CN102356746A - Technology for cultivating organic fruit and vegetable matrix - Google Patents
Technology for cultivating organic fruit and vegetable matrix Download PDFInfo
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- CN102356746A CN102356746A CN2011102288128A CN201110228812A CN102356746A CN 102356746 A CN102356746 A CN 102356746A CN 2011102288128 A CN2011102288128 A CN 2011102288128A CN 201110228812 A CN201110228812 A CN 201110228812A CN 102356746 A CN102356746 A CN 102356746A
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- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 235000012055 fruits and vegetables Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
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- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 16
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
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- 235000000536 Brassica rapa subsp pekinensis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000499436 Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis Species 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000002566 Capsicum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000008574 Capsicum frutescens Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001674939 Caulanthus Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000009854 Cucurbita moschata Nutrition 0.000 description 2
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- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
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- 229920005479 Lucite® Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001464837 Viridiplantae Species 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MMDJDBSEMBIJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[NH6+3] Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[NH6+3] MMDJDBSEMBIJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Landscapes
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a technology for cultivating an organic fruit and vegetable matrix. The technology comprises the following steps of: preparing a mixed matrix according to the standard of nutrients required by crops; manufacturing a crop matrix cultivation system (a cultivation tank and a water supply system) according to coordinative water, fertilizers and air which is favorable for the growth of the crops; performing standardization management on different fertilizing amount and irrigation amount according to different economic crops; and performing operation according to operation specifications of organic fruits and vegetables. The technology has the advantages of simplicity, high efficiency, ecology, energy conservation, environment friendliness, economy, high quality and the like. The fruits and vegetables produced by the technology meet the standard of (GB/T1963.1-2005) of organic food by the detection of the Green Food Fixed-point Monitoring Center of Ministry of Agriculture.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to nature and agricultural and energy-saving and environmental protection technical field.Relate to organic fruits and vegetables simple and efficient substrate culture technology.
Background technology
World's soilless culture commercially produces from World War II that " sand culture " mode begins; Had gradually that rock wool is ploughed, bag is ploughed; Soilless culture modes such as the cultivation of nutrient film (NFT) system, floating root, mist are ploughed, tide irrigation system have been developed after the seventies; These nutrient fluid cultivation modes all have common shortcoming, and are not up to standard etc. like cost height, contaminated environment, operational administrative difficulty, product quality.
Soilless culture is started late in China; Its situation is more unexceptional; During the Seventh Five-Year Plan period mainly is the quality of introducing research and more various soilless cultures; To the substrate culture in the formation north gradually of the Seventh Five-Year Plan phase, the deep water training in NFT of southeastern coast (NFT cultivation) and south China, but all be to come the irrigated crop root system with nutrient solution.16 kinds of elements that crop needs except carbon, hydrogen, oxygen be from empty G&W, obtain; Remaining 13 kinds of elements such as macroelement nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur and trace elements iron, boron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum and chlorine all are from the nutrient solution of chemical fertilizer preparation, to absorb.The preparation of nutrient solution and managerial demand have certain educational level and operated by the technical staff of specialized training; It is difficult to grasped by the general producer; Simultaneously owing to nitrate nitrogen content in the nutrient solution is too high; Do not meet the food safety production standard, these factors have all limited this Agricultural High-tech of soilless culture applying in China.
Soilless culture like Xian District, Shanxi Province Yang Lingwei representative all is to impel crop to reach high yield rather than high-quality with the nutrient solution that chemical fertilizer is prepared; And adopt lucite beam-connected greenhouse and computer system to ventilate and fall superluxurious cultivation systems such as wet; The far ultra per mu yield value of its mu cost of investment, thereby only suitable viewing and admiring and be unfavorable for promoting; Capital, Beijing big high-new technology farming Science and Technology Ltd. is the substrate culture of representative; Though with the soilless culture simple and efficientization; But owing to do not formulate the liquid manure standardized management; Reach the high yield purpose in order to make crop be in the optimum growh state, still need come constantly to replenish nutrient, cause product can not reach organic food standards with nutrient solution.
Therefore; As how keep ecotope, and safeguard that human health is the basis, preparation can be satisfied the optimum formula of the multiple nutrient matrix of plant growing; Replace the nutrient solution of soil and chemical fertilizer and preparation thereof, and its production cost is reduced greatly and plant products and quality significantly improve; How to set up the water content of different cultivation modes, different cultivars, different condition environment, different growing stages and the matrix different times of the different vegetables and fruits of foundation and explore water, fertilizer, gas in phase; The index of the water of the most suitable plant growing condition environment, fertile management system and dosed administration thereof; In the hope of water saving, joint fertilizer, joint medicine, abridged edition, laborsaving, province building site maintenance plant optimum growh state; Reach the simple and efficient purpose that organic fruits and vegetables are produced; Thereby, realize the High-Efficient Organic agricultural sustainable development that natural, ecological and economy are coordinated mutually.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is provides a kind of organic fruits and vegetables simple and efficient matrix
culture technique to the deficiency of prior art.Make full use of rural area regenerated resources (crop straw, mushroom slag, sawdust) and farmers' and hold the richness that poultry manure and river sand preparation can satisfy the multiple nutrient of plant growing and support matrix, replace the nutrient solution of chemical fertilizer and preparation thereof; Set up water, the fertilizer of suitable plant growing of simple and scientific and use standard and corresponding cultivation system thereof; And it is integrated the organic fruits and vegetables production of integrated importing, reach China's organic farming by the poor efficiency that relies on soil and nature to the efficient transformation purpose that relies on scientific and technological advances.Product detects through Ministry of Agriculture pollution-free food fixed point monitoring center, reaches organic food (GB/T1963.1-2005) standard.
The present invention realizes through following approach:
1, rich preparation and fertilizer of supporting organic substrate is used standardization
The basic principle that organic substrate is selected is applicability and benefit.Thereby, according to matrix physics and chemical property, require the unit weight of matrix little, particle diameter is suitable, and total porosity is bigger, and suction, retention ability is strong, and the matrix WGR is coordinated, and chemical stability is strong, and acid-base value is suitable, and the various nutrients that are fit to the plant optimum growh can be provided.And should base oneself upon local reality, the performance resources advantage reduces the cultivation cost greatly, improves various benefits.The organic substrate nutrient is complete, lasting fertilizer effect, and nutrient discharges steadily slowly, and nitrogen is released in to increase with addition in 20 weeks and reduces, by 24.5%～17.9%; The potassium later stage discharges than nitrogen, the fast characteristics of phosphorus, is well suited for solanberry, melon, needs the many demands of potassium the full bearing period, through agricultural crop straw, useless mushroom slag, sawdust etc. are measured C/N ratio; It is adjusted to below the 30:1, add farmyard manure and river sand then and mix by a certain percentage, pulverize, mix thoroughly, the fermentation of fully becoming thoroughly decomposed; Process the rich organic substrate of supporting, otherwise, need impose a large amount of nitrogenous fertilizer; And decompose rapidly, harden easily, and be unfavorable for organic fruits and vegetables production.
The compound method of mixed-matrix is: utilize solar energy; With argol, river sands such as countryside wastes such as crop stalk, useless mushroom slag, sawdust etc. and various farmyard manures such as ox, chicken, quail according to following index request prescription, pulverize, mix thoroughly, spraying sufficient moisture carries out composting, generally can pile high 1m; Wide 2m; Cover film, left and right sides turning was 1 time in per 10 days, fermented 40～50 days; The good richness of becoming thoroughly decomposed is supported organic substrate, does not have peculiar smell loose, pinches agglomeratingly with hand, and openhanded can scattering is degree;
The index request of forming the foster organic substrate of richness of fruits and vegetables cultivation is: its unit weight is at 0.3～0.55 gram/cm
3, the pH value is about 5.5～6.5, mu consumption 40 m
3, efficient matter accounts for 40%～50%, 6～10 kilograms/m of total nutrient content
3, maximum water-holding capacity 240～320%, total porosity 85%, C/N＜30, thick matrix particle diameter 1～2cm; With N, P, K three elements is leading indicator, and the fertilizer planted agent that every cubic metre of matrix is used is contained: full nitrogen is 3.5～4.5kg, and full phosphorus is 1.5～2.5kg, and full potassium is 2.2～3.5kg.
Fertilizing amount to Different Crop is carried out standardized management, is example like one batch of solanaceous vegetables, 18 all nitrogen, potassium, nitrogen 3.5 kg * 40 m
3* 16.9% (release rate)=23.66kg, potassium 2.2 kg * 40 m
3* 65% (release rate)=57.2kg, this-supply rich water flat, the nutrient requirement rate of enough one batch of tomato per mu yield 10000kg.
The fertilizer requirement unit of various yield of commercial crops 1000kg: kg
| Crop species | Nitrogen (N%) | Phosphorus (P205%) | Potassium (K20%) |
| Tomato | 2.2～2.8 | 0.5～0.8 | 4.2～4.8 |
| Cucumber | 2.8～3.2 | 1.0 | 4.0 |
| Pumpkin | 3.7-4.2 | 1.8-2.2 | 6.5～7.3 |
| Capsicum | 3.5～5.4 | 0.8～1.3 | 5.5～7.2 |
| Wax gourd | 1.3～2.8 | 0.6～1.2 | 1.5～3.0 |
| Watermelon | 2.5-3.3 | 0.8-1.3 | 2.9-3.7 |
| Chinese cabbage | 1.77 | 0.81 | 3.73 |
| Cauliflower | 7.7～10.8 | 2.1～3.2 | 9.2～12.0 |
| The frame beans | 8.1 | 2.3 | 6.8 |
| Onion | 2.7 | 1.2 | 2.3 |
| Garlic | 3 | 1.2 | 4.0 |
| Celery | 1.8～2.0 | 0.7～0.9 | 3.8～4.0 |
| Eggplant | 2.6～3.0 | 0.7～1.0 | 3.1～5.5 |
| Carrot | 2.4～4.3 | 0.7～1.7 | 5.7～11.7 |
| Spinach | 2.1～3.5 | 0.6～1.1 | 3.0～5.3 |
| Wild cabbage | 3.1～4.8 | 0.9～1.2 | 4.5～5.4 |
| Radish | 2.1～3.1 | 0.8～1.9 | 3.8～5.6 |
| Grape | 6 | 3.0 | 7.2 |
| Strawberry | 3.1～6.2 | 1.4～2.1 | 4.0～8.3 |
2, the making of substrate culture groove, water system and the standardization of moisture consumption
(1) making of substrate culture groove:
Isolate with thickness >=0.1mm plastic foil and soil; Prevent propagation of soil disease and pest and weeds; And with the thick film pad between ground floor brick and second layer brick; Become the U type; It is high to be fills up to the ground floor brick with coarse sand again; Cover bag weaved (guarantor's rich water), insert in the cultivation bed with the organic substrate that ferments at last, make the rich organic substrate height of supporting reach more than the 12cm subsequent use;
(2) making of water system
The water system of substrate culture mainly is to adopt water-saving irrigation system; With clear water as source of irrigation water; Need not carry out specially treated to the water source, need be not strict as the nutrient solution system to the requirement of water-saving irrigation, adopt the Simple water saving irrigating facility promptly can satisfy the requirement of crop to moisture content;
The present invention adopts little spray formula thin walled hose irrigation system as supporting irrigation installation, and concrete structure is:
Set up independently water system with single canopy, chamber, be connected to form by parts such as water inlet trunk line, branch pipe(tube), valve, little spray formula thin walled hose.Cultivation groove width 48cm can lay 1 little spray formula thin walled hose, and cultivation groove width 72～96cm can lay 2 little spray formula thin walled hose.
(3) the irrigation quantity standardized management of the organic fruits and vegetables of substrate culture test:
Adopted simple high-efficient soilless culture that the irrigation quantity of watermelon different growing is studied in 2008; The result shows: watermelon irrigation quantity scope in earlier stage is 0.40～0.65L/ strain sky; Best irrigation quantity is 0.52L/ strain sky; The irrigation quantity scope of watermelon expanding stage is 0.91～1.20L/ strain sky, and best irrigation quantity is 1.05L/ strain sky.
The irrigation quantity of substrate culture Different Crop is to carry out quantitative criterion according to different condition and water content of substrate to pour water: 1. crop sequences is different to the demand of irrigation quantity; The crop that crop＞transpiration rate that transpiration rate is big is little, cucumber＞tomato＞watermelon＞muskmelon＞green pepper＞leaf vegetables; 2. different seasonal is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, summer＞autumn＞spring＞winter; 3. the crop different growth stage is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, solanberry class and melon result contain phase and fruit expanding period＞growth the later stage＞growth in earlier stage; 4. weather condition is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, fine day＞broken sky＞cloudy day＞rainy day; 5. establishment type is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, plastic tunnel＞greenhouse by solar heat; 6. different parts is different to the demand of irrigation quantity in the facility, south＞middle part in the canopy＞the north, middle part in canopy inner rim＞canopy; 7. matrix type is different to the demand of irrigation quantity and frequency of irrigation, the matrix of the matrix＞good water-retaining property of poor water retention property.
Irrigation quantity to the Different Crop different growing stage carries out standardized management; Like watermelon irrigation quantity scope in earlier stage is 0.40～0.65L/ strain sky; Best irrigation quantity is 0.52L/ strain sky, and the irrigation quantity scope of watermelon expanding stage is 0.910～1.20L/ strain sky, and best irrigation quantity is 1.05L/ strain sky.
Organic fruits and vegetables substrate culture regulations for technical operation
(1) grows seedlings
Kind is selected: select disease-resistant, high-quality, high yield for use, commodity is fit to the kind of the market demand well.The kind of tolerance to low temperature and weak light, high disease resistance is selected in autumn stubble cultivation; Sick, the heat-resisting kind of high antiviral is selected in spring stubble cultivation;
Seed treatment: with seed with 55 ℃ of degree emerge in worm water 15～25 minutes, then with flushing with clean water clean after, be placed on 20～30 ℃ water seed soaking 6～8 hours; Again seed is rinsed well; With gauze seed is wrapped, placed 25～30 ℃ environment vernalization, stir seed every day 2～3 times; And with flushing with clean water once, can sow after seed showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally in 3～4 days;
Sowing: richness is supported organic substrate pack into and water behind the pot for growing seedlings permeablely, broadcast into the seed through vernalization, sowing depth is about 1cm; The autumn stubble after planting should be strictly on guard against high temperature and drought, keeps 25～30 ℃ of day temperatures, and at 20～25 ℃ of nights, matrix relative moisture maintains about 80%, covers cooling with the sunshade net; The spring stubble after planting should be noted insulation, keeps 23～26 ℃ of daytimes, and at 18～22 ℃ of nights, matrix relative moisture maintains below 80%; Can take thermal screen, multilayer cover, measures such as hot line insulation;
Should strengthen temperature, illumination and water management after emerging.The day temperature parameter is 23～30 ℃, 18～22 ℃ of nights; Illumination parameter is greater than 10000Lux; Matrix relative moisture maintains 65%～75%; Cooling measure is the sunshade of sunshade net, blade face water spray etc., and the insulation measure is with sowing;
(2) field planting
The preceding cultivating groove of field planting, irrigation system etc. are installed subsequent use in advance, and the greenhouse keeps neat and tidy, and sterile-processed, no insect and green plants isolate with the external world basically;
Transplanting stock should be selected disease-free and big or small evenly field planting together as far as possible, and mode adopts duplicate rows dislocation field planting method, the water of drip irrigation field planting immediately after the field planting, and rational close planting is the high crop yield key factor;
Drip irrigation hose is put in the middle of the cultivating groove, be connected to delivery port, and with weeper up, fixing, block the flexible pipe other end, open the water source valve, inspection flexible pipe water outlet situation; Determine wide 20cm with the common canopy film of 0.1mm in addition, the long film that equals cultivating groove length covers above the drip irrigation hose;
(3) field management
Greenhouse management: according to the characteristics of crop growth; The initial stage day temperature is 20 ℃～25 ℃ as a result, 25 ℃～28 ℃ of daytimes in the full bearing period, 16～20 ℃ of nights; Substrate temperature keeps 16～22 ℃; Illumination requires 1～30,000 Lux, and light transmittance requirement is more than 50%, and keeping relative air humidity is 60%～70%;
The nutrient management: rich foster organic substrate is the main reference index with N, P, K three elements; The fertilizer planted agent that every cubic metre of matrix is used is contained: full nitrogen is 3.5～4.5kg; Full phosphorus is 1.5～2.5kg, and full potassium is 2.2～3.5kg, in order in the crop whole growing, all to be in best keeping state; Usually according to the plant growing different times to the demands of different of nutrition such as growth of seedling phase, the phase of yielding positive results, fructescence; Take the regulation and control of supplying water, keep soil humidity 60～70% in growth of seedling phase, fructescence, the phase of yielding positive results keeps soil humidity 70～80%; And when supplying water, replenish nutrient such as biological organic fertilizer etc. in good time, make plant reach the optimum growh state;
Water management: get underground deep water, adopting more advanced at present Microsoft drip irrigation system is the crop quantitative drip irrigation, and its water consumption is an outdoor cropping water consumption 1/5; This water system is different with the nutrient solution soilless culture system; Nutrition and moisture are supplied with and are separately carried out, and moisture and nutrition can not be provided simultaneously, and moisture is except that direct supply crop is required; Or dissolved solid fertilizer solvent; Have only moisture and good nutrition to coordinate, could guarantee that solid-state fertilizer fully discharges can be by the nutrient of crop absorption, for crop normal provides stable nutrient density; In addition, the water supply amount also causes significant effects to microbial environments such as the air of rhizosphere, temperature, humidity, microbial activitiess; Therefore, the water demand of crop is the key index that the soilless culture crop well grows;
(4) extermination of disease and insect pest
Strict strong sprout of under the environment of no worm, cultivating cleaning, before the crop field planting, carry out the installment work that fly net, lamp, property lure device, after the field planting, press per 20～30m
2One amount is in time hanged up the yellow plate insect-killing trapping of mythimna separata; Running check plant insect density; As to find low be that humid air relative moisture is lower than 80% environment and the yellow tea mite population quantity is increased unfavorable, and that relative moisture is bred two spotted spider mite at the high humidity environment 80% or more is unfavorable; Utilize climatic variation in good time; Rationally reduce chamber humidity, for the inhibitory action of having grown of most of insect pest, therefore; Means controlled these insect hatching and breedings through environment conditioning; Thereby the reduction insect density is in time hung branch and is pruned, extracts measure such as band worm Lao Ye around seedling, training and ventilate and fall wetly, also can effectively reduce the generation of various worm's ovum quantity and various diseases.
(5) adopt back matrix recycle
After every batch of crop was finished, the rich nutrient of supporting the organic substrate forfeiture of reply replenished, and mainly uses 5 m with mu
3The richness of new configuration is supported organic substrate, presses 8:2 mixed fermentation maturity or uses 4 m with mu with farmyard manure and mushroom slag
3The sterilization dried poultrymanure replenishes.After spring, the stubble crop was finished simultaneously, adopt the sterilization in 20 days of the vexed canopy of high temperature; After the autumn stubble finishes, adopt fumigating system (mineral sulphur and sawdust mixed combustion) to carry out the sterilizing in matrix and the canopy.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
Simplification: water, the fertilizer of suitable plant growing through setting up simple and scientific are used standard and corresponding cultivation system thereof; With substrate culture technology summary.
High efficiency: the present invention supports organic substrate as supply raise crop desired nutritional basis with richness; The plant growth animated period can between or add microbial-bacterial fertilizer or natural pond liquid gets in the matrix with water through drip irrigation system, to satisfy the required 16 kinds of elements of plant growing, make it reach the optimum growh state; Output is high; 4-6 ten thousand jin of per mu yields, and product high-quality valency is high are 30 times of traditional greenhouse cultivation income more than 2 times, traditional paddy rice incomes.
Ecological property:Soilless culture by its consumes energy what and to the influence of environmental ecology; Can be divided into organic ecological and inorganic energy-dissipating type such as water is planted, air culture etc.; The present invention utilizes countryside wastes and farmyard manure to make the nutrition organic substrate; For plant provides nutrition, discharge the liquid environmentally safe, can produce qualified organic products.
Energy saving: the present invention adopts film and soil to isolate, and can avoid soil infection damage by disease and insect and continuous cropping obstacle, and this is one of subject matter that exists in the chamber crop production.Adopt quantitative water of cistern and matrix bottom to lay river sand, protect rich water, utilization rate of fertilizer high (90%), using water wisely, (be common greenhouse cultivation water 1/5).
The feature of environmental protection: a large amount of trans-utilization countryside wastes of the present invention, not to fertilize, pesticide not, to the environmental protection treatment of local and peripheral mushroom slag, feces of livestock and poultry, the protection environment.Under the condition of soilless culture, to be discharged to outside the system be normal phenomenon for about 20% water or nutrient solution in the irrigation process, but traditional nutrient solution soilless culture, and it is too high to discharge in the liquid salinity, then pollutes the environment, and underground water is had severe contamination.
Economy:The tradition soilless culture nutrient fluid, it need keep the finite concentration of various nutritive elements and the balance between various element, especially will note the validity of trace element.The present invention adopt organic manure and between or add microbial-bacterial fertilizer and replace traditional nutrient solution; But thereby facility and supplies management such as the required equipment of cancel all preparing nutrient solution, test macro, timer, circulating pump; Simplified the operational administrative process widely; And compare with using nutrient solution, its production cost reduces 70-80%, thereby saves production expenditure greatly.
Property of fine quality:From cultivation matrix to the fertilizer of being used; Be main all with organic substance; After the used fertilizer certain processed of process (as utilizing hot fermentation etc.); Decompose in the release nutrient process at it, too much harmful mineral salt can not occur, also do not have the pollution of other harmful chemicals in the course of cultivation.What the present invention was different with traditional soilless culture is that matrix elder generation absorption trace element is progressively supplied with the root system absorption then, and buffer capacity is strong.And effects such as many beneficial microbes such as mushroom, carbohydrate, organized enzyme can reduce the content of heavy metal and nitrate in the fertilizer.Thereby can make product reach organic food standards.
The product of producing with the present invention detects through Ministry of Agriculture pollution-free food fixed point monitoring center, reaches organic food (GB/T1963.1-2005) standard, sees the following form:
Specific embodiment:
Embodiment 1: the fertilizer requirement standardized management of different economic crops
With one batch of solanaceous vegetables, 18 all nitrogen, potassium is example, nitrogen 3.5 kg * 40 m
3* 16.9% (release rate)=23.66kg, potassium 2.2 kg * 40 m
3* 65% (release rate)=57.2kg, this-supply rich water flat, the nutrient requirement rate of enough one batch of tomato per mu yield 10000kg.
The fertilizer requirement unit of various yield of commercial crops 1000kg: kg
| Crop species | Nitrogen (N%) | Phosphorus (P205%) | Potassium (K20%) |
| Tomato | 2.2～2.8 | 0.5～0.8 | 4.2～4.8 |
| Cucumber | 2.8～3.2 | 1.0 | 4.0 |
| Pumpkin | 3.7-4.2 | 1.8-2.2 | 6.5～7.3 |
| Capsicum | 3.5～5.4 | 0.8～1.3 | 5.5～7.2 |
| Wax gourd | 1.3～2.8 | 0.6～1.2 | 1.5～3.0 |
| Watermelon | 2.5-3.3 | 0.8-1.3 | 2.9-3.7 |
| Chinese cabbage | 1.77 | 0.81 | 3.73 |
| Cauliflower | 7.7～10.8 | 2.1～3.2 | 9.2～12.0 |
| The frame beans | 8.1 | 2.3 | 6.8 |
| Onion | 2.7 | 1.2 | 2.3 |
| Garlic | 3 | 1.2 | 4.0 |
| Celery | 1.8～2.0 | 0.7～0.9 | 3.8～4.0 |
| Eggplant | 2.6～3.0 | 0.7～1.0 | 3.1～5.5 |
| Carrot | 2.4～4.3 | 0.7～1.7 | 5.7～11.7 |
| Spinach | 2.1～3.5 | 0.6～1.1 | 3.0～5.3 |
| Wild cabbage | 3.1～4.8 | 0.9～1.2 | 4.5～5.4 |
| Radish | 2.1～3.1 | 0.8～1.9 | 3.8～5.6 |
| Grape | 6 | 3.0 | 7.2 |
| Strawberry | 3.1～6.2 | 1.4～2.1 | 4.0～8.3 |
Produce 10,000 kilograms of one batch of tomatoes, need absorbed nitrogen 18kg, potassium 50kg, phosphorus 9.5kg from matrix, these elements 70% are distributed in the fruit, and about 30% are distributed in the organs such as root, stem, leaf; Produce 10,000 kilograms of one batch of cucumber, need absorbed nitrogen 26kg, phosphorus 9kg, 38 kilograms in potassium, calcium 29kg from matrix, these elements are distributed in the fruit more than 50%.Therefore, the solanberry class, melonly need strengthen and pour water, keep soil humidity 70～80% in result, melon phase; Be beneficial to the matrix nutrient and fully discharge, simultaneously, after one batch of crop is finished; Should add nutrient and replenish, add farmyard manure and mushroom slag 8:2 mixed culture fermentation matrix 5 m that become thoroughly decomposed with 1 mu
3Be advisable.
Embodiment 2: substrate culture groove instance
The structure of solanberry class, the standard cultivating groove of overgrowing such as melon is: length≤40m, and the wide 48cm of internal diameter, highly>=and 15cm, clear distance 72cm between groove; The standard cultivating groove structure that the leaf vegetables constant speed is given birth to fruits and vegetables is: length≤40m, and the wide 96cm of internal diameter, highly>=and 10cm, clear distance 48cm between groove.
The cultivating groove effect of several kinds of typical materials and cost are relatively
| Material | One-time investment (unit) | Depreciable cost (unit/year) | Appearance | Effect |
| Brick | 2000～4000 | 100～200 | Generally | Best |
| Cement plate | 2000～4000 | 100～200 | Good | Generally |
| Foam tank | 5000～6000 | 500～600 | Best | Good |
| Phosphorus magnesia groove | 4000～5000 | 400～500 | Better | Good |
Embodiment 3: the standardized management of Different Crop different growing stage irrigation quantity
How many irrigation quantities what can obviously influence tomato growth growth and output, receives extraneous climatic influences, the Different irrigation amount to the influence of spring stubble tomato growth and output than the autumn stubble tomato obvious.
Spring stubble Different irrigation amount influences unit: cm to tamato fruit size
The Different irrigation amount to spring stubble tomato stem thick influence unit: cm
The Different irrigation amount is to the unit that influences of tomato yield: kg
Claims (3)
1. an organic fruits and vegetables substrate culture technology comprises that matrix is made, applies fertilizer, poured water, regulations for technical operation, it is characterized in that:
(1) compound method of mixed-matrix is: utilize solar energy; With argol, river sands such as countryside wastes such as crop stalk, useless mushroom slag, sawdust etc. and various farmyard manures such as ox, chicken, quail according to following index request prescription, pulverize, mix thoroughly, spraying sufficient moisture carries out composting, generally can pile high 1m; Wide 2m; Cover film, left and right sides turning was 1 time in per 10 days, fermented 40～50 days; The good richness of becoming thoroughly decomposed is supported organic substrate, does not have peculiar smell loose, pinches agglomeratingly with hand, and openhanded can scattering is degree;
The index request of organic substrate is: its unit weight is at 0.3～0.55 gram/cm
3, the pH value is about 5.5～6.5, mu consumption 40 m
3, efficient matter accounts for 40%～50%, 6～10 kilograms/m of total nutrient content
3, maximum water-holding capacity 240～320%, total porosity 85%, C/N＜30, thick matrix particle diameter 1～2cm; With N, P, K three elements is leading indicator, and the fertilizer planted agent that every cubic metre of matrix is used is contained: full nitrogen is 3.5～4.5kg, and full phosphorus is 1.5～2.5kg, and full potassium is 2.2～3.5kg;
(2) different economic crops are adopted different fertilizer application norm;
(3) making of substrate culture groove: isolate with thickness >=0.1mm plastic foil and soil; Prevent propagation of soil disease and pest and weeds; And with the thick film pad between ground floor brick and second layer brick; Become the U type; It is high to be fills up to the ground floor brick with coarse sand again; Cover bag weaved (guarantor's rich water), insert in the cultivation bed with the organic substrate that ferments at last, make the rich organic substrate height of supporting reach more than the 12cm subsequent use;
(4) making of water system: the present invention adopts little spray formula thin walled hose irrigation system as supporting irrigation installation; Concrete structure is: set up independently water system with single canopy, chamber, be connected to form by parts such as water inlet trunk line, branch pipe(tube), valve, little spray formula thin walled hose; Cultivation groove width 48cm can lay 1 little spray formula thin walled hose, and cultivation groove width 72～96cm can lay 2 little spray formula thin walled hose;
(5) the irrigation quantity standardized management of the organic fruits and vegetables of substrate culture: the irrigation quantity of substrate culture Different Crop is to carry out quantitative criterion according to different condition and water content of substrate to pour water: 1. crop sequences is different to the demand of irrigation quantity; The crop that crop＞transpiration rate that transpiration rate is big is little, cucumber＞tomato＞watermelon＞muskmelon＞green pepper＞leaf vegetables; 2. different seasonal is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, summer＞autumn＞spring＞winter; 3. the crop different growth stage is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, solanberry class and melon result contain phase and fruit expanding period＞growth the later stage＞growth in earlier stage; 4. weather condition is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, fine day＞broken sky＞cloudy day＞rainy day; 5. establishment type is different to the demand of irrigation quantity, plastic tunnel＞greenhouse by solar heat; 6. different parts is different to the demand of irrigation quantity in the facility, south＞middle part in the canopy＞the north, middle part in canopy inner rim＞canopy; 7. matrix type is different to the demand of irrigation quantity and frequency of irrigation, the matrix of the matrix＞good water-retaining property of poor water retention property;
(6) organic fruits and vegetables substrate culture regulations for technical operation:
Grow seedlings
Kind is selected: select disease-resistant, high-quality, high yield for use, commodity is fit to the kind of the market demand well;
The kind of tolerance to low temperature and weak light, high disease resistance is selected in autumn stubble cultivation; Sick, the heat-resisting kind of high antiviral is selected in spring stubble cultivation;
Seed treatment: with seed with 55 ℃ of degree emerge in worm water 15～25 minutes, then with flushing with clean water clean after, be placed on 20～30 ℃ water seed soaking 6～8 hours; Again seed is rinsed well; With gauze seed is wrapped, placed 25～30 ℃ environment vernalization, stir seed every day 2～3 times; And with flushing with clean water once, can sow after seed showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally in 3～4 days;
Sowing
Richness is supported organic substrate pack into and water behind the pot for growing seedlings permeablely, broadcast into the seed through vernalization, sowing depth is about 1cm; The autumn stubble after planting should be strictly on guard against high temperature and drought, keeps 25～30 ℃ of day temperatures, and at 20～25 ℃ of nights, matrix relative moisture maintains about 80%, covers cooling with the sunshade net; The spring stubble after planting should be noted insulation, keeps 23～26 ℃ of daytimes, and at 18～22 ℃ of nights, matrix relative moisture maintains below 80%; Can take thermal screen, multilayer cover, measures such as hot line insulation;
Should strengthen temperature, illumination and water management after emerging;
The day temperature parameter is 23～30 ℃, 18～22 ℃ of nights; Illumination parameter is greater than 10000Lux; Matrix relative moisture maintains 65%～75%; Cooling measure is the sunshade of sunshade net, blade face water spray etc., and the insulation measure is with sowing;
The extermination of disease and insect pest
Strict strong sprout of under the environment of no worm, cultivating cleaning, before the crop field planting, carry out the installment work that fly net, lamp, property lure device, after the field planting, press per 20～30m
2One amount is in time hanged up the yellow plate insect-killing trapping of mythimna separata; Running check plant insect density; As to find low be that humid air relative moisture is lower than 80% environment and the yellow tea mite population quantity is increased unfavorable, and that relative moisture is bred two spotted spider mite at the high humidity environment 80% or more is unfavorable; Utilize climatic variation in good time; Rationally reduce chamber humidity, for the inhibitory action of having grown of most of insect pest, therefore; Means controlled these insect hatching and breedings through environment conditioning; Thereby the reduction insect density is in time hung branch and is pruned, extracts measure such as band worm Lao Ye around seedling, training and ventilate and fall wetly, also can effectively reduce the generation of various worm's ovum quantity and various diseases;
Adopt back matrix recycle
After every batch of crop was finished, the rich nutrient of supporting the organic substrate forfeiture of reply replenished, and mainly uses 5 m with mu
3The richness of new configuration is supported organic substrate, presses 8:2 mixed fermentation maturity or uses 4 m with mu with farmyard manure and mushroom slag
3The sterilization dried poultrymanure replenishes;
After spring, the stubble crop was finished simultaneously, adopt the sterilization in 20 days of the vexed canopy of high temperature; After the autumn stubble finished, adopting fumigating system was that the sterilizing in matrix and the canopy is carried out in mineral sulphur and sawdust mixed combustion.
2. a kind of organic fruits and vegetables substrate culture technology according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in fertilizer application norm, one batch of solanaceous vegetables 18 all nitrogen, potassium are example, nitrogen 3.5 kg * 40 m
3* 16.9% is release rate=23.66kg, potassium 2.2 kg * 40 m
3* 65% is release rate=57.2kg, this-supply rich water flat, the nutrient requirement rate of enough one batch of tomato per mu yield 10000kg.
3. a kind of organic fruits and vegetables substrate culture technology according to claim 1; It is characterized in that: carry out in the standardized management at irrigation quantity to the Different Crop different growing stage; Watermelon irrigation quantity scope in earlier stage is 0.40～0.65L/ strain sky; Best irrigation quantity is 0.52L/ strain sky, and the irrigation quantity scope of watermelon expanding stage is 0.91～1.20L/ strain sky, and best irrigation quantity is 1.05L/ strain sky.
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Application publication date: 20120222 Assignee: Nanchang County Qinglan Modern Arricultural Co., Ltd. Assignor: Hu Shengming Contract record no.: 2015360000122 Denomination of invention: Technology for cultivating organic fruit and vegetable matrix Granted publication date: 20150304 License type: Exclusive License Record date: 20150716 |
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