CN102329171A - Culture base material for cultivating shiitake by using chrysanthemum straws and method for cultivating shiitake by using culture base material - Google Patents
Culture base material for cultivating shiitake by using chrysanthemum straws and method for cultivating shiitake by using culture base material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a culture base material for cultivating shiitake by using chrysanthemum straws. Chrysanthemum straw chips which are subjected to fermentation treatment are taken as a raw material, and auxiliary materials which have the effect of adjusting nutrition balance are added. The culture base material comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 77 percent of chrysanthemum straw chips, 15 percent of wheat bran, 5 percent of corn meal and 3 percent of bean cake. The chrysanthemum straw chips are treated by a fermentation treatment method and can be taken as a raw material of a culture medium when snowflake-shaped substances overgrow on the chrysanthemum straw chips. The pH value of the culture base material is kept at 6.5+/-0.1. The invention also discloses a method for cultivating the shiitake by using the culture base material for cultivating the shiitake by using the chrysanthemum straws. The method comprises the steps of mixing materials, bagging, sterilizing, inoculating, growing mycelia, culturing, performing shiitake fruiting management, harvesting and the like. The problems about the improvement of the nutrient of the culture base material by treating the chrysanthemum straws, high-yield cultivation and management are solved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of edible mushrooms base-material and working method thereof, be specifically related to a kind of culture base-material and cultivating method thereof with chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture.
Background technology
At present, China mostly uses wood chip to make the culture medium of edible fungus material and produces edible mushroomss such as auricularia auriculajudae, mushroom, flat mushroom, needle mushroom.Along with the overcut of timber, the scarcity of forest tree resource, more and more restricting the development of mushroom industry.For this reason, must develop new culture medium of edible fungus material, to solve Edible Fungi insufficient raw material problem.
Chinese patent 88105279 discloses a kind of method of utilizing the agricultural crop straw culturing edible fungus.Be to utilize grain agricultural crop straw culturing edible fungus such as corn stalk, beanstalk, wheat straw, generally want elder generation, pass through a series of processing again, then inoculation crushed stalk or flattening.The practice is that first agricultural crop straw cuts off, and directly on the charge level of crosscut, inoculates then, also can be used for corn cob and makes culture base-material.
Chinese patent 93101866.8 discloses a kind of preparation method of culture medium of edible fungus, and this substratum is made up of northern stilbene tankage, corn cob, agricultural crop straw, phosphate fertilizer, gypsum, soya-bean cake, white sugar, derosal, and has provided the proportioning of each component.
One Chinese patent application 200410072873.X discloses a kind of new technology of utilizing crushed cotton stalk in cultivating edible fungi; It is ground into a bar with cotton stalk; As the main raw material of culturing edible fungus substratum, build when heap with add that water is admixed or fruiting after spray the Gufengling bacterium liquid of different ratios.Culture medium of edible fungus prescription: cotton stalk 75-90%, auxiliary material 10-25%, Gufengling bacterium liquid 0.01-0.05%.
One Chinese patent application 201010250758.2 discloses a kind of novel culture medium of edible fungus, comprises agricultural crop straw powder, manioc waste, poor, the cattle manure of vinegar, and the different components proportional mixing is mixed with the compound culture material of low-carbon (LC), and alternative cotton seed hulls is used for edible fungus culturing.The compound culture medium of edible fungus of said low-carbon (LC) is a Polywoven Bag quantitative package finished product organism, and every bag of 10-50kg includes following nutritive ingredient: crude protein 50-73%, crude fat 2.5-3.5%, robust fibre 32-38%, NFE 70-75%; Culture material C/N:20-30: 1, water cut 12-16%, pH6.8-7.5.
One Chinese patent application 201010291827.4 discloses a kind of culture medium of edible fungus preparation method; It is that agricultural crop straw is dried and with kibbler it pulverized; The length of pulverizing the back stalk is 1cm, with fresh potato slag water cut be 80% with the agricultural crop straw that crushes be 3-5: 7-5 according to dry weight basis quality proportioning, add 2% gypsum or lime carbonate and sterilant such as 0.1% derosal powder or 0.1% thiophanate methyl; In stirrer, stir; And the pH value of material is 6-8 after the adding liming adjusting mixing, with the mixture after above-mentioned two step process, uses machinery or artificial pack mode to pour in the polypropylene plastics pocket of specification as 17cm * 35cm * 0.045cm; The high 17-23cm that is about of bag was with normal temperature and pressure sterilization 8-12 hour or autoclaving 2-3 hour.With potato residues and agricultural crop straw comprehensive utilization, not only solved the handling problem of potato residues but also provide the substratum of producing high-quality edible mushroom.
One Chinese patent application 201010295770.5 discloses a kind of needle mushroom culture material and utilizes the method for this culture material preparation culture medium for golden mushroom, and this culture material staple is that grinding particle size is 0.1-6mm through the cotton stalk of pulverizing; Culture medium prescription is cotton stalk 36-55%, rice bran 26-33%, Semen Maydis powder 8-13%, wood chip 8-13%, light calcium carbonate 0.8-1.8%, water cut 58-65%; The substratum compound method is that formula rate is pressed by elder generation, and siccatives such as cotton stalk, wood chip were stirred 5-10 minute, adds an amount of water restir 5-10 minute; Add Semen Maydis powder, fine particle calcium carbonate stirred 10-15 minute, added water to behind the water cut 58-65% restir 15-20 minute, and various raw materials and water are stirred.The cotton stalk that the present invention utilizes is nutritious, cheap, and how much low nutritive ingredient is unlike cotton seed hulls, and price has only its 1/4-1/2, replaces the cottonseed shell cultivation needle mushroom with cotton stalk, can reduce needle mushroom production cost 25-35%.
Above-mentioned disclosed all be suit measures to local conditions, technical scheme that concrete straw is used for the culture medium of edible fungus material.It is thus clear that different straws need different processing modes could maximumly bring into play its effectiveness.
Research shows, contains organism such as abundant Mierocrystalline cellulose and xylogen in the chrysanthemum straw, also is the good material of culturing edible fungus.But, how to obtain being applicable to that the culture base-material of culturing edible fungus needs great deal of experimental.The chrysanthemum straw since fungus growing technique if can apply; Can strengthen the increment of chrysanthemum straw sub product resource multi; So both can utilize crop straw in a large number, reduce the crop straw burning environmental pollution, can increase peasant income again, more can promote China's mushroom industry development.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention provides a kind of culture base-material with chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture, solves the problem that the chrysanthemum stalk improves its culture base-material nutrient of how handling.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is:
A kind of culture base-material with chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture, the chrysanthemum stalk bits material good with fermentative processing is raw material, is equipped with the auxiliary material that plays the nutritive equilibrium regulating effect; Comprise following component by weight percentage: the chrysanthemum stalk 77-86% that fermentative processing is good, wheat bran 10-15%, Semen Maydis powder 3-5%, soya-bean cake 1-3%.
Further can add nutritive substances such as sucrose.Auxiliary material requires fresh, pure.The edible mushrooms different according to cultivation, various edible mushrooms auxiliary material additions have nothing in common with each other.Unslaked lime
The good chrysanthemum stalk of described fermentative processing bits material, its fermentation processing method is: the chrysanthemum waste straw that is elected to be culture base-material should fresh nothing go mouldy, fully tan by the sun drying after, with mechanical disintegration to the long bits material of 1-2cm; Mierocrystalline cellulose and xylogen can fully decompose in the chrysanthemum straw in order to make, and also will carry out appropriate soaking fermentation and handle, and soaking fermentation water is 1.5-1.8 with bits material part by weight: 10.In order to improve cellulose conversion utilization ratio in the chrysanthemum straw, should add cellulase and saccharifying enzyme during the fermentation and carry out enzymatic action.Its addition is respectively cellulase 0.5-0.8%, saccharifying enzyme 0.8-1.1% by weight percentage.And leavening temperature transferred to 30-35 ℃, and if temperature does not reach, just heat up with electric heater or air-conditioning, should lower the temperature at once in case surpass 35 ℃, to keep temperature not high not low.Also should use acetic acid that pH value is transferred to 4.2-4.6 in addition, ferment, the time is 7-10 days.When chrysanthemum straw bits material covers with the flakes material, promptly can be used as culture medium raw material.
For regulate chrysanthemum straw culture base-material potential of hydrogen, also should add account for culture base-material weight percent 2-2.5% gypsum as regulator, the culture base-material pH value is remained on about 6.5 ± 0.1.
Further aim of the present invention provides a kind of method with chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture.
It is realized through the following technological process of production: culture base-material-spice-pack-sterilization-inoculation-Fa bacterium-cultivation-management of producing mushroom-gather.
Spice: claim the raw and auxiliary material that foot is required, and with sugar a little, for use with the hot water dissolving; After earlier wheat bran, Semen Maydis powder, soya-bean cake fully being mixed thoroughly during spice, be sprinkled into again in the chrysanthemum stalk bits material and mix and stir 3 times, evenly be spilled in the material, fully stir 2～3 times, make every effort to the raw material moisture uniformity with being about to syrup; General requirement raw material water cut 50～55%; After spice finished, it is all sieved once must base-material.
Pack: can pack after base-material is mixed thoroughly, the plastics bag of selecting for use is the low-pressure high-density polyethylene bag at once, must note the elasticity of bag interior base-material during pack.
Sterilization: after pack finishes, move in the normal-pressure sterilization pot with being about to the barrel carefulness, during free flowing steam sterilization, kettle temperature must keep 20 hours at 100 ℃ continuously, to guarantee that sterilization thoroughly.
Inoculation: treat that barrel is cooled to just can inoculate below 30 ℃, bacterial classification requires mycelia pure white, healthy and strong dense uniformity, and no brown mycoderm, no dark reddish brown liquid pearl does not have assorted bacterium, and cell age is 35～40 days a bacterial classification; Packed bacterial classification soaks in 0.1% concentration potassium permanganate solution in advance to be wrung out, and then with around the gauze kerchief of sterilizing, going along with sb. to guard him, stops foreign material and pollutes.Carry out the surface with 75% alcohol swab during inoculation and wipe sterilization, cut with scraper again and inoculate operation after abandoning 2 centimetres of top layer substratum; Cave, every Bag Material socket joint three caves-four requires to prick a cave, by a cave bacterial classification, has connect one bag, overlaps with outer bag immediately, connects second bag again; Or fry in shallow oil rolling coating brush sealing-in kind mouth with adhesive plaster or with paraffin wax and rosin mixture.
Send out bacterium: after inoculation finished, the bacterium rod of planting was in time transported to a bacterium chamber or a bacterium booth is sent out bacterium with connecting; The hair tube reason of bacterium rod is sent out the bacterium temperature and will be controlled at 20 ℃～25 ℃, and humidity is low more good more, in sending out the bacterium process, also will control bacterium rod bacteria infection, and ventilation.
Cultivate: culturing room requires cleaning, drying, ventilation, the low light level; Produce the eve, indoor prior sprinkling 0.2% derosal or scavenge with sulphur heating fumigating sterilization etc. after can use; The situation of cultivating each season is following:
(1) temperature is on the low side at the beginning of last month of spring in winter, be to improve the heap temperature, and the bacterium tube is removed to the indoor formula of stacking that is and closely discharged, and is high 1～1.5 meter, heap with pile between leave the space so that air is unblocked; Keep room temperature between 15-18 ℃, short its mycelia sprouts field planting smoothly;
(2) midsummer high temperature season, the bacterium tube moves to indoor being " well " font and arranges, be sidelong at the acupuncture point, in order to ventilative, three every layer, high 8 layers, ventilation and heat is convenient in separated wide 40 centimetres operation road between heap and the heap; Between the culturing room temperature keeps 20～25 ℃, in order to mycelia as early as possible field planting spread;
Between during cultivation, indoor air humidity is controlled at below 70%, regularly ventilates simultaneously, gets rid of indoor exhaust air, in order to avoid influence mycelial growth, notes timely ventilation and heat between the pliotherm period emphatically, in order to the mycelia normal growth; After acupuncture point mycelia field planting is extended, no matter be that bacterium tube heap formula changes " well " font or trilateral without exception into during the end of spring and the beginning of summer or midsummer, be sidelong at the acupuncture point, piles highly 10 layers, leaves the operation road, is convenient to ventilate.
Management of producing mushroom: in the management of producing mushroom process, should consider to create artificially the envrionment conditions that factors such as thermal stimulation and alternation of wetting and drying satisfy fruiting, pay attention to regulating suitable mushroom mycelium differentiation and development the righttest required requirement again.
Further, if described cultivation stage when finding bacterium tube generation living contaminants, is prevented and treated elimination with 1: 1 weight ratio alcohol with the formaldehyde mixed solution; The discovery Neurospora infects, and does not arbitrarily move, and at once with diesel oil or kerosene brushing affected part, treats to handle after the atrophy of orange robe again; Under normal situation, when the acupuncture point mycelia stretches 6-8 centimetre of white circle, week prick 4～6 thin caves in the cave, so that oxygenation promotes that mushroom mycelium normally spreads growth with fine needle.
Positively effect of the present invention is owing to adopt rational fermentation technique to handle the chrysanthemum stalk, to improve its culture base-material nutrient.Cultivation management technology in addition reasonably.Applying of this technology can be strengthened the increment of chrysanthemum straw sub product resource multi, so both can utilize crop straw in a large number, reduces environmental pollution, can increase peasant income again, also can promote China's mushroom industry development.The used substratum of the present invention is drawn materials conveniently, and is nutritious, and fermentation is fast, and it is fast to send out bacterium, and fruiting is fast, and growing way is violent, and the cycle is short, and cost is little, and labour intensity is low, and production benefit is big, and is applied widely.Can reduce planting cost 15-40%, reduce labour intensity 30-50%, rate ratio improves 20-60% with other stalks, improves more than 10 times than using with homalographic cotton seed hull that cotton produces, and has huge economy, society, environment and ecological benefits.
Below will combine embodiment, the present invention will be carried out comparatively detailed explanation.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1, the culture base-material preparation of chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture
The chrysanthemum stalk bits material good with fermentative processing is raw material, is equipped with the auxiliary material that plays the nutritive equilibrium regulating effect; Comprise following component by weight percentage: chrysanthemum stalk bits material 77%, wheat bran 15%, Semen Maydis powder 5%, soya-bean cake 3%.
The good chrysanthemum stalk of described fermentative processing bits material, its fermentation processing method is: the chrysanthemum waste straw that is elected to be culture base-material should fresh nothing go mouldy, fully tan by the sun drying after, with mechanical disintegration to the long bits material of 1-2cm; Mierocrystalline cellulose and xylogen can fully decompose in the chrysanthemum straw in order to make, and also will carry out appropriate soaking fermentation and handle, and soaking fermentation water is 1.5-1.8 with bits material part by weight: 10.In order to improve cellulose conversion utilization ratio in the chrysanthemum straw, should add cellulase and saccharifying enzyme during the fermentation and carry out enzymatic action.Its addition is respectively cellulase 0.5-0.8%, saccharifying enzyme 0.8-1.1% by weight percentage.And leavening temperature transferred to 30-35 ℃.If temperature does not reach, just heat up with electric heater or air-conditioning, should lower the temperature at once in case surpass 35 ℃, to keep temperature not high not low.Also should use acetic acid that pH value is transferred to 4.2-4.6 in addition, ferment, the time is 7-10 days.When chrysanthemum straw bits material covers with the flakes material, promptly can be used as culture medium raw material.
For regulate chrysanthemum straw culture base-material potential of hydrogen, also should add account for culture base-material weight percent 2-2.5% gypsum as regulator, the culture base-material pH value is remained on about 6.5 ± 0.1.
Embodiment 2, the culture base-material preparation of chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture
The chrysanthemum stalk bits material good with fermentative processing is raw material, is equipped with the auxiliary material that plays the nutritive equilibrium regulating effect; Comprise following component by weight percentage: chrysanthemum stalk bits material 82%, wheat bran 12%, Semen Maydis powder 4%, soya-bean cake 2%.
Wherein the method for preparation of chrysanthemum stalk bits material and culture base-material preparation is with embodiment 1.
Embodiment 3, the culture base-material preparation of chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture
The chrysanthemum stalk bits material good with fermentative processing is raw material, is equipped with the auxiliary material that plays the nutritive equilibrium regulating effect; Comprise following component by weight percentage: chrysanthemum stalk bits material 86%, wheat bran 10%, Semen Maydis powder 3%, soya-bean cake 1%.
Wherein the method for preparation of chrysanthemum stalk bits material and culture base-material preparation is with embodiment 1.
Cultivation embodiment: a kind of method with chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture, adopt the culture base-material of embodiment 1,2,3 preparations, and realize through the following technological process of production: culture base-material-spice-pack-sterilization-inoculation-Fa bacterium-cultivation-management of producing mushroom-gather.
Spice: claim the raw and auxiliary material that foot is required, and sugared a little is for use with the hot water dissolving with red (in vain).After earlier wheat bran, Semen Maydis powder, soya-bean cake fully being mixed thoroughly during spice, be sprinkled into again in the chrysanthemum stalk bits material, mix and stir 3 times, evenly be spilled in the raw material, fully stir 2～3 times, make every effort to the raw material moisture uniformity with being about to pour an amount of syrup into.General requirement raw material water cut 50～55%, promptly material-water ratio is 1: 1～1.1, must guard against raw material is mixed wet or too dried.The raw material of mixing should be tack-free, and base-material is not agglomerating to get final product.After spice finishes, it is all sieved once, prevent that sharp object from puncturing packing base-material plastics bag.
Pack: can at once pack after base-material is mixed thoroughly.As in high temperature summer, culture material is easy to become sour, and its pH value should remain on about 6.5.The plastics bag that the selection of plastics bag, this project are selected for use is the low-pressure high-density polyethylene of 0.04 centimetre of 17 cm x, 35 cm x, and this plastics bag toughness is better, and sack is cracky not, and pollution rate is low.Must note the elasticity of bag interior base-material during pack, adorn to such an extent that too tightly influence ventilation property to send out bacterium slow that dress De Taisongyi produces living contaminants.
Sterilization: after pack finishes, move in the normal-pressure sterilization pot (kitchen range), be the formula of stacking and closely arrange with being about to the barrel carefulness.Barrel laterally can closely stack in the pot, vertically wants 2～3 centimetres at interval, and circulating up and down in order to hot gas in the pot evenly penetrates the Bag Material center.If the barrel stacking is overstocked in the pot, do not interspace, cause hot gas to circulate up and down and be obstructed, produce at " dead angle ", influence sterilising effect.The normal-pressure sterilization intensity of a fire at the beginning is prosperous, strives in 6 hours, reaching 100 ℃ of high temperature.During free flowing steam sterilization, temperature must keep 20 hours under the situation at 100 ℃ continuously in the kitchen range, to guarantee that sterilization thoroughly.In the sterilization process, should in time add the boiling water more than 85 ℃, be strictly on guard against that dry combustion method or pot temperature descend.
When temperature natural in the kitchen range drops to 50～60 ℃, barrel is gone out kitchen range while hot, earlier good with outer condom, hold the tool splendid attire with soft cotton, cleaning then, be transported to the place of the bacterium of having gone out, and require to handle with care, prevent that barrel is damaged.The soft silk floss of the barrel that has just taken the dish out of the pot, discharging want rationally neat, in order to avoid flexural deformation.Treat that barrel is cooled to just can inoculate below 30 ℃.Transfer room will clean up in advance, and strict sterilization, guarantees to be in sterile state.
Inoculation: mushroom inoculation should be selected high yield, strong stress resistance, article mushroom strain of fine quality (like Taiwan 808 etc.).Bacterial classification requires mycelia pure white, healthy and strong dense uniformity, and no brown mycoderm, no dark reddish brown liquid pearl does not have assorted bacterium, and cell age is 35～40 days a bacterial classification.Packed bacterial classification soaks in the potassium permanganate solution of 0.1% weight in advance to be wrung out, and then with around the gauze kerchief of sterilizing, going along with sb. to guard him, stops foreign material and pollutes.Carry out the surface with 75% alcohol swab during inoculation and wipe sterilization, cut with scraper again and inoculate operation after abandoning 2 centimetres of top layer substratum.In order to improve surviving rate, should select inoculation tank to operate, reduce the microbial contamination chance.The operation before with clean towel in 0.5% SANIZOL C solution, soak wring out after, wipe one time to barrel again and put into case, put into bacterial classification and other apparatus simultaneously, carry out disinfection immediately.Use formaldehyde solution and potassium permanganate vaporization sterilization 30～40 minutes in the case, or light fumigation, and then operate with aerial fog disinfectant (Kodak, mushroom protect).After the inoculation personnel will clean both hands, alcohol disinfecting, stretch in the case and inoculate by the aseptic technique rules.Every Bag Material socket joint, cave, three caves-four requires to prick a cave, by a cave bacterial classification, has connect one bag, overlaps with outer bag immediately, connects second bag again.As bag is adjacent to adhesive plaster immediately outward, or fries in shallow oil rolling coating brush with paraffin wax and rosin mixture and seal.The wood chip bacterial classification inserts will an emerge table 2 millimeter of acupuncture point, and high temperature season will select the late into the night or morning to carry out, and when the temperature inside the box reaches more than 28 ℃, should stop inoculation.
Send out bacterium: send out bacterium no matter be in indoor or plastic greenhouse, all will make every effort to clean, drying, ventilation, thermophilic.After inoculation finished, the bacterium rod of planting was in time transported to a bacterium chamber or a bacterium booth is sent out bacterium with connecting.Putting of bacterium rod, in summer high temperature season, the bacterium rod is wanted single putting, and every row can be put 3～5 layers.Allow and to put by " well " word like the place, thisly put the heat radiation of favourable bacterium rod and avoid burning bacterium.During winter, the bacterium rod is sent out bacterium has two kinds of situation: a kind of is to send out the direct on the spot fruiting of good bacterium rod, and this situation can be put (distance between every row is 70～80 centimetres) by a line spacing with the bacterium rod, and every row can put 5～8 layers of bacterium rods; The another kind situation is after excellent of a good bacterium is expired, again the bacterium rod to be moved to fruiting place fruiting, and every row can put 5～6 layers at this moment, and spacing is 60-70 centimetre.The hair tube reason of bacterium rod is sent out the bacterium temperature and will be controlled at 20 ℃～25 ℃, and humidity is low more good more, in sending out the bacterium process, also will control bacterium rod bacteria infection, and ventilation.
Cultivate: culturing room requires cleaning, drying, ventilation, the low light level.Produce the eve, indoor prior sprinkling 0.2% derosal, or sterilize with the sulphur heating fumigating waits and can use after scavenging.The situation of cultivating each season is following:
(1) temperature is on the low side at the beginning of last month of spring in winter, be to improve the heap temperature, and the bacterium tube is removed to the indoor formula of stacking that is and closely discharged, and is high 1～1.5 meter, heap with pile between leave the space so that air is unblocked.If room temperature is lower than 15 ℃, require to utilize the electrothermal heating device to manage to heat, improve room temp, remain between the 15-18 ℃ of stalk, short its mycelia sprouts field planting smoothly.
(2) midsummer high temperature season, the bacterium tube moves to indoor being " well " font and arranges, be sidelong at the acupuncture point, in order to ventilative, three every layer, high 8 layers, ventilation and heat is convenient in separated wide 40 centimetres operation road between heap and the heap.Between the culturing room temperature keeps 20～25 ℃, in order to mycelia as early as possible field planting spread.Room temperature should not surpass 30 ℃, otherwise mushroom mycelium then can stop growing even death.Between during cultivation, indoor air humidity is controlled at below 70%, grasps and should do not wet principle.Regularly ventilate simultaneously, get rid of indoor exhaust air, in order to avoid influence mycelial growth; Note timely ventilation and heat between the pliotherm period emphatically, in order to mycelia normal growth, cultivation stage; Present dotted variegated spot if find the bacterium tube, explain that the genus sterilization is not thorough, carry out disinfection inoculation again immediately.Eliminate with alcohol formaldehyde mixed solution control in 1: 1 when living contaminants takes place, find that Neurospora infects, arbitrarily do not move,, treat to handle again after the atrophy of orange robe at once with diesel oil or kerosene brushing affected part.In the culturing process, common assorted bacterium has green mold, Mucor, head mold, flavus, black mold, Neurospora element etc., in case find with serious pollution useless tube, abandon immediately, in order to avoid spread of infection.Under normal situation, when the acupuncture point mycelia stretches 6-8 centimetre of white circle, week prick 4～6 thin caves in the cave, so that oxygenation promotes that mushroom mycelium normally spreads growth with fine needle.After acupuncture point mycelia field planting is extended, no matter be that bacterium tube heap formula changes " well " font or trilateral without exception into during the end of spring and the beginning of summer or midsummer, be sidelong at the acupuncture point, piles highly 10 layers, leaves the operation road, is convenient to ventilate.
Management of producing mushroom: in the management of producing mushroom process, should consider to create artificially the envrionment conditions that factors such as thermal stimulation and alternation of wetting and drying satisfy fruiting, pay attention to regulating suitable mushroom mycelium differentiation and development the righttest required requirement again.Since the Bag Material mushroom in autumn, winter, that three seasons of spring all can show the amblent air temperature condition difference in flower bud, each season is bigger, in management, should have any different, should classify and carry out management of producing mushroom.About each management of producing mushroom, see following cultivation embodiment 2-4 in season.
Gather: after the mushroom production maturation,, gather and have nothing in common with each other with working method, have mushroom drying, mushroom is dried, come into the market etc. according to the demand in market.Bright mushroom is gathered, and exactly new fresh mushroom is gathered, and comes into the market or to take to freeze the storehouse fresh-keeping, in good time supply the market at once.
Cultivation embodiment 2: mushroom management in autumn
Be autumn mushroom " gold " season 10～November, and this phase temperature changes low by height, and bacterium tube water cut is sufficient; Mycelial growth is vigorous; Help mushroom and form smoothly, the management emphasis is to widen day and night temperature (8 ℃ more than-9 ℃), stimulates the mushroom flower bud to take place rapidly; Concrete operations are to cover close film daytime, let the mushroom temperature of shed be increased to more than 20 ℃; All open plastics film night, lets freezing air get into, and continuous like this 3～5 days, the bacterium tube just can all show flower bud; After showing flower bud, when the mushroom flower bud has finger size, draw bag immediately; Let its self-sow, the mushroom temperature of shed keeps 15～18 ℃, relative air humidity 65～75%.If chance temperature weather more than 22 ℃ will in time be taken off the film ventilation and heat, suitably thicken the ceiling coverture simultaneously, prevent that high temperature from causing fungal infection.After having adopted head batch mushroom, some bacterium tube needs moisturizing, and bacteria rejuvenation simultaneously 7～10 days treats that the bacterium tube mushroom base of a fruit turns white when going to sorrel, carries out caloric stimulation immediately, alternation of wetting and drying, short its fecund autumn mushroom.
Cultivation embodiment 3: mushroom management in winter
Dried mushroom occurs between 12～February mostly, just in the low temperature modification bacterial strain produce the mushroom optimum period, management emphasis moisture-heat preservation, winter protection keeps away freezes, and suitably evacuates the ceiling coverture, lets sunlight pass through into mushroom field, increases thermal source, improves the mushroom bed tempertaure, short its mushroom flower bud forms smoothly.This moment, temperature of shed will keep 16-19 ℃, between the atmospheric moisture 70-75%.What the bacterium tube was lighter will soak or water filling, regulates its water cut, keeps suitable humidity.When external temperature is reduced to 10 ℃, can take to heat and urge flower bud with the greenhouse steam, generally should keep temperature of shed to be higher than 18 ℃, humidity helps the dried mushroom growth like this about 73%, and basic output capacity can improve more than 10%.
Cultivation embodiment 4: mushroom management in spring
Be that the bacterium tube produces the spring mushroom busy season 3～May, rain when fine during this phase, and temperature raises day by day, and it is progressively active that mushroom mycelium recovers life, because bacterium tube water cut obviously alleviates, should adopt water filling or immersion to keep the skin wet, and regulates the water cut in the bacterium tube.If meet sultry or spring rain is unbroken, mushroom canopy both sides film can suitably improve, and needn't cover overstockedly, lets alone to breathe freely, and keeps the interior air flowing, fresh of mushroom canopy.As run into temperature and be higher than 23 ℃, thicken the ceiling coverture at once, stop the sunlight direct projection, otherwise hot and humid, very easily cause the bacterium tube to go rotten.When heavy rain comes down in torrents, get rid of place ponding at any time, pay attention to taking off the ventilative ventilation of film, later stage bacterium tube has been managed in patience, should keep temperature of shed to be lower than 20 ℃ usually, and humidity is lower than 75%, only in this way could promote spring mushroom vigorous growth-help high yield and high quality.
The effect of utilizing the chrysanthemum straw to make mushroom base-material mushroom culture compares:
Through showing: the high 5-8% of its common seedling rate of chrysanthemum straw base-material with cotton straw, wheat straw, the comparative studies of rape straw mushroom culture; The high 12-29 kilogram of fresh mushroom production; The high 60-145 of output value unit, its economic benefit is (seeing the following form) obviously, can be applicable.
The chrysanthemum straw is made base-material and is produced the edible mushrooms effect relatively
Claims (4)
1. the culture base-material of a chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture expects to be raw material with the chrysanthemum stalk bits that fermentative processing is good, is equipped with the auxiliary material that plays the nutritive equilibrium regulating effect; Comprise following component by weight percentage: chrysanthemum stalk bits material 77%, wheat bran 15%, Semen Maydis powder 5%, soya-bean cake 3%;
Described chrysanthemum stalk bits material, its fermentation processing method is: the chrysanthemum straw that is elected to be culture base-material should fresh nothing go mouldy, fully tan by the sun drying after, with mechanical disintegration to the long bits material of 1-2cm; Soaking fermentation is handled, and soaking fermentation water is 1.5-1.8 with bits material weight ratio: 10; And, add the cellulase of 0.5-0.8% and the saccharifying enzyme of 0.8-1.1% and carry out enzymatic action by accounting for bits material weight percent meter; Leavening temperature transfers to 30-35 ℃; Also should use acetic acid that soaking fermentation material pH value is transferred to 4.2-4.6 in addition, ferment again 7-10 days; When chrysanthemum straw bits material covers with the flakes material, promptly can be used as culture medium raw material.
2. the culture base-material of chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the gypsum that interpolation accounts for culture base-material weight percent 2-2.5% makes the culture base-material pH value remain on 6.5 ± 0.1 as regulator.
3. adopt the method for the culture base-material mushroom culture of the described chrysanthemum stalk of claim 2 mushroom culture, comprise the steps: spice-pack-sterilization-inoculation-Fa bacterium-cultivation-management of producing mushroom-gather;
Spice: claim the raw and auxiliary material that foot is required, and with sugar a little, for use with the hot water dissolving; After earlier wheat bran, Semen Maydis powder, soya-bean cake fully being mixed thoroughly during spice, be sprinkled into again in the chrysanthemum stalk bits material and mix and stir 3 times, evenly be spilled in the material, fully stir 2～3 times, make every effort to the raw material moisture uniformity with being about to syrup; General requirement raw material water cut 50～55%; After spice finishes, with its all sieve once base-material;
Pack: can pack after base-material is mixed thoroughly, the plastics bag of selecting for use is the low-pressure high-density polyethylene bag at once, must note the elasticity of bag interior base-material during pack;
Sterilization: after pack finishes, move in the normal-pressure sterilization pot with being about to the barrel carefulness, during free flowing steam sterilization, kettle temperature must keep 20 hours at 100 ℃ continuously, to guarantee that sterilization thoroughly;
Inoculation: treat that barrel is cooled to just can inoculate below 30 ℃, bacterial classification requires mycelia pure white, healthy and strong dense uniformity, and no brown mycoderm, no dark reddish brown liquid pearl does not have assorted bacterium, and cell age is 35～40 days a bacterial classification; Packed bacterial classification soaks in 0.1% concentration potassium permanganate solution in advance to be wrung out, and then with around the gauze kerchief of sterilizing, going along with sb. to guard him, stops foreign material and pollutes.Carry out the surface with 75% alcohol swab during inoculation and wipe sterilization, cut with scraper again and inoculate operation after abandoning 2 centimetres of top layer substratum; Cave, every Bag Material socket joint three caves-four requires to prick a cave, by a cave bacterial classification, has connect one bag, overlaps with outer bag immediately, connects second bag again; Or fry in shallow oil rolling coating brush sealing-in kind mouth with adhesive plaster or with paraffin wax and rosin mixture;
Send out bacterium: after inoculation finished, the bacterium rod of planting was in time transported to a bacterium chamber or a bacterium booth is sent out bacterium with connecting; The hair tube reason of bacterium rod is sent out the bacterium temperature and will be controlled at 20 ℃～25 ℃, and humidity is low more good more, in sending out the bacterium process, also will control bacterium rod bacteria infection, and ventilation;
Cultivate: culturing room requires cleaning, drying, ventilation, the low light level; Produce the eve, indoor prior sprinkling 0.2% derosal or scavenge with sulphur heating fumigating sterilization etc. after can use; The situation of cultivating each season is following:
(1) temperature is on the low side at the beginning of last month of spring in winter, be to improve the heap temperature, and the bacterium tube is removed to the indoor formula of stacking that is and closely discharged, and is high 1～1.5 meter, heap with pile between leave the space so that air is unblocked; Keep room temperature between 15-18 ℃, short its mycelia sprouts field planting smoothly;
(2) midsummer high temperature season, the bacterium tube moves to indoor being " well " font and arranges, be sidelong at the acupuncture point, in order to ventilative, three every layer, high 8 layers, ventilation and heat is convenient in separated wide 40 centimetres operation road between heap and the heap; Between the culturing room temperature keeps 20～25 ℃, in order to mycelia as early as possible field planting spread;
Between during cultivation, indoor air humidity is controlled at below 70%, regularly ventilates simultaneously, gets rid of indoor exhaust air, in order to avoid influence mycelial growth, notes timely ventilation and heat between the pliotherm period emphatically, in order to the mycelia normal growth; After acupuncture point mycelia field planting is extended, no matter be that bacterium tube heap formula changes " well " font or trilateral without exception into during the end of spring and the beginning of summer or midsummer, be sidelong at the acupuncture point, piles highly 10 layers, leaves the operation road, is convenient to ventilate;
Management of producing mushroom: in the management of producing mushroom process, should consider to create artificially the envrionment conditions that factors such as thermal stimulation and alternation of wetting and drying satisfy fruiting, pay attention to regulating suitable mushroom mycelium differentiation and development the righttest required requirement again.
4. the method for the culture base-material mushroom culture of chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, if described cultivation stage when finding bacterium tube generation living contaminants, is prevented and treated elimination with 1: 1 weight ratio alcohol with the formaldehyde mixed solution; The discovery Neurospora infects, and does not arbitrarily move, and at once with diesel oil or kerosene brushing affected part, treats to handle after the atrophy of orange robe again; Under normal situation, when the acupuncture point mycelia stretches 6-8 centimetre of white circle, week prick 4～6 thin caves in the cave, so that oxygenation promotes that mushroom mycelium normally spreads growth with fine needle.
5, the method for the culture base-material mushroom culture of chrysanthemum stalk mushroom culture as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, described management of producing mushroom comprises following method:
Mushroom management in autumn: be mushroom golden season in autumn 10～November, and this phase temperature changes low by height, and bacterium tube water cut is sufficient, and mycelial growth is vigorous, helps mushroom and form smoothly, and the management emphasis is to widen 8 ℃ of day and night temperatures more than-9 ℃, stimulates the mushroom flower bud to take place rapidly; Concrete operations are to cover close film daytime, let the mushroom temperature of shed be increased to more than 20 ℃; All open plastics film night, lets freezing air get into, and continuous like this 3～5 days, the bacterium tube just can all show flower bud; After showing flower bud, when the mushroom flower bud has finger size, draw bag immediately; Let its self-sow, the mushroom temperature of shed keeps 15～18 ℃, relative air humidity 65～75%; If chance temperature weather more than 22 ℃ will in time be taken off the film ventilation and heat, suitably thicken the ceiling coverture simultaneously, prevent that high temperature from causing fungal infection; After having adopted head batch mushroom, some bacterium tube needs moisturizing, and bacteria rejuvenation simultaneously 7～10 days treats that the bacterium tube mushroom base of a fruit turns white when going to sorrel, carries out caloric stimulation immediately, alternation of wetting and drying, short its fecund autumn mushroom;
Mushroom management in winter: dried mushroom occurs between 12～February mostly, just in the low temperature modification bacterial strain produce mushroom optimum period, management emphasis moisture-heat preservation; Winter protection keeps away freezes, and suitably evacuates the ceiling coverture, lets sunlight pass through into mushroom field; Increase thermal source, improve the mushroom bed tempertaure, short its mushroom flower bud forms smoothly; This moment, temperature of shed will keep 16-19 ℃, between the atmospheric moisture 70-75%; What the bacterium tube lightened will soak or water filling, regulates its water cut, keeps suitable humidity; When external temperature is reduced to 10 ℃, can take to heat and urge flower bud with the greenhouse steam, generally should keep temperature of shed to be higher than 18 ℃, humidity helps the dried mushroom growth like this about 73%;
Mushroom management in spring: be that the bacterium tube produces the spring mushroom busy season 3～May, rain when fine during this phase, and temperature raises day by day, and it is progressively active that mushroom mycelium recovers life, because bacterium tube water cut obviously alleviates, should adopt water filling or immersion to keep the skin wet, and regulates the water cut in the bacterium tube; If meet sultry or spring rain is unbroken, mushroom canopy both sides film can suitably improve, and needn't cover overstockedly, lets alone to breathe freely, and keeps the interior air flowing, fresh of mushroom canopy; As run into temperature and be higher than 23 ℃, thicken the ceiling coverture at once, stop the sunlight direct projection, otherwise hot and humid, very easily cause the bacterium tube to go rotten; When heavy rain comes down in torrents, get rid of place ponding at any time, pay attention to taking off the ventilative ventilation of film, later stage bacterium tube has been managed in patience, should keep temperature of shed to be lower than 20 ℃ usually, and humidity is lower than 75%, only in this way could promote spring mushroom vigorous growth.
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| CN111699926A (en) * | 2020-07-06 | 2020-09-25 | 湖南果秀食品有限公司 | Fungus bottle body for inoculating pleurotus eryngii with liquid seeds and comprehensive fungus bottle culture method |
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