CN102172133A - Method for treating stony desertification in semiarid hot and warm area by applying improved pinus elliottii - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for controlling rocky desertification in a semi-arid warm-hot area by improving slash pine, which belongs to forestry cultivation. The invention includes preparation of substrate soil, planting of mycorrhizal seedlings and management, and afforestation includes site preparation, back pond and afforestation, with a density of 167 plants/mu. The slash pine seedlings grown in the young forest stage grow significantly faster than other pine trees in rocky desertification red soil, red red soil, limestone red soil and other areas at an altitude of 1300-1700 meters. The tree species in the mixed forest are slash pine, white gungan, mulberry and/or bitter thorn, the mixed ratio is 3:7, and the density is 222 trees/mu. The mixed forest can be closed for 5 to 7 years to form a forest, retaining water and fixing the soil, and serving as timber and economic trees producing turpentine.

Description

Method for controlling rocky desertification in semi-arid and warm regions by improving slash pine

technical field

The invention belongs to a forestry cultivation method.

Background technique

Rocky desertification is one of the three major ecological problems in China today. The dry and hot climate, karst water leakage, dry and barren soil, and soil erosion in semi-arid and warm regions have further exacerbated rocky desertification in this area. Pine caribbean is a coniferous tree species planted more in plantations besides Yunnan pine and masson pine in southeastern Yunnan, and it has played an important role in the control of rocky desertification in the semi-arid and warm regions of Yunnan Province. But Caribbean pine does not set fruit in areas with low accumulated temperatures. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) is naturally distributed in the low-altitude areas of the southeastern coastal plain in the United States, with an average annual temperature of 22.2°C in the distribution area and 18.9°C in the north. Under the pressure of weeds and shrubs, it grows several times a year. It is a mixed type of fixed single round and multiple rounds in the middle reaches. When it is 25 years old, its height and growth decline; generally it blooms and bears fruit after more than 10 years. The length of the lateral roots of young trees is often more than twice the height of the tree, and it can grow well in nutrient-poor soil with a pH of 3.8 to 6.8. Wood can be used for pulping, papermaking, construction, etc., and pine needles can be used as fodder. The main component of turpentine is β-pinene, which has high yield and good quality. There are more than 400 kinds of finely processed products, which are the main source of economic income besides wood. The suitable areas for the introduction of slash pine in my country are the middle subtropical zone and the south subtropical zone. The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is high in altitude, and the annual rainfall in the semi-arid warm and rocky desertification area is about 800 mm. It is only 7.76m high and has many diseases.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is at first to provide a method for industrialized seedling raising of slash pine species, which grows fast in the early stage of semi-arid warm and hot rocky desertification areas, has strong weed resistance, and can bear fruit; secondly, use the pine species as The host tree species and optimization mode of the mixed forest provide a mixed forest tree species model and cultivation method.

The object of the invention is achieved in the following ways:

1. Seedling raising method of slash pine

Including steps: (1) preparation of substrate soil for raising seedlings: take 25% of raw soil, 60% of mycorrhizal soil, 10% of fire soil, 5% of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer or superphosphate to prepare substrate soil according to the weight ratio, and put the substrate soil into the specification In a plastic bag of 6.5cm (diameter)×13cm (height), three rows of drainage holes with a diameter of 0.5cm are drilled in the lower part of the bag, with 4 holes in each row, and 25 bags per row are discharged into a seedbed with a bed width of 1-1.2m;

(2) Planting slash pine mycorrhizal seedlings: soak the seeds in warm water with an initial temperature of 60°C, cool them naturally for 24 hours, remove empty grains and impurities, and then sterilize them with 0.5% potassium permanganate or 1/1000 carbendazim solution for 10 minutes, Dry in the air, and when the seeds germinate and break their shells to grow mycorrhizal seedlings, transplant them into substrate soil bags, 1 grain per bag, cover with 0.5cm of sterilized fine soil and cover with fresh pine needles;

(3) During the seedling raising period, the soil moisture content reaches 60%, the ground temperature is 23-25°C, the sunshine is 10-12h/day, fertilization is done once a week, the soil contains 3-4% organic matter, and the hydrolyzable nitrogen is 50-100mg/kg, available. Phosphorus > 15mg/kg, available potassium 60-100mg/kg, after 25 days when the seedlings are complete, remove the pine needles in 2-3 times, and wait for the rainy season to plant seedlings for afforestation.

2. Afforestation methods of slash pine to control semi-arid warm and hot rocky desertification

Including steps: (1) Soil preparation and return to the pond: The time for site preparation is from April to May. The size of the land preparation is 40cm×40cm×30cm. Sprinkle 100 grams of common calcium or compound fertilizer on the topsoil, then put it back into the bottom of the pond and mix well. After that, the soil is slightly concave or flat with the surface. When preparing the land, pay attention to protecting the native broad-leaved saplings in the forest;

(2) Afforestation: The time for planting is the rainy season from July to August. For planting, I and II mycorrhizal seedlings are used for planting, and the plastic bags are peeled off to ensure that the seedlings are straight and compacted; 2×2 meters, the afforestation density is 167 plants/mu.

3. Mixed forest tree species and afforestation methods for controlling semi-arid warm and hot rocky desertification

The tree species in the mixed forest are slash pine with white gun stem and mulberry and/or bitter thorn flower. The afforestation method of mixed forest tree species, comprises steps:

(1) Soil preparation and back pond: The time for slash pine land preparation is from April to May, and the size of the land preparation is 40cm×40cm×30cm in the form of caves. The size of the soil preparation of mulberries and/or bitter thorns is 20cm×20cm×10cm block, and the time of soil preparation and the time of returning to the pond from the planting hole are the same as those of slash pine;

When returning to the pond, apply 100 grams of calcium or compound fertilizer to each pond as base fertilizer;

(2) Afforestation: The time for planting is the rainy season from July to August. Use grade I and II mycorrhizal seedlings for slash pine, and use grade I and II mycorrhizal seedlings for mulberry and/or bitter thorns, and replenish them in time after 15 to 20 days after planting. plant;

The mixing ratio of the above slash pine and mulberry and/or bitter thorn is 3:7, and the afforestation density is 222 trees/mu.

There are mycorrhizal fungi in the root system of slash pine, which can promote the growth of slash pine. Therefore, all the required seedlings are mycorrhizal seedlings.

The above "Mulberry and/or Pine Blossoms" refers to Fructus Mulberry and Pine Blossoms that can be planted with slash pine in a concurrent or extractive manner.

The present invention has the following positive significance:

(1) It provides a reliable method for the industrial production of slash pine seedlings before planting through seedling cultivation, and it is used to control red soil areas in semi-arid warm and hot rocky desertification areas at an altitude of 1300 to 1700 meters above sea level, and wetlands in the young forest stage The growth of pine provides the conditions.

(2) The growth level of slash pine was significantly higher than that of Yunnan pine, masson pine and caribbean pine. Generally, after 3 to 4 years of afforestation, the canopy can be closed and become a forest.

(3) The mixed coniferous arbor and shrubs of slash pine, white spear stem, mulberry and/or thorn flower can be preliminarily established in 5 years in areas with moderate rocky desertification with soil thickness ≥ 20 cm and limestone bare 30-50%. Canopy closure, complete canopy closure for 7 years, has a very important role in water conservation and soil stabilization and ecological protection.

(4) Pine slash is a fast-growing coniferous afforestation tree species mainly used for timber and resin production, and can be used for afforestation of industrial raw material forests with short rotation periods. Using an area of 100,000 mu of rocky desertification mountainous land to develop short-rotation period industrial raw material forests, one production cycle (10 years) can produce more than 600,000 ^m3 of pulp wood, and 15,000 tons of rosin can be produced based on the average plant production of 1 kg of rosin . After 10 years of hard work, planting has been promoted and the area of vegetation restored is 45,000 mu. It is estimated that the average height of 15-year-old stands is 12m, the average diameter at breast height is 15cm, the preservation rate is 90% calculated as 60 trees/mu, the average single plant volume is 0.01513m ³ , and the stock volume is 0.91m ³ /mu. According to the current vegetation recovery area of 45,000 mu of dual-use forest model, about 41,000 tons of pulpwood can be produced in the tenth year.

Description of drawings

Figure 1 is a comparison of the height growth of slash pine and Yunnan pine.

The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with embodiment.

Detailed ways

(1) Seedling raising method of slash pine

Slash pine seeds come from Florida, USA. Mycorrhizal seedling cultivation method is as follows:

Prepare seedling substrate soil: 25% raw soil, 60% mycorrhizal soil, 10% burned soil, 5% calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer or superphosphate. Among them, the raw land soil is the soil that has not been planted with crops or grown trees and herbs, and contains less pathogenic bacteria, which reduces the occurrence of pine damping-off and blight; For silky soil, remove litter and fallen leaves and weeds on the surface when collecting soil, and dig out mycorrhizal soil at a depth of 10cm to 20cm. Put the prepared matrix soil into 6.5cm×13cm plastic bags, arrange 25 bags in each row, the width of the seedbed is 1.2 meters, and the length depends on the terrain.

Plant slash pine mycorrhizal seedlings: Soak the seeds in warm water with an initial temperature of 60°C, cool them naturally for 24 hours to remove empty grains and impurities, then sterilize them with 0.5% potassium permanganate or 1/1000 carbendazim solution for 10 minutes, and dry them in the air. When the seeds germinate, break their shells and grow mycorrhizal seedlings, transplant 1 seed per bag into the matrix soil bag, cover with 0.5cm of sterilized fine soil and cover with fresh pine needles.

During the seedling raising period, keep the soil water content up to 60%, ground temperature 23-25°C, sunshine 10-12h/day, fertilize once a week to ensure that the soil contains 3-4% organic matter, hydrolyzable nitrogen 50-100mg/kg, available phosphorus > 15mg/kg, available potassium 60-100mg/kg, 25 days after the seedlings emerge, remove the pine needles in 2-3 times, and plant seedlings in a timely manner for afforestation.

(2) Afforestation of slash pine

①Soil preparation and back pond: The land preparation method adopts small block land preparation, the size is 40cm×40cm×30cm, and the land preparation time is from April to May. When preparing the land, pay attention to protecting the native broad-leaved saplings in the forest, and stack the core soil and topsoil separately. When returning to the pond, first sprinkle 100 grams of compound fertilizer on the surface soil, then return to the bottom of the pond and mix well, and then return to the core soil, which is slightly concave or flat with the surface.

②Afforestation time and method: The planting time is the rainy season from July to August. Use class I and II hundred-day seedlings, and remove the plastic bag when planting, so that the seedlings are straight and compacted.

③Arrangement method and afforestation density: The slope of the test site is relatively gentle, the arrangement adopts a square arrangement, the spacing between plants and rows is 2×2 meters, and the afforestation density is 167 plants/mu.

Tending management: Depending on the growth status of trees and weeds in each pilot forest, weeding and tending will be arranged once a year for the first three years. Watch out for forest fires during the dry season.

(3) Mixed forest species and afforestation with slash pine as host

Non-host tree species include white gun shank and mulberry and/or mulberry. Use white spears as the arbor layer, use bitter thorns and/or mulberry as the shrub layer, and the herb layer can be covered naturally after the mountain is closed for afforestation.

①Site preparation and afforestation: the afforestation density is 222 plants/mu, the mixed ratio of pine, mulberry and/or thorn flower is 3:7, the arbor layer is cleared in blocks, and the size is 1m×1m, and the size of pit preparation is 40cm×40cm× 30cm, the time is from March to May of the year; the method of soil preparation for mulberry and bitter thorn is small, and the size of the soil preparation is 20cm×20cm×10cm, which can be carried out at the same time as the pond. When returning to the pond, apply 100 grams of calcium or compound fertilizer per pond as base fertilizer. Use grade I and grade II mycorrhizal seedlings for afforestation, and the afforestation time is 15 to 20 days after afforestation in the rainy season.

③Tending management: In the second and third years after afforestation, one tending is arranged depending on the growth of weeds, mainly for weeding to increase the amount of sunlight for tree species. Be careful not to damage the root system of trees when tending; pay attention to fire prevention in dry season. At the age of 15 years, fat harvesting can begin.

The height and diameter growth of 2.5-year-old mixed tree species in the rocky desertification mountainous area are as follows:

Chinese name Latin name tree height cm Ground diameter cm Slash pine Pinus elliottii 120 3.4 white barrel Fraxinus malacophylla 65 0.8 bitter thorn flower Sophora davidii 45 0.5 Che Sangzi Dodonaea viscisa 40 (Live) 0.4

The tree height of the slash pine is the highest in the artificial community, and the light-loving property is guaranteed. The growth rate of the self-gun shaft is not fast, and the negative resistance is strong, which does not affect the growth. The shrub layer composed of bitter thorn and/or bilberry is in the third level.

(4) Afforestation effects of slash pine on different soils

Liwu Mountain in Nanzhuang, Jianshui County: 1,750 meters above sea level, with an annual rainfall of about 800 mm, sandstone red soil, deep and loamy soil, and an area of 20 mu for the test area.

Table 1 Data table of physical and chemical properties of Liwu Dashan soil

Table 2 Growth scale of tree height and ground (breast) diameter in Liwu Dashan Unit: cm

Table 3 Variance analysis table of height growth of Pine yunnanensis and Pine slashes in Liwu Mountain

Table 4 The variance analysis table of DBH growth of Pine yunnanensis and Pine slash in Liwu Mountain

Ganchong, Nanzhuang Town, 1450 meters above sea level, with the same annual rainfall as above, thick red soil, the vegetation has been repeatedly destroyed, water and soil loss is extremely serious, it is an intensive loss area, the soil layer is extremely thin, and the texture is loam. The area of the test area is 20 mu.

Table 5 Data table of physical and chemical properties of dry washed soil

A 0-5 5 sandy soil Dry Small block 4.7 - brown 1.29 0.112 0.038 1.16 83 1 56 B 6-15 9 sandy soil Dry lumpy 5 - light reddish brown 0.78 0.78 0.038 1.73 41 1 30 C under 15 sandy soil Dry lumpy 5.3 - brown red 0.11 0.11 18 1 44

Table 6 Scale of dry tree height and ground (breast) diameter growth unit: cm

Table 7 Variance analysis table of height growth of 6-year-old Yunnan pine and slash pine trees in the dry flushing pilot site

Table 8 Variance analysis of ground diameter growth of Pine yunnanensis and Pine slashland in dry flushing pilot sites

Chakezhitangzi, 1550 meters above sea level, with the same annual rainfall as above, limestone red soil, thick soil layer, clay loam, the test area covers an area of 30 mu.

Table 9 Soil physical and chemical properties data table of the Zhutangzi test site

Table 10 Growth scale of tree height and ground (breast) diameter of Zhitangzi Unit: cm

Table 11 Variance analysis table of height growth of Pine yunnanensis and Pinus slashland in the pilot project of Zhutangzi

Table 12 Analysis of variance of DBH growth of Pine yunnanensis and Pine slash in Zhutangzi pilot project

Fangmaping, Lin'an Town, is 1530 meters above sea level, with the same annual rainfall as above, limestone red soil, 30-50% of the rocks are exposed, the soil layer is medium-thin, and the texture is clay loam. The test area covers 30 mu.

Table 13 Data table of physical and chemical properties of Fangmaping soil

Table 14 Fangmaping tree height and ground (breast) diameter growth scale unit: cm

Table 15 Variance analysis table of height growth of Pine yunnanensis and Pine slashes in Fangmaping pilot project

Table 16 The variance analysis of DBH growth of Pine Yunnan and Pine slash in Fangjunping Pilot Project

(5) Comparison of 6-year-old survival rate and preservation rate of slash pine and Yunnan pine

tree species Zhatangzi Fangmaping Li Wu Dashan dry flush Slash pine 97%, 95% 90%, 85% 90%, 85% 90%, 90% Yunnan pine 90%, 85% 95%, 80% 90%. 85% 90%, 83%

(6) Comparison test and results of slash pine and Yunnan pine, Caribbean pine and masson pine

The average tree height and DBH growth ranks of 6-year-old pine, slash pine, Caribbean pine, and masson pine at Zhitangzi site were slash pine > masson pine > Caribbean pine > Yunnan pine (Table 18). See Table 19 for the variance analysis of the diameter height of each pine category:

Table 17 6-year diameter and height growth status of 4 species of pine trees in the Zhutangzi pilot project Unit: cm

tree height 307.2 465.0 367.3 464.6 breast diameter 5.28 9.3 6.1 6.84

Table 18 Analysis of variance of 6-year-old height growth of 4 kinds of pine trees

Table 19 6-year-old diameter growth variance analysis table of 4 kinds of pine trees

(7) Firmness of slash pine

Some plants of 4-year-old slash pine have flowering and fruiting, about 1/8 of the plants begin to flower and fruiting in 5 years, more than 1/3 of the plants are fruiting in 6 years, and the number of fruiting plants in 7 years can exceed 60%.

Claims (4)

1. administer the seedling-cultivating method of the wet-land pine tree of semiarid warm hot stony desertification, comprise step:

(1) preparation seedling medium soil: get dried rhizome of rehmannia soil 25%, mycorhiza soil 60%, baked wheaten cake soil 10%, fused calcium magnesium phosphate or superphosphate 5% preparation matrix soil by weight, matrix soil is packed in the plastic sack of specification 6.5cm * 13cm, diameter 0.5cm osculum 3 rows are beaten in the bag middle and lower part, 4 of every rows enter in bedside 1～1.2m seedbed by 25 bags of every row;

(2) plantation wet-land pine tree mycorhiza seedling: with 60 ℃ of emerge in worm water seeds of beginning temperature, naturally cooling is 24 hours, remove empty grain, impurity, again with 0.5% potassium permanganate or 1/1000 carbendazim solution sterilization 10 minutes, dry, be transplanted in the matrix earth bag when treating to sprout seed broken shell growing the mycorhiza seedling, 1 every bag, cover sterilization fine earth 0.5cm and cover fresh pine needle;

(3) in the nursery stage, soil moisture content reaches 60%, 23～25 ℃ of ground temperature, 10～12h/ day at sunshine, fertilising is once weekly, soil contains organic 3～4%, hydrolyzable nitrogen 50～100mg/kg, rapid available phosphorus＞15mg/kg, available potassium 60～100mg/kg, divide and throw off pine needle 2～3 times to 25 days seedling back that all sprouts, treat the tree planting of arriving rainy season.

2. the method for forestation of a wet-land pine tree as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that comprising step:

(1) the whole ground and time pool: time of site preparation is 4～May, whole ground specification is that 40cm * 40cm * 30cm is cave-shaped, cubsoil, show native pile up separately, planting pit goes back to the pool and finishes mid-June, earlier the 100 general calcium of gram or composite fertilizer being sprinkling upon table soil when going back to the pool goes up and mixes thoroughly at the bottom of the pool is gone back in the back, cubsoil nick or flat with the face of land is returned in the back, notes protecting broad-leaved treelet primary in the forest land during whole ground;

(2) afforestation: the field planting time is rainy season in 7～August, and 3 months healthy and strong nursery stocks of mycorhiza seedling seedling age are adopted in field planting, and plastic sack is peelled off, and accomplishes that conscientiously the seedling body is proper, tracks tramping compacting; Square configuration is adopted in the forest land, 2 * 2 meters of seeding row spacings, and planting density is 167 strain/mus.

3. wet-land pine tree mixed forest seeds as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that these mixed forest seeds are wet-land pine tree and softleaf ash root-bark and akeake and/or bitter tattooing, and the mixed double ratio example of wet-land pine tree and akeake and/or bitter tattooing is 3: 7, planting density 222 strain/mus.

4. the method for forestation of mixed forest seeds according to claim 3 is characterized in that comprising step:

(1) the whole ground and time pool: the wet-land pine tree time of site preparation is 4～May, and whole ground specification is that 40cm * 40cm * 30cm is cave-shaped, and planting pit goes back to the pool and finishes mid-June, and tree stratum is with the block clear woods of 1m * 1m; The whole ground of akeake and/or bitter tattooing specification is 20cm * 20cm * 10cm bulk, and it is consistent with wet-land pine tree that time of site preparation and planting pit return the pool time; General calcium is executed or composite fertilizer's 100 grams are made base fertilizer in every pool when going back to the pool;

(2) afforestation: the field planting time is rainy season in 7～August, and 3 months healthy and strong nursery stocks of mycorhiza seedling seedling age are adopted in the wet-land pine tree field planting, and akeake and/or bitter tattooing are adopted I, II level one hundred days seedling, and field planting is after-culture in time after 15～20 days.