CN102892381A - 有限光栅镜片、系统和方法 - Google Patents
有限光栅镜片、系统和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
用于在较宽且扩展的焦距范围内提供增强的图像质量的系统和方法涵盖视力治疗技术和诸如隐形眼镜和人工晶状体(IOL)的眼镜片。示例性IOL光学装置可包括具有有限相邻光栅(230)的圆形表面结构(210),所述有限相邻光栅(230)用作衍射或相移分布。
Description
相关申请的引用
本申请要求在35U.S.C§119(e)下于2009年12月18日提交的临时申请号61/288,255的优先权,将其全部内容结合于此以供参考。本申请涉及以下与此同时提交的申请:Single Microstructure Lens,Systems AndMethods(单微结构镜片、系统和方法),美国专利申请号__;OphthalmicLens,Systems And Methods With Angular Varying Phase Delay(具有角变化相位延迟的眼镜片、系统和方法),美国专利申请号__;以及OphthalmicLens,Systems And Methods Having At Least One Rotationally AsymmetricDiffractive Structure(具有至少一个旋转不对称的衍射结构的眼镜片、系统和方法),美国专利申请号__。这三篇申请的全部内容也结合于此以供参考。本申请还涉及以下美国专利申请号:两者于2008年4月24日提交的61/047,699和12/109,251;2009年4月23日提交的12/429,155;2009年2月17日提交的12/372,573;2008年8月23日提交的12/197,249;2008年4月13日提交的12/120,201,以及2010年4月30日提交的12/771,550。这里明确地要求全部巴黎公约的优先权。
技术领域
本发明的实施方式涉及视力治疗技术,特别地,涉及眼镜片(镜片,ophthalmic lens),诸如例如隐形眼镜、角膜嵌入物或覆盖物、或人工晶状体(IOL),其包括,例如有晶状体眼IOL和双联IOL(即,在已经具有IOL的眼睛中植入的IOL)。
背景技术
老花眼是一种影响眼睛的适应性的疾病。当物体移动得更靠近年轻的、适当起作用的眼睛时,睫状肌收缩和小带松弛的作用允许眼睛的晶状体改变形状,并由此增加其屈光力和在近距离聚焦的能力。此适应性可允许眼睛在近物和远物之间聚焦和重新聚焦。
老花眼通常随着人变老而出现,并与适应性的自然逐渐损耗相关。老花眼通常失去快速且容易地在变化距离处的物体上重新聚焦的能力。老花眼的影响通常在45岁的年龄之后变得明显。到65岁的年龄,晶状体通常失去几乎全部弹性,并仅具有有限的改变形状的能力。
与眼睛的适应性减小一起,年龄还可能由于形成白内障而导致晶状体混浊。白内障可能在晶状体的硬中央核中形成,在晶状体的更软的外皮层部分中形成,或在晶状体的背面处形成。可通过用人工晶状体替换混浊的自然晶状体来治疗白内障。人工晶状体替换眼睛中的自然晶状体,人工晶状体通常称作眼内透镜或“IOL”。
单焦点IOL旨在仅在一个距离处提供视力矫正,通常是远焦距。对植入预测最适当的IOL屈光度(强度,power)具有有限的精度,并且,不适当的IOL屈光度会在手术后给患者留下残余的折光差。因此,已接受IOL植入的患者可能必须还佩戴眼镜以实现良好的远视力。最低限度地,由于单焦点IOL仅在一个距离处提供视力治疗,并且,由于典型的矫正用于远距离,所以,对于良好的近视力和有时中视力通常都需要眼镜。术语“近视力”通常相当于当物体位于离对象眼睛基本上在眼睛的视网膜上的焦点中的约1至2英尺之间的距离时所提供的视力。术语“远视力”通常相当于当物体位于至少基本上在眼睛的视网膜上的焦点中的约6英尺或更大的距离时所提供的视力。术语“中视力”相当于当物体位于离对象眼睛基本上在眼睛的视网膜上的焦点中的约2英尺至约5英尺的距离时所提供的视力。
已用各种方式尝试来解决与单焦点IOL相关的限制。例如,已经提出了多焦点IOL,其原则上提供两个焦点,一个近焦点和一个远焦点,可选地具有一定程度的中间焦点。这种多焦点IOL或双焦点IOL,旨在于两个距离处提供良好的视力,并包括折射和衍射多焦点IOL。在一些情况中,旨在矫正两个距离处的视力的多焦点IOL可能提供约3.0或4.0屈光度的近增加屈光力(near add power)。
例如,多焦点IOL可以依赖于衍射光学表面,以朝着不同的焦距引导光能的部分,从而允许患者清楚地看到近物和远物。还已经提出了不用去除自然晶状体来治疗老花眼的多焦点眼镜片(包括隐形眼镜等)。还可以将单焦点或多焦点的衍射光学表面构造为提供减小的色像差。
衍射型单焦点和多焦点镜片可利用具有提供屈光力的给定折射率和表面曲率的材料。衍射型镜片具有使镜片具有有助于镜片的整体屈光力的衍射屈光力(衍射强度,diffractive power)的衍射型分布(衍射曲线,衍射轮廓,diffractive profile)。典型地,衍射型分布的特征在于许多衍射区域。当用于眼镜片时,这些区域典型地是在镜片的光轴周围隔开的环形镜片区域、或光栅。每个光栅可由光学区域、该光学区域和相邻光栅的光学区域之间的过渡区域、以及光栅几何形状来限定。光栅几何形状包括光学区域的内径和外径以及形状或斜率、过渡区域的高度或阶梯高度(stepheight)以及形状。光栅的表面积或直径主要决定镜片的一种或多种衍射屈光力,光栅之间的过渡的阶梯高度主要决定不同增加屈光力之间的光分布。这些光栅一起形成衍射型分布。
镜片的多焦点衍射型分布可用来通过提供两个或多个屈光力来缓解老花眼;例如,一个用于近视力,一个用于远视力。镜片还可采用放在眼睛的囊袋内的人工晶状体的形式,代替原有晶状体,或放在自然晶状体的前面。镜片还可以是隐形眼镜的形式,最常见的是双焦点隐形眼镜,或是这里提到的任何其他形式。
虽然多焦点眼镜片使许多患者提高了视力质量,但是其他改进也将是有好处的。例如,一些人工晶状体眼患者会经历不希望有的视觉效果(闪光感异常(dysphotopsia)),例如眩光或光晕。当来自未使用的焦点图像的光产生在所使用的焦点图像上重叠的焦点之外的图像时,可能出现光晕。例如,如果使来自远点光源的光通过双焦点IOL的远焦点在视网膜上成像,那么IOL的近焦点将同时将散焦的图像重叠在由远焦点形成的图像上。此散焦的图像可以将其自身表现为焦点之内的图像周围的光环的形式,并叫做光晕。另一个改进区域在多焦点镜片的典型双聚焦周围旋转。由于多焦点眼镜片典型地提供近视力和远视力,所以可能牺牲中视力。
具有扩展焦距深度(焦深)的镜片可能对一些患者提供在一定范围的距离处具有良好视力的好处,同时减小闪光感异常或没有闪光感异常。已经提出了各种扩展IOL的焦距深度的技术。例如,一些方法基于准心折射原理,并包括具有稍微增加的屈光力的中心区域。其他技术包括非球面或包括具有不同折射区域屈光力的折射区域。
虽然一些所提出的治疗可能对需要其的患者提供一些好处,但是仍将希望进一步提高。例如,将希望提供没有闪光感异常地在较宽且扩展的焦距范围内具有增强的图像质量的改进的IOL系统和方法。本发明的实施方式提供了解决上述问题的方案,并由此对这些突出需求中的至少一部分提供了答案。
发明内容
本发明的实施方式通常提供改进的镜片和成像技术。示例性实施方式提供改进的眼镜片(诸如,例如,隐形眼镜、角膜嵌入物或覆盖物(cornealinlays or onlays)、或人工晶状体(眼内透镜,眼内晶状体,intraocular lens)(IOL),其包括,例如有晶状体眼IOL和双联IOL),并提供相关的用于其设计和使用的方法。
本发明的实施方式包含具有圆形表面结构的IOL光学装置,该圆形表面结构具有一个至四个包围表面结构的光栅(红外光栅,echelette)。这样设计分布,使得其增加人工晶状体眼的焦距深度,其中,用人造镜片代替眼睛的自然晶状体。这种有限环IOL技术抑制了与传统的具有许多衍射环的多焦点IOL相关的不同的双聚焦。因此,通过根据本发明的实施方式的镜片,可减轻与传统的多焦点IOL相关的闪光感异常(例如光晕作用)。
示例性有限环IOL包括前面(anterior face)和后面(posterior face)。可在前表面或后表面(或前面或后面)上设置分布(外廓,曲线,轮廓,profle)。该分布可具有内部和外部。内部典型地具有抛物线弯曲形状。内部还可称作微结构、或中心或内部光栅。在内部和外部之间,可能存在连接内部和外部的过渡区域(transition zone)。外部可能由四个或更少的光栅组成。
除了抛物线形状以外,中心/内部光栅可具有任何各种形状,包括双曲线、球面、非球面和正弦形。中心/内部光栅的内部和外部之间的过渡(过渡部分,transition)可以是急剧过渡,或者,其可以是平滑过渡。
微结构的外侧处的外部的表面可具有任何球面或非球面形状,并由有限数量的光栅组成,优选地小于四个。可优化外部的形状,以具有一定范围的瞳孔大小所需的光学性能。所需光学性能可以基于以下要素,诸如,焦距深度、远焦点中的光学质量、以及最佳焦点(或远焦点)位置作为瞳孔大小的函数的变化。可以应用这样的优化规则,好像形状是折射单焦点IOL,或是具有扩展焦距深度的折射IOL,或是矫正或改变视觉球面像差的折射设计。可进行这样的特殊设计,其中在中心光栅和外部区域之间的相互作用包含在该设计或优化中。这里描述的技术也非常适合于用任何各种眼镜片实现,包括IOL、角膜嵌入物或覆盖物、和/或隐形眼镜。
在一个方面中,本发明的实施方式包含用于治疗患者的眼睛的眼镜片系统和方法。示例性镜片可包括具有前折射型分布(前折射曲线,前折射轮廓,anterior refractive profile)的前面和具有后折射型分布(后折射曲线,后折射轮廓,posterior refractive profile)的后面。可将这些面设置在光轴周围。镜片还可包括施加在前折射型分布或后折射型分布上的衍射型分布。在一些情况中,衍射型分布可以包括不超过5个光栅。可选地,可在镜片的中心区域内设置中心光栅。相关地,可将中心光栅设置在包围镜片的中心折射区域的圈环内。在一些情况中,镜片包括具有有限数量的包围中心光栅或圈环的光栅的外围区域。该有限数量的光栅的特征可能在于恒定的相移。
根据一些实施方式,眼镜片可包括有限数量的其特征在于抛物曲线的光栅。中心光栅可具有在从约1mm到约4mm范围内的直径。例如,中心光栅可具有约1.5mm的直径。在一些情况中,中心光栅可具有在从约1.0mm到约5.0mm范围内的直径。镜片实施方式可包括由有限数量的光栅和折射部分组成的外围部分。中心和外围光栅(peripheral echelette)可具有1至7mm2之间的表面积。例如,光栅可具有2.3mm2的表面积。在一些情况中,镜片可以包括包围光栅的外围部分。镜片可以包括具有在从约4mm到约6mm范围内的外径的外围部分。在一些情况中,外围部分将具有在从约1mm到约7mm范围内的外径。例如,镜片可以包括具有约5mm的外径的外围部分。
光栅的特征可以在于具有在从约0.5μm到约4μm范围内的值的阶梯高度。根据一些实施方式,过渡的特征可以在于具有在从约1.5μm到2.5μm范围内的值的阶梯高度。根据一些实施方式,过渡的特征可以在于具有约1.7μm的值的阶梯高度。在其他实施方式中,阶梯高度可具有约2.0μm的值。
可选地,衍射型分布的特征可以在于设计波长,并且,镜片可包括这样的过渡,其特征在于产生设计波长的约0.25倍至约1倍之间的相移的阶梯高度。在一些情况中,衍射型分布的特征可以在于设计波长,并且,镜片可包括这样的过渡,其特征在于产生设计波长的约0.15倍至约2倍之间的相移的阶梯高度。
在一些方面中,本发明的实施方式包含这样的系统和方法,其包含包括前面、后面和衍射型分布的眼镜片,该前面具有前折射型分布,该后面具有后折射型分布,使得将这些面设置在光轴周围,并且衍射型分布施加在前折射型分布或后折射型分布上,使得衍射型分布包括内部光栅和四个或更少的外部光栅。根据一些实施方式,可将内部光栅设置在镜片的中心区域内。在一些情况中,可将内部光栅设置在包围镜片的中心区域的圈环内。可选地,内部光栅和外部光栅的特征可以在于抛物线。在一些情况中,内部光栅和外部光栅的特征可以在于恒定的相移。根据一些实施方式,眼镜片可包括适应性镜片和/或多焦点镜片。
为了更充分地理解本发明的本质和优点,应当结合附图参考以下详细描述。
附图说明
图1A是具有多焦点折射人工晶状体的眼睛的横截面图。
图1B是具有植入的多焦点衍射人工晶状体的眼睛的横截面图。
图2A是衍射多焦点眼镜片的正视图。
图2B是图2A的镜片的横截面图。
图3A-3B是传统的衍射多焦点镜片的衍射型分布的一部分的图示。
图4示出了根据本发明的实施方式的镜片的中心光栅的方面。
图4A-4E示出了根据本发明的实施方式的镜片分布的方面。
图5示出了根据中心光栅实施方式的所计算的散焦曲线的方面。
图6示出了根据本发明的实施方式的所计算的散焦曲线的方面。
为了说明的目的,并不精确地成比例地绘制一些上述附图中所示的分布几何形状。图中所示的分布的高度通常是约0.1μm至约8.0μm的等级,尽管高度可能根据以下因素而变化,例如患者所需矫正的量、镜片材料和周围介质的折射率、以及期望衍射级之间的光的所需分布。
具体实施方式
应理解,已经简化了本发明的附图和描述,以说明与清楚地理解本发明相关的元件(要素),同时,为了清楚和简短的目的,消除了在典型眼镜片、可植入光学设备、系统和方法中找到的许多其他元件(要素)。因此,本领域普通技术人员可认识到,在执行本发明时希望和/或需要其他元件和/或步骤。然而,因为这种元件和步骤在本领域中是众所周知的,并且因为其并不便于更好地理解本发明,所以这里不提供这种元件和步骤的讨论。这里的公开内容涉及对本领域技术人员已知的所公开的元件和方法的所有这种变化和改进。
本发明的实施方式包含在扩展范围的焦点或焦距上提供改善的图像质量的系统和方法。这里公开的系统和方法可包含各种眼镜片,诸如例如隐形眼镜、人工晶状体、镜片(眼镜片,spectacle lenses)、以及角膜嵌入物或覆盖物。示例性实施方式包括这样的眼镜片,与传统的单焦点镜片相比,该眼镜片具有扩展的焦距深度,并且,与传统的多焦点眼镜片相比,该眼镜片的闪光感异常(dysphotopsia)减小。在一些情况中,这种技术包括IOL方法,该方法包括有限数量的环或光栅,并典型地包括扩展的焦距深度。有利地,这种方法可对患者提供良好的远距视力、以及在中间距离处提供良好的没有闪光感异常的视力。
本发明的实施方式通常提供改进的镜片和成像系统,并可包含在任何这样的系统中,在该系统中,具有扩展焦距深度的镜片可能是有利的,例如照相机/录像机镜片,包括那些用于监视或用于手术步骤的、以及用于移动电话或其他相关装置中的照相机的镜片。本发明的实施方式可能以改进的眼科装置、系统和方法的形式找到其最直接的应用。本发明的示例性实施方式提供改进的眼镜片(包括,例如隐形眼镜、人工晶状体(IOL)、角膜植入物等)和相关的用于其设计和使用的方法。本发明的实施方式可以与单焦点衍射或折射镜片、双焦点衍射或折射镜片、以及多焦点衍射或折射镜片一起使用,例如,本发明的实施方式可添加至多焦点IOL,例如TECNIS多焦点或REZOOM或RESTOR IOL的相对表面。换句话说,例如,可对衍射或折射多焦点实施方式的相对表面添加扩展焦距深度特征。
另外,可对例如复曲面IOL、改变视觉球面和/或色差的IOL、和/或适应的IOL添加扩展焦距深度特征。通常,可对改变视觉像差的IOL添加扩展焦距深度特征。
通常在瞳孔较小的亮光条件中进行阅读。相反,在瞳孔较大的低光度条件中进行夜间驾驶。本发明的实施方式包含对小瞳孔大小相对强调中视力或近视力,同时对大瞳孔大小也相对强调远视力的镜片。在一些这种眼镜片中,可将更大比例的光能从镜片的外围部分传递至远焦点,以适应低光度的远视条件,例如夜间驾驶,近视力或中视力接收比衍射型分布的中心部分相对更多的光能-例如,以进行阅读或计算机工作,和/或在低光度阅读条件下提供焦距深度和中距离或近距离观察,例如在阅读餐馆菜单时。
图1A是装配有多焦点IOL 11的眼睛E的横截面图。如所示出的,例如,多焦点IOL 11可包括双焦点IOL。多焦点IOL 11在眼睛E的前部从角膜12的至少一部分接收光,并通常在眼睛E的光轴周围集中。为了便于参考和清楚的原因,图1A和图1B并未公开眼睛的其他部分的折射特性,例如角膜表面。仅示出了多焦点IOL 11的折射和/或衍射特性。
镜片11的每个主面,包括前表面和后表面,通常具有折射型分布(折射型外廓,折射曲线,refractive profile),例如双凸的、平凸的、平凹的、凹凸的等等。相对于周围房水、角膜、以及整个光学系统的其他光学元件的特性,这两个表面一起限定镜片11通过眼睛E在成像性能上的效果。传统的单焦点IOL具有这样的屈光力,其基于制造镜片的材料的折射率并且还基于镜片的前表面和后表面或前面和后面的曲率或形状。
在年轻的健康眼睛中,囊袋14周围的睫状肌17的收缩和松弛有助于眼睛适应当其移动更近时眼睛增加屈光力以保持聚焦在物体上的过程。当人变老时,适应程度降低,并通常导致老花眼、在近物上聚焦的能力变差。因此,传统地,患者可以使用具有两个屈光力的矫正光学装置,一个用于近视力,一个用于远视力,如多焦点IOL 11所提供的。
多焦点镜片还可以可选地专门利用镜片的折射特性。这种镜片在镜片的不同区域中通常包括不同的屈光力(power),以减轻老花眼的影响。例如,如图1A所示,折射多焦点镜片11的周边区域可能具有适于在远视距离观察的屈光力。相同的折射多焦点镜片11还可包括具有适于在近距离观察的更高的表面曲率和通常更高的整体屈光力(有时称作正增加屈光力)的内部区域。
与完全依赖镜片的折射特性相反,多焦点衍射IOL或隐形眼镜还可具有衍射屈光力,如图1B所示的IOL 18所示出的。例如,衍射屈光力可包括正或负增加屈光力,并且,该增加屈光力可能是镜片的整体屈光力的重要的(或甚至是主要的)贡献者。由多个形成衍射型分布的同心衍射区域赋予衍射屈光力。可在前面或后面或两者上施加衍射型分布。
衍射多焦点镜片的衍射型分布将进入的光引导成许多衍射级。当光13从眼睛前部进入时,多焦点镜片18引导光13,以在视网膜16上形成远场焦点15a以观察远物,并形成近场焦点15b以观察眼睛附近的物体。根据离光13的来源的距离,相反,视网膜16上的焦点可以是近场焦点15b。典型地,远场焦点15a与第0个衍射级相关,近场焦点15b与第1个衍射级相关,尽管也可使用其他级。
多焦点眼镜片18典型地在两个观察级中分布大部分光能,目的通常是使成像光能约均匀地分离(50%:50%),一个观察级与远视力相应,一个观察级与近视力相应,尽管典型地,一些部分转向非观察级。
在一些实施方式中,有晶状体眼IOL可以提供矫正光学装置,该有晶状体眼IOL可用来在使自然晶状体留在原处的同时治疗患者。有晶状体眼IOL可以是角度支持的、虹膜支持的、或沟槽支持的。可将有晶状体眼IOL放在自然晶状体上或在另一IOL上双联。还想象到,本发明可应用于嵌入物、覆盖物、适应性IOL、眼镜、甚至是激光视力矫正。
图2A和图2B示出了标准衍射多焦点镜片20的方面。多焦点镜片20可具有某些通常与上述多焦点IOL 11,18的光学特性相似的光学特性。多焦点镜片20具有设置在光轴24周围的前镜片面21和后镜片面22。镜片20的面21,22典型地限定通光孔径25。如这里使用的,术语“通光孔径”表示限制一束来自远处光源的可由镜片或光学装置成像或聚焦的光线的程度的镜片或光学装置的开口。通光孔径通常是圆形的并由其直径确定,有时等于光学装置的整个直径。
当装配在对象或患者的眼睛上时,镜片20的光轴通常与眼睛E的光轴对准。镜片20的曲率使镜片20具有前折射型分布和后折射型分布。虽然也可在前面21和后面22或两者上施加衍射型分布,但是,图2B示出了具有衍射型分布的后面22。衍射型分布的特征在于多个在光轴24周围间隔的环形光学区域或光栅23。虽然分析光学理论通常假设无限数量的光栅,但是,标准的多焦点衍射IOL典型地具有至少9个光栅,并可具有超过30个光栅。为了清楚起见,图2B仅示出了4个光栅。典型地,IOL是双凸的,或可能是平凸的,或是凸凹的,尽管IOL可以是平平的或其他折射表面组合。
图3A和图3B是多焦点镜片的典型衍射型分布的一部分的图示。虽然该图仅示出了3个完整的光栅,但是,典型的衍射型镜片扩展到至少9个光栅至超过32个光栅。在图3A中,相对于离镜片的光轴的径向距离的平方(r2或ρ),绘制了光栅表面上的每个点的表面起伏分布(surface reliefprofile)的高度(从垂直于光线的平面开始)。在多焦点镜片中,每个光栅23可具有一定的直径或离光轴的距离,其通常与√n成比例,n是从光轴24开始数的光栅23的数目。每个光栅具有特征光学区域30和过渡区域31。光学区域30具有如图3A所示当相对于ρ绘制时可能是线性的形状或向下的斜率。当相对于半径r绘制时,光学区域30具有如图3B所示的抛物线的形状或向下的斜率。至于典型的衍射多焦点镜片,如这里示出的,所有光栅具有相同的表面积。光栅23的面积决定镜片20的增加屈光力,并且,当使面积和半径相关时,该增加屈光力也与光栅的半径相关。
如图3A和图3B所示,相邻光栅之间的过渡区域31是急剧(尖锐)且不连续的。镜面的高度从稳定向下倾斜急剧地过渡至垂直向上渐进,并且,该过渡突然回到再次稳定向下倾斜。这样做时,光栅23也具有由光栅的最低点和最高点之间的距离限定的特征阶梯高度32。因此,衍射表面的斜率(或第一导数)和/或曲率(第二导数)在该过渡附近是不连续的。
中心光栅的结构
图4提供了示出中心光栅结构的示例性镜片的一部分的横截面的图示。镜片分布(镜片曲线,lens profile)200具有1.21mm的环径,并在220处具有2.05μm的阶梯高度,与0.5λ(见表2)的相位延迟相应。在此实例中,通过比例因数√2,将环径从1.5mm(其是2.0屈光度的传统IOL衍射型镜片的内环径)减小至1.21mm,如在专利US 5,121,980(Cohen)中描述的。仅示出了镜片的一半的内部和外部的部分,尽管由于镜片是旋转对称的,所以另一半是镜像。
下面详细描述了外部(未示出)中的一个或多个相邻的光栅。分布200包括内部210或单环、阶梯或过渡220、以及外部230。外部230超过图4F中公开的延伸至2.5mm,并可由有限的额外光栅组成。内部210在分布200的中心位置210和过渡220之间延伸。外部230在过渡220和外围位置(未示出)之间延伸。在一些情况中,可将过渡220设置在离光轴一定距离处,该距离在从约0.5mm到约2.0mm的范围内,并且,可将外围位置设置在离光轴一定距离处,该距离在从约2.0mm到约3.5mm的范围内,或更大(例如,对于隐形眼镜,该范围由于隐形眼镜与IOL相比光学上屈光力更大的位置而将约大15%;本领域的技术人员将根据应用情况而适当地依比例决定某些尺寸)。
内部或光栅210包括中心210a和外边缘210b。在径向距离是零的内部210的中心或中心部分210a处,内部的垂度(sag)(d)在衍射基线240的垂度(d)和离外围曲线2601.03μm处的外围曲线260的垂度(d)之间,相当于0.25λ的相位延迟(见表2)。在外边缘210b处,内部210的垂度(d)基本上等于13.8μm处的衍射基线240的垂度(d)。径向距离零和0.61mm处的外边缘210b处的径向距离之间的垂度(d)的值,从1.03μm(在r=0处)逐渐且平稳地变化至基线240(在r=0.61mm处)的值,其是13.8μm。此变化以抛物线的方式出现。如这里示出的,内部可呈现抛物线形状,例如在科恩(Cohen)的等式4a中描述的,Applied Optics(应用光学),31:19,pp.3750-3754(1992),将其结合于此以供参考。
在径向距离(r)是0.61mm的外边缘210b处,垂度(d)的值从衍射基线240的值逐渐变化或改变至外围曲线260的值。在径向距离(r)与过渡220相应的地方,内部的垂度(d)与衍射基线240的值相等。相关地,当径向距离从零的值增加至约0.61mm的值时,分布的位移接近衍射基线的位移。阶梯高度是2.05μm,导致0.5的相位延迟。
外部230包括内边缘或中心边缘230a和外边缘(未示出)。在内边缘230a处,外部的垂度(d)与外围曲线260的垂度(d)基本上相等。在外边缘处,外部的垂度(d)保持与外围曲线260的垂度(d)基本上相等。如下所述,有限数量的光栅可能位于内边缘230a和外边缘之间。
图4A提供了根据本发明的实施方式的具有中心光栅和一个外围相邻的光栅的镜片衍射型分布的一部分的图示。在图4A中,相对于离镜片的光轴的距离绘制光栅表面上的每个点的表面起伏分布的高度(离垂直于光线的平面)。光栅可具有特征光学区域930和过渡区域931。光学区域930可具有如图4A所示当相对于ρ绘制时可能是线性的形状或向下的斜率。当相对于半径r绘制时,光学区域930可具有抛物线的形状或向下的斜率。中心和外围光栅可具有1至7mm2之间的表面积。例如,光栅可具有2.3mm2的表面积。外部(折射)区域可遵循具有固定偏移的基圆半径。
如图4A所示,光学区域930和相邻的光学区域之间的过渡区域931可以是急剧的且不连续的。类似地,相邻的光栅和还有外围部分或折射区域之间的垂直过渡可以是急剧的且不连续的。镜面的高度从稳定向下倾斜(例如越过光学区域930)急剧地过渡至垂直向上渐进(例如在过渡区域931处),并且,该过渡突然回到稳定向下倾斜或在外折射区域处基本上水平。这样做时,光栅930也具有由光栅的最低点和最高点之间的距离限定的特征阶梯高度932。因此,衍射表面的斜率(或第一导数)和/或曲率(第二导数)在该过渡区域附近是不连续的。第一导数可用直线的方向表示,第二导数可用直线的弯曲表示。
根据一些实施方式,光来自下方,在由箭头A表示的方向上,并仅到达(hit)分布的光栅930。根据一些实施方式,在理论条件中,光不会到达光学区域的垂直连接处,因此,该分布可以说没有过渡区域。根据一些实施方式,实际上,当尝试产生这种分布时,例如通过车床切割,可能难以复制锐角转角(sharp corner)(例如,在光学区域与相邻光学区域连接的地方),因此,由于有限的切凿半径而可能使该转角在一定程度上形成圆角。这种倒圆对光学性能可能具有可以忽略的作用。根据相关实施方式,可以特殊的方式使过渡区域931(可称作从光栅到相邻区域或多个区域的过渡)成形,以优化光学性能,例如,以使从急剧过渡产生的散射减到最小。
分布参数
分布设计可以根据一组参数特征。例如,可将有限的光栅分布描述为具有:具有一定直径和表面积的中心光栅、具有相同表面积的一个或多个相邻的光栅、以及在每个产生相位延迟的过渡处的相关的阶梯高度。中心光栅可具有从约1mm到约5mm的范围内的直径。例如,中心光栅可具有约1.5mm的直径。中心光栅可具有1至7mm2之间的表面积。例如,中心光栅可具有2.3mm2的表面积。一个或多个外围光栅可具有与中心光栅相等的表面积。特别地,表1公开了中心光栅的半径和直径的尺寸、以及中心和外围光栅的表面积。
阶梯高度或分布高度可决定相位延迟或相移分布。更大的阶梯高度可相当于更大的相移。根据一些实施方式,镜片可包括这样的过渡,其特征在于产生设计波长的约0.25倍至约1倍之间的相移的阶梯高度。在一些情况中,衍射型分布的特征可在于设计波长,并且,镜片可包括这样的过渡,其特征在于产生设计波长的约0.15倍至约2倍之间的相移的阶梯高度。根据一些实施方式,镜片可包括这样的过渡,其特征在于产生约0.5的相移的阶梯高度。在其他实施方式中,镜片可包括这样的过渡,其特征在于约0.4的阶梯高度。
表2提供了不同样本的尺寸,该样本公开了相位延迟(单位是波长)和阶梯高度(单位是μm)之间的关系,如对于实例IOL材料有效的。
表2
相位延迟 | 阶梯高度 |
0.896 | 3.68 |
0.700 | 2.87 |
0.590 | 2.42 |
0.509 | 2.09 |
0.500 | 2.05 |
0.423 | 1.74 |
0.366 | 1.50 |
0.350 | 1.44 |
0.250 | 1.03 |
0.150 | 0.62 |
图4B提供了根据本发明的实施方式的具有中心光栅和两个外围光栅的镜片衍射型分布的一部分的图示。相对于离镜片的光轴的距离绘制了光栅表面上的每个点的表面起伏分布的高度(离垂直于光线的平面)。根据一些实施方式,如图4A中公开的,具有中心和外围相邻光栅的镜片还可由在最外部光栅和内部光栅之间具有折射区域的额外的外围光栅组成。
图4C还详细描述了具有中心光栅和两个外围光栅的镜片衍射型分布的一部分。然而,在此实施方式中,衍射区域紧邻中心光栅,并将中心光栅与三个外围的且相邻的光栅分开。
虽然以上优选实施方式公开了带有具有相等阶梯高度的光栅的镜片,但是,如在图4D中详细描述的,这里也覆盖带有具有可变阶梯高度的光栅的镜片。图4D公开了四个光栅的实施方式,其中,折射区域将中心光栅和相邻的光栅与三个外围的相邻光栅分开。如图4D所示,三个外部光栅的阶梯高度(由光栅的最低点和最高点之间的距离限定)比内部光栅的阶梯高度更小。当然,除了覆盖一个或多个外部光栅的阶梯高度比一个或多个内部光栅更小的实施方式以外,一个或多个内部光栅的阶梯高度可以比一个或多个外部光栅更小。还可预测,内部光栅和外部光栅都可以具有可变的阶梯高度,不管阶梯高度是增加的、减小的、还是交替的。
图4E提供了具有中心光栅和与中心光栅不相邻的外围光栅的镜片衍射型分布的一部分的图示。中心光栅可以具有抛物线的形状或向下的斜率。然后,折射区域可以将中心光栅与外围光栅分开。然后,外围光栅的特征可以在于,向下的斜率之后的急剧且不连续的阶梯高度。如以上实施方式中一样,外围折射区域可以包围最外部的光栅。另外,其他示例性实施方式包括与图4A-4D类似的不相邻的光栅变型。通过非限制性实例,没有被折射区域分开的两个光栅也可以是不相邻的。
瞳孔相关性
人瞳孔的大小随着亮度而变化。在亮光中,瞳孔较小,在暗光或低光度条件中,瞳孔较大。另外,人瞳孔的大小随着适应作用而变化。没有适应作用时,瞳孔比具有适应作用时更大。因此,对于更小的瞳孔,可以希望提供相对强调中视力或近视力的设计。对于更大的瞳孔,可以希望提供相对强调远视力的设计。
在光较亮的典型的阅读或近视条件中,瞳孔的大小较小,例如直径在约1mm至2mm之间,并且,眼睛具有较大的焦距深度(例如来自针孔效应),几乎与IOL的光学装置无关。当瞳孔大小较大时(例如直径大于约4-5mm),情况通常应用于低光度条件,并且,通常与对其典型地建立IOL的屈光力的远距视力相关。因此,许多患者将大多从提高焦距深度的IOL受益,以便能看到中间距离。对于中间瞳孔大小,具有带有有限的相邻光栅的中心光栅的IOL可以有效地增加焦距深度,同时保持较小的瞳孔大小的一般增加的焦距深度,还对较大的瞳孔大小保持强调远视力。
同时,对于几乎所有瞳孔大小,由于有限的光栅和光学装置的剩余的表面积或剩余的镜片部分(非光栅)具有不相等的表面积,所以焦距之间存在不完全的分离。观察到,通过两个焦距的分离和瞳孔大小效果,来控制对多焦点镜片存在的闪光感异常(例如光晕)的状态。因此,按照本发明的示例性实施方式,镜片可以仅包括有限数量的光栅,使得与标准的衍射多焦点IOL相比,不同焦距之间的分光是不完全的。由于光的分离是不完全的,所以焦距的分离是不完全的。焦距的不完全的分离有助于焦距深度扩展和闪光感异常(例如光晕)减弱。
在一个示例性实施方式中,有限光栅设计的光学性能取决于瞳孔大小。对于非常小的瞳孔(其中,瞳孔比一个或多个中心光栅和一个或多个相邻光栅的尺寸更小),光栅将用作折射镜片,由于针孔效应而具有非常大的焦距深度。对于中等和更大的瞳孔大小(其中,瞳孔覆盖中心光栅和相邻光栅),镜片将用作衍射/折射型镜片,将光引导至几个焦点。对于更大的瞳孔大小,将更多的光引导至更低等级的焦点。一个或多个中心光栅和一个或多个相邻光栅的大小会影响镜片的瞳孔相关性。同样地,可根据特定患者的瞳孔大小来选择一个或多个中心光栅和一个或多个相邻光栅的大小。例如,可在亮光、暗光中,在远视过程中和近视过程中,并在光级和适应作用的不同组合中,测量患者的瞳孔大小。可将这些不同的瞳孔大小(可能将其定义为瞳孔动态)用作有限光栅设计的最佳设计的输入参数。
例如,如果患者在近视过程中(例如,在近距离观察目标,具有较高的适应作用)具有小于2mm的瞳孔直径,在亮光和暗光下都具有此瞳孔尺寸,那么,可将一个或多个中心光栅和一个或多个相邻光栅的尺寸选择为小于2mm(例如,图4A的相邻光栅的外径),以提供适当的近视力和中视力。相关地,如果患者在近视过程中具有大于2mm的瞳孔直径,在亮光和暗光下都具有此瞳孔尺寸,那么,一个或多个中心光栅和一个或多个相邻光栅的尺寸可以为2mm或更大,以提供适当的近视力和中视力。通常,一个或多个中心光栅和一个或多个相邻光栅的直径可以比患者在任何条件(例如,亮光/暗光;近视/远视)下具有的最小瞳孔大小还小。对于任何类型的瞳孔动态,可将大小、分布和偏移量选择为,使用于该特定患者,或一组患者的镜片性能最大化。通常,这是在其中测量患者的瞳孔的不同视力环境(光级和适应作用的组合)之间的权衡。因此,示例性实施方式包括一种设计眼镜片的方法,由下述组成:利用瞳孔大小测量并且基于测量确定施加在镜片表面上的隔离光栅的大小。该瞳孔大小测量可以基于一组患者。
特定实例的变化的评估
图5和图6示出了具有1.48mm的中心环径、1.7mm2的光栅表面积、和0.4波长的相位延迟的实施方式的ACE眼睛模型中所计算的散焦曲线。水平轴表示图像平面中的散焦值,单位是毫米。负散焦值代表近视眼,因此,模拟中距离和近距离处的视力。垂直轴表示每毫米50个循环处的模数(MTF)。包括用于5mm瞳孔直径的数据。图5示出了仅具有单个中心光栅的实施方式的散焦曲线。图6示出了如在部分4E中公开的示例性实施方式,除了中心光栅以外,还具有外围光栅。外围光栅具有3.5mm2的表面积和0.82波长的相位延迟。如图6所示的具有约-0.2mm至-0.3mm的散焦值的中视距离处的MTF比图5中的相应散焦值处的MTF更高。如图所示,与仅有中心光栅相比,中心光栅加上外围光栅可增加焦距深度。
可将本发明的实施方式与多焦点镜片设计组合,并与多焦点镜片的每个焦点的扩展焦距深度组合。类似地,可将本发明的实施方式与适应镜片设计组合,通过该设计,可扩展适应镜片的适应范围。另外,可将本发明的实施方式与校正视觉像差的镜片,例如复曲面镜片、非球面镜片、校正色差的镜片等组合。
可将本发明的实施方式与校正色差的镜片设计组合。在一个实施方式中,将之前的实例中的光栅的相位延迟增加多个不连续的波长,以便校正色差。例如,如果使用0.5的相位延迟(相当于2.05μm的阶梯高度),那么,替代实施方式将具有1.5的相位延迟,相当于6.15μm的阶梯高度。此实施方式将第一级衍射引导至远焦点,并且,第二级衍射在中间范围和近范围处建立焦距深度。
虽然已经通过实例并为了清楚地理解而在一定程度上详细描述了示例性实施方式,但是,本领域技术人员会认识到,可以采用许多更改、修改和变化。因此,权利要求书的范围不应限制于这里包含的优选变型的描述。
Claims (15)
1.一种眼镜片,包括:
前面和后面,所述两面设置在光轴周围;以及
施加在所述前面或所述后面上的至少一个衍射型分布,所述至少一个衍射型分布由内部光栅和1至4个外围光栅组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的眼镜片,其中,至少2个光栅并不彼此相邻。
3.根据权利要求2所述的眼镜片,其中,并不彼此相邻的所述至少2个光栅由折射区域分开。
4.根据权利要求2所述的眼镜片,其中,所述至少2个光栅并不由折射区域分开。
5.根据权利要求1所述的眼镜片,其中,所述内部光栅和一个或多个所述外围光栅并不由折射区域分开。
6.根据权利要求1所述的眼镜片,其中,所述光栅的特征在于1至7平方毫米之间的表面积。
7.根据权利要求1所述的眼镜片,其中,所述光栅具有相同的表面积。
8.根据权利要求5所述的眼镜片,其中,所述内部光栅具有在从约1mm到约5mm范围内的直径。
9.根据权利要求1所述的眼镜片,其中,所述镜片进一步包括由球面曲线或非球面曲线表征的外围部分。
10.根据权利要求1所述的眼镜片,其中,所述光栅进一步由过渡组成,所述过渡的特征在于具有在从约0.5μm到约4μm范围内的值的阶梯高度。
11.根据权利要求9所述的眼镜片,其中,所述阶梯高度提供设计波长的约0.25倍至约3倍之间的相移。
12.根据权利要求10所述的眼镜片,其中,至少2个光栅的阶梯高度不同。
13.根据权利要求10所述的眼镜片,其中,至少2个光栅的表面积不同。
14.一种设计眼镜片的方法,由下述组成:利用瞳孔大小测量以及基于所述测量确定施加在镜片表面上的内部光栅和1至4个外围光栅的大小。
15.根据权利要求14所述的镜片/方法,其中,所述测量基于一组患者的瞳孔大小。
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