CN101896772B - Sheathed glow plug - Google Patents

Sheathed glow plug Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101896772B
CN101896772B CN2008801213188A CN200880121318A CN101896772B CN 101896772 B CN101896772 B CN 101896772B CN 2008801213188 A CN2008801213188 A CN 2008801213188A CN 200880121318 A CN200880121318 A CN 200880121318A CN 101896772 B CN101896772 B CN 101896772B
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China
Prior art keywords
glass
sheath
glow plug
electrode
heating element
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CN101896772A (en
Inventor
约翰·霍夫曼
桑德罗·葛莱蒂
卡米洛·丽纳
威廉·沃克
马尔切洛·基诺
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Federal Mogul Ignition LLC
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Federal Mogul Ignition Co
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
    • F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
    • F23Q7/001—Glowing plugs for internal-combustion engines

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Abstract

A glow plug which includes an annular metal shell, thermally conductive tubular sheath, central electrode; resistance heating element, and electrically insulating, thermally conductive powder includes a glass seal in sealing engagement with the sheath and the electrode to form a sealed cavity within the sheath. The glass seal may include silicate, borate and borosilicate glasses, and may include one or more transition metal oxides, such as oxides of chromium, cobalt, nickel, iron and copper. The glass may also include a filler, including a ceramic oxide, such as one selected from a group consisting of quartz, eucryptites, leucites, cordierites, beta-spodumene, glass-ceramics, low- expansion glass(CTE<5ppm/ DEG C), mullite, zircon, zirconia and alumina. The sealed cavity may house a protective inert gas. The resistance heating element may be formed from a metal selected from a group consisting of tungsten, molybdenum, or alloys containing tungsten, molybdenum, nickel, iron, tantalum, niobium, titanium, vanadium, osmium and chromium.

Description

The glow plug of sheathing
The cross reference of related application
Present patent application requires the priority of the 61/014th, No. 122 of submitting on December 17th, 2007 and 61/061, No. 387 U.S. Provisional Application case submitting on June 13rd, 2008, and their full content combines in this article by reference.
Technical field
The present invention relates generally to glow plug, particularly relate to the glow plug of sheathing.
Background technology
The glow plug of sheathing---such as being used for those of diesel applications---generally has the resistance heater that comprises one or more resistive elements (such as spiral wound form resistive conductor); This resistance heater is embedded into powder a kind of electric insulation, heat conduction; Magnesia for example; So that with the tubular sheath electric insulation at their places, except with one of this tubular sheath freely blind end be electrically connected.Adopt the glow plug of single resistive element can have ptc characteristics (ptc characteristics); And; In adopting those glow plugs of two series resistances, the resistance ratio that is connected to the electrode of glow plug be connected to tubular sheath this freely the resistance of blind end have higher ptc characteristics.
The glow plug of said type no matter have one or more resistive elements, all embeds insulating powder with its resistive element fully, and this insulating powder then adopts a kind of O type annular seal of elastomeric material or other sealing shapes to be sealed in the tubular sheath.These O type annular seals are to be processed by numerous elastomers or plastics, comprise various fluoropolymers (those that sell with
Figure GPA00001159681200011
trade mark such as Du Pont).Form after the sealing, exist oxygen in the space of this powder usually, thereby resistive element is easy to oxidation in the presence of oxygen potentially.Although O type annular seal has been used in the glow plug applications, its useful operating temperature range is about 150-200 ℃.Recently, needs more elevated operating temperature scope, the inappropriate glow plug applications of O type annular seal have appearred.
During the thermal cycle in betiding glow plug work, the resistive conductor surface oxidation has reduced the effective cross section of this resistive conductor, finally causes producing higher current density in this part of resistive conductor, thereby causes the fault of the overheated and heater element of resistive conductor.A factor that influences this fault is the incomplete sealing that rubber or plastic washer or O type annular seal provide; This incomplete sealing allows oxygen and steam to infiltrate the powder bed of filling and reacts with the heater element resistive conductor, causes reducing of aforesaid oxidation and effective cross section.The reaction of magnesia and steam can form magnesium hydroxide, corrodible or this metallic resistance line of oxidation of magnesium hydroxide, thus cause the fault of this part, even if glow plug is not using.Be absorbed in other materials magnesium oxide powder surface, that comprise gas and also can cause the deterioration of heater element resistive conductor.This fault mechanism can reduce or limit the working life of glow plug.
In view of this, still exist a kind ofly to can be used for being higher than the demand of glow plug of 200 ℃ operating temperature, this glow plug has the resistive element that can stand high temperature, and further, it can provide improved sealing between electrode and sheath.
Summary of the invention
Substantially, one aspect of the present invention provides a kind of sheathing heater that is used for glow plug, and this sheathing heater comprises an annular metal shell with an axially extended hole; The tubular sheath of a conductive and heat-conductive, it has and is arranged in open end in this hole, that electrically contact with this shell and the outstanding blind end from this hole; Extend into an electrode of the open end of this sheath; Be arranged in a resistance heating element in this sheath, it has a near-end that is electrically connected to this electrode and a far-end that is electrically connected to the blind end of sheath; Be arranged in this sheath and surround a powder electric insulation, heat conduction of this resistance heating element; And be arranged in this open end, with a glass capsulation of sheath and electrode sealed engagement.This heater assembly can be inserted into a shell, to form glow plug.Employed glass capsulation provides improved air-tightness, thereby has improved the opposing to the environment deterioration of resistive heater, and the working range of glow plug is extended to 600-800 ℃.
On the one hand, the glass of sealing is selected from one group that is made up of silicate glass, borate glass and borosilicate glass.This glass can be preferably unleaded basically.
On the other hand, this glass can comprise transition metal oxide as its component.One group of constituting of the optional free chromium of this transition metal, cobalt, nickel, iron and copper.This oxide can account for 10 mole percentage points of this glass or still less.
On the other hand, this glass can comprise the micro-structural of crystallization again.This again the micro-structural of crystallization can comprise 90 volumes percentage points greater than this glass.
On the other hand, this glass can comprise that filler is as its component.This filler can comprise ceramic oxide.Optional free quartz of this ceramic oxide, eucryptite, cordierite, glass ceramics, mullite, alumina, zircon, zirconia, beta spodumene, low-expansion glass (CTE＜5ppm/ ℃) and leucite formation one group.
On the other hand, this sheath has the external diameter that varies along its length, and makes this external diameter have a reduced diameter portion branch at place, contiguous open end.This external diameter and reduced diameter portion are divided can have the diameter difference of about 0.4mm.This glass capsulation has a length, and this reduced diameter portion branch has a length, and the length of this reduced diameter portion branch is greater than the length of this glass capsulation.In one exemplary embodiment, the length of this reduced diameter portion branch is about 8mm.This sheath can comprise a metal.This sheath can have the micro-structural of distortion.
On the other hand, this glass capsulation comprises the hermetic seal (hermeticseal) that surrounds a chamber that is provided by sheath, also further comprises the protective gas that is arranged in this chamber.One group of constituting of the optional free nitrogen of this protective gas, helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon.
On the other hand, this stratie can comprise a wire spiral (metal wire spiral).This wire spiral can comprise and is selected from one group the metal that is made up of pure nickel, nickel alloy, Ni-Fe-evanohm and iron-cobalt alloy.
On the other hand, this stratie can comprise a wire spiral.This wire spiral can comprise and being selected from by tungsten, molybdenum, one group the metal that the alloy of tungstenic, molybdenum, nickel, iron, tantalum, niobium, titanium, vanadium, osmium and chromium constitutes.
On the other hand, powder this heat conduction, electric insulation can comprise magnesia.
According on the other hand, provide a kind of manufacturing to be used for the method for the heater assembly of glow plug.This method comprises providing to have an open end and a tubular sheath blind end, conductive and heat-conductive, and an electrode further is provided, and a resistance heating element is electrically connected to an end of this electrode.Further, this resistance heating element is extended into the open end of this sheath, and an end of this resistance heating element is connected to the far-end of this sheath, to form the blind end of this sheath.Then, powder electric insulation, heat conduction is arranged in the chamber between sheath and the resistance heating element.Then, in the open end of this sheath, form one between sheath and electrode, with the hermetic seal of sheath and electrode sealed engagement, with closed this chamber, prevent that steam and/or oxygen from infiltrating this chamber potentially.
On the other hand, this method further comprises any oxygen in the discharge side through before inert gas being inserted this chamber in this hermetic seal of formation.One group of constituting of the optional free nitrogen of this inert gas, helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon.
On the other hand, from by tungsten, molybdenum, select resistance heating element in one group that the alloy of tungstenic, molybdenum, nickel, iron, tantalum, niobium, titanium, vanadium, osmium and chromium constitutes.
On the other hand, this method further comprises this hermetic seal is formed a glass capsulation.
On the other hand, from constitute by silicate glass, borate glass and borosilicate glass one group, select the glass of sealing.
On the other hand, the oxide that the comprises transition metal glass as its component is provided.One group of constituting of the optional free chromium of this transition metal, cobalt, nickel, iron and copper.
On the other hand, provide and comprise the glass of filler as its component.This filler can comprise ceramic oxide.Optional free quartz of this ceramic oxide, eucryptite, cordierite, glass ceramics, mullite, alumina, zircon, zirconia, beta spodumene, low-expansion glass (CTE＜5ppm/ ℃) and leucite formation one group.
On the other hand, through a glass preformed member is inserted the open end of sheath, time and the temperature heating glass preformed member to be enough to melt this glass and form this glass capsulation, form this glass capsulation.
Description of drawings
In conjunction with following detailed description, accompanying claims and the accompanying drawing of currently preferred embodiment and optimal mode, of the present invention these will be able to more easily understand with other aspects, characteristics and advantage, wherein:
Fig. 1 is the heater assembly of sheathing of the present invention and the fragmentary cross-sectional view of glow plug;
Fig. 2 is the profile of tubular sheath preformed member of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the front view of stratie of the present invention;
Fig. 4 A is the schematic cross sectional view that is inserted into the glass preformed member of the annular gap between electrode and the tubular sheath;
Fig. 4 B by the glass preformed member of melting diagram 4A form, the schematic cross sectional view of glass capsulation in the annular gap between electrode and tubular sheath;
Fig. 5 is a flow chart of making the method for glow plug of the present invention.
The specific embodiment
The present invention provides the glow plug with the sealing of improving and heater element assembly; The exposure of helix heater element in oxygen and steam that this glow plug has reduced heat conduction, electric insulation powder and embedded this powder, thus elimination or essence have reduced above-mentioned deterioration process.In glow plug of the present invention, the processing of each parts makes that during sealing is installed the oxygen in the powder bed is with steam is removed or the essence minimizing.In case install, the ability that the ambient atmosphere that comprises oxygen and steam infiltrates insulating powder and arrives the resistive conductor heater element is eliminated or greatly reduced to sealing, thereby suppressed the possibility of aforesaid resistive conductor heater element deterioration.
Glow plug of the present invention and glow plug heater assembly use glass or glass to ceramic seal to come sealings elasticity of substitution material or plastics, such as O type annular seal.This glass or glass to ceramic seal provide resistance between shell and electrode, and between powder bed that comprises resistance heating element and ambient atmosphere, produce hermetic seal.In this glow plug assembly, be placed with glass sealing material, this material or as preformed member, otherwise by bulky powder through making firm by ramming or compacting forms in position.This preformed member can be made up of pressed powder or powder compact (green powder compact) or the part of the complete fine and close glass tube of essence.This glass preformed member is heated, to melt this glass and it is bonded to electrode and sheath.This material also can be by heat treatment, to transform this glass, to form a glass-ceramic of crystallization again.For forming sealing the heating of glow plug heater assembly is caused the magnesium oxide powder degassing, this just eliminated known cause heater element resistive conductor deterioration, such as the potential reactant of oxygen G&W.In order more fully to remove aforementioned reactants, a preferable methods is this heater assembly of heating in vacuum and/or inert gas atmosphere.Therefore; After having constructed glow plug of the present invention; This glow plug can demonstrate service life permanent and enhancing, and this life-span does not receive the above-mentioned influence that relates to the potential negative effect of elastomeric material or plastic seal basically, can be operated in the very high temperature engine application environment simultaneously.
With reference to accompanying drawing, Fig. 1 shows the glow plug 10 according to currently preferred embodiment structure of the present invention in detail.This glow plug 10 has an annular metal shell 12, and this shell 12 has a hole 14 of extending along the longitudinal axis 15 of this shell.Metal shell 12 can be formed by any suitable metal; The steel of each grade for example; And also can be on its surface (this surface comprises outer surface 16 and hole 14) comprise coating or coating, for example nickel or nickel-alloy coating are to strengthen the opposing of 12 pairs of high-temperature oxydations of shell and corrosion.This glow plug 10 also can comprise a heater assembly 18.This heater assembly 18 has a tubular sheath 20, an electrode 22, a resistance heating element 24, an insulating powder packing material 26, occupy not the inert gas 27 in any space that is occupied by solid matter; An and hermetic seal (only if regulation in addition; Hereinafter refers to glass capsulation 28), get into the sealing area of tubular sheath 20 to prevent the atmospheric substance of oxygen and steam for example.
Tubular sheath 20 is conductive and heat-conductives, and is preferably formed by metal.Can adopt any suitable metal to form this tubular sheath 20, resistance is arranged---particularly to burning gases relevant and reactant---with internal combustion engine but this metal is preferably to high-temperature oxydation and corrosion.An example of the metal alloy that is fit to is nickel-chromium-iron-aluminium alloy.The open end 30 that tubular sheath 20 has in the hole 14 that is arranged in metal shell 12 and electrically contacts with shell 12, and from the hole 14 outstanding blind ends 32.Tubular sheath 20 can have the external diameter (D1) that varies along its length, and makes this external diameter have a reduced diameter portion at 30 places, contiguous open end and divides 34.External diameter (D1) can be any suitable diameter, and for example, the typical outer diameter in many glow plug applications is about 4mm.This reduced diameter portion divides 34 length generally greater than the length of glass capsulation 28.(as restriction) in one exemplary embodiment, this reduced diameter portion divide 34 length to be about 8mm.Depend on application requirements, external diameter (D1) and reduced diameter portion divide 34 diameter difference to can be any desirable value, but in one exemplary embodiment, this difference is about 0.4mm.Tubular sheath 20 can have the micro-structural of distortion, for example cold worked micro-structural, and wherein, sheath preformed member 36 (Fig. 2) forms through swaged forging or other modes, to reduce diameter and to increase the density of the insulating powder 26 in the sheath 20.In one exemplary embodiment, distortion can reduce the wall thickness of sheath preformed member 36 about 20%, as among Fig. 2 schematically with shown in the dotted line (phantom).
Electrode 22 extends into the open end 30 of sheath 20.Electrode 22 can be processed by any suitable conductive material, but is preferably metal.In one exemplary embodiment, electrode 22 is formed from steel.The example that is fit to the steel of grade comprises AISI 1040, AISI 300/400 series, EN 10277-3 series; Kovar*UNSK94610 and ASTM F15,29-17 alloy.The outer surface 38 of electrode 22 generally in being combined in heater assembly 18 before just by thorough cleaning, removing such as the oil volatility pollutant, so that reinforcing glass sealing 28 is bonded to the ability of electrode 22 from electrode surface.Adjacent glass sealing outer surface 38 28, electrode 22 also can be oxidized.When adopting oxidation, oxide layer will be developed into a thickness that is suitable for providing required adhesive force, and most thickness of oxide layer are in the scope of about 0.2-5.0 micron.The far-end 39 of this external electrode 22 can for example be formed through reducing diameter, with convenient resistance heating element 24 is installed on the electrode 22, and provides when needed with this element and sit shoulder 41 on it to pulling together, make this element adhering to of electrode 22.
As long as resistance heating element 24 provide the required necessity of glow plug 10 time/temperature heating response characteristic; And can stand the high operating temperature between about 2000-3422 ℃; This resistance heating element 24 can be provided with any suitable electro-heat equipment, and can have any suitable resistance characteristic.This can comprise the resistance heating element of being made up of the resistive element (Fig. 3) of the single resistive element with ptc characteristics (ptc characteristics) or two series connection; Wherein, first resistive element 40 that is connected to the electrode 22 of glow plug 10 has higher ptc characteristics than second resistive element 42 of the blind end that is connected to tubular sheath 20 32.Therefore, first resistive element 40 is as demand limiter or adjustment element, and second resistive element 42 is then as heater element.This helix resistance heating element can be formed by any suitable material, comprises various metals, for example pure nickel and various nickel, Ni-Fe-chromium and iron-cobalt alloy.But if exist very high temperature to use, this resistance heating element or a plurality of resistance heating element are then preferably formed by exotic material, for example: tungsten, molybdenum, the alloy of tungstenic, molybdenum, nickel, iron, tantalum, niobium, titanium, vanadium, osmium and chromium.Refer again to Fig. 1 and 3; One helix, two resistive element heater element 24 are disposed in the tubular sheath 20; This heater element has one and is electrically connected to electrode 22, is mechanically fixed to the near-end 44 of electrode 22 and a far-end 46 that is electrically connected to the blind end 32 of sheath 20, is mechanically fixed to the blind end 32 of sheath 20 by metallurgical bond by the metallurgical bond such as pad.This mechanical attachment and metallurgical bond are (Fig. 2) that the far-end 46 at resistance heating element 24 forms when being soldered to the far-end 48 of sheath preformed member 36.Through sealing at the opening in this far-end of sheath preformed member 36 50, this pad has also formed the blind end 32 of tubular sheath 20.
Powder filler 26 electric insulation, heat conduction is disposed in the sheath 20, with surround electrode 22 and fill up fully between the inner volume in chamber 52 of resistance heating element 24 and sheath 20 had living space.Powder 26 can comprise any suitable powder electric insulation, heat conduction, for example magnesia, alundum (Al or mullite.Resistance heating element 24 is fixed to sheath preformed member 36 and with the associated welds point closing any opening 50 that these elements are fixed to one another after; Through annular gap 54; In the chamber 52 of sheath preformed member 36, insert bulky powder, this chamber is the space between the combining of outer surface of outer surface 38 and resistance heating element 24 of inner surface 58 and electrode 22 of sheath 20.The thickness of annular gap 54 can be any suitable thickness; But we believe that the width of the annular gap 54 between about 0.2-1.0mm will be suitable for many application of resistance heater assembly 18.The width of annular gap 54 is by the internal diameter and the diameter difference decision of electrode 22 between the external diameter at near-end 30 places of sheath preformed member 36 of sheath preformed member 36.Chamber 52 does not generally comprise the space in the annular gap 54, and this space is the part in the contraction of the proximal end of sheath preformed member 36, because this is the useful space that is used for holding glass preformed member 56; But as long as there are enough spaces to form the required form of glass capsulation 28, powder can extend into the far-end of annular gap 54 slightly.In order from powder 26, to reduce or eliminate the water of absorption, in the chamber of powder 26 being inserted sheath 20 after, the oxidation of sheath 20 and electrode 22 can be accomplished together with heating powder in oxygen 26.In one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, powder 26 electric insulation, heat conduction is a magnesia, and magnesia can be compacted around resistance heating element 24, reduces the diameter of sheath preformed member 36 simultaneously, thereby forms sheath 20.The powder 26 that is compacted provides required thermal conductance, simultaneously also with resistance heating element 24 and sheath 20 electric insulations.Powder 26 also must be used for the operating temperature range of the expansion of glow plug 10 effectively, and under very high temperature engine environment, can work in about 2000-3422 ℃.
And unrestricted, inert gas 27 can be helium, neon, argon, krypton or xenon as an example.Arrange this inert gas 27, had living space with the institute of filling before in the chamber that occupies by oxygen, then oxygen from this chamber by thoroughly discharge.Therefore, the institute that inert gas 27 is being filled between sheath 20, electrode 22, the resistance heating element 24 has living space, and the space between the individual particle of powder 26.
Glass capsulation 28 is positioned at the open end 30 of sheath 20, and in annular gap 54 with sheath 20 and electrode 22 sealed engagement.After with powder 26 insertion chambeies 52, and through introducing inert gas 27 in the position of oxygen all oxygen in the discharge side 52, glass preformed member 56 is inserted into annular gap 54, shown in Fig. 4 A.Then, this glass preformed member 56 is by fully heating, with complete densified and this preformed member 56 is bonded to the outer surface of electrode 22 and the inner surface 58 of sheath 20, and preferably through fusing and cool off this glass subsequently, thus formation glass capsulation 28, shown in Fig. 4 B.Glass capsulation 28 forms hermetic seal between the hole 14 of chamber 52, powder 26 and shell 12, thereby has prevented to comprise that any pollutant in the infiltration hole 14 of burning gases and ambient oxygen or steam gets into chamber 52.
The formation of glass preformed member 56 can comprise provides glass powder; This powder is injected into annular gap 54 and tamping; With this powder of compacting and form glass preformed member 56, the base powder preformed member of compacting perhaps is provided, this base powder preformed member is independent that form and inserted annular gap 54 simply; The part of complete fine and close glass tube perhaps is provided, and this glass tube is cut to suitable length and inserts annular gap 54.If adopt the preformed member of pre-compacted, after this preformed member is inserted heater assembly, and before this glass of fusing is with formation glass capsulation 28, can carry out further compacting.Within the scope of the present invention; Various preformed members have been envisioned; Comprise following preformed member: it is by uniaxially, balancedly or otherwise compacting, then less than the sintering temperature of the softening point of this glass will consolidate also this material of sintering, for example at about 95% of theoretical softening point; Handle this preformed member with facility, for example it is inserted heater assembly.Glass powder comprises pulverous, granular and spray-dired glass material.No matter be the preformed member that is compacted of the appropriate location in heater assembly or preformed member independently, glass preformed member 56 generally will be with the pressure compacting in 1-50kpsi (6.9-340MPa) scope.
Glass capsulation 28 can be formed by any suitable glass, comprises silicate glass, borate glass or the borosilicate glass of combination in any.If adopt to surpass a kind of glass or glass ingredient, preferably, the glass transformation temperature of rich amount glass should be higher than the glass transformation temperature of not richer amount glass, and more preferably, and the difference of glass transformation temperature is about 30 ℃ or bigger.Further preferably, not richer amount glass accounts for about 45 volumes percentage points of total glass ingredient or still less, and more preferably, not richer amount glass accounts for about 5-45 volumes percentage point of total glass ingredient.Believe that preferably the glass of employing should be that essence is unleaded.The selection of glass material should guarantee that this glass can not soften at heater assembly 18 duration of works, generally is the above 100-300 of maximum operating temperature ℃ of regulation.Therefore, for the heater assembly 18 of the application that is used to have about 100-150 ℃ the maximum operating temperature that is similar to the prior art glow plug, glass transformation temperature generally is about 200 ℃ or higher.Be used for the more heater assembly of elevated operating temperature for expection, for example 600-800 ℃, glass transformation temperature generally is about 700 ℃ or higher.Glass capsulation 28 also can comprise the component of the oxide of transition metal as this glass.This transition metal oxide can comprise the oxide of chromium, cobalt, nickel, iron or copper, individually or with any combination.The use transition metal oxide; Transition metal oxide generally uses with about 10 the mole percentage points or the amount still less of this glass; And can be before formation glass preformed member described herein; Be added into glass powder as the particulate oxide powder, or before melten glass is formed the glass preformed member, be added directly to the glass of fusion.The glass of glass capsulation 28 can comprise that also filler as component, comprises the filler of being made up of one or more ceramic oxides.Ceramic oxide can comprise quartz, eucryptite, leucite, cordierite, beta spodumene, glass ceramics, low-expansion glass (CTE＜5ppm/ ℃), mullite, zircon, zirconia or alumina, individually or with any combination.If there is filler, filler then preferably uses with the about 45 volumes percentage points or the amount still less of glass.If used filler, general desirable is that the thermal coefficient of expansion of filler (CTE) is less than the thermal coefficient of expansion of employed any glass.A purpose of filler is the toughness of reinforcing glass, comprises fracture toughness.But in some cases, for the filler of adjusting the thermal expansion character of composition, have the thermal coefficient of expansion that is higher than glass is desirable, leucite for example.
For the electric insulation of electrode 22 with sheath 20 is provided, generally preferably, in the whole operating temperature range (-40 to 3422 ℃ approximately) of heater assembly 18, the 24V DC voltage that 28 pairs of glass capsulations apply has the resistance at least about 1k Ω.Glass capsulation 28 has mechanical strength at whole thickness and in the junction with sheath 20 and electrode 22---tensile strength and shearing strength, the pressure that applies up to the outside of 10 crust with opposing.
Glass capsulation 28 can have the typical non-crystal micro-structural of many glass, and can adopt the single-order gradient (single-step ramp) to form, and with its soaking or insulation, continues with the retarded cooling process that is fit to.In addition, can be together with this glass capsulation 28 of component heat treatment that is fit to (that is, first gradient heating, soaking again), to form the micro-structural of crystallization again.Form the micro-structural of crystallization again, this again the micro-structural of crystallization preferably account for the 90 volumes percentage points of surpassing of glass.Glass preformed member 56 can be with the heating of any suitable thermal source or heating means, comprise be enough to molten glass preformed member 56, one of electrode 22 and sheath 20 or both eddy-current heating.Heat treatment can adopt any suitable heat-treating atmosphere (heat treatment atmosphere) to carry out, and for example has the compression chamber of inert gas atmosphere.The pressure of the enhancing through adopting inert gas 27, during forming glass capsulation 28, the inert gas 27 of residual quantity is sealed in the chamber 52.Its benefit is both to have removed absorbed pollutant from powder 26, for example oxygen and steam, and the inert gas 27 with residual quantity is sealed in the chamber 52 again, thereby is that resistance heating element 24 provides the protection that continues at glow plug 10 duration of works.
The material of electrode 22, sheath 20 and glass capsulation 28 should pass through selection; Particularly select from the position of its relative CTE; With the whole working range of avoiding or minimize heater assembly, in the possible tensile stress of the junction of electrode 22, sheath 20 and glass capsulation 28; Perhaps, then any these tensile stresses are remained on a level that is enough to avoid crackle in glass, to produce and spread if there is tensile stress.Preferably, select to have and to make glass capsulation 28 keep pressurizeds these materials of the CTE of---particularly with the corresponding junction of electrode 22 and sheath 20---.An approach that keeps aforesaid stress state is to select these materials; Make the CTE of glass capsulation 28 be approximately equal to the CTE of sheath 20 and electrode 22; Perhaps if comprise all glass ingredients glass capsulation 28 materials CTE the whole operating temperature range of heater assembly be in both CTE of sheath 20 and electrode 22 10% within, then comprise necessity processing that forms glass capsulation 20.Another approach that keeps aforesaid stress state is to select these materials, makes whole operating temperature range at heater assembly, the CTE of glass capsulation 28 between the CTE of sheath 20 and electrode 22, CTE particularly Electrode＜CTE Glass＜CTE Sheath
With reference to figure 5,, according to a further aspect in the invention, the method 100 of the heater assembly 18 that a kind of manufacturing is used for glow plug 10 is provided according to the present invention.This heater assembly comprises: one has the tubular sheath 20 of the conductive and heat-conductive of open end 30 and blind end 32; One extends into the electrode 22 of the open end of said sheath; One is arranged in the resistance heating element 24 in the sheath 20, and it has a near-end 44 and a far-end 46 that is electrically connected to the blind end 32 of sheath 20 that is electrically connected to electrode 22; One is arranged in the sheath 20 and surrounds the powder 26 electric insulation, heat conduction of resistance heating element 24; One inert gas 27 occupies between sheath 20, electrode 22, the resistance heating element 24 and the space between the individual particle of powder 26 fully; And be arranged in this open end 30, with a glass capsulation 28 of sheath 20 and electrode 22 sealed engagement.This method 100 may further comprise the steps: the step 110 that forms a tubular sheath preformed member 36, electrode 22 and resistance heating element 24; The far-end 39 of electrode 22 is attached to the step 120 of the near-end 44 of resistance heating element 24; Resistance heating element 24 and electrode 22 are inserted the step 130 of tubular sheath preformed member 36; The far-end 46 of resistance heating element 24 is attached to the far-end 48 of tubular sheath preformed member 36, with the step 140 of the blind end 32 that forms sheath 20; Powder 26 is inserted sheath preformed member 36, to surround the step 150 of resistance heating element 24; Step 155 with glass preformed member 56 insertion open ends 30; Insert a temporary sealing, so that this glass preformed member and powder are remained on the step 160 in the sheath preformed member 36; Reduce the external diameter of sheath preformed member 36 alternatively, to form the step 165 of tubular sheath 20; In a vacuum to be enough to evaporate the time of this temporary sealing and the step 170 of temperature heating glass preformed member 56; In inert gas 27 being enough to molten glass and forming the time and the temperature of glass capsulation 28, the further step 175 of this glass preformed member of heating under positive relative pressure; In inert gas 27, the step 180 of this glow plug of cooling under positive relative pressure; And heater assembly 18 is connected into the step 190 in the axially extended hole 14 of annular metal shell 12.
The step 110 that forms a tubular sheath preformed member 36, electrode 22 and resistance heating element 24 can adopt any suitable method that forms these parts; For example drawing goes out the line or the rod of suitable electrode material; With this line of certain-length cutting or rod, and punching out, cutting or otherwise form the relief parts (relieffeatures) of necessity as shown in Figure 1.Resistance heating element 24 can be processed as follows: the line (or many lines) of one or more resistance heating materials that are fit to of drawing, twine out required form around axle, and under the situation of two part heater elements, first resistive element be connected to second resistive element.Tubular sheath preformed member 36 can be processed as follows: the cylindrical tube of the sheath material that form to be fit to, and form each end reducing diameter, thus forming required taper or bending, already known processes has been adopted in the formation of these characteristics.
The step 120 that the far-end 39 of electrode 22 is attached to the near-end 44 of resistance heating element 24 is carried out as follows: the external diameter that forms far-end near-end, electrode tip of resistance heating element; Interfere (interference) so that set up, then the far-end of this electrode is press-fitted the near-end of the thermal element of setting out.And this can continue to be suitable for connecting any welding procedure of respective material through employing, the near-end of resistance heating element is soldered to the far-end of electrode.
With resistance heating element 24 and electrode 22 insert the step 130 of tubular sheath preformed members 36 general with the far-end 48 that the far-end 46 of resistance heating element 24 is attached to tubular sheath preformed member 36; Step 140 with the blind end 32 that forms sheath 20 combines, because the former is the necessary leading of the latter.Inserting step 130 can comprise uses these parts of permission as stated by directed each other pressurize jig (dwelling fixture) or anchor clamps (jig).Attachment steps 140 can comprise any suitable method that connection resistance heating element 24 and sheath preformed member 36 also also seal the opening in the sheath preformed member 36 50 simultaneously.Preferably, attachment steps 140 comprise with these parts welded together and with resulting weldment with the opening in the sheath preformed member 36 50 sealing.
Powder 26 is inserted sheath preformed members 36, can adopt with the step 150 of surrounding resistance heating element 24 to make powder 26 get into any suitable method of sheath preformed members and carry out, comprise the chamber 52 of bulky powder being injected sheath preformed member 36.Typically, desirable is also to take measures to consolidate the bulky powder in this chamber and fill around the resistance heating element 24 and volume inside, for example through inserting this sheath electrode assemblie of this powder after vibration.
The step 155 of glass preformed member 56 insertion open ends 30 can be adopted any suitable glass preformed member 56; Comprise bulky powder, base powder preformed member or complete fine and close glass tube or other preformed member shapes; And can adopt any suitable method of preformed member 56 being inserted annular gap 54, comprise a free-pouring powder is injected or the preformed member of under pressure, solid shape being gone into, maybe will be had to a powderject is inserted annular gap 54.
Insert a temporary sealing, can carry out with the glass preformed member 56 in the open end 30 of adjoining sheath 20 through inserting a PTFE sealing ring with the step 160 that this glass preformed member 56 and powder is remained in the sheath preformed member.
Method 100 also comprises the external diameter that reduces sheath preformed member 36 alternatively, to form the step 165 of tubular sheath 20.It is used for further compacted powder 26, thereby strengthens the thermal conductance of this powder.It also is used for catching resistance heating element 24 more firmly and reduces any chance that resistance heating element 24 moves or vibrates in chamber 52.This can be accomplished by any suitable mechanism and the method that reduce such as the tubular metal preformed member of sheath preformed member 36, comprises swaged forging, punching out, roll forming and is used to reduce other known methods of metal tube diameter.Desirable is, the outer surface of sheath preformed member 36 any reduces to avoid that part of near glass capsulation 28 of this outer surface, in order to avoid do to split or otherwise hinder sealing.In order to reach this purpose, desirable is that part of diameter near glass capsulation 28 places of sheath preformed member 36 should be less than the external diameter (D1) of sheath 20.
Comprise this temporary sealing of gasification and also 52 remove any oxygen that possibly exist simultaneously with the step 170 of the time heating glass preformed member 56 that is enough to evaporate this temporary sealing in a vacuum from the chamber.
In inert gas 27 to be enough to molten glass and to form the temperature of glass capsulation 28; The step 175 of this glass preformed member 56 of heating is included in the chamber 52 and fills any space of being found time by oxygen with inert gas 27 under positive relative pressure; Wherein this heating can be adopted any suitable heating arrangements and method, comprises above-mentioned those.
In inert gas 27, the step 180 of this glow plug 10 of cooling comprises that finishing forms this hermetic seal under positive relative pressure, and this hermetic seal remains on inert gas 27 in the chamber 52 and prevents that the oxygen outside the chamber from getting into this chamber, even if also like this in use.
Be to form glow plug 10, this method 100 also can comprise heater assembly 18 is connected into the additional step 190 in the axially extended hole 14 of annular metal shell 12.This can comprise the size in this axially extended hole 14 of the external diameter of adjusting sheath 20 and shell 12, interferes so that set up, and then heater assembly 18 is press-fitted hand-hole 14, with the required length of exposure of the far-end of setting up sheath 20.
Be to form glow plug 10, this method 100 also can comprise heater assembly 18 is connected into the additional step in the axially extended hole 14 of annular metal shell 12.This can comprise the size in this axially extended hole 14 of the external diameter of adjusting sheath 20 and shell 12, interferes so that set up, and then heater assembly 18 is press-fitted hand-hole 14, with the required length of exposure of the far-end of setting up sheath 20.
Use through eliminating the elastomeric material sealing and employing have the glass capsulation 28 of much higher fusing point and electrical attributes mechanical with superhigh temperature; And for the powder 26 of electrode 22, sheath 20, resistive element 24 and heat conduction, electric insulation Selects and Applies compatible high-temperature material, the heater assembly 18 of glow plug 10 of the present invention is suitable for working being higher than under 200 ℃ the temperature.Especially, it is suitable for working being higher than under 600 ℃ the temperature, and more particularly, it is suitable for up to about 3422 ℃ of work down.
Foregoing invention is according to the relevant law standard to describe, so this specification is illustrative rather than restrictive in essence.For a person skilled in the art, the embodiment that is disclosed is done to revise and modification possibly become obviously, and fall into scope of the present invention.Therefore, the legal protection scope that the present invention undertook only can be through explaining that appended claims is able to confirm.

Claims (15)

1. glow plug comprises:
One annular metal shell, it has an axially extended hole;
The tubular sheath of one conductive and heat-conductive, it has an open end that is arranged in the said hole, electrically contacts with said shell, and from said hole an outstanding blind end;
One extends into the electrode of the said open end of said sheath;
One is arranged in the resistance heating element in the said sheath, and it has a near-end that is electrically connected to said electrode and a far-end that is electrically connected to the said blind end of said sheath;
One is arranged in the said sheath and surrounds powder electric insulation, heat conduction of said resistance heating element; And
One be arranged in the said open end, with the glass capsulation of said sheath and electrode sealed engagement.
2. glow plug as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, said glass capsulation comprises and is selected from one group the glass that is made up of silicate glass, borate glass and borosilicate glass.
3. glow plug as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, said glass further comprises the component of the oxide of transition metal as said glass.
4. glow plug as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, said transition metal is selected from one group that is made up of chromium, cobalt, nickel, iron and copper.
5. glow plug as claimed in claim 3 is characterized in that, said oxide uses with 10 the mole percentage points or the amount still less of said glass.
6. glow plug as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that said glass comprises the micro-structural of crystallization again.
7. glow plug as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, said glass is unleaded basically.
8. glow plug as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that, said glass further comprises the component of filler as said glass.
9. glow plug as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that said sheath has the external diameter that varies along its length, and makes said external diameter have a reduced diameter portion branch at place, contiguous said open end.
10. glow plug as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that said glass capsulation has a length, and said reduced diameter portion branch has a length, and the length of said reduced diameter portion branch is greater than the length of said glass capsulation.
11. glow plug as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, said glow plug comprises that further one is arranged in the protective gas in the chamber of said sheath.
12. glow plug as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, said resistance heating element comprises a wire spiral.
13. glow plug as claimed in claim 12 is characterized in that, said wire spiral comprises and being selected from by tungsten, molybdenum, or one group metal or alloy constituting of the alloy of tungstenic, molybdenum, nickel, iron, tantalum, niobium, titanium, vanadium, osmium and chromium.
14. a heater assembly that is used for glow plug comprises:
The tubular sheath of one conductive and heat-conductive, it has an open end and a blind end;
One extends into the electrode of the said open end of said sheath;
One is arranged in the resistance heating element in the said sheath, and it has a near-end that is electrically connected to said electrode and a far-end that is electrically connected to the said blind end of said sheath;
One is arranged in the said sheath and surrounds powder electric insulation, heat conduction of said resistance heating element; And
One be arranged in the said open end, with the glass capsulation of said sheath and electrode sealed engagement.
15. make the method that is used for the heater assembly of glow plug as claimed in claim 14, comprising for one kind:
Form a tubular sheath preformed member, electrode and resistance heating element;
The far-end of said electrode is attached to the near-end of said resistance heating element;
Said resistance heating element and electrode are inserted said tubular sheath preformed member;
The said far-end of said resistance heating element is attached to the said far-end of said tubular sheath preformed member, to form the blind end of sheath;
Powder electric insulation, heat conduction is inserted said sheath preformed member, to surround said resistance heating element;
The glass preformed member is inserted the open end; And
Time and temperature to be enough to melt said glass and form glass capsulation heat said glass preformed member.
CN2008801213188A 2007-12-17 2008-12-17 Sheathed glow plug Expired - Fee Related CN101896772B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

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US1412207P 2007-12-17 2007-12-17
US61/014,122 2007-12-17
US6138708P 2008-06-13 2008-06-13
US61/061,387 2008-06-13
US12/335,682 2008-12-16
US12/335,682 US20090184101A1 (en) 2007-12-17 2008-12-16 Sheathed glow plug
PCT/US2008/087071 WO2009079530A2 (en) 2007-12-17 2008-12-17 Sheathed glow plug

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CN101896772B true CN101896772B (en) 2012-04-25

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WO2009079530A2 (en) 2009-06-25
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US20090184101A1 (en) 2009-07-23
WO2009079530A3 (en) 2009-09-11

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