CN102603111A - 一种适于小城镇生活污水、废水处理的快速启动型无动力生物强化人工湿地系统 - Google Patents
一种适于小城镇生活污水、废水处理的快速启动型无动力生物强化人工湿地系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102603111A CN102603111A CN2011100234180A CN201110023418A CN102603111A CN 102603111 A CN102603111 A CN 102603111A CN 2011100234180 A CN2011100234180 A CN 2011100234180A CN 201110023418 A CN201110023418 A CN 201110023418A CN 102603111 A CN102603111 A CN 102603111A
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus Chemical compound 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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrate Chemical compound 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[O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M nitrite anion Chemical compound 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Abstract
本发明涉及污水处理领域，具体地，本发明涉及一种适于小城镇生活污水、废水处理的快速启动型无动力生物强化人工湿地系统。所述人工湿地系统包括：1)沉沙池；2)悬浮型生物填料床，其底部铺有防渗膜，防渗膜上方铺卵石层，卵石层上方为悬浮型生物填料，上方铺设火山岩填料、陶粒填料及土壤的混合物；3)生物处理潜流湿地，所述生物处理潜流湿地的底层为防渗层，防渗层上铺设卵石层，卵石层上方铺设火山岩填料层，在该区域放置蚯蚓；4)表流湿地。该系统能有效缩短现有人工湿地的启动时间，提高启动阶段处理效率；解决潜流湿地的堵塞问题；降低水处理过程中的能耗；重视植物配置的景观效果以及土壤动物在水处理中的作用。
Description
一种适于小城镇生活污水、废水处理的快速启动型无动力生物强化人工湿地系统
技术领域
[0001] 本发明涉及污水处理领域，具体地，本发明涉及一种适于小城镇生活污水、废水处理的快速启动型无动力生物强化人工湿地系统。
背景技术
[0002] 人工湿地污水处理工艺是近些年发展起来的一种污水处理技术，该技术以其低能耗、低投资、养护及管理简单等特点而广泛应用于污水处理、地表水体污染控制等很多领域，同时人工湿地兼具景观效果，可以改善局部生态环境，适合居住小区、小城镇及农村的生活污水处理。但该技术仍然存在建成后启动慢，占地面积大，填料容易堵塞等问题。
[0003] 目前，现有技术对人工湿地污水处理工艺的改进主要集中在填料的选择、工艺流程的创新上，对于植物的作用、植物配置在景观效果及改善局部生态环境上的作用经常忽视；并且对于土壤动物在水处理过程中的作用研究较少。同时，现有人工湿地由于建设规模、进水污染物浓度等原因，启动时间较长，启动阶段处理效果不佳。此外，在我国广大农村目前已经做到污水集中收集的情况下，如何选择一种经济高效的生活污水处理工艺的问题一直没有得到解决。
[0004] 球形填料一般采用塑料注塑而成，其结构有多种。球形填料的特点是球体为空心， 可以允许气体、液体从其内部通过。由于球体结构的对称性，填料装填密度均匀，不易产生空穴和架桥，所以气液分散性能好。球形填料常用于接触氧化工艺，与人工湿地工艺相比， 具有滤料间水流缓慢，水力冲刷力小；生物膜只能自行脱落，剩余污泥不易排走，滞留在滤料之间易引起水质恶化，影响处理效果；曝气过程需要耗能等缺点。
[0005] 活性污泥是由细菌、真菌、原生动物和后生动物等各种生物和金属氢氧化物等无机物所形成的污泥状的絮凝物。有良好的吸附、絮凝、生物氧化和生物合成性能。污水处理厂常利用活性污泥中各种微生物进行水处理，称为活性污泥法。活性污泥法是由曝气池、沉淀池、污泥回流和剩余污泥排除系统所组成。
发明内容
[0006] 本发明针对上述技术问题，提供一种适合农村生活污水处理的快速启动型无动力生物强化人工湿地污水处理系统。该系统能有效缩短现有人工湿地的启动时间，提高启动阶段处理效率；尽可能解决潜流湿地的运行一段时间之后的堵塞问题；降低水处理过程中的能耗；重视植物配置的景观效果以及土壤动物在水处理中的作用，改善局部生态环境； 并且可以解决我国农村土地闲置和生活污水集中收集后不经处理随意排放的问题。
[0007] 因此，本发明的目的是提供一种适于小城镇生活污水、废水处理的快速启动型无动力生物强化人工湿地系统。
[0008] 根据本发明的适于小城镇生活污水、废水处理的快速启动型无动力生物强化人工湿地系统依地势由高至低依次包括：[0009] I)沉沙池；
[0010] 2)悬浮型生物填料床，所述悬浮型生物填料床，底部铺设有防渗膜，防渗膜上方铺设卵石层，卵石层上方放入悬浮型生物填料，填料直径5〜8cm，填料层厚度30〜35cm，在悬浮型生物填料层上方铺设火山岩填料、陶粒填料及土壤的混合物；
[0011] 3)生物处理潜流湿地，所述生物处理潜流湿地的底层为防渗层，防渗层上铺设卵石层，深5〜IOcm,卵石层上方铺设火山岩填料层,深30〜40cm,火山岩层上方为土壤层， 深15〜20cm，在该区域放置蚯蚓10〜20万条，整个生物处理潜流湿地深50〜70cm ；
[0012] 4)表流湿地，所述表流湿地包括浮水植物区、挺水植物区、沉水植物区。
[0013] 使用本发明的快速启动型生物强化人工湿地污水处理系统，处理步骤为：污水先进入蓄水池（沉沙池）阶段，去除水中的杂质及悬浮物，再进入湿地处理单元。湿地处理单元分三部分，前部为悬浮型生物填料床，中部为生物处理潜流湿地，后部为三阶段表流湿地，三部分串联组成。整个湿地处理系统根据地势高差进行设计、施工，使进水端高于出水端，全程无动力运行。
[0014] 前部悬浮型生物填料床长5〜8m，宽I. 5〜2m，深40〜50cm，底部铺设有防渗膜， 防渗膜上方铺设卵石层，厚度5〜IOcm ;卵石层上方放入球形悬浮型生物填料，填料直径 5〜8cm，填料层厚度30〜35cm，球形悬浮生物填料可以为微生物繁殖提供附着点，形成生物膜，生物膜是由细菌、真菌、藻类、原生动物和后生动物组成的膜状生物群落，构成的食物链可有效地去除水中的有机污染物。同时由于其具有轻便性且粒径较大的特征，在该部分床体或整个湿地系统发生堵塞时便于挖出清洗，以最简便快捷的方式有效解决湿地堵塞问题；在填料层上方铺设火山岩填料、陶粒填料及土壤的混合物，厚5cm。火山岩和陶粒填料主要通过吸附作用去除污水中的磷；此外，火山岩和陶粒填料具有多孔性结构，巨大的比表面积为生物膜提供了附着位置，从而有效去除水体中有机物，并通过微生物的硝化-反硝化作用除氮。
[0015] 污水经过前部悬浮型生物填料床单元后进入中部生物处理潜流湿地。中部生物处理潜流湿地依据地势建设，使污水顺高差由高向低流动，所选填料为多孔性火山岩填料及卵石，底层为防渗层，防渗层上铺设卵石层，深5〜IOcm;卵石层上方铺设火山岩填料层，深 30〜40cm ;火山岩层上方为土壤层，深15〜20cm,在该区域放置Φ丘蝴10〜20万条；整个生物处理潜流湿地深50〜70cm。在施工过程中，铺设完火山岩填料层后，向其中添加自来水厂的活性污泥，活性污泥添加量与湿地面积相关，约50L/m2，用以促进湿地启动阶段生物膜生长，缩短启动时间。在施工完成后在生物强化潜流湿地部分种植芦苇、黄花鸢尾等挺水植物。污水经生物强化人工湿地部分后进入表流湿地单元。表流湿地单元由前到后分为三部分：浮水植物区、挺水植物区、沉水植物区。其中，浮水植物区主要种植凤眼莲（水葫芦）， 深20〜30cm ;挺水植物区种植芦苇、水葱等高大水生植物，深20〜30cm ;沉水植物区选择种植狐尾藻、轮藻、小茨藻等沉水植物,深10〜20cm。在表流湿地中放置食蚊鱼50〜100 条，防止夏季蚊虫滋生。
[0016] 在施工前对地势进行测量，依据地势高差设计湿地水流方向，可以减少日常运行能耗。在施工时向填料添加污水处理厂活性污泥，可以促进填料表面微生物生物膜的生长， 缩短湿地启动时间的同时提高启动阶段的污水处理效率。前部悬浮型生物填料床中的球形悬浮生物填料可以为微生物繁殖提供附着点，同时由于其具有轻便性且粒径较大的特征，在该部分床体或整个湿地系统发生堵塞时便于挖出清洗，以最简便快捷的方式有效解决湿地堵塞问题。中部生物强化处理部分，利用土壤动物蚯蚓以有机物为食的特点，主要去除生活污水中的有机物；同时由于蚯蚓在土壤及火山岩填料中的活动疏松土壤，提高了该部分潜流湿地的含氧量，利于填料表面微生物对污染物的去除。此外排出的蚯蚓粪含有大量微生物，间接提高了其他污染物的去除效率。表流湿地部分主要发挥植物的作用，利用凤眼莲强大的生长能力吸收水中氮磷等污染物，同时根据水深分区，利用芦苇、水葱等挺水植物高大密集的茎杆作为分区屏障，阻止凤眼莲的扩散，防止其作为入侵生物对当地其他生物及环境的危害。沉水植物部分主要进行污水的深度处理。整个表流湿地单元植物搭配错落有致，景观效果好。同时，潜流部分的食蚊鱼以蚊子幼虫孑孓为食，解决了表流湿地夏季蚊虫滋生的问题，同时构建了一个完整的湿地生态系统。
附图说明
[0017] 图I为快速启动型无动力景观人工湿地示意图。
[0018] 附图标记：
[0019] I-挡水砖墙；2_防渗层；3_火山岩填料、陶粒填料及土壤的混合物；4_球形悬浮型填料层；5_卵石层；6_黄花鸢尾等挺水植物；7_ 土壤层及蚯蚓；8_火山岩填料层；9-透水花墙；10_凤眼莲等浮水植物；11_芦苇等挺水植物；12_狐尾藻等沉水植物。
具体实施方式
[0020] 实施例I
[0021] 快速启动型无动力景观人工湿地示系统如图I所示。
[0022] 污水先进入蓄水池（沉沙池）阶段，去除水中的杂质及悬浮物，再进入湿地处理单元。湿地处理单元分三部分，前部为悬浮型生物填料床，中部为生物处理潜流湿地，后部为三阶段表流湿地，三部分串联组成。整个湿地处理系统根据地势高差进行设计、施工，使进水端高于出水端，全程无动力运行。
[0023] 前部悬浮型生物填料床长5〜8m，宽I. 5〜2m，深40〜50cm，底部铺设有防渗膜， 防渗膜上方铺设卵石层，厚度5〜IOcm ;卵石层上方放入球形悬浮型生物填料，填料直径 5〜8cm，填料层厚度30〜35cm，球形悬浮生物填料可以为微生物繁殖提供附着点，同时由于其具有轻便性且粒径较大的特征，在该部分床体或整个湿地系统发生堵塞时便于挖出清洗，以最简便快捷的方式有效解决湿地堵塞问题；在填料层上方铺设火山岩填料、陶粒填料及土壤的混合物，厚5cm。
[0024] 污水经过前部悬浮型生物填料床单元后进入中部生物处理潜流湿地。中部生物处理潜流湿地依据地势建设，使污水顺高差由高向低流动，所选填料为多孔性火山岩填料及卵石，底层为防渗层，防渗层上铺设卵石层，深5〜IOcm;卵石层上方铺设火山岩填料层，深 30〜40cm ;火山岩层上方为土壤层，深15〜20cm,在该区域放置Φ丘蝴10〜20万条；整个生物处理潜流湿地深50〜70cm。在施工过程中，铺设完火山岩填料层后，向其中添加自来水厂的活性污泥，活性污泥添加量与湿地面积相关，约50L/m2，用以促进湿地启动阶段生物膜生长，缩短启动时间。在施工完成后在生物强化潜流湿地部分种植芦苇、黄花鸢尾等挺水植物。污水经生物强化人工湿地部分后进入表流湿地单元。表流湿地单元由前到后分为三部分：浮水植物区、挺水植物区、沉水植物区。其中，浮水植物区主要种植凤眼莲（水葫芦）， 深20〜30cm ;挺水植物区种植芦苇、水葱等高大水生植物，深20〜30cm ;沉水植物区选择种植狐尾藻、轮藻、小茨藻等沉水植物,深10〜20cm。在表流湿地中放置食蚊鱼50〜100 条，防止夏季蚊虫滋生。
[0025]投加 C0D、总氮、总磷、氨氮平均浓度为 153. lmg/L，97. 2mg/L, 2. 63mg/L, 24. 02mg/ L的生活污水，快速启动型生物强化人工湿地对COD、总氮、总磷的去除率分别为56%、 58 %、46 %，33 %，处理后出水 C0D、总氮、总磷的浓度为 67. 3mg/L、37. 8mg/L、I. 2mg/L、
15. 6mg/L,达到污水排放标准。
[0026] 实施例2
[0027] 通过在人工湿地建设过程中向填料中添加活性污泥，人工湿地的启动时间由通常所需的I个月左右缩短至I周左右，同时启动阶段的去除效率明显提高，其中COD提高 10-20% ;总氮提高 10-15% ；
[0028] 总磷提高5_10%。
[0029] 实施例3
[0030] 使污染物浓度相同的污水分别通过有蚯蚓和无蚯蚓的潜流人工湿地，实验标明蚯蚓对人工湿地中有机质的含量有一定影响，通过蚯蚓的物理和生理作用，由污水带入土壤中的有机物部分经蚯蚓的肠道作用而被去除。有蚯蚓部分人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 COD去除率达83% -88%，BOD5去除率达91% -96%，SS去除率达85% -92 %，有机物去除率效果与普通活性污泥法相当。蚯蚓湿地的除氮效果明显优于普通活性污泥法，氨氮去除率达55%-65%。其出水浓度为（12-20)mg/L，可满足国家排放标准的要求。
[0031] 实施例4
[0032] 通过分析，水平潜流人工湿地部分黄花鸢尾根系表面生物膜中异养细菌、硝酸细菌、亚硝酸细菌数量分别为3198E+08CFU/g、8. 20E+04CFU/g、6. 01E+03CFU/g，较无植物潜流湿地填料生物膜中相应细菌高出516倍、314倍和410倍。
[0033] 实施例5
[0034] 在利用沉水植物进行生活污水深度处理方面，有沉水植物的表流湿地较没有沉水植物的表流湿地容氧和pH值高，说明沉水植物是改善表流湿地水体容氧和pH的有效途径， 利于生活污水的深度处理。
Claims (4)
1. 一种适于小城镇生活污水、废水处理的快速启动型无动力生物强化人工湿地系统， 其特征在于，所述人工湿地系统依地势由高至低依次包括：1)沉沙池；2)悬浮型生物填料床，所述悬浮型生物填料床，底部铺设有防渗膜，防渗膜上方铺设卵石层，卵石层上方放入悬浮型生物填料，填料直径5-8cm，填料层厚度30-35cm，在悬浮型生物填料层上方铺设火山岩填料、陶粒填料及土壤的混合物；3)生物处理潜流湿地，所述生物处理潜流湿地的底层为防渗层，防渗层上铺设卵石层，深5-10cm，卵石层上方铺设火山岩填料层，深30-40cm，火山岩层上方为土壤层，深 15-20cm，在该区域放置蚯蚓10-20万条，整个生物处理潜流湿地深50_70cm ；4)表流湿地，所述表流湿地包括浮水植物区、挺水植物区、沉水植物区。
2.根据权利要求I所述的人工湿地系统，其特征在于，所述生物处理潜流湿地的火山岩填料层中添加有自来水厂的活性污泥，活性污泥添加量为每平方米湿地50L。
3.根据权利要求I所述的人工湿地系统，其特征在于，在所述生物处理潜流湿地部分种植挺水植物。
4.根据权利要求I所述的人工湿地系统，其特征在于，所述浮水植物区种植凤眼莲；所述挺水植物区种植芦苇、水葱；所述沉水植物区种植狐尾藻、轮藻、小茨藻。
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| CN105776556A (zh) * | 2016-04-21 | 2016-07-20 | 东南大学 | 防堵塞经济作物型滤床-折流板潜流人工湿地强化脱氮除磷系统 |
| CN106630485A (zh) * | 2016-12-14 | 2017-05-10 | 苏州润弘贸易有限公司 | 农村生活污水综合处理方法 |
| CN109205927A (zh) * | 2018-09-07 | 2019-01-15 | 中国市政工程中南设计研究总院有限公司 | 一种处理农村生活污水的装置及方法 |
| CN110117071A (zh) * | 2019-05-16 | 2019-08-13 | 江苏中车环保设备有限公司 | 一种适用于村镇分散式污水生物处理设备的快速启动方法 |
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