CN102851596A - 一种低成本490MPa级建筑结构用耐火钢板及其制造方法 - Google Patents
一种低成本490MPa级建筑结构用耐火钢板及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102851596A CN102851596A CN2011101799408A CN201110179940A CN102851596A CN 102851596 A CN102851596 A CN 102851596A CN 2011101799408 A CN2011101799408 A CN 2011101799408A CN 201110179940 A CN201110179940 A CN 201110179940A CN 102851596 A CN102851596 A CN 102851596A
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- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 107
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010583 slow cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 13
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- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound 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Abstract
本发明公开了一种低成本490MPa级建筑结构用耐火钢板及其制造方法，其化学成分为：C0.03％～0.09％、Si0.10％～0.38％、Mn0.55％～1.50％、Nb0.011％～0.039％、Ti0.012％～0.050％、Als0.007％～0.045％、Cr0.12％～0.49％、Cu0.10％～0.40％，B0.0008％～0.0020％，余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质，钢中的杂质元素控制在P≤0.016％，S≤0.006％，[N]≤0.0040％，[O]≤0.0030％。其钢坯加热到温度1150～1270℃，加热时间为钢板厚度60～110秒/厘米；第一阶段轧制钢板表面除磷后开始，终轧温度控制在不小于960℃；第二阶段开始温度960～840℃，再结晶区积累变形量大于55％，终轧温度720～880℃；在终轧和冷却之间需保留20～100秒；开始冷却为680～840℃，终冷为650～420℃；快速堆垛缓冷保温，堆垛温度600～300℃，保温时间8～16小时。
Description
一种低成本490MPa级建筑结构用耐火钢板及其制造方法
技术领域
[0001] 本发明属于金属材料领域，尤其涉及一种抗拉強度490MPa级别建筑结构用耐火钢板及其制造方法。
背景技术
[0002] 耐火钢（FR钢）其耐热温度为600°C以上（一般钢材仅为350°C以下）使用这种钢材对可燃物较少且空间较大的建筑物和体育馆、博物馆等有可能不用防火涂料，节省大量投资。美国“911”事件发生后，世界各国对于建筑物、特别是高层建筑结构的耐火性能提出了迫切而严格的要求。因此建筑用高性能耐火钢板成为近年来研究开发的热点。
[0003]日本是建筑钢结构发展最快，新钢材、新技术开发最先进、应用范围最广的国家，其建筑领域所用的钢材约占普通钢的30%左右，是日本钢材用量最大的领域。日本耐火钢 的研究开发工作引人处于世界领先地位，主要产品为板材和H型钢。
[0004] 中国从20世纪90年代末开始从事耐火钢方面的研究。马钢、鞍钢、宝钢和武钢等钢厂先后研发了耐火钢，由于耐火钢中的主要合金元素是高Mo，导致耐火钢的成本较高，影响了耐火钢的大量推广和使用。
[0005] 国际国内有关490N/mm2级别建筑结构用耐火钢板及制造方法已经形成多项专利，例如以下5个专利：
[0006] 专利1，鞍钢申请的专利申请号为CN03111076. 2的“耐火钢及其制造方法”，该发明性能已经达到耐火钢的性能要求，但合金设计中存在V、RE、Ni以及较高水平的Mo元素，这样难以控制耐火钢合金成本。
[0007] 专利2，武钢提供一种专利申请号为CN011335629的“耐火钢及其生产方法”，该钢虽然达到了 600°C I〜3小时内屈服強度下降不低于其常温的2/3，但是也存在不控制碳当量和屈強比的弊端，且合金含量高，价格昂贵，不能满足国内建筑用钢市场的需求。
[0008] 专利3，日本新日铁钢铁公司申请的专利号为JP2000256791的发明专利“ Lowyield ratio type fire resistant hot rolled steel sheet and its and itsproduction"中所公开的低屈強比带钢，其钢的化学成分按质量百分比为：0. 01〜0. 1C，0.05 〜0. 8Si，0. 5 〜1.5Mn，0. 3 〜1.5Mo，0. 005 〜0. 05Nb，0. 02 〜0. 1V，0. 0003 〜0. 0025B，该钢种屈强比小于0. 8，并且焊接性能良好，但耐火性能较差Rel(6Qcrc)/Rel(3iS)< 2/3。
[0009] 专利4，新日本制铁株式会社渡部义之、植森龙治等人2008年I月发明的申请号为JP060601/2005 “焊接性和气割性优良的高强度耐火钢及其制造方法”的专利，公开了ー种耐火钢及其制造方法，其钢的化学成分按质量百分比为：0. 04〜0. 14C，0. 05以下Si，0. 5 〜2. OMn,0. 3 〜0. 7Mo，0. 01 〜0. 05Nb，0. 06 以下 Α1，0· 05 〜I. ONi,0. 05 〜I. OCu,0. 0005〜0. 010REM，钢种加工エ艺为钢坯或铸坯加热到1100〜1300°C的温度，接着在800〜950°C的温度下进行轧制后，以比该轧制结束时的温度低150°C或750°C之中较高的ー个温度以上的温度进行直接淬火，接着在Acl以下的温度进行回火处理，或轧制后再次加热到900〜950°C的温度进行淬火，然后在Acl以下的温度进行回火处理。该钢种应用了Mo、Cu、Ni、REM等贵重合金増加了合金成本，复杂的生产エ艺提高了生产成本，无疑对钢厂生产设备提出了较高的要求。
[0010] 并且从所有专利查新得到，其发明专利低温韧性要求都为O〜-20°c，不能满足北方低温地区用户使用要求。
[0011] 由以上对比专利可知，目前490N/mm2级别建筑结构用耐火钢板的生产存在以下不足：
[0012] (I)最重要因素：钢板合金设计中Mo等贵重元素含量较高，増加了合金成本，难以普及应用；
[0013] (2)耐火性差难以满足建筑耐火性能设计要求； [0014] (3)大部分需要配合复杂轧制エ艺或采用淬火、回火等热处理工艺，生产成本较闻;
[0015] (4)普遍采用轧后控冷的生产方式，钢板容易变形；
[0016] (5)屈服強度变化范围较大，部分钢种不控制屈強比，这不利于减震结构的设计和制造；
[0017] (6)低温韧性要求基本为O〜-20°C难以满足北方低温地区冬季对钢结构的设计
和施工需要。
发明内容
[0018] 为了克服上述现有技术的缺点，本发明的目的在于提供一种低成本490N/mm2级别建筑结构用耐火钢板及其制造方法，该钢板具有在600°C保温I〜3小时屈服強度下降不低于常温状态的2/3 ;其屈强比Rel (或RpO. 2)/Rm彡O. 8，延伸率A%彡20% ;_20°C〜_40°C冲击韧性KV2 ^ 47J ;板型良好且生产エ艺简単。
[0019] 本发明钢化学成分以低C、无Mo、含B为基本特征，在本发明中，其化学成分范围按重量百分比为：C0. 03%〜O. 09%, SiO. 10%〜O. 38%, MnO. 55%〜I. 50%, NbO. 011%〜O. 039%, TiO. 012%〜O. 050%, AlsO. 007%〜O. 045%, CrO. 12%〜O. 49%, CuO. 10%〜0.40%, B0. 0008%〜O. 0020%，余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质。钢中的杂质元素控制在P 彡 O. 016%, S 彡 O. 006%, [N] く O. 0040%, [O] く O. 0030%。
[0020] C :为了保证钢的強度需要O. 03%以上的C含量，同时为了保证钢的焊接性能和低温韧性，C的含量不宜超过O. 09%。
[0021] Si :为了使钢的延伸性能以及保证可焊性，将Si的含量控制在小于O. 38%，但Si小于O. 10%降低了耐火钢强度，因此其下限不低于O. 10%。
[0022] Mn =Mn的主要作用是固溶強化和脱氧，过多时会使强度过高，太低对后部轧制的控制不起作用，所以Mn含量控制在O. 55 %〜I. 50 %。
[0023] P、S为钢中的有害元素含量控制越低越好，一般控制在P彡0.016 %，
S 彡 O. 006%。
[0024] Nb和Ti、Al主要作用是抑制加热时晶粒长大，同时起固溶和析出強化的作用，Ti、Al配合脱氧可以减少强度的增加过多，增强Ti脱氧产物的有益作用。
[0025] Cu的析出物有提高钢的高温强度和耐大气腐蚀性能，常规添加CuO. 10%〜O. 40%。
[0026] Mo ：Mo是钢种提闻耐火性能最有效的合金兀素，但Mo价格昂贵，导致耐火钢的成本较高。本发明通过合理的轧制及后续辅助エ艺，在满足性能的前提下完全取消Mo元素。
[0027] Cr ：Cr对提高钢的高温性能有明显作用，并且含量超过O. 30%时具有耐大气腐蚀作用，并且与Mo复合作用更易于提高钢的耐火性能，也提高钢的耐盐雾腐蚀能力；过高的CrO. 60%以上无意义，只有增加合金成本，所以CrO. 49%为设计上限。
[0028] B ：B是表面活性元素，容易偏聚于晶界处，对抑制先共析铁素体的形核及长大有较强作用，能抑制Υ-α相变，在控制合金成本的基础上有效提高钢材强度。但B含量达到一定范围后易形成B的碳化物和氮化物，并偏聚在原奥氏体晶界，造成晶界位错密度升高，易于此处发生晶界开裂，因此，B含量上限控制在O. 0020%。 [0029] 本发明钢的具体生产エ艺特征如下：
[0030] 生产エ艺流程：炼钢-精炼-连铸-钢坯加热-两阶段控制轧制-控制冷却-保温自回火-成品。
[0031] 冶炼エ艺：进行铁水预处理，采用转炉冶炼，通过顶吹或顶底复合吹炼，进行精炼处理，并进行微合金化，控制钢中杂质含量在上述成分范围；根据钢水中氧含量，控制Als含量在O. 007%〜O. 045%，加Ti微合金化，连铸采用电磁搅拌，减少元素偏析。
[0032] 轧制エ艺特征：轧制过程采用再结晶控轧エ艺。轧前将钢坯加热到温度1150°C〜1270°C范围内，控制加热时间为根据钢板厚度60秒/厘米〜110秒/厘米，采用这种加热エ艺既能保证钢坯温度均匀性，又能有效的溶解钢中合金元素；采用两阶段控轧，目的在于控制终轧温度，细化组织，第一阶段轧制只需要钢板表面除磷后即可开始，第一阶段终轧温度控制在不小于960°C，目的在于保证钢板回复再结晶过程具有足够的驱动カ；第ニ阶段轧制开始温度控制在960°C〜840°C，第二阶段再结晶区轧制积累变形量大于55%，终轧温度控制在720°C〜880°C，这ー阶段的轧制是在较高温度下进行的，这样对轧制设备的能力要求大大降低，同时也提高了生产效率；在终轧和开始冷却之间需要保留20秒〜100秒的时间，目的在于为钢板提供充分的弛豫时间，让弛豫作用能够进ー步促进高温转变组织发生转变，繁杂的组织造成有效晶粒尺寸更加细小；之后进行控制冷却，开始冷却温度为680°C〜840°C，终冷温度为650°C〜420°C，控冷至这ー温度相变已经结束，形成了硬相组织，满足強度级别的需要；最后将钢板快速堆垛缓冷保温，堆垛温度需控制在600°C〜300°C之间，保温时间为8〜16小时，利用钢板自回火作用改善钢板板型，并使组织、性能均匀化，同时Nb等合金的析出強化可以一定程度上弥补Mo等贵重合金含量降低的强度缺失。
[0033] 钢板组织及机理特征：
[0034] 试验钢进入贝氏体转变区后，由于减缓了碳化物从奥氏体中析出，促使奥氏体富碳保持下来，因此得到粒状贝氏体组织，特别是B的加入提高淬透性増加一定贝氏体组织比例。钢板组织为铁素体+珠光体+ —定量粒状贝氏体+MA多相组织，这种混合组织对提高钢的高温强度是有利的。这是由于相对于晶界而言，这种混合组织的相界对位错运动的阻碍作用更强。同时，在高温下，混合组织的相界对合金元素及碳的扩散具有不同的阻碍作用，有利于阻碍铁素体晶粒长大，抑制析出相的粗化，可以更有效提高钢的高温強度。
[0035] MA岛状组织作为组织中ー种不易分解的高温稳定相，但在高温或长时间保温等具备MA组织分解条件下，MA会分解形成稳定的合金渗碳体依然促进和保持高温性能，减缓高温屈服強度的降低。粒状贝氏体中MA岛的数量、形状、分布、尺寸对材料的机械性能起着致关重要的作用，发生回火转变后強度的变化与残余奥氏体的数量、析出物的种类、分布密切相关。一方面，马氏体发生回火分解，硬度降低；另一方面，残余奥氏体转变为回火马氏体使硬度升高，析出相也会产生明显的回火抗力，两方面的共同作用使硬度的降低明显减缓。
[0036] 通过轧制エ艺过程产生的大量亚结构组织很稳定，能起到细晶粒的作用，有较高的位错密度，并具有很高的抗回火稳定性。在发生火灾时，钢中会形成各种应变诱导析出，相对位错亚结构起到钉扎作用，提高其高温稳定性。Nb、Cu、Ti等合金元素高温下M、MC和M2C等析出相大量析出，同时还能保持细小尺寸，这种沉淀強化作用有效地提高了耐火钢的高温力学性能。
[0037] 上述这些高温強化机理同时作用，拖曳和减缓了高温下的强度损失，使该钢获得优异的高温性能。无Mo耐火钢在此基础上已经可以达到很好的耐火性能。
[0038] 按上述技术方案生产的建筑结构用耐火钢具有以下有益效果：
[0039] (I)具有较好的耐火性能，具有在600°C保温I〜3小时屈服強度下降不低于常温状态的2/3 ；
[0040] (2)_20°C〜_40°C纵向低温韧性大于100J，可以满足寒冷地区建筑行业减震设计、施工的需求；
[0041] (3)具有良好的塑性，延伸率20% ;并具有较低的屈强比Rel (或RpO. 2)/Rm ^ O. 8 ；
[0042] (4)热轧控冷并配合自回火即可获得良好且均匀的板型和性能；
[0043] (5)化学成分简单，除基本元素外，只适量添加B、Ti、Cu、Cr和Nb等，不含Mo元素，成本较低。
具体实施方式
[0044] 下面结合具体实施方式对本发明进ー步说明：
[0045] 根据本发明的化学成分及生产エ艺，冶炼轧制本发明的钢种实际化学成分如表1，本发明钢实例的实际エ艺參数如表2(轧制实验钢厚度规格为16〜40mm)，本发明实物性能检验结果如表3。
[0046] 表I本发明钢种的冶炼成分实例，Wt %
[0047]
[0050] 表3本发明钢实施例的力学性能
Claims (2)
1. 一种低成本490MPa级建筑结构用耐火钢板，其特征在于化学成分范围按重量百分比为：C0. 03 % 〜O. 09 %、SiO. 10 % 〜O. 38 %、MnO. 55 % 〜I. 50 %、NbO. 011 % 〜O. 039%, TiO. 012%〜O. 050%, AlsO. 007%〜O. 045%, CrO. 12%〜O. 49%, CuO. 10%〜0.40%, B0. 0008 %〜O. 0020 %，余量为Fe及不可避免的杂质，钢中的杂质元素控制在P 彡 O. 016%, S 彡 O. 006%, [N] ( O. 0040%, [O] ( O. 0030%。
2. 一种根据权利要求I所述低成本490MPa级建筑结构用耐火钢板制造方法，其特征在于生产工艺流程为炼钢-精炼-连铸-钢坯加热-两阶段控制轧制-控制冷却-保温自回火-成品，其中轧前将钢坯加热到温度1150〜1270°C，控制加热时间为根据钢板厚度60〜110秒/厘米；采用两阶段控轧，第一阶段轧制只需要钢板表面除磷后即可开始，第一阶段终轧温度控制在不小于960°C ;第二阶段轧制开始温度960〜840°C，第二阶段再结晶区轧制积累变形量大于55%，终轧温度720〜880°C;在终轧和开始冷却之间需要保留20〜100 秒；之后进行控制冷却，开始冷却温度为680〜840°C，终冷温度为650〜420°C ;最后将钢板快速堆垛缓冷保温，堆垛温度600〜300°C之间，保温时间为8〜16小时。
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