CN102788355A - 湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉 - Google Patents
湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102788355A CN102788355A CN2012103053336A CN201210305333A CN102788355A CN 102788355 A CN102788355 A CN 102788355A CN 2012103053336 A CN2012103053336 A CN 2012103053336A CN 201210305333 A CN201210305333 A CN 201210305333A CN 102788355 A CN102788355 A CN 102788355A
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- Prior art keywords
- vertical well
- gas flue
- well gas
- temperature
- combustion chamber
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- 239000002920 hazardous waste Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 238000002485 combustion reactions Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000011901 water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000007789 gases Substances 0.000 claims description 72
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 61
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 210000001331 Nose Anatomy 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 230000000171 quenching Effects 0.000 abstract 3
- 281999990011 institutions and organizations companies 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide Chemical compound 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[O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000003546 flue gases Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000446 fuels Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000004056 waste incineration Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002910 solid wastes Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering processes Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005755 formation reactions Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001874 nitric oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052813 nitrogen oxides Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010795 gaseous wastes Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010808 liquid wastes Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 methods Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003344 environmental pollutants Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 materials Substances 0.000 description 2
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric oxide Chemical compound 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O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrous Oxide Chemical compound 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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于危险废物焚烧处理和热能回用的湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉，湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉由一燃室、二燃室、高温竖井烟道、急冷竖井烟道和尾部烟道组成，一燃室下方为布风装置，一燃室和二燃室连通处设置有炉拱，二燃室出口依次设置高温竖井烟道、急冷竖井烟道和尾部烟道，一燃室和二燃室内壁设有膜式水冷壁，高温竖井烟道和急冷竖井烟道内壁分别设有第一包墙水冷壁和第二包墙水冷壁。本发明的湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉，通过合理的燃烧过程组织和强化湍流，既可提高危险废物的焚烧温度和焚烧效率，也可有效避免结焦现象的产生，燃烧过程安全、稳定、可靠，燃烧效率高，二次污染小。
Description
湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及一种用于危险废物焚烧处理和热能回用的湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉，属于机械设备类。
背景技术
[0002] 随着经济的快速发展，危险废物的产生量也与日俱增。由于危险废物对人体和环境具有严重的危害性，如果不加有效处理，将会对生态环境和人类生活带来严重的威胁，并严重制约经济的发展，如何安全、稳定、可靠的处理危险废物是当前亟待解决的问题。针对具有一定热值的危险废物，焚烧技术是最有效、最彻底、热值回用效率最高的危险固体废弃物处理处置技术。
[0003] 然而，危险废物有别于一般废物，其对焚烧处理的要求也高于一般废物，传统的废·物焚烧处理技术存在以下问题：
[0004] I.燃烧温度控制难以满足危险废物焚烧要求。一般城市垃圾焚烧炉如炉排炉或流化床锅炉的焚烧温度为800〜900°C，但对于危险废物，要求焚烧温度在1100°C以上，且烟气停留时间大于2秒，因此传统的垃圾焚烧炉无法满足危险废物的焚烧要求。工业窑炉虽然燃烧温度可以达到1100°C以上，但部分燃烧区域由于温度过高，存在结焦严重的问题。
[0005] 2.燃烧过程组织不合理，燃烧稳定性较差。传统的单燃烧室炉膛在处理危险废物时很难有效处理结焦、燃烧温度控制和焚烧效率三者之间的矛盾，一些炉型还存在燃料混合不均，燃烧流场紊流强度低，燃烧不充分等问题。
[0006] 3.燃烧后产生的烟气易产生二次污染。危险废物在焚烧过程中会产生氮氧化物和二噁英等二次污染物，传统的固体废物焚烧设备在处理危险废物时对上述污染物很难进行有效的产生过程控制和后续排放控制。
发明内容
[0007] 针对上述存在的问题，本发明的目的在于为危险废物焚烧工艺，配套一种满足危险固体废弃物焚烧要求，焚烧过程安全、稳定、可靠，焚烧效率高的湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉，为了实现上述目的，本发明的技术解决方案为：
[0008] 湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉由一燃室、二燃室、锅筒、高温竖井烟道、急冷竖井烟道和尾部烟道组成，其中一燃室位于二燃室的下方，一燃室上方出口与二燃室下方进口相连通，一燃室下部侧壁设有排渣口，一燃室下方设置有布风装置，布风装置下方为排空口，一燃室中央正上方顶部还设置有固体燃料进料口，二燃室侧壁下方设置有燃烧器和辅助燃烧器，二燃室侧壁上方设置有SNCR装置，锅筒设置在二燃室上方，二燃室出口与高温竖井烟道连接，高温竖井烟道内部从上至下依次设置有高温段蒸发器，低温过热器和高温过热器，高温竖井烟道底部设有高温竖井烟道积灰斗，高温竖井烟道出口通过管道与急冷竖井烟道连接，急冷竖井烟道内部从上至下依次设置有高温空气预热器，急冷段蒸发器和省煤器组，急冷竖井烟道下部设有急冷喷雾装置，急冷竖井烟道底部设置有急冷竖井烟道积灰斗，急冷竖井烟道出口通过管道与尾部烟道连接，尾部烟道内部从下至上依次设置有一级低温空气预热器和二级低温空气预热器，尾部烟道底部设置有尾部烟道积灰斗，一燃室和二燃室内壁设有膜式水冷壁，高温竖井烟道和急冷竖井烟道内壁分别设置有第一包墙水冷壁和第二包墙水冷壁，膜式水冷壁内部管道两端分别与一燃室下部的炉膛水冷壁进口集箱和二燃室上部的炉膛水冷壁出口集箱连接，第一包墙水冷壁内部管道两端分别与高温竖井烟道下部的第一包墙水冷壁进口集箱和二燃室上部的炉膛水冷壁出口集箱连接，第二包墙水冷壁内部管道两端分别与急冷竖井烟道下部的第二包墙水冷壁进口集箱和急冷竖井烟道上部的第二包墙水冷壁出口集箱连接，一燃室顶部和二燃室底部连通处设有炉拱，在二燃室中段还设有折焰角，急冷竖井烟道中的高温空气预热器，急冷段蒸发器和省煤器组从上至下依次布置，且高温空气预热器，急冷段蒸发器和省煤器组之间连续无间隔，一燃室炉膛内壁设有内衬，一燃室炉膛截面积大于二燃室炉膛截面积，二燃室炉膛高度大于一燃室炉膛高度。
[0009] 由于采用了以上技术方案，本发明的湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉合理设计燃烧方式和组织燃烧过程，有效解决结焦、燃烧温度控制和焚烧效率三者之间的矛盾。燃料首先在一燃室内部与床料一起形成流化状态，并通过炉膛水冷壁及内衬的设计控制炉膛温度和燃·料的稳定燃烧，同时控制炉膛气氛，使燃料在一燃室内部低于1000°c的条件下发生分解，形成的可燃性物质进入二燃室，由于一燃室温度低于1000°c，燃料基本不会发生结焦的现象。进入二燃室的可燃物质通过炉拱及折焰角的强化湍流设计，再在辅助燃料的辅助燃烧下，达到1100°C以上的燃烧温度，同时烟气停留时间大于2秒，满足危险废物焚烧规范要求，且燃料通过一燃室的湍流式热解和二燃室的高效燃烧，保证了较高的焚烧效率。通过二燃室顶部设置的SNCR装置，可有效减少烟气中氮氧化物的含量，通过设置急冷竖井烟道，且急冷竖井烟道中的高温空气预热器、急冷段蒸发器和省煤器组等换热器连续无间隔布置，另夕卜，在急冷竖井烟道末端还设有急冷喷雾装置，可保证烟气在其中急速冷却速度，有效抑制了二噁英等污染物的形成。
[0010] 本发明的技术方案，根据危险废物焚烧的特点，合理设计焚烧炉的结构和烟气余热利用方式，满足危险废物焚烧规范要求，且燃烧过程安全、稳定、可靠，燃烧效率高，二次污染小。
附图说明
[0011] 图I为湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉结构示意图。
具体实施方案
[0012] 下面结合附图对本发明作进一步详细描述
[0013]见图 I
[0014] 湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉具体结构为：
[0015] 湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉，由一燃室3、二燃室8、锅筒11、高温竖井烟道14、急冷竖井烟道22和尾部烟道30组成。一燃室3位于二燃室8的下方，一燃室3上方出口与二燃室8下方进口相连通，一燃室3炉膛截面积大于二燃室8炉膛截面积，二燃室8炉膛高度大于一燃室3炉膛高度。一燃室3下部侧壁设有排渣口 34，用于排出燃料燃烧所产生的灰渣。一燃室3下方设置有布风装置1，布风装置I下方为排空口 33，一燃室3中央正上方还设置有固体燃料进料口 5，二燃室8侧壁下方设置有燃烧器6，用于焚烧危险液体或气体废物，二燃室8侧壁下方还设有辅助燃烧器7，用于辅助二燃室8中可燃物质的燃烧，保证二燃室8中的燃烧温度。一燃室3顶部与二燃室8底部连通处设有炉拱35，在二燃室8中段还设有折焰角9，二燃室8侧壁上方设置有SNCR装置10，用于去除燃烧烟气中的氮氧化物，锅筒11设置在二燃室8上方，二燃室8出口与高温竖井烟道14连接，高温竖井烟道14内部沿烟气流动方向从上至下依次设置有高温段蒸发器15，低温过热器16和高温过热器17，高温竖井烟道14底部设有高温竖井烟道积灰斗19，高温竖井烟道14出口通过管道与急冷竖井烟道22连接，急冷竖井烟道22内部沿烟气流动方向从上至下依次布置有高温空气预热器23，急冷段蒸发器24和省煤器组25，且高温空气预热器23，急冷段蒸发器24和省煤器组25之间连续无间隔。急冷竖井烟道22下部设有急冷喷雾装置27，急冷竖井烟道22底部设置有急冷竖井烟道积灰斗28，急冷竖井烟道22出口通过管道与尾部烟道30连接，尾部烟道30内部沿烟气流动方向从下至上依次设置有一级低温空气预热器31和二级低温空气预热器29，尾部烟道30底部设置有尾部烟道积灰斗32。尾部烟道出口则遇后续烟气处理系统连接。一燃室3和二燃室8内壁设有膜式水冷壁4，可控制一燃室3内部的炉膛温度。高温竖井烟道14和急冷竖井烟道22内壁分别设置有第一包墙水冷壁13和第二包墙水冷·壁21，膜式水冷壁4内部管道两端分别与一燃室3下部的炉膛水冷壁进口集箱2和二燃室8上部的炉膛水冷壁出口集箱12连接，第一包墙水冷壁13内部管道两端分别与高温竖井烟道14下部的第一包墙水冷壁进口集箱18和二燃室8上部的炉膛水冷壁出口集箱12连接，第二包墙水冷壁21内部管道两端分别与急冷竖井烟道22下部的第二包墙水冷壁进口集箱26和急冷竖井烟道22上部的第二包墙水冷壁出口集箱20连接。
[0016] 湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉的工作原理如下：
[0017] 一、危险固体废物从固体燃料进料口 5落入一燃室3后，与一燃室3底部的床料充分混合并被从布风装置I来的流化风吹起，形成流化状态，并在一燃室3内部形成内循环。由于一燃室3炉膛空间较大，可有效保证燃料和床料在炉膛内部的内循环效果和热解效果，一燃室3内壁设置的膜式水冷壁4可保证一燃室3内部炉膛温度低于1000°C，从而避免一燃室3内部的结焦。
[0018] 二、危险固体废物在一燃室3中充分分解后形成的可燃物质从一燃室3顶部出口进入二燃室8，底部进口连接，二燃室8侧壁下方设置有燃烧器6和辅助燃烧器7，燃烧器6用于焚烧危险液体或气体废物，危险固体废物在一燃室3中分解产生的可燃物质进入二燃室8后，在辅助燃烧器7的辅助燃烧条件下，与危险液体或气体废物一起进行进一步的高温焚烧，同时，通过在一燃室3和二燃室8之间连接处形成了炉膛喉部与二燃室8中段的折焰角9，可强化可燃物质在炉膛中的湍流，使焚烧温度大于1100°C，同时，由于二燃室高度较高，结合烟气在二燃室内部的强化湍流效果，可保证烟气停留时间小于2秒，满足危险废物焚烧规范要求。在二燃室8顶部设置有SNCR装置10，可有效去除高温焚烧过程中产生的氮氧化物。
[0019] 三、锅炉给水一部分通过省煤器组25加热，另一部分经第二包墙水冷壁进口集箱26分散到第二包墙水冷壁21中进行加热，然后汇集到第二包墙水冷壁出口集箱20中。锅炉给水被加热之后进入锅筒11，锅筒11中的水一部分分配到高温段蒸发器15和急冷段蒸发器24中进行蒸发，另一部分经炉膛水冷壁进口集箱2分配到膜式水冷壁4中进行蒸发，然后在炉膛水冷壁出口集箱12中汇集，还有一部分经第一包墙水冷壁进口集箱18分配到第一包墙水冷壁13中进行蒸发，然后在炉膛水冷壁出口集箱12中汇集，上述三部分蒸发产生的汽水混合物被输送到锅筒11中进行分离后得到的水重新进行上述蒸发，得到的饱和水蒸汽则被引出先后经过低温过热器16和高温过热器17过热后形成过热蒸汽对外输出。
[0020] 四、从二燃室8出口出来的高温烟气依次与高温竖井烟道14中的高温段蒸发器15、低温过热器16和高温过热器17进行热交换后进入急冷竖井烟道22，并在急冷竖井烟道22依次与高温空气预热器23、急冷段蒸发器24和省煤器组25进行换热并被急冷，高温空气预热器23、急冷段蒸发器24和省煤器组25相互之间为连续无间隔布置，且在急冷竖井烟道22下部设有急冷喷雾装置27，从而保证了急冷效果，有效抑制二噁英等生成。从急冷竖井烟道22出来的烟气再进入尾部烟道30，并在其中依次与一级空气低温预热器31和二级低温空气预热器29进行热交换后排出至后续的烟气处理系统。
[0021] 五、炉膛燃烧所需的一、二次风分别经过一级低温空气预热器31、二级低温空气预·热器29和高温空气预热器23加热后分别进入一燃室3和二燃室8。
[0022] 六、危险固体废物在一燃室3燃烧产生的灰渣由排渣口 34排出，而一燃室则通过排空口 33来进行排空。高温竖井烟道14、急冷竖井烟道22和尾部烟道30中沉积下来的飞灰由分别由高温竖井烟道积灰斗19、急冷竖井烟道积灰斗28和尾部烟道积灰斗32收集后排出。
Claims (4)
1.湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉，其特征在于，所述的湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉由一燃室（3)、二燃室（8)、锅筒（11)、高温竖井烟道（14)、急冷竖井烟道（22)和尾部烟道（30)组成，一燃室（3)位于二燃室（8)的下方，一燃室（3)上方出口与二燃室（8)下方进口相连通，一燃室（3)下部侧壁设有排渣口（34)，一燃室（3)下方设置有布风装置（1)，布风装置（I)下方为排空口（33)，一燃室（3)中央正上方顶部还设置有固体燃料进料口（5)，二燃室（8)侧壁下方设置有燃烧器（6)和辅助燃烧器（7)，二燃室（8)侧壁上方设置有SNCR装置（10)，锅筒（I)设置在二燃室（8)上方，二燃室（8)出口与高温竖井烟道（14)连接，高温竖井烟道（14)内部从上至下依次设置有高温段蒸发器（15)，低温过热器（16)和高温过热器（17)，高温竖井烟道（14)底部设有高温竖井烟道积灰斗（19)，高温竖井烟道（14)出口通过管道与急冷竖井烟道（22)连接，急冷竖井烟道（22)内部从上至下依次设置有高温空气预热器（23)，急冷段蒸发器（24)和省煤器组（25)，急冷竖井烟道（22)下部设有急冷喷雾装置（27)，急冷竖井烟道（22)底部设置有急冷段竖井烟道积灰斗（28)，急冷竖井烟道（22)出口通过管道与尾部烟道（30)连接，尾部烟道（30)内部从下至上依次设置有一级低温空气预热器（31)和二级低温空气预热器（29)，尾部烟道（30)底部设置有尾部烟道积灰斗（32)，一燃室（3)和二燃室（8)内壁设有膜式水冷壁（4)，高温竖井烟道（14)和急冷竖井烟道（22)内壁分别设置有第一包墙水冷壁（13)和第二包墙水冷壁（21)，膜式水冷壁(4)内部管道两端分别与一燃室（3)下部的炉膛水冷壁进口集箱（2)和二燃室（8)上部的炉膛水冷壁出口集箱（12)连接，第一包墙水冷壁（13)内部管道两端分别与高温竖井烟道(14)下部的第一包墙水冷壁进口集箱（18)和二燃室（8)上部的炉膛水冷壁出口集箱（12)连接，第二包墙水冷壁（21)内部管道两端分别与急冷竖井烟道（22)下部的第二包墙水冷壁进口集箱（26)和急冷竖井烟道（22)上部的第二包墙水冷壁出口集箱（20)连接。
2.如权利要求I所述的湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉，其特征在于：一燃室（3)顶部和二燃室（8)底部连通处设有炉拱（36)，二燃室（8)中段还设有折焰角（9)。
3.如权利要求I所述的湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉，其特征在于：急冷竖井烟道（22)中的高温空气预热器（23)，急冷段蒸发器（24)和省煤器组（25)从上至下依次布置，且高温空气预热器（23)，急冷段蒸发器（24)和省煤器组（25)之间连续无间隔。
4.如权利要求I所述的湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉，其特征在于：一燃室（3)炉膛内壁设有内衬（35)。
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| JP2000205534A (ja) * | 1999-01-11 | 2000-07-25 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | ダイオキシン類の再生成抑制方法および再生成抑制装置 |
| CN101852438A (zh) * | 2010-06-23 | 2010-10-06 | 伟明环保设备有限公司 | 一种垃圾焚烧锅炉 |
| CN202792041U (zh) * | 2012-08-23 | 2013-03-13 | 武汉都市环保工程技术股份有限公司 | 湍流式危险废物热解焚烧炉 |
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