CN102597467B - 用于废气再循环的方法 - Google Patents

用于废气再循环的方法 Download PDF

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CN102597467B
CN102597467B CN201080051032.4A CN201080051032A CN102597467B CN 102597467 B CN102597467 B CN 102597467B CN 201080051032 A CN201080051032 A CN 201080051032A CN 102597467 B CN102597467 B CN 102597467B
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A·弗里森
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于废气再循环(AGR)的方法,特别是在内燃机中进行废气再循环,特别是用于减少NOx的排放量,其方式是,控制AGR阀(2)和/或节流阀(3),其特征在于,在确定用于控制所述AGR阀(2)和/或节流阀(3)的值中的NOx值之后的一定时间段中,采用出一数学模型,将当前测定的NOx的值、从NOx测量结束以后过去的时间段以及内燃机(1)的与减少NOx相关的参数代入所述数学模型。

Description

用于废气再循环的方法
为了遵守当前的以及未来的排放级别中的NOx排放极限值,主要使用废气再循环(AGR)的方法,该方法主要由《LexikonMotortechnik》第一版,2004年4月出版,第14页及后几页已知。也就是说,发动机的废气通过为此设置的系统冷却,并且以确定的量再输送给发动机的进气行程。以这种方式显著降低了NOx排放,而与此同时,颗粒排放倾向于上升。NOx和颗粒的排放量较低极限值迫使发动机制造者这样调整其发动机,使其只是略微地低于规定的极限值。同时,必须保证由于老化引起的系统部件的变化及其批量制造离散性不会导致超过所述极限值。一种由此得出的合理的处理方式是,借助于AGR将NOx排放量调整到需要的值。为调整NOx排放需要尽可能准确地确定所排放的NOx。但是,所有在市场上可获得的用于在批量发动机中使用的NOx传感器只适用于在稳定的发动机运行中测量或调整NOx排放,而不适用于瞬间的过程。其原因在于,这种传感器与瞬间的发动机工作中的转数和负荷变化相比具有较长的空转时间(Totzeit)或延迟时间。在控制技术中,受控系统的系统输入端的改变和系统输出端的应答之间的时间段被称为空转时间(也称为运行时间或传输时间)。例如一个PT1过滤器的过滤器常数被称为延迟时间。为了顾及到这个问题,借助于包括不同的量的数学关系估算在瞬间运行中的NOx排放。因为该系统的所有构件和所有测量装置都受到容许误差和老化作用,需要对于每台发动机针对运行时间单独地修正NOx估算装置。在稳定的工作状态下借助通过NOx传感器稳定地正确地测量出的NOx的值进行修正,所述NOx的值与估算装置的值比较。传感器值和估算值之间的稳定的偏差在瞬间的发动机运行中同样导致排放在相同的方向上的偏差。
所述NOx估算装置或还有物理模型由特性曲线族和算法组成,它们使得即使在瞬间的发动机运行中也能够由当前的测量值(发动机上的各种(分散的)传感器)、在特性曲线族中反映出的基准值得出真实的NOx排放。这样,在非稳定的过程中也那能够实现NOx调节。
如果发动机工作状态是接近稳定的,则将估算装置的值与NOx传感器的值比较。在出现偏差时修正估算装置的基准值,从而精确地在NOx传感器的测量精度的范围内保持期望的NOx排放。针对该工作点存储该修正值,以便即使在NOx传感器又不能提供可靠的值的瞬间的发动机运行中也能起到修正作用。
通过以下描述的方法实现这种与工作点相关地作为特性曲线族存储修正值。通过这种修正有效地抵消由老化导致的NOx排放变化和过宽的批量制造离散性。
在技术使用中,与工作点相关的状态或值通常根据一个或多个变量确定。对这种关系进行数学描述并存储的方法是一种特性曲线族,其对于各输入变量的相关性分别具有一个轴并具有一个用于输出变量的矩阵。在处理器辅助的实时使用中,这些轴具有预定数量的取样点(Stützstelle)用于各个输入变量。其中,这些取样点的值必须是严格单调的。输出矩阵的尺寸n×m通过i轴的取样点的数量n和y轴的取样点的数量m确定。因此可以为每个由x-取样点值和y-取样点值组成的数值对单一地分配输出矩阵中的一个元素。所述x和y输入值对被称作工作点。这种特性曲线族的参数化通常通过在实验台上、实验室中的测量实现或者也可以用估算的值实现。这里这样选择工作点,使得通过输入变量准确地得到各单个取样点值,因此输出矩阵中只有一个元素是可确定值的。在插图1示出的例子中,输入变量x的值为“90”,而输入变量y的值为“400”。输出矩阵中由此可确定值的元素具有值“5”,如插图4所示。
如果现在输入变量的值与取样点的值不是刚好一致,而是位于其间(例如x=80.2,而y=1787),则属于它的输出值(z=7103)应该通过线性的内插法确定。所求的值由输出矩阵中包围工作点四个值算出,如在插图5中所示。也就是说,这四个单个值的权重取决于其各自离工作点的距离。
面元素构成通过线性的内插法形成的区域。相反,这些直线互相的交叉点以及这些线与轴的交叉点示出输出矩阵的各单个元素。
在存储用于由估算装置使用的基准值的修正值时存在的问题是,所确定的误差的值不能直接分配给输出矩阵的一个元素,因为输入变量通常不是刚好位于一个网格值上的。就是说要为输出矩阵中包围当前工作点的那些元素找出合适的值。对于具有相应输出值的一个工作点,理论上要为各单个元素找出无穷多的数值组合,这些数值在线性的内插法中构成输出值。因此,这个问题首先集中在找到这样的数值组合,该数值组合对于输出矩阵的相同的元素内的其他工作点也构成相应修正值的最佳近似值。
只有在特殊情况下可以直接在第一步中且无需进一步修正地确定相关元素的数值。通常,之前确定的数值在工作点移动时必须重新修正,使得新的值同样能精确地反映。
其中,这样实现输出矩阵的元素的数值的变化,使得对于相应工作点具有最大权重的元素也发生最大的变化。类似地,具有最小权重的元素也发生最小的变化。因此,输出矩阵元素的新的数值不仅根据新的数值确定,也根据历史的/过去的数值确定。这样,在考虑到所有之前的状态的情况下,特性曲线族得到了估算装置的必要的修正。
以下等式用数学的方式描述所述学习关系。
对适应性调整的数学描述
确认输出矩阵元素
在以下的说明中假设,a、b、c、d以及à、是包围当前工作点的输出矩阵元素。输出矩阵的每个元素都可能影响输出值。相同的元素可以完全不参与内插法,因为其没有直接包围相关工作点,或者也可以作为a、b、c或d参与内插法。因此需要根据工作点强制地明确确认(Identifikation)元素作为a、b、c或d,使得可以将正确的值存储在相应的元素中。这种元素的识别可以通过比较元素的行指数和列指数实现。为了进行内插法,也要通过其加权因数识别相应的元素。也就是说哪些元素参与了内插法是已知的。为了接下来描述的方法还要考察,一个元素是否作为a、b、c或d参与。
这里考察元素aj,k
情形1:在插图4中,除了aj,k之外,元素aj,k+1、aj+1,k和aj+1,k+1也参与了内插法→aj,k=a
插图4:情形1的示意性图示
情形2:在插图5中,除了aj,k之外,元素aj,k-1、aj+1,k和aj+1,k-1也参与了内插法→aj,k=b
插图5:情形2的示意性图示
情形3:在插图6中,除了aj,k之外,元素aj-1,k、aj-1,k+1和aj,k+1也参与了内插法→aj,k=c
插图6:情形3的示意性图示
情形4:在插图7中,除了aj,k之外,元素aj,k-1、aj-1,k和aj-1,k-1也参与了内插法→aj,k=d
插图7:情形4的示意性图示
如果这些情形没有一个符合条件,则aj,k既不是a、b、c也不是d,并且不参与当前的学习过程。
用于适配调整输出矩阵的等式
用于确定加权因数ɡa、ɡb、ɡc和ɡd的等式假定为普遍已知的,并且不在单独列举。
“旧的”输出值由各个“旧的”输出矩阵元素a、b、c和d利用加权因数ɡa、ɡb、ɡc和ɡd如下确定(线性的内插法):
Z=a×ga+b×gb+c×gc+d×gd              (6.1)
所述“新的”输出值Z′由各个“新的”输出矩阵元素à、利用加权因数ɡa、ɡb、ɡc和ɡd如下确定(线性的内插法):
Z ` = a ` × ga + b ` × gb + c ` × gc + d ` × gd - - - ( 6.2 )
其中,输出矩阵元素“新的”值如下确定:
à=a+Δa                         (6.3)
b ` = b + Δb - - - ( 6.4 )
c ` = c + Δc - - - ( 6.5 )
d ` = d + Δd - - - ( 6.6 )
相对于旧的值发生的改变的总和定义为:
ΔG=ga+Δb+c+Δd                          (6.7)
输出矩阵元素的值的变化量取决于对于内插法的权重的高低,这个目的在以下的等式中描述:
输出值的差ΔZ=Z′-Z也可以用下面的等式描述:
ΔZ=ga×Δa+gb ×gb+gc×Δc+gd×Δd         (6.12)
通过将等式(6.8)至(6.11)带入等式(6.12)中,最终得到:
ΔG = ΔZ ( ga ) 2 + ( gb ) 2 + ( gc ) 2 + ( gd ) 2 - - - ( 6.13 )
因此,Δa、Δb、Δc、Δd以及à、也能够最终确定。
在图1中示出一内燃机1,其具有AGR阀2,该阀设置在内燃机1的进气装置以及废气排放装置之间。此外,所述内燃机1在进气装置中具有节流阀3。
排气管或颗粒过滤器和/或催化器位于内燃机1的废气排放装置中。NOx传感器5位于废气排放装置中,特别是在颗粒过滤器的区域中。调节装置6与AGR阀2、节流阀3、NOx传感器5、物理模型7以及修正模块10和数据接口11连通。
图2示出一内燃机1,其具有增压空气冷却器8、AGR冷却器9和涡轮增压器12。该内燃机1具有AGR阀2,该AGR阀设置在内燃机1的进气装置以及废气排放装置之间。此外,所述内燃机1在进气装置中具有节流阀3。
排气管或颗粒过滤器和/或催化器位于内燃机1的废气排放装置中。NOx传感器5位于废气排放装置中,特别是在颗粒过滤器的区域中。调节装置6与废气再循环阀2、节流阀3、NOx传感器5、物理模型7以及修正模块10和数据接口11连通。
公式中使用的符号
附图标记
1内燃机
2AGR阀
3节流阀
4排气管或颗粒过滤器或催化净化器
5NOx传感器
6调节装置
7物理模型
8增压空气冷却器
9AGR冷却器
10修正模块
11数据接口
12涡轮增压器

Claims (11)

1.用于在内燃机上进行废气再循环(AGR)的方法,其方式是,控制AGR阀(2)和/或节流阀(3),其特征在于,在确定用于控制所述AGR阀(2)和/或节流阀(3)的值中的NOx值之后的一定时间段中,采用一数学模型,将当前测定的NOx的值、从NOx测量结束以后过去的时间段以及内燃机(1)的与减少NOx相关的参数代入所述数学模型,所述数学模型通过对多个输出元素的适应性调整来提供用于控制AGR阀和/或节流阀的输出值,其中,对多个输出元素的适应性调整包括为每个输出元素提供加权因数。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法用于减少NOx排放。
3.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述一定时间段是前一次进行的NOx的测量结束后到实施调节过程之前过去的时间。
4.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述时间段定义为t=空转时间+5×延迟时间。
5.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,废气中的NOx含量的当前状况或者说当前的NOx份额根据所述内燃机(1)的一个物理模型确定并存储,其中,所述物理模型(7)与数学模型并行运行。
6.按照权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,在物理模型(7)中根据所有可供使用的工作参数来确定并存储基本上所有可供使用的发动机特有的测量值。
7.按照权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,调节装置(6)持续地根据所述内燃机的工作状态将所述数学模型与所述物理模型比较。
8.按照权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述调节装置(6)持续地根据所述内燃机的工作状态对所述数学模型或所述物理模型的 NOx预报进行比较和/或存储。
9.按照权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述调节装置(6)根据所述内燃机的工作状况选出所述数学模型或所述物理模型的最低的NOx预报,并且转换成相应的用于所述AGR阀(2)和/或节流阀(3)的控制信号。
10.按照权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述物理模型的数据能够通过数据接口(11)与外界的专家系统进行交换。
11.内燃机,包括至少一个废气排放装置以及至少一个进气装置、至少一个AGR阀(2)和至少一个节流阀(3)、至少一个排气管(4)、至少一个NOx传感器(5)以及至少一个调节装置(6),所述调节装置用于控制所述至少一个AGR阀和节流阀,在确定用于控制所述AGR阀(2)和/或节流阀(3)的值中的NOx值之后的一定时间段中,采用一数学模型,将当前测定的NOx的值、从NOx测量结束以后过去的时间段以及内燃机(1)的与减少NOx相关的参数代入所述数学模型,所述数学模型通过对多个输出元素的适应性调整来提供用于控制AGR阀和/或节流阀的输出值,其中,对多个输出元素的适应性调整包括为每个输出元素提供加权因数。
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