CN102734787A - 顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统 - Google Patents
顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102734787A CN102734787A CN201210234270XA CN201210234270A CN102734787A CN 102734787 A CN102734787 A CN 102734787A CN 201210234270X A CN201210234270X A CN 201210234270XA CN 201210234270 A CN201210234270 A CN 201210234270A CN 102734787 A CN102734787 A CN 102734787A
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- heat exchanger
- heat
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- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 title abstract 4
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide Chemical compound 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- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 16
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound 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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound 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[C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- AKEJUJNQAAGONA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur trioxide Chemical compound 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- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur Chemical compound 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[S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
Abstract
本发明公开了一种顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统，包括第一、第二换热器，所述第一换热器设于烟道高温侧，包括吸热段、和放热段，所述吸热段、放热段通过第一管路连接成循环回路，所述吸热段设于烟道中；所述第二换热器设于烟道低温侧，所述第二换热器包括第二管路的进口集管、出口集管；所述第一、第二换热器通过第三管路连接，所述第一换热器的放热段置于第三管路内，待加热介质流入所述第三管路中再通过第二换热器的进口集管进入第二换热器并且通过所述第二换热器的出口集管流出。本发明可以把烟温降地更低，大大提高了锅炉烟气余热节能回收的空间，降低了进入脱硫除尘设备的锅炉烟气温度，节省脱硫设备运行成本。
Description
顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统
技术领域
[0001] 本发明属于能源环保领域，具体说涉及一种顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统。
背景技术
[0002] 我国目前绝大多数锅炉的燃料还是以煤为主，其中含有S元素，经燃烧后使得锅炉排放的烟气中含有酸性气体，烟温高时它们会以气态的形式流经锅炉各受热面。当烟温低于某一温度时，它们会与烟气中的水蒸气结合成硫酸而腐蚀换热设备。低温腐蚀通常出现在锅炉空气预热器的冷端以及给水温度低的省煤器中。当受热面的温度低于烟气的露点时，烟气中的水蒸气和煤燃烧后所生成的三氧化硫(只是硫的燃料产物的很少一部分）结合成的硫酸会凝结在受热面上，严重腐蚀受热面。为避免锅炉尾部受热面的酸露腐蚀，通常锅炉排烟温度设计较高，新锅炉140°C左右，运行一段时间后往往会高达160°C。 [0003] 为了达到国家环保规定的排放标准，降低酸雨形成危害，这一部分的烟气必须经过脱硫处理，即去除烟气中的S02、S03等酸性气体；按吸收剂及脱硫产物在脱硫过程中的干湿状态又可将脱硫技术分为湿法、干法和半干（半湿）法。湿法技术是用含有吸收剂的溶液或浆液在湿状态下脱硫和处理脱硫产物，该法具有脱硫反应速度快、设备简单、脱硫效率高等优点，因此无论是大型发电锅炉，还是中小型工业锅炉，都占有主导地位。
[0004] 根据前述所知，锅炉的排烟一般14(T160°C，为提高脱硫效率及保护脱硫塔自身设备，脱硫时会对进入脱硫塔的锅炉烟气进行降温处理，一般降至60°C以下，烟气温度从14(T160°C降至60°C，不光浪费了大量的烟气余热，而且提高脱硫运行成本；回收这部分烟气余热、降低进入脱硫塔的烟气温度，与之设备经济运行，环保节能都大有裨益。
[0005] 通常的做法是回收这部分烟气余热加热锅炉的给水，我们知道进锅炉的水一般流程为先除盐软化，再除氧，然后再经过省煤器至锅炉；烟气余热加热锅炉的给水即是指加热去除氧的除盐软化水；对于普通工业锅炉来说，除盐软化水温度为环境温度，25°C左右，随环境温度变化而变化；若直接拿这部分除盐水冷却锅炉烟气回收烟气余热，会使与烟气接触的换热器壁面温度过低，造成烟气中的酸性气体结露于换热器壁面腐蚀换热设备。国内对于回收这部分烟气余热的技术主要为：有低压省煤器、热管换热器及相变换热器等成熟技术。
[0006] 低压省煤器技术在降低排烟温度上主要对象是国内大中型电厂的锅炉，它安装在锅炉尾部烟道中，利用汽轮机回热系统中的低压加热器水侧的凝结水而非高压给水来冷却烟气，其换热条件类似于省煤器，但水侧的压力远远低于省煤器的压力，故称其低压省煤器。低压省煤器的安装使得汽轮机换热系统得到一份外来热量，节省了一部分抽汽气，很好的回收排烟热损失，提高了全厂的热效率。
[0007] 热管是依靠自身内部工作液体相变来实现传热的元件。热管可分为蒸发段、冷凝段两个部分，当热源在蒸发段对其供热时，工质自热源吸热汽化变为蒸汽，蒸汽在压差的作用下沿中间通道高速流向另一端，蒸汽在冷凝段向冷源放出潜热后冷凝成液体；工质在蒸发段蒸发时，其气液交界面下凹，形成许多弯月形液面，产生毛细压力，液态工质在管芯毛细压力和重力等的回流动力作用下又返回蒸发段，继续吸热蒸发，如此循环往复，工质的蒸发和冷凝便把热量不断地从热端传递到冷端。由于热管是利用工质的相变换热来传递热量，因此热管具有很大的传热能力和传热效率。
[0008] 相变换热器在热管的基础上又做了进一步的延伸，把原先热管簇做了联通，使其内部介质可以任意的流动，而且内部介质的工作压力可随负荷的变动而随意的调整，可以随时排放热管簇中的不凝气体。
[0009] 然而上述三种换热技术都是利用换热设备的壁面温度高于烟气的酸露点温度而使设备不受酸露腐蚀，考虑的传热温差等因素，因此降低烟气的温度幅度很小。近年来随着耐腐蚀材料的广泛应用，使得温降空间有了进一步的提升。
[0010] 公开号为CN1477333A的中国发明申请，为一种复合式换热技术，给水先经过相变换热器被烟气冷端预加热，再经过省煤器被烟气热端直接换热，从而达到更高的加热水温度，这种冷流体先经过被烟气低温段加热，然后流向烟气高温段进一步加热的流向称为逆流式，其适用范围为低温冷源——锅炉给水较少，回收的热量能全部利用至加热给水中；假 设烟气露点温度为80°C，留有一定安全余量和传热温差，为保证设备正常运行，其最终排烟温度仍在100°C以上；
[0011] 公开号为201844388U的中国实用新型专利，为一种逆流式的烟气余热回收装置，给水先经过位于烟道低温段的分离式热管换热器，然后流向位于烟道高温段的串联式的管式换热器。
[0012] 然而为保证换热器不受酸露腐蚀的影响，逆流式换热器对进水温度有一定的要求，其烟气温度区间利用有限，降温仍不彻底。
[0013] 换热器壁面温度大于烟气的酸露点温度时，由于无硫酸蒸汽析出，可以近似看做不腐蚀换热器，以上技术和所列专利正是基于此；随着壁面温度的降低，硫酸开始凝结，开始时由于硫酸浓度很高，凝结的量也不多，故腐蚀速度不是很快，随壁温降低，凝结量增加，腐蚀加快，在露点温度以下20-30°C达到最大值，温度再降低，金属与酸液反应活性降低，腐蚀速度亦随之降低，当壁面温度低于烟气水露点温度时，大量水蒸气析出，腐蚀极具增大；因此对于烟气换热器来说有两个腐蚀严重的区域：1、壁温为酸露点以下2(T30°C区域；2、壁温为水露点以下区域。
[0014] 以上技术和所列专利使烟气换热器的壁面温度高于烟气酸露点温度来避免酸露腐蚀问题，然而正如前述分析，相较于烟气温度160°C降至60°C这一可利用空间，存在降温不彻底的问题，基于此种情况，给出本发明所列解决方案。
发明内容
[0015] 本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统，烟气加热水总的流向为顺流，第一换热器先加热冷水，预加热后的冷水再去第二换热器加热，这样冷水先经过被烟气高温段加热，然后与烟气低温段进一步加热，这一总流程为顺流，这样可以很好地控制两级换热器的壁温，可以把烟温降地更低。
[0016] 本发明采用以下技术方案：
[0017] 一种顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统，包括第一、第二换热器，所述第一换热器设于烟道高温侧，包括吸热段、和放热段，所述吸热段、放热段通过第一管路连接成循环回路，所述吸热段设于烟道中；所述第二换热器设于烟道低温侧，所述第二换热器包括第二管路的进口集管、出口集管；所述第一、第二换热器通过第三管路连接，所述第一换热器的放热段置于第三管路内，待加热介质流入所述第三管路中再通过第二换热器的进口集管进入第二换热器并且通过所述第二换热器的出口集管流出。
[0018] 优选的，所述第三管路包括第一支路、用于流量调节的第二支路，第一支路和第二支路并联，所述第一换热器的放热段置于所述第一支路内。
[0019] 优选的，所述第三管路的第二支路上设有调节阀，所述调节阀的开度由控制装置控制。
[0020] 优选的，连接所述第一换热器的吸热段和放热段之间的第一管路上设有温度测点，该温度测点将温度信号输送至控制装置。
[0021] 本发明主要包括两级换热器，分别为第一换热器和第二换热器，其中第一换热器位于烟道中的高温侧，烟气先与之换热，第二换热器位于烟道中的低温侧；
[0022] 本发明的其中第一换热器分为吸热段和放热段两个部分；吸热段安装于锅炉除尘器后的烟道中，吸收流经烟气的余热；吸热段与放热段由管路连接为一闭路循环系统，连接管路上接有一循环泵；管线内介质为强制循环水；
[0023] 带加热介质（即要加热的低温给水）先去第一换热器的放热段加热，其中设有一旁路（即第二支路)，旁路上接有一调节阀，调节旁路给水的流量；加热后的给水和旁路来的给水，汇聚后去第二换热器加热；
[0024] 本发明的第二换热器为省煤器式的换热器，分为进出口集管和管束；第一换热器放热段及第二支路管路与第二换热器的进口集管相连，然后连接第二换热器管束，要加热的给水走管内与管外的烟气直接换热；本发明第二换热器材质根据具体实施的案例可以为耐腐蚀钢，也可为普通碳钢。
[0025] 本发明的控制系统主要包括一控制装置和安装于强制循环泵出口端的温度测点，温度测点测得的温度信号传给控制装置，控制装置根据所得的温度信号，控制调节阀的开度，实现调节旁路的给水流量。
附图说明
[0026] 图I为本发明涉及的顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统的系统原理图。
[0027]其中：
[0028] I-控制装置；2_调节阀；3_第一换热器放热段；4_第二换热器出水集管；5_第二换热器进水集管；6_第二换热器管束；7_第一换热器吸热段；8-烟道；9_温度测点；10_强制循环泵；11-第一管路；12-第二管路；13-第三管路；14-第一支路；15-第二支路
具体实施方式
[0029] 参见图1，为本发明涉及的顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统的系统原理图。包括第一、第二换热器，所述第一换热器设于烟道8高温侧，包括吸热段7、和放热段3，所述吸热段7、放热段3通过第一管路11连接成循环回路，所述吸热段7设于烟道8中；所述第二换热器设于烟道8低温侧，所述第二换热器包括第二管路12的进口集管5、出口集管4 ;所述第一、第二换热器通过第三管路13连接，所述第三管路13包括第一支路14、第二支路15，所述第一支路14上设所述第一换热器的放热段3，带加热介质流经所述第一支路14、第二支路15汇合后通过第二换热器的进口集管5进入第二换热器再通过第二换热器的出口集管4流出。所述第三管路13的第二支路15上设有调节阀2，所述调节阀2的开度由控制装置I控制，而在连接所述第一换热器的吸热段7和放热段3之间的第一管路11上设有温度测点9，该温度测点9将温度信号输送至控制装置I。所述第一换热器的第一管路11中流动强制循环水，在第一管路11上设有循环泵10。而所述第三管路13的第一支路14、第二支路15上都流动着锅炉低温给水。另外，所述第二换热器的管束6与烟气接触部分的材料为耐腐蚀钢或者普通碳钢。
[0030] 现对本发明的实施进行阐述；为了更大程度地降低进入脱硫设备的烟气温度，回收更多的烟气余热；本发明分为第一换热器和第二换热器；分两级换热对烟气进行余热回收；第一换热器目的为初步加热锅炉的低温给水，加热后的低温给水与旁路（即第二支路15)的给水汇聚，然后进入第二省煤器式换热器中与烟气换热，回收烟气余热，降低进入脱硫设备的烟气温度。
[0031] 为了方便阐述本发明两个换热器的防腐蚀机理，现以某一具体案例进行分析说明：假设某锅炉空预器后的排烟温度为125°C，经过除尘器后其温度降为120°C ;假设其烟气的酸露点为90°C，水露点温度为45°C ;冷凝器出口进低压加热器(或除氧器）的除盐给水温度为40V。锅炉节能改造前，除尘器后的120°C烟气直接进入脱硫设备中降温脱硫，然后排放，造成很大的能量浪费。
[0032] 技术背景中的种种技术和所列专利，仅从换热器壁面温度高于酸露点温度出发，对烟气进行余热回收，因此烟气酸露点温度为90°C时，加上传热温差等因素，经此节能改造后，其排烟温度约110°C左右，节能改造空间只有10°C，因此降温节能投资效益不明显。
[0033] 本发明做法为分两个换热器，其中第一换热器对40°C除盐给水进行预加热；第一换热器分为吸热段7和放热段3两个部分，吸热段7吸收烟气的余热，把它传递给流经的强制循环水，循环水再在放热段3把热量传递给40°C除盐给水，通过调节旁路调节阀2的开度来控制旁路除盐给水的流量，间接地控制了第一换热器放热段3的传热量，从而控制了第一换热器放热段3与吸热段7闭路循环中强制循环水的温度，达到了第一换热器吸热段7免受酸露腐蚀的目的；正如前述的种种技术一样，第一换热器最大节能空间为10°C左右，其排烟温度约为110°c左右；
[0034] 这样可以把40°C部分除盐给水加热至某一温度，通过布置合理的受热面，可以把混合后的除盐水温度控制在45°C左右，若烟气的水露点温度为42°C，可调大旁路流量，使第一换热器放热段3的换热量减少，此时第一换热器吸热段7的排烟温度会高于(或者等于）IlO0Co
[0035] 由第一换热器过来混合后的除盐水温约为烟气的水露点温度45°C，此时进入第二省煤器式换热器中直接与烟气换热(应保证通过第二换热器的进口集管5进入第二换热器的流动介质温度为烟气的水露点温度)，我们知道此时省煤器式换热器与烟气接触侧的壁面温度约为流经除盐水的温度+5°C左右；因此此时第二换热器的壁面温度为50°C左右，高于烟气的水露点温度，假设烟气降至70°C，总的吸热量可使除盐水的温升为20°C，因此除盐水的出口温度65 V ;这样第二换热器的与烟气接触侧的壁面温度区间为5(T70°C，虽然避免了烟气水露点附近的酸露腐蚀，然而第二换热器部分壁温可能落在酸露点以下2(T30°C区域的严重腐蚀区域， 对于这部分第二换热器管束6采用耐腐蚀钢，或者调整总的节能量，总之结合锅炉的具体型号、烟气的酸露点、烟气的水露点等因素综合考量，得出最优节能方案。
Claims (8)
1. 一种顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统，其特征是包括第一、第二换热器，所述第一换热器设于烟道（8)高温侧，包括吸热段(7)、和放热段（3)，所述吸热段（7)、放热段（3)通过第一管路（11)连接成循环回路，所述吸热段（7)设于烟道（8)中；所述第二换热器设于烟道(8)低温侧，所述第二换热器包括第二管路（12)的进口集管（5)、出口集管（4);所述第一、第二换热器通过第三管路（13)连接，所述第一换热器的放热段（3)置于第三管路（13)内，待加热介质流入所述第三管路（13)中再通过第二换热器的进口集管（5)进入第二换热器并且通过所述第二换热器的出口集管（4)流出。
2.根据权利要求I所述的顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统，其特征是：所述第三管路(13)包括第一支路（14)、用于流量调节的第二支路（15)，第一支路（14)和第二支路（15)并联，所述第一换热器的放热段（3)置于所述第一支路（14)内。
3.根据权利要求2所述的顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统，其特征是：所述第三管路(13)的第二支路（15)上设有调节阀（2)，所述调节阀（2)的开度由控制装置（I)控制。
4.根据权利要求3所述的顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统，其特征是：连接所述第一换热器的吸热段（7 )和放热段（3 )之间的第一管路（11)上设有温度测点（9 )，该温度测点（9 )将温度信号输送至控制装置（I)。
5.根据权利要求I所述的顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统，其特征是：所述第一换热器的第一管路（11)中流动强制循环水。
6.根据权利要求I所述的顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统，其特征是：所述待加热介质为锅炉低温给水。
7.根据权利要求I所述的顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统，其特征是：所述第二换热器的管束（6)与烟气接触部分的材料为耐腐蚀钢。
8.根据权利要求I或4所述的顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统，其特征是：所述第二换热器的管束（6)与烟气接触部分的材料为普通碳钢。
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| WO2014005476A1 (zh) * | 2012-07-06 | 2014-01-09 | 上海伏波环保设备有限公司 | 顺流式锅炉烟气余热回收系统 |
| CN104047647A (zh) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-17 | 上海伏波环保设备有限公司 | 利用发电机组的烟气低温余热来发电的系统 |
| WO2014139253A1 (zh) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | 上海伏波环保设备有限公司 | 利用发电机组的烟气低温余热来发电的系统 |
| CN104197311A (zh) * | 2014-03-19 | 2014-12-10 | 吴兵 | 空气能锅炉 |
| CN105066093A (zh) * | 2015-09-06 | 2015-11-18 | 中国五环工程有限公司 | 燃气锅炉 |
| CN106032936A (zh) * | 2015-03-19 | 2016-10-19 | 大连新源热力技术有限公司 | 冷凝式铸铁模块锅炉 |
| CN107208876A (zh) * | 2015-02-10 | 2017-09-26 | 三菱重工业株式会社 | 锅炉给水系统及具备该锅炉给水系统的锅炉、以及锅炉给水系统的控制方法 |
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| CN105066093A (zh) * | 2015-09-06 | 2015-11-18 | 中国五环工程有限公司 | 燃气锅炉 |
| CN109751613A (zh) * | 2018-11-23 | 2019-05-14 | 上海外高桥第二发电有限责任公司 | 一种超临界锅炉超净排放系统的微能耗运行方法 |
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