质坚硬、纹理好。一般年生长量可达0.8~1.2m,寿命为100年左右。该种属红花槭和银白槭杂交系中最出色的改良品种,不仅继承了红花槭的优异观赏性,而且继承了银白槭的广泛适应性,耐盐碱、耐旱、耐涝、抗风、生长快速,能耐-35℃的低温。喜部分或全日光照,能容忍半阴的环境。适应中性及微酸或微碱性土壤。喜欢潮湿、肥沃的土壤,而在微酸、湿润、透水性好的土壤生长最理想。pH值的适宜范围为4.5~9.5,而生长最佳的pH值的范围为6.0~7.0。“秋火焰”树冠浓密,枝条直立舒展,秋叶橙红至火红,统一整齐,挂色持久,树型优美,特别适宜城市道路、庭院绿化。 The improved American red maple "Autumn Flame" is a deciduous tree of the Aceraceae family, with a height of 18-25m, a crown width of 12-15m, and an oval crown. Leaves opposite, 3 or 5 lobed, palmate, 5-10cm long. The young leaves are light red in spring, mostly covered with white fluff, green in summer, and dark red in autumn, with a long hanging color period and late leaf fall. Flowers in spring with red spikes. Samara light red, 2.5-5cm long. The bark of young trees is smooth, off-white, almost silvery. The trunk is straight and scale-like in dark brown, with hard material and good texture. Generally, the annual growth can reach 0.8-1.2m, and the life span is about 100 years. This species is the most outstanding improved variety among the hybrid lines of Acer safflower and Acer syringae. It not only inherits the excellent ornamental quality of Acer Wind, fast growth, and can withstand low temperatures of -35°C. Prefers partial or full sun and can tolerate partial shade. Adapt to neutral and slightly acidic or slightly alkaline soil. It likes moist, fertile soil, and grows best in slightly acidic, moist, well-permeable soil. The suitable range of pH value is 4.5-9.5, and the optimal growth range of pH value is 6.0-7.0. "Autumn Flame" has a dense canopy, straight and stretching branches, orange-red to fiery red autumn leaves, uniform and neat, long-lasting hanging color, and beautiful tree shape, especially suitable for urban roads and garden greening.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明针对现有技术中存在的问题,提供一种繁殖速度快、成活率高、实用性强的一种改良美国红枫扦插繁殖方法的技术方案。 Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a technical scheme for improving the cutting propagation method of American red maple with fast propagation speed, high survival rate and strong practicability.
本发明提供的改良美国红枫扦插繁殖方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤: The improved American red maple cutting propagation method provided by the invention is characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
(1)在选取的繁殖地上建立以生马粪为酿热物、河沙为育苗基质的消毒苗床; (1) Establish a sterilized seedbed with raw horse manure as the heating material and river sand as the seedling substrate on the selected breeding ground;
(2)从生长发育健壮、无病虫害、树势发育良好的改良美国红枫母本植株上采取当年生的半木质化的枝条剪穗,剪成长度为8~10cm,带2芽及2片半片叶子的插穗; (2) From the improved female parent plant of American red maple with strong growth, no pests and diseases, and well-developed tree vigor, cut the semi-lignified branches of the current year and cut them into lengths of 8-10 cm, with 2 buds and 2 pieces Cuttings with half a leaf;
(3)插穗下切口2~3cm处在生根剂“根宝”30倍水溶液和“根茂”1000倍水溶液等量配比的混合液、或用1000mg/L ABT1号生根粉水溶液、或用1000mg/L ABT1号生根粉水溶液与1000mg/L IBA植物激素水溶液等量配比的混合液中浸蘸6s,用以促进生根; (3) Put the rooting agent "Genbao" 30 times aqueous solution and "Genmao" 1000 times aqueous solution at the 2~3cm of the cuttings in equal proportions, or use 1000mg/L ABT1 rooting powder aqueous solution, or use 1000mg Dip in the mixture of /L ABT No.1 rooting powder aqueous solution and 1000mg/L IBA phytohormone aqueous solution in equal proportions for 6 seconds to promote rooting;
(4)将插穗插入苗床基质中,株行距为5×6cm,插入深度2~4cm,叶片朝向同一方向; (4) Insert the cuttings into the seedbed matrix, the row spacing between plants is 5×6cm, the insertion depth is 2-4cm, and the leaves face the same direction;
(5)扦插后用水浇透基质,在苗床上支高约50cm拱架,拱架上覆盖塑料薄膜,四周密封; (5) After the cuttings, pour the substrate with water, set up an arch about 50 cm high on the seedbed, cover the arch with plastic film, and seal it around;
(6)扦插后,在插穗生根期间,保持基质含水量为饱和含水量的60~70%,塑料拱棚内空气相对湿度保持在80~85%,严格控制塑料拱棚内温度不超过29℃,采用间歇喷水方式塑料拱棚外降温。苗床上架设拱架,拱架上高架双层遮阳网遮阴,保持透光度为40~50%; (6) After cutting, during the rooting period of the cuttings, keep the water content of the substrate at 60-70% of the saturated water content, keep the relative humidity of the air in the plastic shed at 80-85%, and strictly control the temperature in the plastic shed not to exceed 29°C. Intermittent water spray mode cooling outside the plastic shed. An arch frame is erected on the seedbed, and a double-layer sunshade net is elevated on the arch frame for shade, and the light transmittance is kept at 40-50%;
(7)扦插后至生根期间,扦插后隔3天向苗床喷洒1次百菌清水溶液,然后再间隔4天喷洒1次代森锰锌水溶液,两种药液交替喷洒,防止插穗霉烂;多数穗条发根后,保持基质含水量为饱和含水量的35~40%,并逐渐揭开薄膜通风。 (7) During the period from cutting to rooting, spray chlorothalonil aqueous solution on the seedbed every 3 days after cutting, and then spray mancozeb aqueous solution once every 4 days. The two kinds of liquids are sprayed alternately to prevent cuttings from mildew; After the roots are rooted, keep the water content of the matrix at 35-40% of the saturated water content, and gradually uncover the film for ventilation.
本发明的积极效果是:该扦插繁殖技术适用范围广,无论大规格苗圃还是中小型苗木生产基地均可根据各自苗木生产需求确定扦插规模,操作简便;该方法促进插穗生根所需处理时间短,适宜批量生产苗木;该扦插繁殖方法生根速度快,生根效果好。扦插后约7~10d插穗开始生根,约30d插穗全部生根,生根率达95%以上,且平均生根数12条,其中>5cm长的Ⅰ级侧根数平均为7条,根系发达,苗木质量好。 The positive effects of the present invention are: the cuttage propagation technology has a wide range of applications, no matter the large-scale nursery or the small and medium-sized seedling production base can determine the cutting scale according to the respective seedling production requirements, and the operation is simple; the method requires short processing time to promote rooting of cuttings, It is suitable for batch production of seedlings; the cutting propagation method has fast rooting speed and good rooting effect. About 7-10 days after cutting, the cuttings start to take root, and about 30 days, all the cuttings take root, the rooting rate is over 95%, and the average number of roots is 12, of which the average number of I-level lateral roots > 5cm long is 7, the root system is developed, and the quality of seedlings is good .
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
首先选取地势高、排水良好、水源方便、有光照条件、土层深厚、通透性良好的圃地上建立育苗床,苗床规格为床面宽1m,步道宽40cm,床长约10~20m,苗床四周用砖头或挡板围拢,步道用砖头砌好。苗床的底层先铺3~5cm厚的生马粪,然后在马粪上铺厚度约15cm的过2mm筛的河沙,苗床覆盖物总厚度18~20cm左右,床面河沙低于苗床四周的砖头或挡板约2cm。在建立的育苗床四周埋设水泥桩或木桩,架设荫棚。水泥桩或木桩露出地面高1.5~1.8m,水泥桩或木桩上拉铁线,上盖单层或双层遮阳网。苗床消毒生马粪采用药剂“杀三尺”杀灭土壤中的菌虫,每800g药剂拌生马粪30kg,河沙采用质量浓度5%高锰酸钾溶液喷洒苗床消毒,用量为1.5~2.0L/m2,喷洒后15~20min用清水喷洒苗床2~3次,洗去苗床表面高锰酸钾溶液,每次用水量为3~5L/m2 。 First, select a nursery with high terrain, good drainage, convenient water source, light conditions, deep soil layer, and good permeability to establish a seedbed. Surrounded by bricks or baffles, the trails are built with bricks. The bottom layer of the seedbed is first spread with 3-5cm thick raw horse manure, and then spread river sand with a thickness of about 15cm and passed through a 2mm sieve on the horse manure. The total thickness of the seedbed covering is about 18-20cm. Or the baffle is about 2cm. Cement piles or wooden piles are buried around the established seedbeds to set up shade sheds. Cement piles or wooden piles are 1.5-1.8m high above the ground, iron wires are drawn on the cement piles or wooden piles, and single-layer or double-layer sunshade nets are covered on top. Seedbed disinfection Raw horse manure uses the agent "killing three feet" to kill bacteria and insects in the soil. Mix 30kg of raw horse manure per 800g of the agent, and spray the seedbed with a mass concentration of 5% potassium permanganate solution for river sand disinfection. The dosage is 1.5-2.0 L/m 2 , spray the seedbed with clean water 2 to 3 times 15 to 20 minutes after spraying, and wash off the potassium permanganate solution on the surface of the seedbed, with a water consumption of 3 to 5 L/m 2 each time.
适宜扦插时间以当年的6月~8月为宜。从生长发育健壮、无病虫害、树势发育良好的改良美国红枫“秋火焰”(Acer × freemanii ‘Autumn Blaze’)母树上选取当年生枝条,将剪下的当年生枝条立即放入阴凉的室内,并用细眼喷壶向枝条上喷水以减少枝条失水。剪穗前,先剪掉当年生枝条没有木质化的幼嫩顶梢和过粗的基部,插穗粗度以0.5~1.0cm最佳,每个插穗长8~10cm,带2个腋芽,并保留2片半片叶子,上切口在腋芽上方1~1.5cm处平切,下切口平切或斜切,保证切口光滑不劈裂。剪好的插穗每30~50个一捆,每捆插穗下切口对齐,用胶皮套捆好,随剪随扦插。将剪好的成捆插穗用生根促进剂处理,其中,生根剂为“根宝”30倍水溶液和“根茂”1000倍水溶液等量混合;或1000mg/L ABT1号生根粉水溶液;或1000mg/L ABT1号生根粉水溶液与1000mg/L IBA植物激素水溶液等量混合,然后将插穗下切口2~3cm处在上述生根促进剂中浸蘸6s取出,放在阴凉处10~20min后即可扦插。 The suitable cutting time is from June to August of that year. Select the branches of the current year from the improved American red maple "Autumn Blaze" ( Acer × freemanii 'Autumn Blaze' ) mother tree that grows robustly, has no pests and diseases, and is well developed, and puts the cut branches of the current year in a cool room immediately , and spray water on the branches with a fine-eyed watering can to reduce water loss from the branches. Before cutting the ears, cut off the young top shoots and overly thick bases of the current year's branches without lignification. The thickness of the cuttings is 0.5-1.0cm. The length of each cutting is 8-10cm, with 2 axillary buds, and keep For 2 and a half leaves, the upper incision is cut flat at 1-1.5 cm above the axillary buds, and the lower incision is cut flat or obliquely to ensure that the incision is smooth and does not split. The cut cuttings are bundled with 30 to 50 cuttings, and the lower incisions of each bundle of cuttings are aligned, tied up with a rubber sleeve, and the cuttings are cut as they are cut. The cut bundles of cuttings are treated with a rooting accelerator, wherein the rooting agent is a 30-fold aqueous solution of "Genbao" and a 1000-fold aqueous solution of "Genmao" mixed in equal amounts; or 1000mg/L ABT1 rooting powder aqueous solution; or 1000mg/L Mix L ABT1 rooting powder aqueous solution with 1000mg/L IBA phytohormone aqueous solution in equal amounts, then dip the 2-3cm lower incision of the cuttings in the above-mentioned rooting promoter for 6 seconds, take them out, and put them in a cool place for 10-20 minutes before cutting.
在苗床基质中进行扦插,扦插深度为2~4cm,扦插的株行距为5×6cm,密度为330 株/m2,扦插时使插穗叶片朝向同一方向,扦插后用水浇透基质。待一个苗床扦插结束后,在床面上用长1.8m,宽4cm的毛竹片支拱架,拱架最高处高约50cm,在苗床上每间隔50cm插一毛竹片,然后在拱架上覆盖塑料薄膜,四周密封。 Cuttings are carried out in the seedbed matrix, the cutting depth is 2-4cm, the spacing between the cuttings is 5×6cm, and the density is 330 plants/m 2 . After the cutting of a seedbed is completed, use bamboo slices 1.8m long and 4cm wide to support the arch on the bed. Plastic film, sealed all around.
扦插后的管理包括,基质水分和环境湿度管理、光照和温度管理、病虫害管理、炼苗的管理。扦插后基质水分和环境湿度的管理:扦插后在生根期间,保持基质含水量为饱和含水量的60~70%,空气相对湿度保持在80~85%,多数穗条发根后,保持基质含水量为饱和含水量的35~40%,并逐渐揭开薄膜通风。光照和温度管理:大田苗床扦插后,在小拱棚上高架加盖双层遮阳网,在生根期间严格控制塑料拱棚内温度不超过29℃,采用间歇喷水方式降温。扦插后至发根之前,都要双层遮阴,透光度约40~50%,扦插后约7~10d插穗开始生根,约30d插穗全部生根,生根率达95%以上,平均生根数12条,其中>5cm长的Ⅰ级侧根数平均为7条,平均根长12.5cm。病虫害防治:扦插生根期间,由于高温高湿,插穗极易发霉腐烂,因此,扦插后每隔3天用喷雾器喷洒一次百菌清(50%可湿性粉剂)600~800倍水溶液,喷洒百菌清后间隔4天喷洒代森锰锌(80%可湿性粉剂)600~800倍水溶液,两种药剂交替喷洒,用药量为0.5L/ m2,直至插穗全部生根,同时及时拔除病株。每次喷药注意快速揭开塑料薄膜,喷药后即刻将苗床上的塑料膜覆盖,四周密封。养分管理:扦插时苗床基质不施肥,扦插枝条发根发叶后,可喷施叶面肥。扦插后炼苗:插穗全部生根后,揭去一层遮阳网,此时透光度约70%,每天早8:00时~18:00时揭开小拱棚的塑料薄膜,约20d后,完全撤掉塑料薄膜,撤掉棚膜3~4天后撤掉遮阳网,每天用喷雾器向苗床喷水3~4次,每次用水量2~3L/m2。 The management after cutting includes substrate moisture and environmental humidity management, light and temperature management, disease and insect pest management, and seedling hardening management. Management of substrate moisture and environmental humidity after cuttings: During the rooting period after cuttings, keep the moisture content of the substrate at 60-70% of the saturated moisture content, and keep the relative humidity of the air at 80-85%. The water content is 35-40% of the saturated water content, and the film is gradually uncovered for ventilation. Light and temperature management: After the field seedbed is cut, a double-layer sunshade net is elevated on the small shed. During the rooting period, the temperature in the plastic shed is strictly controlled not to exceed 29°C, and intermittent water spraying is used to cool down. After cutting and before rooting, double-layer shading is required, the light transmittance is about 40-50%, the cuttings start to take root about 7-10 days after cutting, and all cuttings take root about 30 days, the rooting rate is over 95%, and the average number of roots is 12 Among them, the average number of grade I lateral roots > 5cm long is 7, and the average root length is 12.5cm. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests: During the rooting period of cuttings, due to high temperature and high humidity, the cuttings are prone to mold and rot. Therefore, spray chlorothalonil (50% wettable powder) 600-800 times aqueous solution with a sprayer every 3 days after cuttings, and spray chlorothalonil Spray mancozeb (80% wettable powder) 600-800 times aqueous solution at intervals of 4 days, and spray the two kinds of agents alternately, with a dosage of 0.5L/m 2 , until all the cuttings take root, and pull out the diseased plants in time. Pay attention to uncovering the plastic film quickly every time you spray, cover the plastic film on the seedbed immediately after spraying, and seal around it. Nutrient management: No fertilizer is applied to the seedbed substrate when cutting, and foliar fertilizer can be sprayed after the cuttings have roots and leaves. Seedling hardening after cuttings: After all the cuttings have taken root, remove a layer of sunshade net. At this time, the light transmittance is about 70%. Every day from 8:00 am to 18:00 am, the plastic film of the small arch shed is uncovered. After about 20 days, it is completely Remove the plastic film, remove the shed film 3 to 4 days later, remove the sunshade net, and spray water on the seedbed with a sprayer 3 to 4 times a day, with a water consumption of 2 to 3 L/m 2 each time.
扦插苗经过炼苗后继续在原苗床生长,当气温降低、苗木叶片大部分脱落后,一种处理方式为:将苗床上的苗木起出,移栽到塑料容器杯中,容器杯的规格为Φ12cm×H13cm,容器内基质为苗床表土或沙壤土或草炭:表土=1:1,每容器中栽植1株扦插苗,将装有扦插苗的塑料容器杯移入不加温塑料大棚中,保持塑料大棚内温度在3~5℃,第二年春季4月上中旬,塑料大棚中的苗木即可移栽到大田中,移栽株行距为50×50cm,苗木密度为39960株/hm2(2664株/亩),移栽后第二年,隔株移栽,苗木密度9990株/hm2(666株/亩)。第二种处理方式为:炼苗后,扦插苗在原苗床留床,当苗木落叶后、气温下降到0℃以下,夜间最低温达-5℃时,将苗床苗木用秸秆或稻草覆盖,秸秆或稻草上用苫布盖上,苫布四周用重物压好,以防被风掀开,直至第二年春季,土壤化冻后将扦插苗从育苗地起出,移栽到大田,栽植密度同上。 Cutting seedlings continue to grow in the original seedbed after hardening. When the temperature drops and most of the leaves of the seedlings fall off, one treatment method is: take the seedlings out of the seedbed and transplant them into plastic container cups. The size of the container cup is Φ12cm × H13cm, the substrate in the container is the top soil of the seedbed or sandy loam or peat: top soil = 1:1, plant 1 cutting seedling in each container, move the plastic container cup containing the cutting seedlings into an unheated plastic greenhouse, and keep it in the plastic greenhouse. The temperature is 3-5°C, and the seedlings in the plastic shed can be transplanted to the field in early and mid-April of the second spring. mu), and in the second year after transplanting, the seedlings were transplanted at intervals, with a seedling density of 9990 plants/hm 2 (666 plants/mu). The second treatment method is: after seedling hardening, the cutting seedlings are kept in the original seedbed. When the leaves of the seedlings fall, the temperature drops below 0°C, and the lowest temperature at night reaches -5°C, the seedlings in the seedbed are covered with straw or straw. Cover the straw with a thatch, and press the thatch with heavy objects to prevent it from being lifted by the wind. Until the spring of the second year, after the soil is thawed, the cuttings are removed from the nursery and transplanted to the field with the same planting density as above.
改良美国红枫栽植大田后,用于培育商品苗和扦插母本,为本发明相关的配套技术。 After the improved American red maple is planted in the field, it is used to cultivate commercial seedlings and cutting female parents, which is a supporting technology related to the present invention.
1.苗木栽植 1. Seedling planting
1)整地:红枫属浅根性树种,侧根发达,主要根系活跃于地表下20~30cm处。其间土层应疏松,富含有机质,以促进侧根生长。在耕地前将有机肥均匀的撒在地表,75000kg/ hm2(5000kg/亩)。然后翻耕,耕地深度宜在25~30cm之间。 1) Soil preparation: Red maple is a shallow-rooted tree species with well-developed lateral roots, and the main root system is active at 20-30cm below the surface. The soil layer should be loose and rich in organic matter to promote the growth of lateral roots. Spread the organic fertilizer evenly on the surface before plowing, 75000kg/hm 2 (5000kg/mu). Then plow, and the depth of the plowed land should be between 25 and 30 cm.
2)栽植密度:苗木栽植2~3年后行株距为2.0×2.0m,待行间再次郁蔽后调整为4.0×2.0m。 2) Planting density: 2 to 3 years after the seedlings are planted, the row spacing is 2.0×2.0m, and it is adjusted to 4.0×2.0m after the rows are shaded again.
3)树木栽植:红枫栽植宜浅,以树苗根颈部同地表一平或略低于地表4~5cm为宜。栽植后踩实或用木棒捣实,后开沟灌水,待地表略干后及时补充第二遍水,然后封堰,这样可以起到保温、保湿作用。待苗木展叶后要及时灌第三遍水。以后可随天气变化及土壤干湿度来决定灌溉次数。 3) Tree planting: Red maple planting should be shallow, with the root neck of the saplings at the same level as the ground surface or slightly lower than the ground surface by 4-5cm. After planting, step on it or tamp it with a wooden stick, then open a ditch and irrigate. After the surface is slightly dry, add water for a second time in time, and then seal the weir, which can play a role in heat preservation and moisture retention. After the seedlings show their leaves, they should be filled with water for the third time in time. In the future, the frequency of irrigation can be determined according to weather changes and soil humidity.
2.田间管理 2. Field management
1)水肥的供应 1) Supply of water and fertilizer
排水及灌溉:灌水时期分休眠期灌防冻水、萌芽前解冻后灌返青水、生长期灌水。即在树木休眠后,土壤封冻前结合施基肥灌防冻水,灌水后要将根颈处培土防寒。返青水在树萌芽前土壤解冻后灌大水。生长期灌水次数宜多,使土壤湿度保持田间最大持水量的60%~70%,在雨季要注意排出地内积水,到8月中下旬要停止灌水或根据土壤状况来决定灌水多少,以防苗木徒长而遭受冻害。同时也要防止过于干旱,在生长季灌水应结合追施氮肥同时进行。叶子变色时,土壤保持干燥状态。 Drainage and irrigation: The irrigation period is divided into antifreeze water during the dormant period, green water after thawing before germination, and water during the growth period. That is, after the trees are dormant, before the soil is frozen, the antifreeze water should be irrigated with basal fertilizer, and the root neck should be cultivated to prevent cold after irrigation. Greening water is poured after the soil thaws before the tree sprouts. The frequency of irrigation during the growing period should be more, so that the soil humidity can be maintained at 60% to 70% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field. During the rainy season, attention should be paid to draining the accumulated water in the ground. In the middle and late August, the irrigation should be stopped or the amount of irrigation should be determined according to the soil condition, so as to prevent Seedlings grow leggy and suffer from frost damage. At the same time, it is also necessary to prevent excessive drought. During the growing season, irrigation should be combined with topdressing nitrogen fertilizer. Keep the soil dry while the leaves change color.
施肥的时期及方法:改良美国红枫应以有机肥为主化肥为辅。春季土壤解冻后,施肥以氮、磷肥为主,以供应根系及顶芽所需养分。生长季以氮肥为主,宜少施勤施。在整个生长季中施450~600kg/hm2(30~45 kg /亩)尿素,分4~5次结合灌水或降雨追施。到8月中下旬应停止氮肥的供应。在秋分前后结合翻地施用一次复合肥或有机肥,以钾肥为主,这样可以加快苗木的木质化程度,从而提高抗寒性能。在树木落叶后,土壤封冻前施一次有机肥作为基肥,多采用环施,深度在30~40cm为宜。 Time and method of fertilization: The improvement of American red maple should be based on organic fertilizer and supplemented by chemical fertilizer. After the soil is thawed in spring, fertilization is mainly based on nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers to supply the nutrients needed by the roots and terminal buds. In the growing season, nitrogen fertilizer is the main method, and it is advisable to apply less and more frequently. Apply 450-600kg/hm 2 (30-45 kg/mu) urea throughout the growing season, and topdress in 4-5 times combined with irrigation or rainfall. The supply of nitrogen fertilizer should be stopped by mid-to-late August. Apply compound fertilizer or organic fertilizer once before and after the autumnal equinox, mainly potassium fertilizer, which can speed up the lignification of seedlings and improve cold resistance. After the leaves of the trees fall and before the soil is frozen, apply organic fertilizer once as the base fertilizer, and the ring application is usually used, and the depth is preferably 30-40cm.
2)修剪整形 2) Trimming and shaping
修剪时期:修剪时期主要在生长期,在树木萌芽展出幼叶后到8月中旬为最佳时期,休眠期严禁修剪。因改良美国红枫愈伤能力弱,剪口处易遭冻害。另外红枫伤流比较严重,所以冬春萌芽前不要修剪。 Pruning period: The pruning period is mainly during the growth period. The best period is from the time when the trees germinate and display young leaves to mid-August. Pruning is strictly prohibited during the dormant period. Due to the weak healing ability of the improved American red maple, the cut is vulnerable to frost damage. In addition, the red maple is more serious, so don't prune it before it buds in winter and spring.
修剪要点:在保留自然树形的基础上进行修剪。保护顶芽,维护主稍及主要侧枝,疏剪分布不均匀枝,整理杂枝,修剪宜少。 Key points of pruning: Pruning is carried out on the basis of retaining the natural tree shape. Protect the terminal buds, maintain the main shoots and main side branches, thin out the unevenly distributed branches, arrange miscellaneous branches, and pruning should be less.
3)病虫害防治:改良美国红枫主要病虫害有红蜘蛛、天牛、叶斑病。 3) Pest control: The main pests and diseases of the improved American maple include red spider mite, longhorn beetle, and leaf spot.
红蜘蛛:危害改良美国红枫叶片,形成退绿色斑点,严重时易引起落叶,采用扫螨净1000~1500倍液进行叶面喷雾。 Red spider mite: Harm the improved American red maple leaves, forming green spots, which may easily cause leaf fall in severe cases. Use 1000-1500 times of cleaning mite to spray on the leaves.
天牛:属蛀干害虫。用人工扑捉成虫和刮除虫卵。用杀灭菊脂、功夫等2000~3000倍液进行喷雾,或在虫道口向枝干注射甲胺磷、敌敌畏等农药并用粘性泥封住虫道口等防治。 Beetle: It is a dry borer pest. Catch adults and scrape eggs manually. Spray with 2000-3000 times of chrysanthemum, kung fu, etc., or inject methamidophos, dichlorvos and other pesticides into the branches at the insect entrance and seal the insect entrance with sticky mud.
叶斑病:初期在叶尖及叶片上部形成水渍状退绿小斑点,后期叶片枯焦状。可喷施百菌清、多菌灵、甲基托布津800~1000倍液。 Leaf spot: In the early stage, small water-soaked chlorotic spots are formed on the tip of the leaf and on the upper part of the leaf, and the leaves are scorched in the later stage. Can spray chlorothalonil, carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl 800-1000 times solution. the
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