CN102504934B - 一种废内燃机油再生工艺 - Google Patents
一种废内燃机油再生工艺 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102504934B CN102504934B CN 201110370902 CN201110370902A CN102504934B CN 102504934 B CN102504934 B CN 102504934B CN 201110370902 CN201110370902 CN 201110370902 CN 201110370902 A CN201110370902 A CN 201110370902A CN 102504934 B CN102504934 B CN 102504934B
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- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 230000001172 regenerating Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 63
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 16
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- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical group 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- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-YTBWXGASSA-N sodium;dioxido(oxo)azanium Chemical compound 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Abstract
本发明属于资源再利用技术领域，特别涉及一种废内燃机油再生工艺。将废内燃机油依次采用复合絮凝剂沉降、减压脱除轻组分处理，得到再生内燃机油。所述的废内燃机油再生工艺操作简单，收率高。
Description
—种废内燃机油再生工艺
技术领域
[0001] 本发明属于资源再利用技术领域，特别涉及一种废内燃机油再生工艺。
背景技术
[0002] 随着我国工业现代化的逐步深入，工业企业产生的各种废弃物的数量急剧升高，对于这些废弃污染物进行减量化、资源化已经成为目前比较紧迫的课题。工业企业中使用的多数机械设备均需要使用润滑油以维持设备正常运行，目前我国废润滑油产生量巨大，据统计，我国每年润滑油产量约400万吨以上，其中一半左右为内燃机油，每年换下来的废油基本占到用油量的25-40%左右。随着近年我国汽车产销量大幅增长，废油产生量也在急剧增加。目前我国处理废油主要以作为燃料油为主，由于润滑油在使用过程中可能会有重金属微粒混入，加上长期使用过程中的氧化变质，这种处理方式对环境造成很大污染，且此类处理方法基本以家庭小作坊土法裂解式为主，因此多设备简陋，人员操作水平低、安全观念淡薄，生产过程中极易出现安全及环境问题。废润滑油虽然属于危险废弃物，但仍有较高的再生价值，其中的60-90%为基础油，变质成分一般在10%以下，处理方法得当一般再生收率能达到60-90%左右，再生过程中采取严格的安全及环保措施可以杜绝环境污染。
[0003]目前国内较为成熟的再生工艺有:蒸馏-酸洗-白土精制；沉降-酸洗-白土精制；沉降-蒸馏-酸洗-白土精制；白土高温接触无酸再生；沉降-絮凝-白土精制；蒸馏-白土精制等。这些工艺存在较多问题，如操作复杂、工艺繁琐、收率较低等，而且多数在再生过程中会产生新的危险废弃物，如含油白土、酸渣、废气、高粘度渣油等，故这些工艺的推广还存在较多问题。
发明内容`
[0004] 本发明的目的在于提供一种废内燃机油再生工艺，解决目前再生工艺操作复杂、工艺繁琐、收率低、污染严重等缺陷。
[0005] 本发明采用的技术方案如下:
[0006] 一种废内燃机油再生工艺，将废内燃机油依次采用复合絮凝剂沉降、减压脱除轻组分处理，得到再生内燃机油。
[0007] 此处所指的轻组分主要包括使用过程中混入的汽油、柴油、水分等轻质组分。
[0008] 所述的复合絮凝剂为磷酸氢二铵与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺。
[0009] 磷酸氢二铵加入的量为废油质量的1.8-3.6%，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺加入量为废油质量的 0.08-0.15%。
[0010] 所述的磷酸氢二铵加入时以质量浓度为15-20%的水溶液形式加入；所述的阳离子聚丙烯酰胺阳尚子度为30%,相对分子质量800万，加入时以0.08-0.12g/L水溶液的形式加入。
[0011] 将废内燃机油升温至80-90°C，搅拌下加入复合絮凝剂混合均匀，然后将分离出絮凝物的油品减压脱除轻组分即得再生内燃机油。[0012] 分离絮凝剂的步骤为:将油品输送至保温沉降罐沉降或离心使絮凝物与油品分离。
[0013] 减压脱除轻组分步骤为:将分离出絮凝物的油品在密封良好的加热釜内进行减压拔头操作，维持温度130-150°C，绝压为8-15KPa。
[0014] 具体的，将废内燃机油升温至80_90°C，压缩空气搅拌下加入废油质量12-18%的质量浓度为15-20%的磷酸氢二铵溶液，混合30-40min后加入废油质量0.08-0.15%的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺的水溶液，溶液浓度为0.1 g/L ;继续搅拌20-30min，搅拌结束后在保温立式锥底沉降罐内保温沉降或进入离心机内进行固液分离，分离完毕后将上层清油抽出输送至加热釜内进行减压拔头处理2-3h至闪点、水分合格，绝压8-15KPa，温度控制为130-150°C ，加热过程中进行搅拌；调和，至油品满足要求指标，获得再生内燃机油。
[0015] 将减压脱除的轻组分中的水及轻油进行分离，分离出的水经处理合格后作为系统循环冷却用水或排放；轻油脱除其中混入的不良组分后吸附脱臭，获得再生合格轻油。
[0016] 传统的废内燃机油或者润滑油常用净化再生工艺，包括加热沉降或离心沉降脱水杂、酸洗、白土精制等复杂的步骤，本发明通过使用复合絮凝剂絮凝沉降来代替沉降、离心脱水杂、酸洗、白土精制等工序。对于絮凝剂的加入，单独使用有机或无机絮凝剂存在加剂量大、絮凝体形体较小、沉降较慢等缺点，复合使用可以达到降低成本、提高处理效果等优点，但对于不同油品需筛选出适合的复合絮凝剂及确定适当的添加比例才能达到要求的处理效果，针对废内燃机油本申请确定了磷酸氢二铵与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的组合。
[0017] 磷酸氢二铵俗称磷酸二铵，分解温度155°C，纯净物为白色晶体或粉末，易溶于水，不溶于乙醇，常作为肥料使用，也可以作为木材、纸张、织物的防火剂，医药、制糖、饲料添加剂等，常温无毒。聚丙烯酰胺为水溶性高分子聚合物，溶于多数有机溶剂，有良好的絮凝性，按离子特性可以分为阴离子、阳离子、非离子及两性型等四种类型，在造纸业、石油工业污水污油处理、纺织、食品等行业应用广泛。此类药剂均需密封保存，使用前现配成母液以防变质。复合絮凝剂使用时，无机絮凝剂破乳产生的胶体颗粒矾花被有较长分子链的PAM通过架桥效应形成较大而坚韧的絮凝体利于絮凝体沉降，下层水质明显澄清，含油率下降。由于这些加入药剂均不与内燃机油基础油反应，故此步骤对油品基础油影响不大。但由于后续减压拔头处理时会造成部分添加剂破坏，因此需在减压拔头处理工序之后的调和工序中补充适量添加剂。
[0018] 分离絮凝物后的上层清油中主要还有以下物质需要处理，微量残余水分、汽油、柴油以及各种低沸点小分子物质:
[0019] 1.微量残余水分:
[0020] 水分在油品中存在状态主要为溶解水、游离水、乳化水三种，游离水与油品分离较容易，简单沉降即可；乳化水与油品结合较紧密，使用简单的沉降极难将其分离或需要耗费时间较长，因此不易工业化应用，但加入适当絮凝剂在加热情况下可以分离；溶解水与油品形成均一的体系，油品仅含少量溶解水时为均一透明的体系，只有使用化验仪器才能测出，但微量水分的存在对油品质量影响较显著，本发明通过减压拔头操作除去。当油液中同时存在固体颗粒和水时，水分对设备的腐蚀作用比水单独存在时要严重的多，这是因为固体颗粒磨去了设备表面的氧化物保护膜，使元件不断地暴露出新的表面，致使水腐蚀加剧，水与油液中某些添加剂作用产生沉淀物和胶质等有害污染物，加剧油液变质劣化。由于设备磨损会产生细小固体颗粒混入油中，为保证油品使用寿命、延长换油周期以及保证设备正常运行，将油液中水分脱除彻底是非常必要的。
[0021] 2.汽油及柴油:
[0022] 汽油机及柴油机等内燃机在使用过程中由于密封等问题会有汽油或柴油混入机油箱中，一般汽车修理厂清洗工件时常使用柴油作为清洗剂，这些柴油一般也装入废润滑油桶内与废机油混合起来，混入有汽柴油的内燃机油闪点明显降低，粘度降低。
[0023] 3.各种低沸点小分子物质
[0024] 由于内燃机油等润滑油品分类较多，用途较广，混入杂物较多，一般有氨、硫醇、胺及其他低沸点物质。
[0025] 由于这些物质沸点远低于润滑油沸点，减压蒸馏可以降低沸点，故实际生产中多采用真空拔头以节约热量损耗及保证油品质量。
[0026] 废内燃机油升温加入复合絮凝剂混合时，处理温度一般不超过95°C以免油品氧化。
[0027] 减压脱除轻组分的操作可以充分利用沉降过程中余热减少能量浪费，高真空度可以避免内燃机油中添加剂的破坏，降低能量消耗，提高产品品质。
[0028] 轻油主要是脱除其中混入的硫醇、氨等不良组分，脱除的低沸点不良组分由吸收剂吸收后转化为无害气体排放。
[0029] 本发明最适合于处理变质程度较低的废油，且具有高效、节能、环保等特点。
[0030] 本发明相对于现有技术，有以下优点:
[0031] I)处理温度较低，能避免部分热敏型添加剂的破坏，提高再生收率至85-95% ；
[0032] 2)处理时间短，絮凝处理过程中，在药剂加入混合均匀之后经离心机离心，絮凝物与油品分离彻底，可降低处理时间，提高混合絮凝罐的设备使用效率；
[0033] 3)药剂加入方法简便易行，由于使用药剂均为无腐蚀性低浓度溶液，便于设备输送及均匀混合；
[0034] 4)加工成本低，药剂均为常用廉价工业原料，且加入量较低，吨处理成本仅为130-170元左右；
[0035] 5)环保效益高，整个过程不使用强酸碱，对设备无腐蚀，且絮凝物便于分离及无害化处理，不会对环境造成危害。
附图说明
[0036] 图1为本发明废内燃机油再生工艺简图，其中，V-1为保温立式锥底沉降罐，V-2为电加热真空拔头爸，V-3为内燃机油调和爸，V-4为成品内燃机油储罐，V-5为水及轻组分缓冲罐，V-6为轻组分储罐，V-7为絮凝物储罐，VP-1为真空泵，P-1/P-2/P-3/P-4皆为齿轮油泵，E-1/E-2/E-3为换热器组。实线所表示箭头走向为油品流向；虚线所标箭头为蒸汽走向。
具体实施方式
[0037] 以下以具体实施 例来说明本发明的技术方案，但本发明的保护范围不限于此:
[0038] 实施例1[0039] 本工艺所需的设备包括保温立式锥底沉降罐、电加热真空拔头釜、内燃机油调和釜、真空泵、换热器及齿轮油泵等，皆为润滑油生产加工行业常规设备。
[0040] 废内燃机油再生工艺步骤如下:
[0041] 首先将待处理废内燃机油(柴油机油或汽油机油)输送至沉降罐内用压缩空气混合，混合均匀后升温至80-90°C，升温过程中开启搅拌防止局部过热导致油品氧化变质。压缩空气搅拌下加入废油总量15%的磷酸氢二铵溶液(溶液质量浓度为15%)，经混合30min后在相对缓和搅拌强度下(单位罐体截面通气量为1.0〜1.5m3/(min.m2))加入聚丙烯酰胺(阳离子度30%，分子量800万)水溶液(溶液浓度为0.lg/L)，加入量为油量的0.1% ;聚丙烯酰胺加入后继续搅拌30 min。停止搅拌，油品进行保温沉降，保温沉降后对上层清油进行检测，测定机械杂质含量为无，然后输送至电加热真空拔头釜内升温脱除其中残余的少量水分及轻油，此过程中系统绝压lOKpa，温度为130°C，保持3h，取样测定开口闪点、水分等指标，达到国标处理要求后降温进入调和釜内进行调和，相应补充3-5%的柴油机油或汽油机油复合添加剂，调和后油品冷却至常温后泵入成品油储罐。
[0042] 此过程中产生了少量的絮凝废水、汽油及柴油。产生的汽柴油脱水后进入储罐内集中储存，至一定量时送入废矿物油再生装置进行再生，絮凝废水运至污水处理厂处理。
[0043] I)用上述方法处理废柴油机油⑶30，调和前其开口闪点为235°C，水分痕迹(国标GB 11122要求开口闪点不小于220°C，水分不大于痕迹);最终获得的再生柴油机油，粘度指数为89、闪点达到235°C (优于国标GB 11122规定的80及225°C )，水分含量为痕迹，油品颜色深棕半透明。
[0044] 2)用上述方法处理SE30废汽油机油，获得的再生汽油机油粘度指数为80、闪点达至|J 224°C (优于国标GB 11121规定的75及220°C)，水分含量为痕迹，可以达到国标汽油机油技术指标，油品颜色深棕半透明。
[0045] 由于润滑油品在使用过程中粘度指数下降明显，变质程度越深指数下降越明显，可以根据粘度指数判断再生质量，其他指标符合要求即可。
[0046] 上述实施例为本发明优选的实施方式，但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制，其他的任何未背离本发明所作的改变均应为等效的置换方式，都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (3)
1.一种废内燃机油再生工艺，其特征在于，将废内燃机油依次采用复合絮凝剂沉降、减压脱除轻组分处理，得到再生内燃机油；所述的复合絮凝剂为磷酸氢二铵与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺，磷酸氢二铵加入的量为废油质量的1.8-3.6%，阳离子聚丙烯酰胺加入量为废油质量的0.08-0.15% ;所述的磷酸氢二铵加入时以质量浓度为15-20%的水溶液形式加入；所述的阳尚子聚丙烯酰胺阳尚子度为30%,相对分子质量800万，加入时以0.08-0.12g/L水溶液的形式加入； 将废内燃机油升温至80-90°C，搅拌下加入复合絮凝剂混合均匀，然后将分离出絮凝物的油品减压脱除轻组分；减压脱除轻组分步骤为:将分离出絮凝物的油品在密封良好的加热釜内进行减压拔头操作，维持温度130-150°C，绝压为8-15KPa。
2.如权利要求1所述的废内燃机油再生工艺，其特征在于，分离絮凝物的步骤为:将油品输送至保温沉降罐沉降或离心使絮凝物与油品分离。
3.如权利要求1所述的废内燃机油再生工艺，其特征在于，将减压脱除的轻组分中的水及轻油进行分离，分离出的水经处理合格后作为系统循环冷却用水或排放；轻油脱除其中混入的不良组分后吸·附脱臭，获得再生合格轻油。
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