CN102446287A - 智能卡 - Google Patents

智能卡 Download PDF

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CN102446287A
CN102446287A CN2011103024201A CN201110302420A CN102446287A CN 102446287 A CN102446287 A CN 102446287A CN 2011103024201 A CN2011103024201 A CN 2011103024201A CN 201110302420 A CN201110302420 A CN 201110302420A CN 102446287 A CN102446287 A CN 102446287A
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smart card
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digital signal
processing receiver
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CN102446287B (zh
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吉亚斯·阿尔-卡迪
马西莫·恰奇
雷默克·科内利斯·荷曼·贝克
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Koninklijke Philips NV
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06KGRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • G06K19/0723Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips the record carrier comprising an arrangement for non-contact communication, e.g. wireless communication circuits on transponder cards, non-contact smart cards or RFIDs
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06KGRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/067Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
    • G06K19/07Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0045Arrangements at the receiver end
    • H04L1/0052Realisations of complexity reduction techniques, e.g. pipelining or use of look-up tables
    • H04L1/0053Realisations of complexity reduction techniques, e.g. pipelining or use of look-up tables specially adapted for power saving
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/004Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by using forward error control
    • H04L1/0075Transmission of coding parameters to receiver
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/20Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received using signal quality detector
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04WWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W4/00Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
    • H04W4/80Services using short range communication, e.g. near-field communication [NFC], radio-frequency identification [RFID] or low energy communication
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02DCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES [ICT], I.E. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AIMING AT THE REDUCTION OF THEIR OWN ENERGY USE
    • Y02D30/00Reducing energy consumption in communication networks
    • Y02D30/70Reducing energy consumption in communication networks in wireless communication networks

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Quality & Reliability (AREA)
  • Dc Digital Transmission (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
  • Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提出了一种智能卡,所述智能卡包括数字信号处理接收机,所述数字信号处理接收机可以基于从智能卡读取器接收的信号的误差矢量幅度来识别读取器的类型。数字信号处理接收机能够根据与之通信的读取器的类型,在运行时重新配置自身,以最优地使所述数字信号处理接收机的功耗最小化。此外,本发明还提出了一种新的前同步码结构,包括基本部分和可选的附加部分。

Description

智能卡
技术领域
本发明涉及用于与读取器单元通信的智能卡。本发明还涉及包括智能卡以及适于与智能卡通信的读取器单元的系统。
背景技术
支持VHDR(超高数据速率(very high data rate))功能的智能卡越来越多地被看作下一代智能卡。智能卡与智能卡读取器之间的新的通信协议需要1.7Mb/s到13.56Mb/s的数据速率,同时传统的13.56MHz的载波频率仍在使用。这意味着符号间干扰(ISI,Inter SymbolInterferences)的极大提高。ISI通过干扰来破坏接收到的波形,干扰取决于之前发送的符号。因此,当前符号受到相邻符号的破坏。试图通过均衡来补偿ISI。除了ISI之外,还有其他非理想性影响接收到的信号,例如,DC偏移、增益失调(misadjustment)和时序偏移。DC偏移发生在波形的均值非零时,即,波形没有在可用的ADC范围内的中心时。增益失调表现为波形幅度的未知变化。采样时序偏移是符号转变与ADC对连续波形采样时的时间之间的相位误差。
在任何接收机中,都必需考虑这样的非理想性以进行正确的检测。因此,在有效载荷(即,实际数据)之前发送已知的序列(称作前同步码),以训练接收机应对这些非理想性。
因此,与当今的智能卡相比,下一代智能卡将具有更多的数字信号处理(DSP)接收机。此外,下一代智能卡应当能够与不同类型的智能卡读取器通信,例如,与电源网相连的基站和支持NFC功能的移动设备。
读取器单元的功率需求根据应用领域而完全不同,即,基站的功率需求与移动设备的功率需求有很大不同。例如,基站典型地提供纯净信号(clear signal),纯净信号增加了发送侧的功耗。换言之,为了产生纯净信号,基站消耗更多的功率。由于基站与电源网相连,所以可以获得所需的功率。如果信号是纯净的,则在接收侧进行的(即,由DSP接收机执行的)数字信号处理相对简单,并且用于同步和校准接收机的前同步码相对短。
然而,对于包含在支持NFC功能的移动设备中的读取器单元,可用功率是有限的,因此发送的信号较不纯净。在这种情况下,在接收侧进行的数字信号处理相对复杂,并且所需的前同步码相对长。
DSP接收机需要提前知道其将接收何种类型的前同步码。这导致了在每种类型的读取器单元的标准下的不同前同步码。DSP接收机典型地被配置为仅处理特定类型的前同步码,因此仅应对特定类型的读取器单元。因此,DSP接收机并不十分灵活,并且上面集成了DSP接收机的智能卡在应用方面也受限制。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提高上述类型智能卡的灵活性。这利用根据权利要求1所述的智能卡来实现。
基本上,数字信号处理接收机被布置为通过确定从读取器单元接收的信号的误差矢量幅度,来确定所述信号的质量。接收到的信号的误差矢量幅度(EVM)是对信号质量的良好度量。这与可用带宽直接相关;较高的带宽意味着读取器单元消耗较多的功率来发送信号。因此,如果信号的质量越高,则断定读取器单元具有更多的可用功率来发送信号。
根据本的一方面,数字信号处理接收机还被布置为根据从读取器单元接收的信号的质量来重新配置自身,以最小化所述数字信号处理接收机的功耗。简言之,如果信号质量足够高,则可以省去特定量的训练。这是一种管理智能卡功耗的方便方式。
根据本发明的另一方面,数字信号处理接收机包括:功率管理单元,适于根据从读取器单元接收的信号的质量来禁用数字信号处理接收机的一部分。例如,在信号质量在给定阈值以上的情况下禁用这些部分。
根据本发明的另一方面,数字信号处理接收机还被布置为确定读取器单元仅发射第一前同步码还是会发射第一前同步码和第二前同步码,其中,所述第一前同步码包括用于校准一个或多个信号参数的基本训练序列,所述第二前同步码包括用于校准所述信号参数的附加训练序列;其中,如果误差矢量幅度在预定阈值以上,则数字信号处理接收机断定对第一前同步码和第二前同步码进行发送。这种实现方式的优点是,在读取器单元的功率预算允许高质量信号的情况下,可以避免用于校准用途的长前同步码。
根据本发明的另一方面,第二前同步码嵌入在发射的帧的有效载荷中。
根据本发明的另一方面,信号参数包括以下参数中的一个或多个:DC、增益和时序。
根据本发明的另一方面,附加训练序列包括白训练序列。
附图说明
将参考附图更详细地描述本发明,其中:
图1示出了智能卡,所述智能卡既与连接至电源网的读取器单元通信,又与包含在支持NFC功能的移动设备中的读取器单元通信;
图2示出了根据本发明的数字信号处理接收机的示例;
图3示出了根据本发明的用于多级调制(multi level modulation)的第一前同步码的示例;
图4示出了在基本前同步码期间如何校准信号参数;
图5示出了如何确定接收到的信号的误差矢量幅度;
图6示出了根据本发明的用于两级调制(如,ASK)的第一前同步码的示例。
具体实施方式
图1示出了智能卡,所述智能卡既与连接至电源网的读取器单元BS通信,又与包含在支持NFC功能的移动设备中的读取器单元MD通信。如上所述,读取器单元的功率需求根据应用领域而完全不同。智能卡中包含的根据本发明的数字信号处理接收机被布置为通过确定从读取器单元接收的信号的误差矢量幅度来确定所述信号的质量。确定信号的误差矢量幅度的技术本身是已知的。
图2示出了根据本发明的数字信号处理接收机的示例。在操作中,数字信号处理接收机使用常用的前端电路来校准诸如DC、增益和时序之类的信号参数。这是在第一前同步码期间实现的,所述第一前同步码包括用于校准信号参数的基本训练序列。并行地,运行信道估计器,所述信道估计器确定读取器单元的类型。具体地,信道估计器确定读取器单元发送的信号的质量。
如果信道估计器确定了来自从读取器单元接收的信号的误差矢量幅度足够低(例如,通过将所述误差矢量幅度与预定的阈值相比较来确定),则信道估计器推断读取器单元具有足够的可用功率来产生高质量信号并且读取器单元不会发送具有附加训练序列的第二前同步码。在这种情况下,信号易于处理,并且不需要额外的均衡。信道估计器向功率管理单元发送信号,功率管理单元将触发功率门控和时钟门控电路,以禁用数字信号处理接收机的不必要的和耗电的(power-hungry)的部分,如,均衡器。因此,数字信号处理接收机被布置为根据从读取器单元接收到的信号的质量来重新配置自身,以最小化所述数字信号处理接收机的功耗。这样,可以降低智能卡的功耗。
如果信道估计器确定来自信号的误差矢量幅度相对高,则信道估计器推断读取器单元不具有足够的可用功率来产生高质量信号并且读取器单元将发送包括用于信号参数的精确校准的附加训练序列的第二前同步码。
图3示出了根据本发明的第一前同步码的示例,所述第一前同步码是用于DC、增益和时序调节的短周期性的前同步码(例如,24个符号)。图3的左部示出了时域中的前同步码,右部示出了频域中的前同步码。在基本前同步码的处理期间,除了信号产生的校准之外,还执行对信道的粗略估计,并确定是否需要利用附加前同步码来进行更精确的信道估计。
根据本发明的有利实现方式,基本前同步码是多音前同步码(multi-tone preamble)。多音前同步码本身是已知的,多音前同步码包含足够的谱内容以实现粗略但可靠的第一信道估计。多音前同步码使得可以实现对误差矢量幅度的可靠的估计以及对诸如DC、增益和时序等信号参数的同时校准。例如,附加的第二前同步码可以包括白训练序列(white training sequence)。
图4示出了如何在基本同步码期间校准信号参数。图5示出了如何确定接收到的信号的误差矢量幅度。图5示出了,在15个采样之内,已知误差矢量幅度过高并且需要包括用于信号参数的精确校准的附加训练序列的第二前同步码。图6示出了根据本发明的用于诸如ASK(幅移键控)等两级调制的第一前同步码的示例。
上述优选实施例示出但并非限制本发明,本领域技术人员在不脱离所附权利要求的范围的前提下,将能够设计出许多备选实施例。在权利要求中,括号中的任何参考标记不应构成对权利要求的限制。词语“包括”或“包含”并不排除权利要求中所列元件或步骤以外其他元件或步骤的存在。元件前面的词语“一种”并不排除多个这种元件的存在。可以利用包括若干不同元件的硬件,和/或利用合适地编程的处理器,来实现本发明。在列举了若干装置的设备权利要求中,这些装置中的多个装置可以由同一项硬件来体现。在互不相同的从属权利要求中参数特定的措施并不表示不能有利地使用这些措施的组合。

Claims (8)

1.一种用于与读取器单元进行通信的智能卡,所述智能卡包括数字信号处理接收机,所述数字信号处理接收机被布置为通过确定从所述读取器单元接收到的信号的误差矢量幅度来确定所述信号的质量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的智能卡,其中,所述数字信号处理接收机还被布置为根据所述信号的质量来重新配置自身,以最小化所述数字信号处理接收机的功耗。
3.根据权利要求2所述的智能卡,其中,所述数字信号处理接收机包括:功率管理单元,适于根据所述信号的质量来禁用所述数字信号处理接收机的一部分。
4.根据权利要求1所述的智能卡,其中,
所述数字信号处理接收机还被布置为确定所述读取器单元仅发送第一前同步码还是发送第一前同步码和第二前同步码,其中,所述第一前同步码包括用于校准一个或多个信号参数的基本训练序列,所述第二前同步码包括用于校准所述信号参数的附加训练序列;并且
如果误差矢量幅度在预定阈值以上,则所述数字信号处理接收机断定将发送所述第一前同步码和所述第二前同步码。
5.根据权利要求4所述的智能卡,其中,所述第二前同步码嵌入在发送的帧的有效载荷中。
6.根据权利要求4所述的智能卡,其中,所述信号参数包括以下参数中的一个或多个:DC、增益和时序。
7.根据权利要求4所述的智能卡,其中,所述附加训练序列包括白训练序列。
8.一种系统,包括:如前述权利要求中任一项权利要求所述的智能卡,以及适于与所述智能卡进行通信的读取器单元。
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