CN102027864B - Sunlight greenhouse structure and cultivation method for tree type cultivation of vegetables - Google Patents

Sunlight greenhouse structure and cultivation method for tree type cultivation of vegetables Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102027864B
CN102027864B CN2009102352625A CN200910235262A CN102027864B CN 102027864 B CN102027864 B CN 102027864B CN 2009102352625 A CN2009102352625 A CN 2009102352625A CN 200910235262 A CN200910235262 A CN 200910235262A CN 102027864 B CN102027864 B CN 102027864B
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greenhouse
vegetables
cultivation
solar heat
tree
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CN102027864A (en
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曹华
赵景文
韩亚钦
李红岭
徐进
张丽红
王铁臣
司力珊
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BEIJING CITY AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY SPREADING STATION
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BEIJING CITY AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY SPREADING STATION
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/25Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P60/00Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
    • Y02P60/20Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions in agriculture, e.g. CO2
    • Y02P60/21Dinitrogen oxide [N2O], e.g. using aquaponics, hydroponics or efficiency measures

Abstract

The invention provides a sunlight greenhouse structure and cultivation method for tree type cultivation of vegetables, which is invented aiming at the problem that large terrace sunlight greenhouses with high cost need to be adopted for the existing tree type cultivation of vegetables. The sunlight greenhouse comprises a front roof of the sunlight greenhouse and a back wall of the sunlight greenhouse, the grounding edge of the sunlight greenhouse is provided with a sagged corridor along the southern side, the sagged corridor has a preset depth, and a preset distance exists between the edge of the sagged corridor and the grounding edge of the sunlight greenhouse; and a planting region for planting tree type vegetables is arranged between the sagged corridor and the back wall. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out soilless cultivation of seedlings by adopting a nutritive pot; when the seedlings grow to the preset height, permanently planting the seedlings into a cultivation box to be cultivated continuously; and adjusting the plants, wherein the cultivation box is arranged in the planting region of the sunlight greenhouse. In the invention, a common sunlight greenhouse is used for carrying out tree type cultivation of vegetables, and simultaneously, a tourist corridor can be arranged in the limited space, so that the common sunlight greenhouse has planting property and ornamental property simultaneously.

Description

A kind of greenhouse by solar heat structure and cultivation method that is used for the vegetables tree type cultivation
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of greenhouse by solar heat structure of modification and cultivation method that is used for carrying out vegetable growing, be meant a kind of greenhouse by solar heat structure and cultivation method of vegetables tree type cultivation especially at greenhouse by solar heat.
Background technology
The sight seeing and pastime agricultural is the inevitable outcome that certain phase is arrived in social progress, and strength and level that it can comprehensively embody modern agriculture satisfy people to spiritual demand.The sight seeing and pastime agricultural with " three lives " functions such as the production of agricultural, life, ecology be incorporated into one integrated again the characteristics of numerous novel agriculturals such as the marketization, intensification, technicalization, informationization, industrialization and humanism, be the main force of the future of agriculture development.Vegetables are very important parts in the sight seeing and pastime agricultural, and particularly it has the characteristics of sight, recreational and consumption concurrently, enjoys numerous visitors' welcome.
The vegetables tree type cultivation is that the view of using always is built mode, and it is to make vegetable crops such as tomato, pumpkin, wax gourd long for tree-shaped, so be referred to as " tomato tree ", " pumpkin tree ", " wax gourd tree " etc. through technology such as branch-finishing and pruning and nutrition regulation and environment conditionings.Tree type cultivation is compared with common cultivation, need bigger growing space be provided to crop root, growing environment preferably etc. is provided to crop.Tree-type culture technology mainly comprises following 3 aspects: the regulation and control and the administrative skill of greenhouse integrated environment (temperature, humidity, illumination etc.); The regulation and control and the administrative skill of the root circle environment of root growth; The cultivation management technology of plant vegetative growth and reproductive growth control and conversion etc.
Traditional sightseeing vegetable growing is changed large-scale the company in the Donges light greenhouse in modern times and is carried out, and not only construction cost is high, every 667m 2Cost can reach ten thousand yuan of 30-50, calculates by depreciation in 15 years, and annual 30000 yuan, and also maintenance cost is also higher, the every 667m of expense that only heats in cooling in summer and winter 2Just reach about 60,000 yuan light device cost of investment 667m 2With regard to 90,000 yuan, in addition, change the mode that can only adopt soilless culture in the greenhouse by solar heat in modern times, every 667m 2Can plant and plant the 10-14 strain.The required matrix costs such as the peat composed of rotten mosses, vermiculite and perlite of every strain vegetables tree are 600 yuan, and drip irrigation facility, nutrition liquid pool wait for that expense every strain in stand is 900 yuan, and the nutrient solution spending is 600-800 unit, add the greenhouse amortization charge and heat, the every 667m of cooling expense 2Annual 90000 yuan (amounting to 7500 yuan of average every strains), the equipment of every like this strain vegetables tree, the cost of facility add up to 9700 yuan.So huge input makes many medium and small agricultural enterprises and vegetable grower be difficult to bear.Therefore, the vegetables tree-type culture technology in the Beijing and even the whole nation is promoted and is very limited, thereby is difficult to satisfy the consumption demand of vast civic.
Existing common greenhouse by solar heat, its structure is as shown in Figure 1, its length generally about 60 meters, span 6-7 rice.In greenhouse by solar heat, be provided with bow member, high south, bow member north is low, and northern wall 1-2 rice is a peak apart from the back, highly is 2.8-3 rice.Reduce gradually southward, south is 1.2-1.5 rice highly only.The wall place is leaned in the aisle in the north, become short gradually from growing area height on the south the middle part.Like this, if common greenhouse by solar heat is carried out the vegetables tree type cultivation, because the tree formula will be as being arranged at the North with vegetables, then the height of south 1.2-1.5 rice does not suit to view and admire crowd's walking.Therefore the higher tree formula of the suitable planting height vegetables while can not have consumption and sight concurrently to existing this common greenhouse by solar heat.
Summary of the invention
To defective that exists in the prior art and deficiency; The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of greenhouse by solar heat structure and cultivation method that is used for the vegetables tree type cultivation; Through common greenhouse by solar heat is improved, the vegetables tree type cultivation so that it can be gone sightseeing, thus reduce cost.
For achieving the above object, technical scheme of the present invention provides a kind of greenhouse by solar heat structure that is used for the vegetables tree type cultivation, and said greenhouse by solar heat comprises front roof and Hou Qiang, and the edge of said front roof is connected with ground; It is characterized in that said greenhouse by solar heat front roof one side is provided with a depression path, said depression path has predetermined depth, and the edge in said depression path and said greenhouse by solar heat ground connection edge have predeterminable range; Be provided with kind of the growing area of tree planting formula vegetables between said depression path and the said back wall; Be provided with the cultivation case in the said growing area, said cultivation case buries in said growing area ground; The top is provided with wooden grid framework in the said growing area, and said grid framework is fixedly connected with said greenhouse by solar heat, and the position is corresponding with said cultivation case position.
Wherein, the distance at the ground connection edge of said edge, depression path and said front roof is 1.5 meters ± 0.3 meter; The degree of depth in said depression path is 0.8 meter ± 0.2 meter; The width in said depression path is 0.8 meter ± 0.2 meter.
Wherein, said growing area kind is implanted with climbs climing vegetable plant, saidly climbs climing vegetable plant along the wall superficial growth of said back.Wherein, climb climing vegetable plant and can be Bulbilus boussingaultiae pseudobaselloidis or other plant.
Wherein, 60 centimetres of the ceilings of the said greenhouse by solar heat of said grid framework distance.
Wherein, the plantation matrix in the said cultivation case is the garden peat composed of rotten mosses, vermiculite, perlite mixture; And in this mixture, the peat composed of rotten mosses: vermiculite: perlitic volume ratio is 1: 1: 1.Certainly, also can adopt the mode of native formula cultivation.
Wherein, be provided with the potted plant vegetables of short life between the ground connection edge of said greenhouse by solar heat front roof and the said depression path.In this views and admires the growing vegetables district, can plant the potted plant vegetables of short life such as kale, leaf beet for setting off, increase landscape effect.
Simultaneously, the invention allows for the method that a kind of greenhouse by solar heat structure of using above-mentioned each described vegetables tree type cultivation is carried out the vegetables tree type cultivation, comprising:
Step 1, employing nutritive cube soilless-cultivated seedling method are cultivated strong sprout;
Step 2, when seedling long during to predetermined altitude with plantlet of transplant to the cultivation case, and said cultivation case is embedded in the growing area of greenhouse by solar heat.
Wherein, said step 2 is specially:
Step 21, be provided with kind of the growing area of tree planting formula vegetables between the wall in greenhouse by solar heat sunken inside path and back;
Step 22, in the cultivation case filling plantation matrix, and with plantlet of transplant in the cultivation case; To cultivate case is imbedded in the growing area;
Said plantation matrix is the peat composed of rotten mosses, vermiculite, perlite mixture; And in this mixture, the peat composed of rotten mosses: vermiculite: perlitic volume ratio is 1: 1: 1;
Step 3, plant is carried out the tree crown moulding through the grid framework in the growing area.
Said step 3 specifically comprises:
Step 31, choose three to four healthy and strong side shoots of plant, the guiding side shoot is grown on grid framework;
Step 32, side shoot is drawn climing, make its on grid framework according to predetermined moulding growth, promote multistage side shoot to form;
Step 33, when the moulding of plant tree crown, plant is carried out flower and fruit protecting.
Technique scheme has following advantage: the present invention adopts common greenhouse by solar heat that tree formula vegetables are cultivated, and can the sightseeing path be set in limited space again simultaneously, makes common greenhouse by solar heat can have plantation property and sight concurrently.Simultaneously; The invention allows for this common greenhouse by solar heat of a kind of specialized application and vegetables are carried out the mode of tree type cultivation; Can vegetables be transplanted to after growing seedlings in the common greenhouse by solar heat, thereby make vegetable plant strain can in common greenhouse by solar heat, be grown to the vegetables tree.The present invention can greatly reduce the deployment cost of existing vegetables tree type cultivation, and the vegetables tree can be cultivated in common greenhouse by solar heat.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of existing common greenhouse by solar heat;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the greenhouse by solar heat of the vegetables tree type cultivation that proposes of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the flow chart of the method for the vegetables tree type cultivation that proposes of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment, specific embodiments of the invention describes in further detail.Following examples are used to explain the present invention, but are not used for limiting scope of the present invention.
Embodiment 1
The greenhouse by solar heat structure that is used for the vegetables tree type cultivation that first preferred embodiment of the invention proposes, its structure is as shown in Figure 2, and said greenhouse by solar heat comprises front roof and Hou Qiang, and the edge of said front roof is connected with ground; It is characterized in that said greenhouse front roof one side is provided with a depression path, said depression path has predetermined depth, and the edge in said depression path and ground connection edge, said greenhouse have predeterminable range; Be provided with kind of the growing area of tree planting formula vegetables between said depression path and the said back wall.
First preferred embodiment of the invention adopts structure as shown in Figure 2, can be the higher end kind tree planting formula vegetables of common greenhouse by solar heat, so that enough grown on top spaces 3 and enough root wider spaces to be provided.Simultaneously, the shorter end of common greenhouse by solar heat dig establish one the depression path, so that enough spaces to be provided the visitor can be walked therein.Solved the problem that common greenhouse by solar heat can't have property requirement of tree formula vegetable growth and sight-seeing agriculture requirement concurrently with regard to good like this.In grown on top space 3, a grid framework 4 can be set, on grid framework, grow according to preset mode with the tree crown of homing tree formula vegetables.
As preferably, the planting soil in growing area as shown in Figure 2 is above the ground level about 10 centimetres, and bigger root growth space so just is provided.
Embodiment 2
Second preferred embodiment of the invention is on the above-mentioned first preferred embodiment basis, to improve, that is: the distance at the ground connection edge of said edge, depression path and said front roof is 1.5 meters ± 0.3 meter; The degree of depth in said depression path is 0.8 meter ± 0.2 meter; The width in said depression path is 0.8 meter ± 0.2 meter.
Being provided with like this can make the depression path more near the ground connection edge of front roof, thereby reserves more growing space for tree formula vegetables.
As preferably, 2.5 meters ± 0.3 meter on the said back of the centre distance of said cultivation case wall.
Can reserve more growing space for tree formula vegetables like this.
Embodiment 3
Third preferred embodiment of the invention is on above-mentioned first preferred embodiment or the second preferred embodiment basis, to improve, that is: as shown in Figure 2, the wall kind is implanted with and climbs climing vegetable plant 5 behind the said growing area, saidly climbs climing vegetable plant 5 along said wall superficial growth afterwards.Wherein, climb climing vegetable plant 5 and can be Bulbilus boussingaultiae pseudobaselloidis or other plant.
This is because common greenhouse by solar heat temperature when summer can after climing vegetables are climbed in employing on the wall of back, can effectively reduce the temperature 2-3 degree in the greenhouse than higher.
Embodiment 4
Four preferred embodiment of the invention is on above-mentioned first preferred embodiment or second preferred embodiment or the 3rd preferred embodiment basis, to improve, that is:
Be provided with the cultivation case in the said growing area, said cultivation case buries in said growing area ground.
Adopt the cultivation case can make tree formula vegetable growing more attractive in appearance, create good environment for simultaneously tree formula vegetables, be convenient to the growth and the nutrient absorption of root system.Different shapings such as the hexagon that the cultivation case can be made with timber, square, circle box-shaped.This is because wooden cultivation case permeability is strong, is convenient to ooze out excessive moisture, increases the oxygen that root obtains.Cultivation case size is a diameter 1.2-1.5 rice, high 80 centimetres or the hexagon of corresponding volume, square, round box-shaped etc.Wall is located to dig pit for about 2.5 meters after apart from the greenhouse, cheats dark 70 centimetres, in cultivation box lower seat hole.2.5 meters ± 0.3 meter of back wall on centre-to-centre spacing north of cultivation case, upper limb be above the ground level about 10 centimetres between the general cultivation case between about about 5.5 meters of distance, the 7-8 strain can be cultivated in every greenhouse.
Embodiment 5
Fifth preferred embodiment of the invention is on above-mentioned first to fourth arbitrary preferred embodiment basis, to improve; That is: be provided with wooden grid framework 4 in the said growing area; Said wooden grid framework 4 is fixedly connected with said greenhouse by solar heat; And the position is corresponding with said cultivation case position, and with 60 centimetres of the ceiling of said greenhouse by solar heat distances.
Wherein, the structure of wooden grid framework 4 can be as shown in Figure 3.As shown in Figures 2 and 3, grid framework can be arranged on the top of growing area in horizontal direction.Through grid framework the tree crowns of tree formula vegetables is carried out moulding, and isolate each other when guaranteeing collateral generation, obtain sufficient growing space.Can the guiding of the side shoot of plant be grown on grid framework, and side shoot drawn climing, it is grown according to predetermined moulding on grid framework.
Embodiment 6
Sixth preferred embodiment of the invention is on above-mentioned first to the 5th arbitrary preferred embodiment basis, to improve, and promptly said plantation matrix is the peat composed of rotten mosses, vermiculite, perlite mixture; And in this mixture, the peat composed of rotten mosses: vermiculite: perlitic volume ratio is 1: 1: 1.Also can adopt the planting patterns of soil, improve the soil but need dig planting pit.
Adopt such planting soil can improve the permeability of soil, make fertilizer, oxygen, moisture can arrive at root more fully.
In above-mentioned six preferred embodiments, the greenhouse setting all is ground connection edge Kao Nan, and back wall leans on north.Can in the space between depression path and greenhouse by solar heat ground connection edge one side, set up a step high in the south and low in the north, put the potted plant vegetables of short life such as 3 row kales, do for the tree of the vegetables in the greenhouse and set off, to increase the sightseeing landscape effect.The kind of the potted plant vegetables of wherein short life can be selected arbitrarily.
Embodiment 7
The 7th preferred embodiment that the present invention proposes, a kind of greenhouse by solar heat structure of using above-mentioned each described vegetables tree type cultivation is carried out the method for vegetables tree type cultivation, and its flow process is as shown in Figure 3, comprising:
At first: the mode according to above-mentioned arbitrary embodiment is transformed greenhouse by solar heat;
Then:
Step 1, employing nutritive cube soilless-cultivated seedling method are cultivated strong sprout;
Step 2, when seedling long during to predetermined altitude with plantlet of transplant to the cultivation case, and said cultivation case is embedded in the growing area of greenhouse by solar heat.
Wherein, the method for transforming greenhouse by solar heat according to the mode of above-mentioned arbitrary embodiment specifically includes, but are not limited to:
Front roof one side at greenhouse by solar heat is provided with a depression path, and between depression path and depression path and said back wall, is provided with kind of the growing area of tree planting formula vegetables; Between greenhouse by solar heat and depression path, the potted plant vegetables of short life are set; Wall is planted green and is climbed climing vegetables behind growing area, upwards grows in the said wall surface, said back, wall plant edge of climbing.
The 7th preferred embodiment of the present invention is to adopt the nutritive cube soilless-cultivated seedling, thereby improves the success rate of growing seedlings.
Embodiment 8
The 8th preferred embodiment that the present invention proposes is on the basis of the 7th preferred embodiment, to improve and next, that is: said step 2 is specially:
Wherein, said step 2 is specially:
Step 21, be provided with kind of the growing area of tree planting formula vegetables between the wall in greenhouse by solar heat sunken inside path and back;
Step 22, in the cultivation case filling plantation matrix, and with plantlet of transplant in the cultivation case; To cultivate case is imbedded in the growing area;
Said plantation matrix is the peat composed of rotten mosses, vermiculite, perlite mixture; And in this mixture, the peat composed of rotten mosses: vermiculite: perlitic volume ratio is 1: 1: 1.
Embodiment 9
The 9th preferred embodiment that the present invention proposes is on the basis of the 6th preferred embodiment or the 7th preferred embodiment or the 8th preferred embodiment, to improve and next, that is: said method also comprises:
Step 3, plant is carried out the tree crown moulding through the grid framework in the growing area;
Specifically comprise:
Step 31, choose three to four healthy and strong side shoots of plant, the guiding side shoot is grown on grid framework;
Step 32, side shoot is drawn climing, make its on grid framework according to predetermined moulding growth, promote multistage side shoot to form;
In the nineth preferred embodiment of the invention, grid framework is set in growing area, and the tree crowns of tree formula vegetables is carried out moulding, and isolate each other when guaranteeing collateral generation, obtain sufficient growing space through grid framework.
The present invention can adopt pumpkin, wax gourd, cuts melon, sponge gourd, big cucurbit, small gourd, fragrant sponge gourd, snake type long filament melon, balsam pear, chocho, bottle gourd, 12 kinds of melon crops of snake gourd and tomato, eggplant, 3 kinds of solanberry classes of color green pepper crop, and these crops are carried out tree type cultivation.
Be example with tomato and pumpkin below, the method for the vegetables tree type cultivation that the present invention is proposed is explained.
(1) tomato tree type cultivation technology
1, kind is selected
The tomato variety of suitable tomato tree type cultivation is a lot, and different kinds can demonstrate different plant moulding and various fruit color.Disease-resistant, heat-resisting, high yield, the fruit skin depth of general indeterminate growth type, the tomato variety that is difficult for dehiscent fruit are all applicable.Mainly contain by the fruit color branch:
Red kind:
(1) fruit type kind in the redness: " rainbow 101 " that Israel " R144 ", Beijing City Agriculture Technology Spreading Station cultivate, Holland's " hundred profits " etc.
(2) red small fruit type kind: " red No. 6 of capital " kind that cultivate at the nova that Beijing City Agriculture Technology Spreading Station cultivates, Vegetable Research center, Beijing.
(3) green mini-breed: " emerald " kind that cultivate at Vegetable Research center, Beijing.
(4) orange-yellow kind: " rainbow 301 " that Beijing City Agriculture Technology Spreading Station cultivates.
(5) purple kind: " the black Mary " that Beijing City Agriculture Technology Spreading Station introduces.
2, culture time: get over summer long season cultivation at common greenhouse by solar heat.The early January sowing, early and middle ten days field planting in March, May, entering bloomed the phase of bearing fruit in June viewing period-early November.
3, grow seedlings: the suitable time of cultivation tomato tree is early March-early November in the greenhouse by solar heat of the suburb of Beijing, views and admires the time in order to prolong as much as possible, the general planting type of educating seedlings that adopts, i.e. and height of seedling generally reaches 1.2-1.4 rice during field planting.
(1) sowing
In the greenhouse of heating of high insulating effect, grow seedlings, adopt 12 * 12cm centimetre nutritive cube, seedling medium is with the peat composed of rotten mosses+vermiculite+perlite; Ratio preparation in by volume 1: 1: 1, every cubic metre adds 25 kilograms of fertilizers, and pot for growing seedlings is filled the matrix for preparing; Water the every alms bowl in the real back of depositing in water and broadcast 1 seed, cover 1-1.5 centimetre with vermiculite, the covering with plastic film soil moisture conservation heats; Room temperature is controlled at 25-30 ℃; Ground temperature is controlled at 20-22 ℃, treat 30% come up (about 3-4 days) throw off mulch film, and reduce seedling bed temperature to 22-26 ℃.
(2) emerge back management: keep 18-22 ℃ of ground temperature, temperature 22-26 ℃; It is moistening that matrix often keeps, and relative water content is controlled between the 60-80%, and suitably controlled humidity prevention excessive growth also will generally be made every effort to overcome aqua 500-800 times of liquid and sprays the prevention damping off with 72.2%.Weak or the leaf look flavescence of seedling growing way in seedling stage can be sprayed 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.5% urea liquid 1-2 time.Be transplanted to (the wide X height of the general long X of employing is 50 * 50 * 40 centimetres a wooden chest, is convenient to management with whole mobile) in the bigger seedling growing box when 25 centimetres of 5-6 sheet true leaves, height of seedling, promote plant strain growth effectively; Increase the root system amount, insert frame, tie up climing; In time destroy side shoot; When more than the plant strain growth to 80 centimetre, begin to keep side shoot, be convenient to next step plant adjustment.Transplant previous week, control water, refining seedling.
4, transplant preceding preparation:
(1) preparation of cultivation case (pond): for attractive in appearance; Create good environment to the tomato tree simultaneously; Be convenient to the growth and the nutrient absorption of root system; Different shapings (wooden cultivation case permeability is strong, is convenient to ooze out excessive moisture, increases root oxygen) such as the hexagon that the cultivation case can be made with timber, square, circle box-shaped; Size is a diameter 1.0-1.2 rice, high 80 centimetres or the hexagon of corresponding volume, square, round box-shaped etc.Locating to dig pit for about 2.5 meters apart from the greenhouse by solar heat north wall, cheating dark 70 centimetres, in cultivation box lower seat hole, 2.5 meters of the centre-to-centre spacing north walls of cultivation case, upper limb is above the ground level about 10 centimetres; The cultivation case outside is with garden loam+vermiculite+perlite, and ratio preparation backfill in by volume 1: 1: 1 is to increase permeability.Between general cultivation case apart from 6-8 rice, every 667m 2Greenhouse by solar heat can be cultivated the 12-14 strain.
(2) preparation of tree crown moulding rack: the tree crown moulding is the key factor that tomato tree sight and output form.Adopt 300X400 centimetre wooden grid framework, netted spacing 20X20 centimetre; Moulding rack horizontally suspends on Sunlight greenhouse frame, and is minimum more than 50 centimetres apart from greenhouse by solar heat canopy film, about about 1.8 meters of the matrix face of distance cultivation case.
(3) cultivation matrix: cultivation matrix is with the peat composed of rotten mosses+vermiculite+perlite, and ratio was prepared in by volume 1: 1: 1, and every cubic metre adds fertilizer 25-30 kilogram.
5, transplant: the filling cultivation matrix is about 50 centimetres in the cultivation case, water depositing in water real after, move on to seedlings in the cultivation case together with seedling growing box; Make seedling be in the center of cultivation case; Seedling sticks together and is lower than about 10 centimetres of cultivation case upper limb, removes seedling growing box (it is careful that operation is wanted, prevent loosing sticks together hinder root); Add cultivation matrix and cover to grow seedlings and stick together, water vola water.
6, plant adjustment
(1) before plant is put on the shelf:
After transplanting slow seedling, confirm the side shoot of four stalwartnesses, extract the strain growing point of plant, promote four collateral generations, replace support, divide different directions to draw tomato growth and put on the shelf, in time destroy the secondary side shoot on the side shoot with lifting rope.
(2) after plant is put on the shelf:
After plant is put on the shelf, draw bar, in time tie up climingly, evenly distribute, do not hide pressure mutually, promote the formation of tree crown according to shape-designing.Adopt continuously two dried pruning methods, promote multistage side shoot to form, each branch all keeps 2 growing points, and the strong side shoot that grows all keeps, and extracts some small and weak side shoots, and strain tomato tree has into a hundreds of growing point on hundred.Will in time remove fruit early stage, and when tree crown covers moulding rack 1/3 (May early and middle ten days) approximately, the beginning flower and fruit protecting before high temperature season arrives, forms complete tree crown moulding, and generally the tomato tree crown can reach about 50 square metres.
(3) flower and fruit protecting: bear fruit early stage,, adopt the mode supplementary pollination of artificial concussion because environmental conditions such as temperature are suitable; Along with temperature raises, available " No. two, high yield agent " spraying decoration or be stained with to spend and improve fruit-setting rate.
(4) tree vigo(u)r keeps: along with the continuity of viewing and admiring the picking period, in time carry out the plant adjustment and the ratio of bearing fruit; Suitably remove Lao Ye, sick leaf is kept ventilation and penetrating light condition preferably, to keep tree vigo(u)r, prolongs viewing period.
7, field management
(1) water management: transplant and to keep behind the slow seedling in the cultivation case matrix moistening, and regulate irrigation quantity and frequency according to the plant growing way, plant strain growth contain the phase and yield positive results after need water more, guarantee water supply.
(2) temperature treatment: temperature of shed preferably is controlled between 15 ℃-32 ℃, and the control of high temperature season temperature is that the cultivation of tomato tree long season is crucial in the greenhouse by solar heat, also is the necessary condition of building suitable sightseeing environment, concrete cooling measure:
1. body of wall is green in the greenhouse by solar heat covers
At the beginning of 3 months by the end of February, near the body of wall position, plant Bulbilus boussingaultiae pseudobaselloidis delegation, spacing in the rows 20-25 centimetre in the greenhouse by solar heat inboard; With the lifting rope traction, along the through greenhouse by solar heat top of greenhouse by solar heat north wall, form green covering to northern back wall, reduce the body of wall heat absorption, reach and reduce temperature in the greenhouse by solar heat, according to result of the test, this measure can reduce about 3 ℃ of the interior temperature of greenhouse by solar heat.
2. short living vegetable miniascape moulding covers in the greenhouse by solar heat
Utilize short living vegetables such as short uncivilized nation eggplant, kale, foliage heet to carry out potted plant moulding, can increase whole appreciation effect, the more important thing is increases happiness heat drop temp effect in the greenhouse by solar heat, regulates air humidity.
3. the cooling of shading:
Utilize the cooling of outside canopy, shading of the sunshade net of sunshade rate 60%,, cover the sunshade net at ceiling to ending by the end of August at 10 in morning of fine day at 3 in afternoon since mid-May.
4. watering cooling
High temperature season, every day is respectively at the mornings 11 point, afternoon 2-4 point, ground water spray 2-3 time, decreasing temperature and increasing humidity.
(3) fertilizer management:
1. behind the slow seedling---before bearing fruit: irritate root with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.5% urea liquid, inspire new root; Climing before bloom from stretching, pour weekly once, make plant strain growth healthy and strong.
2. bloom to the setting phase: strengthen liquid manure, promote the plant reproductive growth and improve setting.Topdress: the every strain of fruit expanding period imposes 0.5 kilogram of the NPK of content 30%; Imposed once according to growing way 10-20 days later on; Vigorous with reproductive growth to keep nourishing and growing, method is apart from 50 centimetres of outer scope trench digging circulating application of basal part of stem, and attention can not be applied fertilizer at too near base portion; Otherwise cause the burning root, in time water after the fertilising.Nutrient solution pouring: adopt the tomato special nutrient fluid at Vegetable Research center, academy of agricultural sciences, Beijing, the phase of containing use the 2-3 kilogram weekly, divide and use for 2-3 time in the result.
8, gather: is main though the tomato tree is cultivation to view and admire, but its fruit yield is very high, and general large fruit kind single fruit yield is 1700-2200, about about 300 kilograms; Small fruit type kind single fruit yield 5500-7000, about about 140 kilograms.Promptly want timely collecting, note the fruit layout of adjustment tree crown again, keep whole sight.
(2) pumpkin tree-type culture technology
1, kind is selected
Pumpkin variety is various, according to the needs of tree type cultivation, should select the kind that growth potential is strong, appreciation effect is good, and optional kind can be divided into viewing and admiring to host type substantially holds concurrently edible two types with viewing and admiring:
View and admire kind for host type:
(1) flying saucer pumpkin: fruit colour has light yellow, white, yellow, green etc., the likeness in form flying saucer, and color is different;
(2) wart skin pumpkin: the pericarp surface is the wart knurl of shape difference, different sizes again, and variation type is abundant;
(3) golden child's pumpkin: fruit surface is golden yellow, oblateness, and there are vertical rib ditch, good looking appearance in the surface;
(4) teenage girl's pumpkin: the shape size is the same with the golden child, but color of the leather is snow-white, oblateness, and it is good to tie melon property continuously, fruit novelty as white as snow, small and exquisite, viewing and admiring holds concurrently eats;
(5) mandarin duck pears pumpkin: pyriform, fruit have tangible yellow and green, and the fruit bottom is a bottle green, and the top is golden yellow, and has faint yellow striped alternate, and type is various, and is lucuriant in design;
(6) unregistered land thunder pumpkin: curcumbitate is as egg, and is blackish green, and thunder like the utmost point is novel unique;
View and admire the kind of the edible type of holding concurrently:
(1) Jing Hongli: the plant growing way is strong, is prone to the seat melon, and first female flower saves at 7-9, the heavy 1.5Kg of single melon, and the thick oblateness of fruit, the epidermis salmon pink, meat is thick, the pulp Chinese red, taste and sweet mouthfeel has Chinese chestnut fragrance, and quality is fabulous.
(2) east rises pumpkin: the thick flat garden of fruit shape, vertical footpath 13~17cm, wide 14-19cm, heavily about 2.0~2.5kg, the pericarp Chinese red is dazzlingly beautiful, but sunshine generation green statin easily when not enough.Meat is thick, and pulp is orange, and the meat opaque is fragrant and sweet, and local flavor is graceful.
(3) incense burner pumpkin: the first half becomes oblate, and Lower Half then is the bead of three projections, and just as three pin below the incense burner, middle grey is separated by the waist, and integral body looks just as incense burner.
2, cultivation season
Get over summer long season cultivation, early January sowing, mid or late Febuary field planting at greenhouse by solar heat.Early and middle ten days got into and bloomed the phase of bearing fruit viewing period 6-11 month May.
3, grow seedlings:
(1) sowing is grown seedlings in the good greenhouse by solar heat of heat insulation effect religion; Adopt 10 * 10 centimetres nutritive cube, seedling medium is selected the peat composed of rotten mosses+vermiculite+perlite for use, ratio preparation in by volume 1: 1: 1; Every cubic metre is added 25 kilograms of fertilizers, lays electric seed bed heater by every square metre 50-60 watt; Pot for growing seedlings is filled the matrix for preparing; Water the every alms bowl in the real back of depositing in water and broadcast 1 seed, cover 1-1.5 centimetre with same matrix, covering with plastic film heats with soil moisture conservation; Room temperature is controlled at 25-30 ℃; Ground temperature is controlled at 20-22 ℃, treats that 30% comes up and throws off mulch film after (about 3-4 days), and reduces seedling bed temperature to 22-26 ℃.
(2) emerge back management: keep 18-22 ℃ of ground temperature, temperature 22-26 ℃; It is moistening that matrix often keeps, and relative water content is controlled between the 60-80%, and suitably controlled humidity prevention excessive growth also will generally be made every effort to overcome aqua 500-800 times of liquid and sprays the prevention damping off with 72.2%.Weak or the leaf look flavescence of seedling growing way in seedling stage can be sprayed 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.5% urea liquid 1-2 time, when seedling has 2-3 sheet true leaf, changes in 12 * 12cm nutritive cube field planting when continuing to cultivate 5-6 sheet true leaf over to.
4, native planting type is arranged
(1) field planting: field planting when greenhouse by solar heat is stabilized in more than 13 ℃ at 10 centimetres of ground temperature;, field planting fertilising cave was dug in field planting in preceding about 15 days earlier, and the interval 6-7m of wall 2.5-3m place digs planting pit apart from the back at greenhouse by solar heat; Specification is length and width, dark 1 * 1 * 0.8 meter; Apply " spy " fertilizer 25kg in each planting pit, NPK 2kg fully mixes with soil.Fill and lead up rear perimeter edge and fold out wide 20cm, vola moisture in the soil water is watered on the high 15cm furrow ridge then, field planting when waiting to become to reduce to soil property to water-holding capacity 70-80% (should plough the phase).
(2) field management
1. water management: keep ground moistening behind the slow seedling, and regulate irrigation quantity and frequency according to the plant growing way, plant strain growth contain the phase and yield positive results after need water more, guarantee water supply.
2. temperature treatment: be controlled in 15 ℃-30 ℃ to require temperature of shed.
3. fertilizer management: field planting 7 days (behind the slow seedling), it is inferior to irritate root with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+0.5% urea liquid, inspires new root; Climing before bloom from stretching, jede Woche is poured once, makes plant strain growth healthy and strong.Bloom and during setting, will strengthen liquid manure, promote the plant reproductive growth and improve setting.The every strain of fruit expanding period (cultivation hole) imposes the NPK 0.5-1 kilogram of content 30%; Imposed once according to growing way 10-20 days later on; To promote young melon to expand and to keep nourishing and growing vigorous with reproductive growth that method is apart from the outer scope trench digging circulating application of 50 centimetres of basal part of stem, attention can not be applied fertilizer at too near base portion; Otherwise cause the burning root, in time water after the fertilising.
(3) plant adjustment:
1. make support: in that 2.3-2.5m highly forms network with No. 8 galvanized wires by the spacing of 60 centimetres of 60 cm x apart from ground, the distributed area of every strain of drawing again " pumpkin tree " tree crown.
2. draw climing training: in the time of height of seedling 25-30 centimetre, will guide its upwards growth by lifting rope; Mitogenetic more lateral bine in the pumpkin process of growth will make main calyculate become " trunk " but view and admire pumpkin tree type cultivation base portion, so want in time all to extract at the lateral bine below 1.5 meters, in order to avoid form obviously scar, influences appreciation effect.Climingly begin to keep whole lateral bines main, and artificial its outside radial growth of adjustment apart from rack frame 50cm place, reach change into the rhizome when limiting interval outer rim be center ring around growth, tape tree suitably removes unnecessary side shoot after being preced with moulding, to guarantee the growth of young melon.
3. artificial pollination: artificial pollination is adopted in the back of blooming, and general every morning begins pollination during 7-9, selects the male flower of blooming the same day; Remove corolla, the pollen of stamen is coated onto on the female flower column cap, the early blossoming powder looses if pollinate too; Too late pollen can dehydration reduce vigor, influences percentage of fertile fruit.
4. suitable fruit thinning: be to ensure appreciation effect, the young melon that, melon type preceding putting on the shelf just do not tied during oligotrophy with the later stage in time removes.
5. keep tree vigo(u)r: strong excessively when illumination in summer, establish the sunshade net and block strong excessively light at noon.With the viewing period prolongation, the later stage will note suitably removing Lao Ye, sick leaf is kept ventilation and penetrating light condition preferably.Because later stage root system absorbing capacity descends, transportation range strengthens, and suitably spray foliage fertilizer, growth regulator etc. according to tree vigo(u)r, to keep tree vigo(u)r, prolongs viewing period.
(4) gather: viewing and admiring pumpkin is main to view and admire, if there is the visitor to pluck, and can be behind the setting about 20 days; Pericarp does not have to gather before the hardening; Method is to gather with scissors band handle, if be used to view and admire or make the art work, will treat that then fruit is fully aging; Gather during the pericarp hardening, the visitor can take away souvenir.
5, no soil box formula planting type:
The greenhouse by solar heat of vegetable soilless culture preferably is provided with forced ventilation, sunshade net, auxiliary facility such as heat.Cultivating groove has different materials such as plastic-steel, glass, wooden, the brick and outer tiling of cement casting to process, specification be 1.5 meters square, highly 80 centimetres.The matrix of slot type substrate culture is the peat composed of rotten mosses, vermiculite and perlite (1: 1: 1), on matrix, covers one deck nylon gauze, preserves moisture with one deck haydite in the surface.Cultivating groove is installed down water, and last water regularly sprays nutrient solution with 6 shower nozzles, and following water connects liquid storage tank by reinstalling the stream pipeline.The specification of cultivating groove is 1.5 * 1.5 * 0.8m.Table 1 is seen in the nutrient solution preparation:
Table 1 nutrient solution preparation table (solution amount: 1000L)
Figure GSB00000670061200161
Process for preparation: at first prepare stoste.As prepare preparation 1t nutrient solution, and take by weighing nitrate of lime 707g and put into case No. 1, add 10L water, fully stirring and dissolving is processed No. 1 stoste of 10L.Claim potassium nitrate 404.2g, potassium sulphate 260.7g, ammonium nitrate 40.0g, magnesium sulfate 152.1g again, pour into together in No. 2 casees that add 10L water, fully stirring and dissolving is processed No. 2 stostes of 10L.Add clear water 0.2t in the nutrition liquid bath, No. 1 stoste after the dissolving is added, continue to add water and stirring.Add No. 2 stoste when the water yield reaches 0.8t in the nutrition liquid bath again, continue to add water and stirring, when water is added to 1t, stop to add water.The 22g that adds after dissolving mixes little fertilizer and 200-250mL phosphoric acid, stirs, and dosing this moment finishes.Should be during dosing by the operation of aforesaid operations process, it is too short at interval to must guard against No. 1 stoste and No. 2 stoste joining days, in case precipitate.
6, the extermination of disease and insect pest
In line with put prevention first, the principle of integrated control, at ventilating opening and doorway the sunshade net is installed, the yellow plate of indoor suspension mythimna separata is found the method for indivedual sick leaves and insect employing manual removal and seizure.Preferentially adopt biopesticide control at the damage by disease and insect initial stage of origination, the chemical pesticide control of high-efficiency low-toxicity takes place to adopt when serious again.
1. powdery mildew: available kingfisher 3000 times of liquid, or with 8000 times of liquid sprayings of 40% lucky star missible oil control.
2. fusarium wilt: their early stage is with 50% upright withered clean 800 times of liquid or green prosperous 3000 times of liquid irrigating root or sprinkle and water root.
3. virus disease: early stage is wanted the attention control aphid in growth, and diseased plant is in time pulled out in discovery.Eliminate aphis in conjunction with anti-, with 20% virus gram 600 times of liquid of wetting powder or 500 times of liquid sprayings of 20% virus of A, spray in per 7 days once connects and sprays 3 times.
4. insect pest: pumpkin main control in growth early stage aulacophora femoralis, the middle and later periods is mainly anti-to eliminate aphis, mite class, Liriomyza etc., and the later stage is is mainly prevented and treated the melon trypetid.
Aulacophora femoralis can use 1500 times of 40.7% Le Siben missible oil to wait the spraying control;
Aphid can be used 1000 times of liquid of 1% nimbin aqua or 1500 times of liquid sprayings of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder control;
The mite class is with 2000 times of liquid sprayings of 73% propargite missible oil control;
Liriomyza, melon trypetid can be used spraying controls such as precious 1500 times of 40% green dish.
In addition, it should be noted that: as tree type cultivation, the field planting same period simultaneously is in a zone like melon and fruit and solanaceous vegetables; If select several kinds of seeds to be implanted in together, improve appreciation effect, note Solanaceae not with the Curcurbitaceae field planting together; Because the Solanaceae growth rate is slow, several kinds of crops cucurbitaceous are preferably according to the temperature arrangement: like bottle gourd, balsam pear, sponge gourd, cucurbit, cut kinds such as melon, pumpkin and need temperature approaching, the phase of bearing fruit is also close; Can the field planting same period together; Viewing period is generally in July-August, and serpent melon, chocho, wax gourd need that temperature is higher relatively just can bear fruit, and viewing period is in August-September.Be convenient to each garden watches several kinds of trees synchronously at different times optimum efficiency like this.
Can be found out that by above embodiment the prior art of comparing of the embodiment of the invention has the following advantages: the present invention utilizes greenhouse by solar heat to carry out the vegetables tree type cultivation, has reduced cost significantly.The every 667m of the greenhouse by solar heat that standard is high 2About 100,000 yuan of costs, common greenhouse by solar heat is whenever made 667m 2Ten thousand yuan of valency 5-6, calculating by 80,000 yuan can with 15 year, and 5300 yuan of annual depreciation costs do not have the expense of heating in artificial hypothermia and winter, plastic sheeting for farm use to pay wages and 3000 yuan of amortization charge every year of thermal insulation quilt every 667m basically 2Equipment, facility cost are merely 8300 yuan, and 640 yuan of average every strains are less than 1/10th of attached-greenhouse.Adopt the soilless culture mode; The required matrix costs such as the peat composed of rotten mosses, vermiculite and perlite of every strain vegetables tree are 600 yuan; Drip irrigation facility, nutrition liquid pool wait for that expense every strain in stand is 900 yuan, and the nutrient solution spending is for 600-800 unit, according to above four calculating; 2840 yuan of every strain costs are 29.1% of attached-greenhouses.Have the mode of soil to cultivate like employing, every strain fertilizer cost is 220 yuan, and the spending of every strain vegetables tree is merely 860 yuan, is 8.9% of attached-greenhouse soilless culture mode, effectively reduces planting cost.Common vegetable grower and medium-sized and small enterprises can both be born, be convenient to suburb popularization, the more important thing is the function of having widened greenhouse by solar heat in the large-and-medium size cities in the whole nation.
The above only is a preferred implementation of the present invention; Should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite that does not break away from know-why of the present invention; Can also make some improvement and modification, these improve and modification also should be regarded as protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (8)

1. greenhouse by solar heat structure that is used for the vegetables tree type cultivation, said greenhouse by solar heat comprises front roof and Hou Qiang, the edge of said front roof is connected with ground; It is characterized in that said greenhouse by solar heat front roof one side is provided with a depression path, said depression path has predetermined depth, and the edge in said depression path and ground connection edge, said greenhouse have predeterminable range; Be provided with kind of the growing area of tree planting formula vegetables between said depression path and the said back wall; Be provided with the cultivation case in the said growing area, said cultivation case buries in said growing area ground; The top is provided with wooden grid framework in the said growing area, and said grid framework is fixedly connected with said greenhouse by solar heat, and the position is corresponding with said cultivation case position.
2. the greenhouse by solar heat structure that is used for the vegetables tree type cultivation according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the distance at the ground connection edge of edge, said depression path and said front roof is 1.5 meters ± 0.3 meter; The degree of depth in said depression path is 0.8 meter ± 0.2 meter; The width in said depression path is 0.8 meter ± 0.2 meter.
3. the greenhouse by solar heat structure of vegetables tree type cultivation according to claim 1 is characterized in that, wall is planted green and climbed climing vegetables behind the said growing area, upwards grows in the said wall surface, said back, climing vegetables edge of climbing.
4. the greenhouse by solar heat structure that is used for the vegetables tree type cultivation according to claim 1 is characterized in that, the height of said grid framework is 60 centimetres of canopy films apart from the top.
5. the greenhouse by solar heat structure that is used for the vegetables tree type cultivation according to claim 4 is characterized in that, the plantation matrix in the said cultivation case is the peat composed of rotten mosses, vermiculite, perlite mixture; And in this mixture, the peat composed of rotten mosses: vermiculite: perlitic volume ratio is 1: 1: 1.
6. the greenhouse by solar heat structure that is used for the vegetables tree type cultivation according to claim 1 is characterized in that, is provided with the potted plant vegetables of short life between the ground connection edge of said greenhouse by solar heat front roof and the said depression path.
7. an application rights requires each described greenhouse by solar heat structure that is used for the vegetables tree type cultivation of 1-6 to carry out the method for vegetables tree type cultivation, comprising:
Step 1, employing nutritive cube soilless-cultivated seedling method are cultivated strong sprout;
Step 2, when seedling long during to predetermined altitude with plantlet of transplant to the cultivation case, and said cultivation case is embedded in the growing area of greenhouse by solar heat, said step 2 is specially:
Step 21, be provided with kind of the growing area of tree planting formula vegetables between the wall in greenhouse by solar heat sunken inside path and back;
Step 22, in the cultivation case filling plantation matrix, and with plantlet of transplant in the cultivation case; To cultivate case is imbedded in the growing area;
Said plantation matrix is the peat composed of rotten mosses, vermiculite, perlite mixture; And in this mixture, the peat composed of rotten mosses: vermiculite: perlitic volume ratio is 1: 1: 1;
Step 3, plant is carried out the tree crown moulding through the grid framework in the growing area.
8. the method for vegetables tree type cultivation according to claim 7 is characterized in that, said step 3 specifically comprises:
Step 31, choose three to four healthy and strong side shoots of plant, the guiding side shoot is grown on grid framework;
Step 32, side shoot is drawn climing, make its on grid framework according to predetermined moulding growth, promote multistage side shoot to form;
Step 33, when the moulding of plant tree crown, plant is carried out flower and fruit protecting.
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