CN101836607B - A kind of breeding method of freshwater shrimp - Google Patents

A kind of breeding method of freshwater shrimp Download PDF

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CN101836607B
CN101836607B CN2010101663028A CN201010166302A CN101836607B CN 101836607 B CN101836607 B CN 101836607B CN 2010101663028 A CN2010101663028 A CN 2010101663028A CN 201010166302 A CN201010166302 A CN 201010166302A CN 101836607 B CN101836607 B CN 101836607B
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CN101836607A (en
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王志铮
吕敢堂
杨阳
储张杰
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Zhejiang Ocean University ZJOU
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Abstract

一种青虾的育种方法,利用淡水虾类资源养殖育种,在繁殖季节前采集太湖水系野生青虾,雌虾体长≥5.0厘米和雄虾体长≥5.5厘米,在养殖水质为pH值6.0-6.5和氨氮值0.5-1.0mg/L的水泥池中暂养4天后挑选亲虾,亲虾扩繁所获优质虾苗经30天高密度养殖后,在养殖池中引入一定数量的底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物,建立青虾生物淘汰机制,适时在养殖池内放置虾笼捕捞批量的优质雄虾体长≥6.0厘米和雌虾体长≥5.5厘米作为亲虾来源,重复循环应用以上步骤8次以上,可以保证所选青虾种质的可靠性,大大提高了青虾优良品系选育的成功率,彻底解决目前青虾品种退化的问题。

Figure 201010166302

A breeding method for freshwater shrimps, using freshwater shrimp resources for breeding and breeding, collecting wild freshwater shrimps in the Taihu Lake water system before the breeding season, the body length of female shrimps is ≥ 5.0 cm and the body length of male shrimps is ≥ 5.5 cm, and the pH value of the cultured water is 6.0- 6.5 and ammonia nitrogen value of 0.5-1.0mg/L in the cement pond for 4 days, then select the broodstock shrimp, and after 30 days of high-density culture of the high-quality shrimp seedlings obtained by the broodstock expansion, introduce a certain amount of benthic carnivore into the breeding pond Ferocious aquatic economic animals, establish a biological elimination mechanism for freshwater shrimp, and place shrimp cages in the breeding pond at the right time to catch batches of high-quality male shrimp with a body length of ≥6.0 cm and female shrimp with a body length of ≥5.5 cm as the source of broodstock, and repeat the above steps 8 More than one time, the reliability of the selected freshwater shrimp germplasm can be guaranteed, the success rate of breeding fine freshwater shrimp strains is greatly improved, and the problem of current freshwater shrimp species degradation is completely solved.

Figure 201010166302

Description

一种青虾的育种方法A kind of breeding method of freshwater shrimp

技术领域 本发明涉及水产养殖业中一种青虾的育种方法,属于农业水产养殖中虾类水产生物育种技术领域。Technical field The present invention relates to a breeding method of freshwater shrimp in aquaculture industry, and belongs to the technical field of breeding of shrimp aquatic organisms in agricultural aquaculture.

背景技术 青虾,也称日本沼虾,隶属于节肢动物门、甲壳纲、十足目、长臂虾科、沼虾属,其地理分布十分狭窄,仅限于我国和日本。因其肉鲜味美、营养经济价值高、生长快速、养成周期短,饲料要求低、苗种自繁容易、可全天候养殖等优点,自上世纪80年代末步入养殖发展盛期以来,养殖规模迅速扩大,养殖技术日臻完善,已成为我国淡水养殖虾类当家品种和主要淡水名特优新养殖品种之一,养殖区域遍及我国江苏、上海、浙江、福建、江西、广东、湖南、湖北、四川、河北、河南、山东等地。但在单产得到大幅度提高,经济效益获得显著增加的背后,因长期以来不注意种质保护和良种选育,致使性成熟提前、生长缓慢、商品规格小型化等种质退化现象日显严重,品种退化已经成为阻碍青虾养殖健康可持续发展的关键问题。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Freshwater shrimp, also known as Macrobrachium japonicus, belongs to the phylum Arthropoda, Crustacea, Decapodidae, Giribranchidae, Macrobrachium genus, and its geographical distribution is very narrow, limited to my country and Japan. Because of its delicious meat, high nutritional and economic value, fast growth, short cultivation cycle, low feed requirements, easy self-propagation of seedlings, and all-weather cultivation, etc., since the end of the 1980s when it entered the heyday of aquaculture development, aquaculture has become popular. The scale is rapidly expanding, and the breeding technology is becoming more and more perfect. It has become the leading freshwater shrimp species in my country and one of the main freshwater famous, premium and new species. The breeding areas are all over my country's Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Hebei, Henan, Shandong and other places. However, behind the substantial increase in per unit yield and significant increase in economic benefits, due to long-term lack of attention to germplasm protection and improved breeding, germplasm degradation has become increasingly serious, such as early sexual maturity, slow growth, and miniaturization of commodity specifications. Species degradation has become a key issue hindering the healthy and sustainable development of freshwater shrimp farming.

水产动物的育种方式主要包括单倍体育种、多倍体育种、杂交育种、杂种优势利用、诱变育种、转基因育种等方法,杂交育种和杂种优势利用是目前青虾育种的主要两种方式。其中,杂交育种是通过多个具有优良基因的品种间有性杂交,从分离后代中选育出整合有这些优良基因的新品种,杂种优势利用是通过具有异质性、配合力高的两个纯系间杂交,得到各个性状优于双亲的F1代,是杂交育种的第一阶段工作。The breeding methods of aquatic animals mainly include haploid breeding, polyploid breeding, hybrid breeding, utilization of heterosis, mutation breeding, transgenic breeding and other methods. Hybrid breeding and utilization of heterosis are currently the main two methods of shrimp breeding. Among them, hybrid breeding is to select and breed new varieties integrating these excellent genes from the segregating offspring through sexual crossing among multiple varieties with excellent genes. Crossing between pure lines to obtain F1 generations that are better than their parents in various traits is the first stage of cross breeding.

目前青虾杂交方法主要为:1、种内杂交:采集各优良地方品种,经人工繁殖扩大数量,分池养殖,分拣成熟亲体后,用不同地方的优良虾种进行杂交配种,并通过连续自交,获得目标优良性状稳定的新品种;2、种间杂交:采用人工授精方法,通过青虾与海南沼虾正交和反交,获得可育的F1代杂种,同时利用RAPD、DNA测序等分子遗传学技术对不同来源的青虾以及海南沼虾进行了比较分析,获得了可用于区分青虾与海南沼虾的分子标记。At present, the hybridization methods of freshwater shrimp mainly include: 1. Intraspecific hybridization: collect various excellent local varieties, enlarge the number through artificial propagation, culture in separate ponds, and after sorting mature broodstock, carry out hybridization and mating with excellent shrimp species in different places, and through continuous Self-crossing to obtain new varieties with excellent and stable target traits; 2. Interspecific hybridization: using artificial insemination methods to obtain fertile F1 generation hybrids through orthogonal and inverse crossing between green shrimp and Macrobrachium hainanensis, and using RAPD and DNA sequencing at the same time Molecular genetics techniques were used to compare and analyze green shrimp and Macrobrachium hainanensis from different sources, and obtain molecular markers that can be used to distinguish green shrimp and Macrobrachium hainanensis.

目前青虾种内杂交的基本步骤依次为:1、采集用来杂交的优良地方种群,通过人工繁殖扩大数量,并分别进行分池养殖;2、在养殖池内放置虾笼进行捕捞,虾笼网眼设置为雌虾可以逃出而雄虾不能逃出的规格,在辅以人工挑选,剔除少量雄虾,获得批量的雄虾;3、于雌虾抱卵的季节从养殖池批量分拣出抱卵雌虾,再采用抱卵雌虾高效无损伤脱卵方法脱去虾卵,获得批量的性成熟雌虾;4、用来自不同地方种群的雄虾和雌虾杂交配种;5、按常规方法进行青虾人工繁殖和虾苗培育,获得优质虾苗。At present, the basic steps of intraspecies hybridization of freshwater shrimp are as follows: 1. Collect excellent local populations for hybridization, expand the number through artificial propagation, and carry out separate pond culture; 2. Place shrimp cages in the culture ponds for fishing. Set the specifications that female shrimp can escape but male shrimp cannot escape, supplemented by manual selection, remove a small number of male shrimp, and obtain a batch of male shrimp; Shrimp, and then use the efficient and non-damaging method of egg-bearing female shrimp to remove the shrimp eggs, and obtain a batch of sexually mature female shrimp; 4. Use male and female shrimp from different local populations for hybrid breeding; 5. Carry out freshwater shrimp according to conventional methods Artificial breeding and shrimp cultivation, to obtain high-quality shrimp.

上述方法虽提高了杂交率和雄性亲本的节约率,且所育虾苗在生长速度、抗病抗逆能力和延缓性成熟等方面充分体现出了杂种优势,但缺陷也较为明显,主要表现为:1、该方法只是杂种优势利用,未培育出真正可以连续传代的稳定品系;2、为防止用来杂交的地方种群的种质退化,需不断补充各地优良亲本,操作麻烦,培种成本高;3、只围绕规格性状和外观活力进行选育,致使亚健康者充斥其中,所选青虾体质性状的可靠性无法得到保证;4、未能结合氨氮、pH值、主要病原等环境因子开展选育,致使所选青虾抗逆性状的可靠性无法得到保证。Although the above method has improved the hybridization rate and the saving rate of the male parents, and the raised shrimp seedlings have fully demonstrated heterosis in terms of growth speed, disease resistance and stress resistance, and delayed maturation, but the defects are also obvious, mainly as : 1. This method is only the use of heterosis, and no stable strains that can be continuously passed down have been cultivated; 2. In order to prevent the germplasm degradation of the local populations used for hybridization, it is necessary to continuously replenish excellent parents in various places, which is troublesome to operate and high in cultivation costs. ; 3. Breeding was only carried out around the specifications, traits and appearance of vitality, resulting in the flood of sub-healthy people, and the reliability of the physical traits of the selected freshwater shrimp could not be guaranteed; 4. Failure to combine environmental factors such as ammonia nitrogen, pH value, and main pathogens Breeding, resulting in the reliability of the stress resistance traits of the selected freshwater shrimp cannot be guaranteed.

发明内容为了克服目前青虾养殖中存在的品种退化的问题,本发明提供一种全新的一种青虾的育种方法,采用采集太湖水系优质野生亲体,通过青虾亲体采用环境压力方式复选,建立青虾生物淘汰机制,捕获青虾中适宜规格青虾初选的方式,实现获得性状稳定的优质青虾品种的目的。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to overcome the problem of species degeneration existing in current freshwater shrimp farming, the present invention provides a brand-new breeding method for freshwater shrimp, which adopts the collection of high-quality wild broodstock in the Taihu Lake water system, and reselects the freshwater shrimp broodstock by means of environmental pressure. Establish a biological elimination mechanism for freshwater shrimps, capture freshwater shrimps with suitable specifications for primary selection, and achieve the purpose of obtaining high-quality freshwater shrimp varieties with stable properties.

本发明采用的技术方案是:The technical scheme adopted in the present invention is:

一种青虾的育种方法,利用淡水虾类资源养殖育种,它包括如下基本方法一:A kind of breeding method of freshwater prawn, utilizes freshwater prawn resource breeding and breeding, it comprises following basic method 1:

A、于青虾繁殖季节前,采集太湖水系优质野生青虾,要求雌虾体长≥5.0厘米和雄虾体长≥5.5厘米若干;A. Before the freshwater shrimp breeding season, collect high-quality wild freshwater shrimp from the Taihu Lake water system, requiring female shrimp body length ≥ 5.0 cm and male shrimp body length ≥ 5.5 cm;

B、在养殖场的水泥池或网箱中驯养稳定7天后,将它们移入养殖水质为pH值6.0-6.5和氨氮值0.5-1.0mg/L的水泥池中暂养4天后,从中挑选出健康度高的若干优质个体作为亲虾;B. After being domesticated and stabilized for 7 days in the cement pool or net cage of the farm, they are moved into a cement pool with a pH value of 6.0-6.5 and an ammonia nitrogen value of 0.5-1.0 mg/L for 4 days, and then select healthy ones. Several high-quality individuals with high concentration were used as broodstock;

C、亲虾按雌雄比例3-5∶1进行专池培育;C. Broodstock are cultivated in special ponds according to the male to female ratio of 3-5:1;

D、于雌虾抱卵盛期,从亲虾专养池中分拣出体长≥5.5厘米、活力强、反应敏捷的优质抱卵雌虾若干作为育苗用亲本,按常规方法培育并获得批量虾苗,实施高密度养殖;D. At the peak stage of broodstock broodstock, sort out some high-quality broodstock female shrimp with body length ≥ 5.5 cm, strong vitality, and quick response from the broodstock breeding pond as parents for seedlings, and cultivate them according to conventional methods to obtain batches of shrimp seedlings. , implement high-density farming;

E、虾苗高密度养殖30天后,即青虾体长达3.0厘米左右时,在养殖池内放入一定数量的河鳗或中华鳖或鳜鱼,建立青虾生物淘汰机制,E. After 30 days of high-density cultivation of shrimp seedlings, that is, when the body of freshwater shrimp is about 3.0 cm long, put a certain number of river eels, Chinese soft-shelled turtles or mandarin fish in the culture pond, and establish a biological elimination mechanism for freshwater shrimp.

即青虾放苗30天后,即青虾体长达到3厘米左右时,养殖池内放入底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物:a、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物种类及规格:河鳗250-350克/尾或中华鳖200-300克/只或鳜鱼150-200克/尾;b、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物放养数量:按青虾放养量为5万尾/亩计,放养量为河鳗60-100尾/亩或中华鳖40-60只/亩或鳜鱼60-100尾/亩;c、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物放养个体要求:规格整体、无病无伤无畸形、反应灵敏、健康活泼、运动能力强;d、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物应消毒处理后放养;That is, 30 days after the freshwater prawns are released, that is, when the body length of the freshwater prawns reaches about 3 cm, put the benthic carnivorous ferocious aquatic economic animals in the breeding pond: a. The species and specifications of the benthic carnivorous ferocious aquatic economic animals: River eel 250- 350g/tail or 200-300g/tail Chinese soft-shelled turtle or 150-200g/tail mandarin fish; The amount is 60-100 river eels/mu or 40-60 Chinese soft-shelled turtles/mu or 60-100 mandarin fish/mu; c. Requirements for stocking individual bottom-dwelling carnivorous aquatic economic animals: overall specifications, no disease and no injury No deformity, quick response, healthy and lively, and strong athletic ability; d. Benthic carnivorous and ferocious aquatic economic animals should be sterilized before stocking;

F、于亲虾繁殖季节前在养殖池内放置虾笼捕捞批量的优质青虾,要求雄虾体长≥6.0厘米和雌虾体长≥5.5厘米;F. Before the broodstock breeding season, place shrimp cages in the breeding pond to catch batches of high-quality freshwater shrimp, requiring the body length of male shrimp to be ≥ 6.0 cm and the body length of female shrimp to be ≥ 5.5 cm;

G、依次按上述B、C、D、E、F步骤重复循环应用,重复循环8次以上,获得性状稳定的优质青虾品系。G. Follow the steps of B, C, D, E, and F in order to repeat the cycle application, and repeat the cycle more than 8 times to obtain a high-quality freshwater shrimp strain with stable properties.

一种青虾的育种方法,利用淡水虾类资源养殖育种,它包括如下基本方法二:A kind of breeding method of freshwater prawn, utilizes freshwater prawn resources to cultivate and breed, and it comprises following basic method two:

A、于雌虾抱卵盛期,采集太湖水系优质野生抱卵雌虾若干作为育苗用亲本,要求活力强、反应敏捷,体长≥5.5厘米,抱卵量≥4000颗/尾;A. During the peak brooding period of the female shrimp, collect some high-quality wild brooding female shrimps from the Taihu Lake water system as the parents for nursery. They are required to have strong vitality and quick response, body length ≥ 5.5 cm, and egg count ≥ 4000 per tail;

B、按常规方法培育并获得批量虾苗,实施高密度养殖;B. Cultivate and obtain batches of shrimp seedlings according to conventional methods, and implement high-density cultivation;

C、虾苗高密度养殖30天后,即青虾体长达3.0厘米左右时,在养殖池内放入一定数量的河鳗或中华鳖或鳜鱼,建立青虾生物淘汰机制,C. After 30 days of high-density culture of shrimp seedlings, that is, when the body of freshwater shrimp is about 3.0 cm long, put a certain number of river eels or Chinese soft-shelled turtles or mandarin fish in the culture pond to establish a biological elimination mechanism for freshwater shrimp.

即青虾放苗30天后,即青虾体长达到3厘米左右时,养殖池内放入底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物:a、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物种类及规格:河鳗250-350克/尾或中华鳖200-300克/只或鳜鱼150-200克/尾;b、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物放养数量:按青虾放养量为5万尾/亩计,放养量为河鳗60-100尾/亩或中华鳖40-60只/亩或鳜鱼60-100尾/亩;c、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物放养个体要求:规格整体、无病无伤无畸形、反应灵敏、健康活泼、运动能力强;d、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物应消毒处理后放养;That is, 30 days after the freshwater prawns are released, that is, when the body length of the freshwater prawns reaches about 3 cm, put the benthic carnivorous ferocious aquatic economic animals in the breeding pond: a. The species and specifications of the benthic carnivorous ferocious aquatic economic animals: River eel 250- 350g/tail or 200-300g/tail Chinese soft-shelled turtle or 150-200g/tail mandarin fish; The amount is 60-100 river eels/mu or 40-60 Chinese soft-shelled turtles/mu or 60-100 mandarin fish/mu; c. Requirements for stocking individual bottom-dwelling carnivorous aquatic economic animals: overall specifications, no disease and no injury No deformity, quick response, healthy and lively, and strong athletic ability; d. Benthic carnivorous and ferocious aquatic economic animals should be sterilized before stocking;

D、于青虾繁殖季节前在养殖池内放置虾笼捕捞批量的优质青虾,要求雄虾体长≥6.0厘米和雌虾体长≥5.5厘米;D. Before the freshwater shrimp breeding season, place shrimp cages in the breeding pond to catch batches of high-quality freshwater shrimp, requiring the body length of male shrimp to be ≥ 6.0 cm and the body length of female shrimp to be ≥ 5.5 cm;

E、将上述所选青虾在养殖场的水泥池或网箱中驯养稳定7天后,将它们移入养殖水质为pH值6.0-6.5和氨氮值0.5-1.0mg/L的水泥池中暂养4天后,从中挑选出健康度高的若干优质个体作为亲虾;E. After domesticating and stabilizing the above-mentioned selected freshwater shrimps in the cement pond or net cage of the farm for 7 days, they are moved into the cement pond with a pH value of 6.0-6.5 and an ammonia nitrogen value of 0.5-1.0 mg/L for temporary cultivation 4 days later, select a number of high-quality individuals with high health as broodstock;

F、亲虾按雌雄比例3-5∶1进行专池培育;F. The broodstock is cultivated in a special pool according to the male to female ratio of 3-5:1;

G、于雌虾抱卵盛期,从亲虾专养池中分拣出体长≥5.5厘米、活力强、反应敏捷的优质抱卵雌虾若干作为育苗用亲本;G. When the female shrimps are in full bloom, select some high-quality egg-bearing female shrimps with a body length ≥ 5.5 cm, strong vitality, and quick response from the broodstock special breeding pond as the parents for seedlings;

H、依次按上述B、C、D、E、F、G步骤重复循环进行,重复循环8次以上,获得性状稳定的优质青虾品系。H. Repeat the cycle according to the steps of B, C, D, E, F and G in turn, and repeat the cycle more than 8 times to obtain a high-quality freshwater shrimp strain with stable properties.

采用给予环境压力方式选择亲虾,即将驯养结束的雌虾、雄虾分别移入养殖水质为pH值6.0-6.5和氨氮值0.5-1.0mg/L的水泥池中暂养四天,暂养期间不投喂饲料,及时清除池中粪便和死虾,暂养结束后,用目测法选择活力强的若干个体作为亲虾,并按雌雄比例3-5∶1移入亲虾培育池中。The method of giving environmental pressure to select broodstock shrimps, the female shrimps and male shrimps that are about to be domesticated are respectively moved into the cement ponds with pH value of 6.0-6.5 and ammonia nitrogen value of 0.5-1.0 mg/L for temporary cultivation for four days. Feed and remove feces and dead shrimp in the pond in time. After temporary breeding, select some individuals with strong vitality as broodstock by visual inspection, and move them into the broodstock cultivation pond according to the male to female ratio of 3-5:1.

捕获青虾中选择适宜规格青虾,即用目大0.3-0.4厘米的虾笼捕获池中的青虾,分拣活泼健壮、肢体完整、体表光洁、无病无伤、反应灵敏、弹跳有力,体长≥6.0厘米的雄虾和体长≥5.5厘米的雌虾,分别移入水泥池或网箱中稳定暂养7天,其培育方法:应经反复调试水温后,驯养于水泥池或10目/cm2的聚乙烯无结节网箱内,暂养密度为100-120尾/m2,内布置少量水草,要求水质清新、水中溶氧量≥5mg/L,驯养3天,第3天后,以轧碎的螺肉和蚌肉为饲料投喂,日投喂量先按虾总重的3-5%试投,酌情适当增减,日投喂二次,及时清除残饵和死虾,驯养周期为7天。Select suitable specifications of freshwater shrimp from the freshwater shrimp, that is, use a shrimp cage with a mesh size of 0.3-0.4 cm to catch the freshwater shrimp in the pond, sort them lively and robust, with complete limbs, smooth body surface, no disease and injury, quick response, and strong bounce , male shrimp with a body length ≥ 6.0 cm and female shrimp with a body length ≥ 5.5 cm were moved into cement ponds or cages for stable temporary cultivation for 7 days. Mesh/cm 2 polyethylene nodule-free cages, the temporary breeding density is 100-120 fish/m 2 , and a small amount of aquatic plants are placed inside. The water quality is required to be fresh, and the dissolved oxygen in the water is ≥ 5 mg/L. Days later, the crushed snail meat and mussel meat were used as feed. The daily feeding amount was 3-5% of the total weight of the shrimp. Shrimp, the domestication period is 7 days.

本发明有益效果是:由于采用了本发明的青虾的育种方法这一先进的育种技术后,通过建立青虾人工筛选、给予环境压力选择亲虾、生物淘汰于一体的综合的群体选育技术体系,保证了所选青虾种质的可靠性,为青虾优良品系的选育奠定了扎实的种质基础;通过引入生物淘汰机制,减少了青虾选育期间的疾病传播机会,大大提高了青虾优良品系选育的成功率;通过引入生物淘汰机制,也恢复了凶猛性底栖肉食鱼类的野性,能彻底解决目前青虾品种退化的问题,还可以提高混养品种:河鳗、中华鳖、鳜鱼的商品价值,提高河鳗、中华鳖、鳜鱼的体色和肉质。The beneficial effects of the present invention are: after adopting the advanced breeding technology of the freshwater shrimp breeding method of the present invention, a comprehensive group breeding technology integrating freshwater shrimp artificial screening, environmental pressure selection of broodstock and biological elimination is established The system ensures the reliability of the selected freshwater shrimp germplasm, and lays a solid germplasm foundation for the breeding of fine freshwater shrimp strains; through the introduction of a biological elimination mechanism, the chance of disease transmission during the freshwater shrimp breeding period is reduced, greatly improving It has improved the success rate of the breeding of excellent strains of freshwater shrimp; through the introduction of the biological elimination mechanism, the wildness of the ferocious benthic carnivorous fish has also been restored, which can completely solve the problem of the degradation of the current freshwater shrimp species, and can also improve the polyculture species: river eel , Chinese soft-shelled turtle, and mandarin fish, and improve the body color and meat quality of river eel, Chinese soft-shelled soft-shelled turtle, and mandarin fish.

附图说明 Description of drawings

图1:青虾选育技术工艺路线途径一示意图;Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the process route of freshwater shrimp breeding technology;

图2:青虾选育技术工艺路线途径二示意图。Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the second process route of the freshwater shrimp breeding technology.

具体实施方式 Detailed ways

一、青虾选育技术工艺路线途径一示意如图1所示。1. The process route of freshwater shrimp breeding technology is shown in Figure 1.

二、青虾选育技术工艺路线途径二示意如图2所示。2. The second schematic diagram of the technical route of freshwater shrimp breeding is shown in Figure 2.

三、青虾选育技术工艺路线途径一3. Freshwater Shrimp Breeding Technology Process Route 1

(一)太湖水系野生优质青虾收购(1) Acquisition of wild high-quality freshwater shrimp in Taihu Lake

于繁殖季节前,即在3月上旬至4月下旬或7月中、下旬从天然水域中采集,要求雌虾体长≥5.0厘米,雄虾体长≥5.5厘米。雌虾、雄虾性征如下:1、雌虾:卵巢呈绿黄色或浅棕色,当卵巢变成很大的橘黄色卵巢团块,占头胸甲背面的大部分,前四对腹足的基节伸长,内缘出现较长的着卵刚毛时,卵巢即发育成熟;2、雄虾:雄性生殖器出现一个似针尖的乳突。Collected from natural waters before the breeding season, that is, from early March to late April or mid-to-late July, the body length of female shrimp is required to be ≥ 5.0 cm, and the body length of male shrimp is ≥ 5.5 cm. The sexual characteristics of female shrimp and male shrimp are as follows: 1. Female shrimp: the ovary is greenish-yellow or light brown. When the ovary becomes a large orange-yellow ovarian mass, it occupies most of the back of the carapace. When the basal segment is elongated and longer egg-bearing setae appear on the inner edge, the ovary is mature; 2. Male shrimp: a needle-like papilla appears on the male genitalia.

(二)青虾保活运输与人工筛选(2) Live-keeping transportation and manual screening of freshwater shrimp

1、保活运输1. Keep alive transportation

于繁殖季节前收购的雌虾、雄虾分开装运。运输可采取以下二种方法:(1)聚乙烯薄膜袋充氧密封运输,用双层聚乙烯薄膜袋,一般规格40厘米×70厘米为装运容器,每袋放100-150尾青虾,为防止运输过程中青虾额剑刺破薄膜而泄氧漏水,装前可将其额角尖端剪掉;(2)水槽充氧运输,将青虾适量,每100kg水装虾2kg,装入已有水的木桶、帆布桶、水槽中,放适量清洗干净的水草,充氧,加适量冰块降温,遮阳运输。Female and male shrimp purchased before the breeding season are shipped separately. The following two methods can be used for transportation: (1) Polyethylene film bags are oxygenated and sealed for transportation, using double-layer polyethylene film bags, the general size is 40 cm × 70 cm as the shipping container, and 100-150 freshwater shrimps are placed in each bag, for To prevent the forehead sword of green shrimp from piercing the film and leaking oxygen and water during transportation, the tip of the forehead horn can be cut off before loading; (2) Transport with oxygen in the water tank, put an appropriate amount of green shrimp, 2kg of shrimp per 100kg of water, and put it into the existing Put an appropriate amount of cleaned aquatic plants in wooden barrels, canvas barrels, and water tanks, oxygenate, add appropriate amount of ice cubes to cool down, and transport in shade.

2、人工筛选2. Manual screening

要求活泼健壮,肢体完整,体表光洁,无病无伤,反应灵敏,弹跳有力。It is required to be lively and strong, with complete limbs, smooth body surface, no disease or injury, quick response, and strong bounce.

(三)青虾的稳定性驯养(3) Stable domestication of freshwater shrimp

青虾运输到目的地,应经反复调试水温后,驯养于水泥池或10目/cm2的聚乙烯无结节网箱内,暂养密度为100-120尾/m2,内布置少量水草,要求水质清新、水中溶氧量≥5mg/L。驯养三天,第三天后,以轧碎的螺肉和蚌肉为饲料投喂,日投喂量先按虾总重的3%~5%试投,视情适当增减,日投喂二次,及时清除残饵和死虾,驯养周期为七天。Freshwater prawns transported to the destination should be domesticated in cement ponds or 10 mesh/cm 2 polyethylene no-nodule net cages after repeated adjustment of water temperature, with a temporary stocking density of 100-120 fish/m 2 and a small amount of aquatic plants inside , requires fresh water quality, dissolved oxygen in water ≥ 5mg/L. Domesticate for three days. After the third day, feed with crushed snail meat and mussel meat. The daily feeding amount is 3% to 5% of the total weight of the shrimp. Once, remove residual bait and dead shrimp in time, and the domestication cycle is seven days.

(四)给予环境压力选择亲虾(4) Give environmental pressure to select broodstock

将驯养结束的雌、雄亲虾分别移入养殖水质为pH值6.0-6.5和氨氮值0.5-1.0mg/L的水泥池中过渡四天,期间不投喂饲料,及时清除粪便和死虾。四天过渡结束后,用目测法选择活力强的若干个体作为亲体,并移入亲体培育池中。用于亲体选择的水泥池中水质的初始氨氮值和pH值分别用NH4Cl、HCl和NaOH进行调节。该阶段主要用于剔除对pH值和氨氮值较为敏感且受胁迫后活力明显下降的青虾个体,以保证亲虾质量。The domesticated female and male broodstock were respectively moved into cement ponds with pH 6.0-6.5 and ammonia nitrogen value 0.5-1.0 mg/L for a transition period of four days. No feed was fed during this period, and feces and dead shrimp were removed in time. After the end of the four-day transition, some individuals with strong vitality were selected by visual inspection as broodstock, and moved into the broodstock breeding pool. The initial ammonia nitrogen value and pH value of the water quality in the cement pool used for parent selection were adjusted with NH 4 Cl, HCl and NaOH, respectively. This stage is mainly used to remove individual freshwater shrimps that are sensitive to pH value and ammonia nitrogen value and whose vigor decreases significantly after being stressed, so as to ensure the quality of broodstock.

(五)亲虾培养(5) Broodstock culture

将经过环境压力选择的雌雄虾按3-5∶1比例,放入10目/cm2的聚乙烯无结节网箱内,培育密度为80-100尾或0.5kg/m2,内布少量水草,要求水质清新,水中溶氧≥5mg/L。以轧碎的螺肉和蚌肉为饵料,每日饵料投喂量按虾总重的3%~5%投喂,视情增减,以2小时内吃完为佳,每日投喂2次,上午1次,投饵量占全日的1/3,下午1次,投饵量占全日的2/3,及时清除残饵和死虾,并观察受精卵发育情况,需要越冬的青虾当水温低于10℃时停止投喂饲料。雌虾抱卵后,选择抱卵量≥4000颗/尾的个体作为正式的人工繁育亲体。Put the male and female shrimps selected by environmental pressure in a ratio of 3-5:1 into a 10 mesh/cm 2 polyethylene nodule-free net cage, with a breeding density of 80-100 tails or 0.5kg/m 2 , with a small amount of Aquatic plants require fresh water quality and dissolved oxygen in water ≥ 5mg/L. Use crushed snail meat and clam meat as bait, and the daily bait feeding amount is 3% to 5% of the total weight of the shrimp, and it can be increased or decreased depending on the situation. It is better to eat within 2 hours, and feed 2 Once in the morning, the feeding amount accounts for 1/3 of the whole day, once in the afternoon, the feeding amount accounts for 2/3 of the whole day, remove residual bait and dead shrimp in time, and observe the development of fertilized eggs. Stop feeding the feed when the water temperature is lower than 10°C. After the female shrimps conceive eggs, select individuals with an egg capacity ≥ 4000 per tail as formal artificial breeding broodstock.

(六)青虾的人工繁育(6) Artificial breeding of freshwater shrimp

可根据实际情况,因地制宜地选择水泥池繁育、网箱繁育和池塘繁育等以下方式开展人工育苗。According to the actual situation, the following methods such as cement pond breeding, net cage breeding and pond breeding can be selected to carry out artificial seedling breeding according to local conditions.

1、水泥池繁育1. Cement pond breeding

A、育苗用水A. Seedling water

要求符合我国渔业养殖水质标准(GB 11607289),可采用机井水和蓄水池水,经充氧、暴晒后使用,用氯化钠、硫酸铁、氯化钙、氯化钾、硼酸钠、硫酸镁等调配盐度,使池水盐度达到2波美度左右。It is required to comply with my country's fishery breeding water quality standard (GB 11607289). Machine well water and reservoir water can be used. After oxygenation and exposure to the sun, use sodium chloride, iron sulfate, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium borate, and magnesium sulfate. Adjust the salinity so that the salinity of the pool water reaches about 2 degrees Baume.

B、育苗设施及育苗前处理B. Seedling facilities and pre-treatment of seedlings

水泥池底面积以12~20m2,水深1.2~1.5m为宜。要求有独立的进、排水系统,育苗前5天用浓度为20mg/L的漂白粉溶液进行全池泼洒消毒。育苗时在池中安置9目/cm2、底面积4~6m2的敞口孵化网箱,箱内外放置水草以起到遮阳和净化水体作用。The cement pool bottom area should be 12-20m 2 and the water depth should be 1.2-1.5m. It is required to have an independent water inlet and drainage system, and 5 days before the seedlings are raised, the bleaching powder solution with a concentration of 20mg/L is used for the whole pool to be splashed and disinfected. When raising seedlings, place open hatching cages with 9 mesh/cm 2 and a bottom area of 4-6m 2 in the pool, and place aquatic plants inside and outside the cages to play the role of sunshade and water purification.

C、亲体管理与幼体孵化C. Broodstock management and hatching of larvae

当雌虾腹部卵粒由油绿色变为灰白色且眼点清楚,心跳次数达200次/分钟时,便进入人工繁育程序。抱卵虾以密度0.5kg/m2左右入箱后,以杂鱼、豆饼等饲料投喂,日投饵量一般为亲虾体重的8%左右,每日分两次投喂,早晚各1次,每天采用微流水刺激,微流水的流速在0.15~0.20m/s,日排污1次,定时清除残饵及粪便,检查亲虾脱苗情况,增氧并保持溶氧在5.5mg/L以上、pH值7~8之间。待幼体孵出,池水中蚤状幼体达到500尾/L以上时,即可将亲虾和孵化箱移出,进行虾苗培育。When the abdominal eggs of the female shrimp turn from oily green to off-white with clear eye spots and the heart rate reaches 200 times per minute, the artificial breeding program is started. After the egg-bearing shrimps are put into the box with a density of about 0.5kg/ m2 , they are fed with miscellaneous fish, bean cakes and other feeds. The daily feeding amount is generally about 8% of the body weight of the broodstock shrimps. The feeding is divided into two times a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. , use micro-flow water stimulation every day, the flow rate of micro-flow water is 0.15-0.20m/s, discharge sewage once a day, regularly remove residual bait and feces, check the situation of broodstock molting, increase oxygen and keep dissolved oxygen above 5.5mg/L , The pH value is between 7 and 8. When the larvae hatch and the number of flea-like larvae in the pool reaches more than 500 tails/L, the broodstock and the incubator can be removed for seedling cultivation.

D、幼体培育D. Cultivation of larvae

蚤状幼体孵出2-3天后开始投喂饵料,投喂的鸡蛋黄和熟鱼糜用80目筛绢过滤后进行泼洒,日投喂量为每10万尾虾苗投喂0.5kg鲜鱼和2只鸡蛋,日投喂6-7次。7天后,改用豆粉和鱼粉,每天分3次投喂。15天后开始投喂鱼粉、面糠和玉米粉混合饲料,日投喂量为虾苗总体重的4-5%,沿池壁投放,日投喂2次,其中上午投全天饵料量的40%,下午投全天饵料量的60%。育苗期间每隔2-3天加注新水1次,加水高度10-15cm/次,总体养殖池内保持1米左右高度水位。Feed bait 2-3 days after the larvae hatch. The egg yolk and cooked surimi are filtered through an 80-mesh sieve and sprinkled. The daily feeding amount is 0.5kg of fresh fish per 100,000 shrimp fry. and 2 eggs, fed 6-7 times a day. After 7 days, switch to soybean meal and fish meal, and feed them three times a day. After 15 days, start to feed mixed feed of fish meal, flour bran and corn flour. The daily feeding amount is 4-5% of the total weight of the shrimp seedlings, and it is thrown along the wall of the pond. The daily feeding is 2 times, of which 40% of the whole day's bait is thrown in the morning. %, throw 60% of the bait for the whole day in the afternoon. During the nursery period, add new water once every 2-3 days, and add water at a height of 10-15cm/time, and maintain a water level of about 1 meter in the overall culture pond.

2、网箱繁育2. Cage breeding

若无专门的繁殖育苗池塘,可在水质较好的成鱼池或鱼种池中进行网箱育苗。池塘架设增氧设备,繁育前30天,用生石灰50kg/亩全池泼洒对池塘进行彻底清塘;繁育前15-20天,视水质情况泼洒豆浆3-5天肥水培养天然饵料。培育箱网目为120目/cm2、面积25-30m2,安置在水深1.5m以上、透明度35-40cm,溶氧保持在5mg/L的地方,孵化箱网目为9目/cm2、底面积8-10m2,套置在培育箱中,孵化箱中亲虾放养量为0.5kg/m2左右,幼体孵出后,将亲虾和孵化箱移出进行虾苗培育,为确保幼体有充足的天然饵料,培育期间共施豆浆3次,3-5天/次,每次施豆浆量5kg/亩,并根据水的透明度及时注排水,苗种培育后期水位高度保持1.2m左右,保证幼体在优良的水环境中生长。幼体培育期间饲料的投喂种类与数量同水泥池繁育的方法,随着人工饲料和豆浆的不断投入,水体pH值缓慢下降,池水变肥、变浓,尤其是在培育后期,每隔5-7天加注新水一次,每次添加5厘米高度,并按育苗池塘的水体面积适当泼洒生物制剂,改善池塘内水质环境。在此期间要用气石充氧,经常检查网箱是否破损,并保持网箱周围清洁、水交换通畅。If there is no special breeding and nursery pond, cage breeding can be carried out in adult fish ponds or fingerling ponds with better water quality. Set up oxygenation equipment in the pond, and 30 days before breeding, use quicklime 50kg/mu to clear the pond thoroughly; 15-20 days before breeding, depending on the water quality, sprinkle soybean milk for 3-5 days to cultivate natural bait. The mesh of the incubator is 120 mesh/cm 2 , the area is 25-30m 2 , it is placed in a place where the water depth is above 1.5m, the transparency is 35-40cm, and the dissolved oxygen is kept at 5mg/L. The mesh of the incubator is 9 mesh/cm 2 , The bottom area is 8-10m 2 , and it is nested in the incubator. The amount of broodstock in the incubator is about 0.5kg/m 2 . Sufficient natural bait, soy milk was applied 3 times during the cultivation period, 3-5 days/time, the amount of soy milk applied each time was 5kg/mu, and water was poured in time according to the transparency of the water. The water level in the later stage of seed cultivation was kept at about 1.2m to ensure Larvae grow in good water conditions. The type and quantity of feed during larvae cultivation are the same as those in cement pond breeding. With the continuous input of artificial feed and soybean milk, the pH value of the water body will slowly decrease, and the water in the pond will become fatter and thicker. Especially in the later stage of cultivation, every 5- Add new water once every 7 days, add 5 cm height each time, and properly sprinkle biological agents according to the water body area of the nursery pond to improve the water quality environment in the pond. During this period, air stones should be used to oxygenate, and the cages should be checked frequently for damage, and the surroundings of the cages should be kept clean and the water exchange should be smooth.

3、池塘繁育3. Pond breeding

A、池塘条件A. Pond conditions

选择若干个面积为1-3亩的池塘,要求池深≥1.5米,池塘供排水系统完善,水源条件较好,水质无污染。Choose a number of ponds with an area of 1-3 mu. The pond depth is required to be ≥ 1.5 meters. The pond water supply and drainage system is complete, the water source conditions are good, and the water quality is free from pollution.

B、彻底清塘B. Thoroughly clear the pond

4月底至5月初要对池塘进行消毒。将池水排至10-20厘米,用生石灰带水清塘,生石灰用量150-200kg/亩,要求泼洒均匀。The pond should be disinfected from the end of April to the beginning of May. Drain the pool water to 10-20 cm, clear the pond with quicklime, the amount of quicklime is 150-200kg/mu, and it is required to be evenly sprinkled.

C、栽种水草C. to plant aquatic plants

清塘7-10天后开始移栽水草,待水草成群后可以投放抱卵虾。投放抱卵虾前要视池中的情况,进行杀虫处理,投放前4-5天施用鱼虫杀星等对虾类刺激性小的杀虫药物以杀灭水中的大型枝角类、水蜘蛛等水生昆虫,同时将池内水加至50-60厘米高度。After 7-10 days in the clear pond, the aquatic plants will be transplanted. After the aquatic plants form groups, the egg-bearing shrimp can be put in. Before putting egg-bearing shrimps into the pond, it is necessary to carry out insecticidal treatment according to the situation in the pond. 4-5 days before putting in, use insecticides such as fish insecticides that are less irritating to shrimps to kill large cladocerans and water spiders in the water. Aquatic insects, while adding water to the pool to a height of 50-60 cm.

D、投放抱卵虾D. Put egg-bearing shrimp

待药性消失后,投放抱卵虾8-10kg/亩。为便于观察抱卵虾受精卵发育情况,可在池塘内设置若干个底面积为1-2m2的网箱,每只网箱投放抱卵虾50尾左右,每天观察抱卵虾受精卵的颜色变化,当受精卵变成紫色并出现眼点时,应在池塘四角堆施熟化的有机肥,培养池塘中的基础饵料,以便破膜的蚤状幼体获得开口饵料。After the drug resistance disappears, 8-10kg/mu of egg-bearing shrimps are put in. In order to observe the development of fertilized eggs of ovum-bearing shrimps, several net cages with a bottom area of 1-2m2 can be set in the pond, and about 50 ovum-bearing shrimps can be placed in each cage, and the color change of the fertilized eggs of ovum-bearing shrimps can be observed every day. When the fertilized eggs turn purple and eye spots appear, the mature organic fertilizer should be piled up on the four corners of the pond to cultivate the basic bait in the pond, so that the membrane-ruptured zoar larvae can obtain open bait.

E、幼体培育E. Cultivation of larvae

蚤状幼体培育饲料主要为浮游生物,可采取培养天然饵料的方法,满足其需要。当幼体经6~7次蜕皮后,胸腹部的附肢已发育完全,外形与成虾一样,体长0.8~1厘米后投喂颗粒饲料。培育期间每天监测溶氧、pH值、氨氮值、亚硝酸盐等水质指标,发现问题及时处置。The feed for zoa larvae is mainly plankton, and the method of cultivating natural bait can be adopted to meet their needs. After 6 to 7 times of molting, the appendages of the thorax and abdomen have been fully developed, and the appearance is the same as that of adult shrimps. After the body length is 0.8 to 1 cm, they are fed with pellet feed. During the cultivation period, water quality indicators such as dissolved oxygen, pH value, ammonia nitrogen value, and nitrite were monitored every day, and problems were found to be dealt with in time.

(七)青虾人工养殖(7) Artificial culture of freshwater shrimp

1、养殖池塘1. Breeding pond

养殖池塘面积2-5亩为佳,水深1.2-1.8米左右,池塘塘埂要有一定的坡度,坡度比通常为1∶2-3。池塘供排水系统完善,有水草,池塘淤泥厚10厘米左右。一般配备1.5KW增氧机1台/亩,进排水口要用密眼网或双层筛绢遮拦,防止敌害生物和野杂鱼及排出的卵进入池塘。The area of the breeding pond is preferably 2-5 mu, and the water depth is about 1.2-1.8 meters. The pond ridge must have a certain slope, and the slope ratio is usually 1:2-3. The water supply and drainage system of the pond is perfect, there are aquatic plants, and the pond silt is about 10 cm thick. It is generally equipped with 1.5KW aerator per mu, and the inlet and outlet should be blocked with dense mesh or double-layer sieve silk to prevent harmful organisms, wild fish and eggs discharged from entering the pond.

2、养殖用水2. Breeding water

要求水源充足,水质清新无污染,溶氧量≥5mg/L,底层溶解氧含量≥3mg/L,pH值7.5-8.0。It is required that the water source is sufficient, the water quality is fresh and pollution-free, the dissolved oxygen content is ≥5mg/L, the bottom dissolved oxygen content is ≥3mg/L, and the pH value is 7.5-8.0.

3、清塘消毒3. Clear pond disinfection

冬季对池塘进行曝晒,虾苗放养前7-10天,用75-100kg/亩的生石灰全池泼洒消毒,以杀灭病原体和敌害生物。池塘消毒后10天移栽水生植物,在离塘埂1米的浅水地带沿虾塘四周移栽,草带宽1米左右,移栽面积占全塘面积的1/5左右。The pond is exposed to the sun in winter, and 7-10 days before the shrimp seedlings are stocked, the whole pond is sprayed and disinfected with 75-100kg/mu of quicklime to kill pathogens and harmful organisms. Transplant aquatic plants 10 days after pond disinfection, and transplant along the shrimp pond in a shallow water zone 1 meter away from the pond ridge. The grass width is about 1 meter, and the transplanted area accounts for about 1/5 of the whole pond area.

4、加水施肥4. Add water and fertilize

生石灰消毒2-3天后,池塘内加水高度50-60厘米,施入经过发酵的有机肥150-200kg/亩,以培育池水中的天然基础饵料生物。After 2-3 days of quicklime disinfection, add water to a height of 50-60 cm in the pond, and apply 150-200 kg/mu of fermented organic fertilizer to cultivate natural basic food organisms in the pond water.

5、养殖环境调控5. Breeding environment regulation

虾池加水后随即种草,水草覆盖面积控制在总水面的30%左右,池水的透明度30厘米左右。移栽水草后往池塘施0.5-0.75吨/亩粪肥作基肥。After the shrimp pond is filled with water, grass is planted immediately, and the coverage area of aquatic plants is controlled at about 30% of the total water surface, and the transparency of the pond water is about 30 cm. After transplanting aquatic plants, apply 0.5-0.75 tons/mu of manure to the pond as base fertilizer.

6、苗种放养6. Stocking of seedlings

待清塘消毒后7-10天放养虾苗,虾苗放养量为5-6万尾/亩,规格在1.5厘米左右。虾苗放养宜在阴天或阴雨天进行,如遇晴天应早上或晚上进行放苗,避免阳光直射,影响成活率。苗种要求规格整齐,肢体完整,一次性放苗充足。Shrimp seedlings are stocked 7-10 days after the cleaning pond is disinfected. The stocking quantity of shrimp seedlings is 50,000-60,000/mu, and the size is about 1.5 cm. Shrimp seedlings should be stocked on cloudy or rainy days. If it is sunny, the seedlings should be stocked in the morning or evening to avoid direct sunlight, which will affect the survival rate. Seedlings require neat specifications, complete limbs, and sufficient seedlings at one time.

7、饲料及投喂技巧7. Feed and feeding skills

青虾为杂食偏动物性食性,可用豆粕、菜饼、米糠、鱼粉、野杂鱼、河蚌、螺狮作为饲料。饲料要求优质、新鲜、适口,幼虾期要求饲料粗蛋白质含量达35%-40%,中后期体长4厘米以上,投喂成虾料,粗蛋白质含量达30-32%。Freshwater prawns are omnivorous and partial to animal feeding habits. Soybean meal, vegetable cakes, rice bran, fish meal, wild fish, river mussels, and snails can be used as feed. Feeds are required to be high-quality, fresh and palatable. The crude protein content of feed should reach 35%-40% in the juvenile shrimp stage, and the body length in the middle and later stages should be more than 4 cm. When feeding adult shrimp feed, the crude protein content should reach 30-32%.

日投喂量为虾总体重7-10%,上午、下午各投喂1次,上午投喂量为全日投喂量的三分之一,要以动物性饵料为主;下午投喂量为全日投喂量的三分之二,要以青虾颗粒饲料为主,饵料要均匀地沿池塘四周投放在离塘埂边近1米处的浅水滩边。The daily feeding amount is 7-10% of the total weight of the shrimp, and the feeding amount is once in the morning and afternoon. Two-thirds of the daily feeding amount should be mainly freshwater shrimp pellet feed, and the bait should be evenly placed on the edge of the shallow water near the edge of the pond ridge along the pond.

8、日常管理8. Daily management

每天早晚巡塘,遇闷热天气,增加半夜巡塘次数,仔细观察青虾活动。根据季节调节水位,7-9月高温季节,5-7天换水1次,换水量为塘内高度20~30厘米,同时要做好虾塘增氧,做到晴天中午开机增氧,阴天清晨开机增氧,连续阴雨半夜开机增氧。如发现浮头迹象,应尽早开机增氧,必要时再加注新水和泼洒增氧剂进行急救。Patrol ponds every morning and evening, in case of hot weather, increase the number of pond patrols in the middle of the night, and carefully observe the activity of freshwater shrimp. Adjust the water level according to the season. In the high temperature season from July to September, change the water once every 5-7 days. The water change volume is 20-30 cm in the height of the pond. Turn on the oxygen in the early morning, and turn on the oxygen in the middle of the night when it rains continuously. If signs of floating head are found, start the machine to increase oxygen as soon as possible, and if necessary, refill with new water and sprinkle oxygen enhancer for first aid.

(八)建立青虾生物淘汰机制(8) Establish a biological elimination mechanism for freshwater shrimp

青虾放苗30天后,即青虾体长达到3厘米左右时,养殖池内放入一定数量的底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物,利用其对青虾产生的捕食压力,实施生物淘汰。具体要求为:After 30 days of freshwater shrimp seedlings, that is, when the body length of freshwater shrimp reaches about 3 cm, a certain number of benthic carnivorous and ferocious aquatic economic animals are put into the breeding pond, and the predation pressure produced by them on freshwater shrimp is used to implement biological elimination. The specific requirements are:

1、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物种类及规格:河鳗250-350克/尾或中华鳖200-300克/只或鳜鱼150-200克/尾。1. Types and specifications of benthic carnivorous and ferocious aquatic economic animals: river eel 250-350 grams/tail or Chinese soft-shelled turtle 200-300 grams/tail or mandarin fish 150-200 grams/tail.

2、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物放养数量:按青虾放养量为5万尾/亩计,放养量为河鳗60-100尾/亩或中华鳖40-60只/亩或鳜鱼160-100尾/亩。2. The number of benthic carnivorous and ferocious aquatic economic animals stocked: based on the stocking amount of green shrimps is 50,000/mu, the stocking amount is 60-100 river eels/mu or 40-60 Chinese soft-shelled turtles/mu or 160 mandarin fishes. -100 tails/mu.

3、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物放养个体要求:规格整体、无病无伤无畸形、反应灵敏、健康活泼、运动能力强。3. Benthic carnivores, ferocious aquatic economic animals, individual requirements for stocking: overall size, no disease, no injury, no deformity, quick response, healthy and lively, strong exercise ability.

4、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物放养前处理:按常规方法消毒处理后放养。4. Pre-stocking treatment of benthic carnivorous and ferocious aquatic economic animals: according to conventional methods, they should be disinfected and then stocked.

该生物淘汰机制的目的在于:(1)消除那些相对弱质青虾个体和性早熟个体,减少疾病传播,提高选育成功率;(2)用捕食压力作为选择青虾种质的辅助手段,提高青虾个体的运动力和肌肉品质;(3)通过摄食劣质青虾,提高凶猛性底栖肉食鱼类的商品价值。The purpose of this biological elimination mechanism is: (1) eliminate those relatively weak-quality freshwater shrimp individuals and precocious individuals, reduce disease transmission, and increase the success rate of breeding; (2) use predation pressure as an auxiliary means for selecting freshwater shrimp germplasm, improve (3) Increase the commercial value of ferocious benthic carnivorous fish by ingesting low-quality freshwater shrimp.

(九)捕获青虾中选择适宜规格青虾(9) Select the appropriate size of freshwater shrimp from the freshwater shrimp

繁殖季节前用目大0.3-0.4厘米的大网目虾笼捕获池中的青虾,分拣活泼健壮、肢体完整、体表光洁、无病无伤、反应灵敏、有弹跳力,体长≥6.0厘米的雄虾和体长≥5.5厘米的雌虾,分别移入水泥池或网箱中稳定暂养7天,其培育方法与前述:“(三)青虾的稳定性驯养”内容相同。此时,池内放养的底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物也可视市场行情捕捞上市。Before the breeding season, use a large-mesh shrimp cage with a mesh size of 0.3-0.4 cm to capture the freshwater shrimp in the pond. The sorting is lively and robust, with complete limbs, smooth body surface, no disease or injury, quick response, bouncing ability, body length ≥ The male shrimp with a body length of 6.0 cm and the female shrimp with a body length of ≥5.5 cm were moved into cement ponds or cages for stable temporary cultivation for 7 days. At this time, the benthic carnivorous ferocious aquatic economic animals stocked in the pond can also be caught and listed according to the market conditions.

重复循环“(三)青虾的稳定性驯养”至“(九)捕获青虾中选择适宜规格青虾”步骤8次以上,便可以得到性状稳定的优质青虾品种。Repeat the steps of "(3) stable domestication of freshwater shrimp" to "(nine) selection of freshwater shrimp with appropriate specifications from captured freshwater shrimp" more than 8 times, and high-quality freshwater shrimp varieties with stable properties can be obtained.

四、青虾选育技术工艺路线途径二4. Freshwater Shrimp Breeding Technology Process Route 2

(一)太湖水系野生优质抱卵雌虾的收购(1) Acquisition of wild high-quality egg-bearing female shrimp in the Taihu Lake water system

于雌虾抱卵盛期,采集太湖水系优质野生抱卵雌虾若干作为育苗用亲本,要求活力强、反应敏捷,雌虾体长5.5厘米,抱卵量≥4000颗/尾;During the peak brooding period of female shrimps, some high-quality wild brooding female shrimps in the Taihu Lake water system are collected as parents for seedlings, which require strong vitality and quick response.

(二)抱卵雌虾保活运输与人工筛选(2) Live-keeping transportation and manual screening of egg-bearing female shrimp

1、保活运输1. Keep alive transportation

需长途运输的宜选卵粒呈绿色或绿黄色的亲虾,早期胚胎在运输中不易脱落,短途运输的可选卵粒呈浅棕色及胚体末完全出现眼点的亲虾。运输可采取以下二种方法:(1)聚乙烯薄膜袋充氧密封运输,用双层聚乙烯薄膜袋,一般规格40厘米×70厘米为装运容器,每袋放100-150尾亲虾,为防止运输过程中青虾额剑刺破薄膜而泄氧漏水,装前可将其额角尖端剪掉;(2)水槽充氧运输,将亲虾适量,每100kg水装虾2kg,装入已有水的木桶、帆布桶、水槽中,放适量清洗干净的水草,充氧,加适量冰块降温,遮阳运输。For long-distance transportation, broodstock with green or greenish-yellow eggs should be selected. Early embryos are not easy to fall off during transportation. For short-distance transportation, you can choose broodstock with light brown eggs and eye spots at the end of the embryo body. The following two methods can be used for transportation: (1) Polyethylene film bags are oxygenated and sealed for transportation, using double-layer polyethylene film bags, the general size is 40 cm × 70 cm as the shipping container, and 100-150 broodstock shrimps are placed in each bag, for To prevent freshwater shrimps from piercing the film with their forehead swords during transportation and leak oxygen and water, cut off the tip of their foreheads before loading; (2) oxygenate the water tank for transportation, put an appropriate amount of broodstock shrimp, 2kg of shrimp per 100kg of water, and put them into the existing Put an appropriate amount of cleaned aquatic plants in wooden barrels, canvas barrels, and water tanks, oxygenate, add appropriate amount of ice cubes to cool down, and transport in shade.

2、人工筛选2. Manual screening

要求活泼健壮,肢体完整,体表光洁,无病无伤,反应灵敏,有弹跳力。It is required to be lively and strong, with complete limbs, smooth body surface, no disease or injury, quick response and jumping ability.

(三)青虾的人工繁育(3) Artificial breeding of freshwater shrimp

可根据实际情况,因地制宜地选择水泥池繁育、网箱繁育和池塘繁育等以下方式开展人工育苗。According to the actual situation, the following methods such as cement pond breeding, net cage breeding and pond breeding can be selected to carry out artificial seedling breeding according to local conditions.

1、水泥池繁育1. Cement pond breeding

A、育苗用水A. Seedling water

要求符合我国渔业养殖水质标准(GB 11607289),可采用机井水和蓄水池水,经充氧、暴晒后使用,用氯化钠、硫酸铁、氯化钙、氯化钾、硼酸钠、硫酸镁等调配盐度,使池水盐度达到2波美度左右。It is required to comply with my country's fishery breeding water quality standard (GB 11607289). Machine well water and reservoir water can be used. After oxygenation and exposure to the sun, use sodium chloride, iron sulfate, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium borate, and magnesium sulfate. Adjust the salinity so that the salinity of the pool water reaches about 2 degrees Baume.

B、育苗设施及育苗前处理B. Seedling facilities and pre-treatment of seedlings

水泥池底面积以12-20m2,水深1.2-1.5m为宜。要求有独立的进、排水系统,育苗前5天用浓度为20mg/L的漂白粉溶液进行全池泼洒消毒。育苗时在池中安置9目/cm2、底面积4~6m2的敞口孵化网箱,箱内外放置水草以起到遮阳和净化水体作用。The cement pool bottom area should be 12-20m 2 , and the water depth should be 1.2-1.5m. It is required to have an independent water inlet and drainage system, and 5 days before the seedlings are raised, the bleaching powder solution with a concentration of 20mg/L is used for the whole pool to be splashed and disinfected. When raising seedlings, place open hatching cages with 9 mesh/cm 2 and a bottom area of 4-6m 2 in the pool, and place aquatic plants inside and outside the cages to play the role of sunshade and water purification.

C、亲体管理与幼体孵化C. Broodstock management and hatching of larvae

当雌虾腹部卵粒由油绿色变为灰白色且眼点清楚,心跳次数达200次/分钟时,便进入人工繁育程序。抱卵虾以密度0.5kg/m2左右入箱后,以杂鱼、豆饼等饲料投喂,日投饵量一般为亲虾体重的8%左右,每日分两次投喂,早晚各1次,每天采用微流水刺激,微流水的流速在0.15-0.20m/s,日排污1次,定时清除残饵及粪便,检查亲虾脱苗情况,增氧并保持溶氧在5.5mg/L以上、pH值7-8之间。待幼体孵出,池水中蚤状幼体达到500尾/L以上时,即可将亲虾和孵化箱移出,进行虾苗培育。When the abdominal eggs of the female shrimp turn from oily green to off-white with clear eye spots and the heart rate reaches 200 times per minute, the artificial breeding program is started. After the egg-bearing shrimps are put into the box with a density of about 0.5kg/ m2 , they are fed with miscellaneous fish, bean cakes and other feeds. The daily feeding amount is generally about 8% of the body weight of the broodstock shrimps. The feeding is divided into two times a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. , Stimulate with micro-flow water every day, the flow rate of micro-flow water is 0.15-0.20m/s, discharge sewage once a day, regularly remove residual bait and feces, check the situation of broodstock molting, increase oxygen and keep dissolved oxygen above 5.5mg/L , between pH 7-8. When the larvae hatch and the number of flea-like larvae in the pool reaches more than 500 tails/L, the broodstock and the incubator can be removed for seedling cultivation.

D、幼体培育D. Cultivation of larvae

蚤状幼体孵出2-3天后开始投喂饵料,投喂的鸡蛋黄和熟鱼糜用80目筛绢过滤后进行泼洒,日投喂量为每10万尾虾苗投喂0.5kg鲜鱼和2只鸡蛋,日投喂6-7次。7天后,改用豆粉和鱼粉,每天分3次投喂。15天后开始投喂鱼粉、面糠和玉米粉混合饲料,日投喂量为虾苗总体重的4-5%,沿池壁投放,日投喂2次,其中上午投全天饵料量的40%,下午投全天饵料量的60%。育苗期间每隔2-3天加注新水1次,加水高度10-15cm/次,总体养殖池内保持1米左右高度水位。Feed bait 2-3 days after the larvae hatch. The egg yolk and cooked surimi are filtered through an 80-mesh sieve and sprinkled. The daily feeding amount is 0.5kg of fresh fish per 100,000 shrimp fry. and 2 eggs, fed 6-7 times a day. After 7 days, switch to soybean meal and fish meal, and feed them three times a day. After 15 days, start to feed mixed feed of fish meal, flour bran and corn flour. The daily feeding amount is 4-5% of the total weight of the shrimp seedlings, and it is thrown along the wall of the pond. The daily feeding is 2 times, of which 40% of the whole day's bait is thrown in the morning. %, throw 60% of the bait for the whole day in the afternoon. During the nursery period, add new water once every 2-3 days, and add water at a height of 10-15cm/time, and maintain a water level of about 1 meter in the overall culture pond.

2、网箱繁育2. Cage breeding

若无专门的繁殖育苗池塘,可在水质较好的成鱼池或鱼种池中进行网箱育苗。池塘架设增氧设备,繁育前30天,用生石灰50kg/亩全池泼洒对池塘进行彻底清塘;繁育前15-20天,视水质情况泼洒豆浆3~5天肥水培养天然饵料。培育箱网目为120目/cm2、面积25-30m2,安置在水深1.5m以上、透明度35-40cm,溶氧保持在5mg/L的地方,孵化箱网目为9目/cm2、底面积8-10m2,套置在培育箱中,孵化箱中亲虾放养量为0.5kg/m2左右,幼体孵出后,将亲虾和孵化箱移出进行虾苗培育,为确保幼体有充足的天然饵料,培育期间共施豆浆3次,3-5天/次,每次施豆浆量5kg/亩,并根据水的透明度及时注排水,苗种培育后期水位高度保持1.2m左右,保证幼体在优良的水环境中生长。幼体培育期间饲料的投喂种类与数量同水泥池繁育的方法,随着人工饲料和豆浆的不断投入,水体pH值缓慢下降,池水变肥、变浓,尤其是在培育后期,每隔5-7天加注新水一次,每次添加5厘米高度,并按育苗池塘的水体面积适当泼洒生物制剂,改善池塘内水质环境。在此期间要用气石充氧,经常检查网箱是否破损,并保持网箱周围清洁、水交换通畅。If there is no special breeding and nursery pond, cage breeding can be carried out in adult fish ponds or fingerling ponds with better water quality. Set up oxygenation equipment in the pond, and 30 days before breeding, use quicklime 50kg/mu to clear the pond thoroughly; 15-20 days before breeding, depending on the water quality, sprinkle soybean milk for 3-5 days to cultivate natural bait. The mesh of the incubator is 120 mesh/cm 2 , the area is 25-30m 2 , it is placed in a place where the water depth is above 1.5m, the transparency is 35-40cm, and the dissolved oxygen is kept at 5mg/L. The mesh of the incubator is 9 mesh/cm 2 , The bottom area is 8-10m 2 , and it is nested in the incubator. The amount of broodstock in the incubator is about 0.5kg/m 2 . Sufficient natural bait, soy milk was applied 3 times during the cultivation period, 3-5 days/time, the amount of soy milk applied each time was 5kg/mu, and water was poured in time according to the transparency of the water. The water level in the later stage of seed cultivation was kept at about 1.2m to ensure Larvae grow in good water conditions. The type and quantity of feed during larvae cultivation are the same as those in cement pond breeding. With the continuous input of artificial feed and soybean milk, the pH value of the water body will slowly decrease, and the water in the pond will become fatter and thicker. Especially in the later stage of cultivation, every 5- Add new water once every 7 days, add 5 cm height each time, and properly sprinkle biological agents according to the water body area of the nursery pond to improve the water quality environment in the pond. During this period, air stones should be used to oxygenate, and the cages should be checked frequently for damage, and the surroundings of the cages should be kept clean and the water exchange should be smooth.

3、池塘繁育3. Pond breeding

A、池塘条件A. Pond conditions

选择若干个面积为1-3亩的池塘,要求池深≥1.5米,池塘供排水系统完善,水源条件较好,水质无污染。Choose a number of ponds with an area of 1-3 mu. The pond depth is required to be ≥ 1.5 meters. The pond water supply and drainage system is complete, the water source conditions are good, and the water quality is free from pollution.

B、彻底清塘B. Thoroughly clear the pond

4月底至5月初要对池塘进行消毒。将池水排至10-20厘米,用生石灰带水清塘,生石灰用量150-200kg/亩,要求泼洒均匀。The pond should be disinfected from the end of April to the beginning of May. Drain the pool water to 10-20 cm, clear the pond with quicklime, the amount of quicklime is 150-200kg/mu, and it is required to be evenly sprinkled.

C、栽种水草C. to plant aquatic plants

清塘7-10天后开始移栽水草,待水草成群后可以投放抱卵虾。投放抱卵虾前要视池中的情况,进行杀虫处理,投放前4-5天施用鱼虫杀星等对虾类刺激性小的杀虫药物以杀灭水中的大型枝角类、水蜘蛛等水生昆虫,同时将池内水加至50-60厘米高度。After 7-10 days in the clear pond, the aquatic plants will be transplanted. After the aquatic plants form groups, the egg-bearing shrimp can be put in. Before putting egg-bearing shrimps into the pond, it is necessary to carry out insecticidal treatment according to the situation in the pond. 4-5 days before putting in, use insecticides such as fish insecticides that are less irritating to shrimps to kill large cladocerans and water spiders in the water. Aquatic insects, while adding water to the pool to a height of 50-60 cm.

D、投放抱卵虾D. Put egg-bearing shrimp

待药性消失后,投放抱卵虾8-10kg/亩。为便于观察抱卵虾受精卵发育情况,可在池塘内设置若干个底面积为1-2m2的网箱,每只网箱投放抱卵虾50尾左右,每天观察抱卵虾受精卵的颜色变化,当受精卵变成紫色并出现眼点时,应在池塘四角堆施熟化的有机肥,培养池塘中的基础饵料,以便破膜的蚤状幼体获得开口饵料。After the drug resistance disappears, 8-10kg/mu of egg-bearing shrimps are put in. In order to observe the development of fertilized eggs of ovum-bearing shrimps, several net cages with a bottom area of 1-2m2 can be set in the pond, and about 50 ovum-bearing shrimps can be placed in each cage, and the color change of the fertilized eggs of ovum-bearing shrimps can be observed every day. When the fertilized eggs turn purple and eye spots appear, the mature organic fertilizer should be piled up on the four corners of the pond to cultivate the basic bait in the pond, so that the membrane-ruptured zoar larvae can obtain open bait.

E、幼体培育E. Cultivation of larvae

蚤状幼体培育饲料主要为浮游生物,可采取培养天然饵料的方法,满足其需要。当幼体经6-7次蜕皮后,胸腹部的附肢已发育完全,外形与成虾一样,体长0.8-1厘米后投喂颗粒饲料。培育期间每天监测溶氧、pH值、氨氮值、亚硝酸盐等水质指标,发现问题及时处置。The feed for zoa larvae is mainly plankton, and the method of cultivating natural bait can be adopted to meet their needs. After the larvae have molted 6-7 times, the appendages of the chest and abdomen have been fully developed, and the shape is the same as that of the adult shrimp. After the body length is 0.8-1 cm, the pellet feed is fed. During the cultivation period, water quality indicators such as dissolved oxygen, pH value, ammonia nitrogen value, and nitrite were monitored every day, and problems were found to be dealt with in time.

经30-40天的培育,当幼虾长至2厘米左右时可出池用于养殖。出苗拉网用夏花网即可,在捕捞前应将池中水草剔除以便拉网操作。运输时在容器中应适当辅设一些水草,以提高运输的成活率。After 30-40 days of cultivation, when the juvenile shrimp grows to about 2 cm, they can go out of the pond for breeding. Summer flower nets can be used for seedling netting, and aquatic plants in the pond should be removed before fishing for netting operations. During transportation, some water plants should be properly added in the container to improve the survival rate of transportation.

(四)青虾人工养殖(4) Artificial culture of freshwater shrimp

1、养殖池塘1. Breeding pond

养殖池塘面积2-5亩为佳,水深1.2-1.8米左右,池塘塘埂要有一定的坡度,坡度比通常为1∶2-3。池塘供排水系统完善,有水草,池塘淤泥厚10厘米左右。一般配备1.5KW增氧机1台/亩,进排水口要用密眼网或双层筛绢遮拦,防止敌害生物和野杂鱼及排出的卵进入池塘。The area of the breeding pond is preferably 2-5 mu, and the water depth is about 1.2-1.8 meters. The pond ridge must have a certain slope, and the slope ratio is usually 1:2-3. The water supply and drainage system of the pond is perfect, there are aquatic plants, and the pond silt is about 10 cm thick. It is generally equipped with 1.5KW aerator per mu, and the inlet and outlet should be blocked with dense mesh or double-layer sieve silk to prevent harmful organisms, wild fish and eggs discharged from entering the pond.

2、养殖用水2. Breeding water

要求水源充足,水质清新无污染,溶氧量≥5mg/L,底层溶解氧含量≥3mg/L,pH值7.5-8.0。It is required that the water source is sufficient, the water quality is fresh and pollution-free, the dissolved oxygen content is ≥5mg/L, the bottom dissolved oxygen content is ≥3mg/L, and the pH value is 7.5-8.0.

3、清塘消毒3. Clear pond disinfection

冬季对池塘进行曝晒,虾苗放养前7-10天,用75-100kg/亩的生石灰全池泼洒消毒,以杀灭病原体和敌害生物。池塘消毒后10天移栽水生植物,在离塘埂1米的浅水地带沿虾塘四周移栽,草带宽1米左右,移栽面积占全塘面积的1/5左右。The pond is exposed to the sun in winter, and 7-10 days before the shrimp seedlings are stocked, the whole pond is sprayed and disinfected with 75-100kg/mu of quicklime to kill pathogens and harmful organisms. Transplant aquatic plants 10 days after pond disinfection, and transplant along the shrimp pond in a shallow water zone 1 meter away from the pond ridge. The grass width is about 1 meter, and the transplanted area accounts for about 1/5 of the whole pond area.

4、加水施肥4. Add water and fertilize

生石灰消毒2-3天后,池塘内加水高度50-60厘米,施入经过发酵的有机肥150-200kg/亩,以培育池水中的天然基础饵料生物。After 2-3 days of quicklime disinfection, add water to a height of 50-60 cm in the pond, and apply 150-200 kg/mu of fermented organic fertilizer to cultivate natural basic food organisms in the pond water.

5、养殖环境调控5. Breeding environment regulation

虾池加水后随即种草,水草覆盖面积控制在总水面的30%左右,池水的透明度30厘米左右。移栽水草后往池塘施0.5-0.75吨/亩粪肥作基肥。After the shrimp pond is filled with water, grass is planted immediately, and the coverage area of aquatic plants is controlled at about 30% of the total water surface, and the transparency of the pond water is about 30 cm. After transplanting aquatic plants, apply 0.5-0.75 tons/mu of manure to the pond as base fertilizer.

6、苗种放养6. Stocking of seedlings

待清塘消毒后7-10天放养虾苗,虾苗放养量为5-6万尾/亩,规格在1.5厘米左右。虾苗放养宜在阴天或阴雨天进行,如遇晴天应早上或晚上进行放苗,避免阳光直射,影响成活率。苗种要求规格整齐,肢体完整,一次性放苗充足。Shrimp seedlings are stocked 7-10 days after the cleaning pond is disinfected. The stocking quantity of shrimp seedlings is 50,000-60,000/mu, and the size is about 1.5 cm. Shrimp seedlings should be stocked on cloudy or rainy days. If it is sunny, the seedlings should be stocked in the morning or evening to avoid direct sunlight, which will affect the survival rate. Seedlings require neat specifications, complete limbs, and sufficient seedlings at one time.

7、饲料及投喂技巧7. Feed and feeding skills

青虾为杂食偏动物性食性,可用豆粕、菜饼、米糠、鱼粉、野杂鱼、河蚌、螺狮作为饲料。饲料要求优质、新鲜、适口,幼虾期要求饲料粗蛋白质含量达35-40%,中后期体长4厘米以上,投喂成虾料,粗蛋白质含量达30-32%。Freshwater prawns are omnivorous and partial to animal feeding habits. Soybean meal, vegetable cakes, rice bran, fish meal, wild fish, river mussels, and snails can be used as feed. Feeds are required to be high-quality, fresh and palatable. The crude protein content of feed should reach 35-40% in the juvenile shrimp stage, and the body length should be more than 4 cm in the middle and later stages. The feed for adult shrimp should have a crude protein content of 30-32%.

日投喂量为虾总体重7-10%,上午、下午各投喂1次,上午投喂量为全日投喂量的三分之一,要以动物性饵料为主;下午投喂量为全日投喂量的三分之二,要以青虾颗粒饲料为主,饵料要均匀地沿池塘四周投放在离塘埂边近1米处的浅水滩边。The daily feeding amount is 7-10% of the total weight of the shrimp, and the feeding amount is once in the morning and afternoon. Two-thirds of the daily feeding amount should be mainly freshwater shrimp pellet feed, and the bait should be evenly placed on the edge of the shallow water near the edge of the pond ridge along the pond.

8、日常管理8. Daily management

每天早晚巡塘,遇闷热天气,增加半夜巡塘次数,仔细观察青虾活动。根据季节调节水位,7-9月高温季节,5-7天换水1次,换水量为塘内高度20-30厘米,同时要做好虾塘增氧,做到晴天中午开机增氧,阴天清晨开机增氧,连续阴雨半夜开机增氧。如发现浮头迹象,应尽早开机增氧,必要时再加注新水和泼洒增氧剂进行急救。Patrol ponds every morning and evening, in case of hot weather, increase the number of pond patrols in the middle of the night, and carefully observe the activity of freshwater shrimp. Adjust the water level according to the season. In the high temperature season from July to September, change the water once every 5-7 days. The water change volume is 20-30 cm in the height of the pond. Turn on the oxygen in the early morning, and turn on the oxygen in the middle of the night when it rains continuously. If signs of floating head are found, start the machine to increase oxygen as soon as possible, and if necessary, refill with new water and sprinkle oxygen enhancer for first aid.

(五)建立青虾生物淘汰机制(5) Establish a biological elimination mechanism for freshwater shrimp

青虾放苗30天后,即青虾体长达到3厘米左右时,养殖池内放入一定数量的底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物,利用其对青虾产生的捕食压力,实施生物淘汰。具体要求为:After 30 days of freshwater shrimp seedlings, that is, when the body length of freshwater shrimp reaches about 3 cm, a certain number of benthic carnivorous and ferocious aquatic economic animals are put into the breeding pond, and the predation pressure produced by them on freshwater shrimp is used to implement biological elimination. The specific requirements are:

1、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物种类及规格:河鳗250-350克/尾或中华鳖200-300克/只或鳜鱼150-200克/尾。1. Types and specifications of benthic carnivorous and ferocious aquatic economic animals: river eel 250-350 grams/tail or Chinese soft-shelled turtle 200-300 grams/tail or mandarin fish 150-200 grams/tail.

2、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物放养数量:按青虾放养量为5万尾/亩计,放养量为河鳗60-100尾/亩或中华鳖40-60只/亩或鳜鱼60-100尾/亩。2. The number of benthic carnivorous and ferocious aquatic economic animals stocked: based on the stocking quantity of green shrimps is 50,000/mu, the stocking quantity is 60-100 river eels/mu or 40-60 Chinese soft-shelled turtles/mu or 60 mandarin fishes. -100 tails/mu.

3、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物放养个体要求:规格整体、无病无伤无畸形、反应灵敏、健康活泼、运动能力强。3. Benthic carnivores, ferocious aquatic economic animals, individual requirements for stocking: overall size, no disease, no injury, no deformity, quick response, healthy and lively, strong exercise ability.

4、底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物放养前处理:按常规方法消毒处理后放养。4. Pre-stocking treatment of benthic carnivorous and ferocious aquatic economic animals: according to conventional methods, they should be disinfected and then stocked.

该生物淘汰机制的目的在于:(1)消除那些相对弱质青虾个体和性早熟个体,减少疾病传播,提高选育成功率;(2)用捕食压力作为选择青虾种质的辅助手段,提高青虾个体的运动力和肌肉品质;(3)通过摄食劣质青虾,提高凶猛性底栖肉食鱼类的商品价值。The purpose of this biological elimination mechanism is: (1) eliminate those relatively weak-quality freshwater shrimp individuals and precocious individuals, reduce disease transmission, and increase the success rate of breeding; (2) use predation pressure as an auxiliary means for selecting freshwater shrimp germplasm, improve (3) Increase the commercial value of ferocious benthic carnivorous fish by ingesting low-quality freshwater shrimp.

(六)捕获青虾中选择适宜规格青虾(6) Select suitable size freshwater shrimp from the freshwater shrimp

繁殖季节前用目大0.3-0.4厘米的大网目虾笼捕获池中的青虾,分拣活泼健壮、肢体完整、体表光洁、无病无伤、反应灵敏、有弹跳力,体长≥6.0厘米的雄虾和体长≥5.5厘米的雌虾。此时,池内放养的底栖肉食凶猛性水生经济动物也可视市场行情捕捞上市。Before the breeding season, use a large-mesh shrimp cage with a mesh size of 0.3-0.4 cm to capture the freshwater shrimp in the pond. The sorting is lively and robust, with complete limbs, smooth body surface, no disease or injury, quick response, bouncing ability, body length ≥ 6.0 cm male shrimp and ≥5.5 cm body length female shrimp. At this time, the benthic carnivorous ferocious aquatic economic animals stocked in the pond can also be caught and listed according to the market conditions.

(七)青虾的稳定性驯养(7) Stable domestication of freshwater shrimp

将所选的雌、雄青虾,分别驯养于水泥池或10目/cm2的聚乙烯无结节网箱内,暂养密度为100-120尾/m2,内布置少量水草,要求水质清新、水中溶氧量≥5mg/L。驯养三天,第三天后,以轧碎的螺肉和蚌肉为饲料投喂,日投喂量先按虾总重的3-5%试投,视情适当增减,日投喂二次,及时清除残饵和死虾,驯养周期为七天。Domesticate the selected female and male freshwater shrimps in cement ponds or polyethylene nodule-free cages of 10 mesh/cm 2 respectively. The temporary stocking density is 100-120 tails/m 2 . Fresh, dissolved oxygen in water ≥ 5mg/L. Domesticate for three days. After the third day, feed with crushed snail meat and mussel meat. The daily feeding amount is 3-5% of the total weight of the shrimp. , Remove residual bait and dead shrimp in time, and the domestication cycle is seven days.

(八)给予环境压力选择亲虾(8) Give environmental pressure to select broodstock

将驯养结束的雌、雄青虾分别移入养殖水质为pH值6.0-6.5和氨氮值0.5-1.0mg/L的水泥池中过渡四天,期间不投喂饲料,及时清除粪便和死虾。四天过渡结束后,用目测法选择活力强的若干个体作为亲虾,并移入亲体培育池中。用于亲虾选择的水泥池中水质的初始氨氮值和pH值分别用NH4Cl、HCl和NaOH进行调节。该阶段主要用于剔除对pH值和氨氮值较为敏感且受胁迫后活力明显下降的青虾个体,以保证亲虾质量。The domesticated female and male freshwater shrimps were respectively moved into cement ponds with a pH value of 6.0-6.5 and an ammonia nitrogen value of 0.5-1.0 mg/L for a transition period of four days. No feed was fed during this period, and feces and dead shrimp were removed in time. After the end of the four-day transition, some individuals with strong vigor were selected by visual inspection as broodstock, and moved into the broodstock pond. The initial ammonia nitrogen value and pH value of the water quality in the cement pond used for broodstock selection were adjusted with NH 4 Cl, HCl and NaOH, respectively. This stage is mainly used to remove individual freshwater shrimps that are sensitive to pH value and ammonia nitrogen value and whose vigor decreases significantly after being stressed, so as to ensure the quality of broodstock.

(九)亲虾培养(9) Broodstock culture

将经过环境压力选择的雌雄虾按3-5∶1比例,放入10目/cm2的聚乙烯无结节网箱内,培育密度为80-100尾或0.5kg/m2,内布少量水草,要求水质清新,水中溶氧≥5mg/L。以轧碎的螺肉和蚌肉为饵料,每日饵料投喂量按虾总重的3-5%投喂,视情增减,以2小时内吃完为佳,每日投喂2次,上午1次,投饵量占全日的1/3,下午1次,投饵量占全日的2/3,及时清除残饵和死虾,并观察受精卵发育情况,需要越冬的青虾当水温低于10℃时停止投喂饲料。雌虾抱卵后,选择抱卵量≥4000颗/尾的个体作为正式的人工繁育亲体。Put the male and female shrimps selected by environmental pressure in a ratio of 3-5:1 into a 10 mesh/cm 2 polyethylene nodule-free net cage, with a breeding density of 80-100 tails or 0.5kg/m 2 , with a small amount of Aquatic plants require fresh water quality and dissolved oxygen in water ≥ 5mg/L. Use crushed snail meat and mussel meat as bait, and the daily bait feeding amount is 3-5% of the total weight of the shrimp, which can be increased or decreased according to the situation. It is better to eat it within 2 hours, and feed it twice a day , once in the morning, the feeding amount accounts for 1/3 of the whole day, and once in the afternoon, the feeding amount accounts for 2/3 of the whole day, remove residual bait and dead shrimp in time, and observe the development of fertilized eggs. Stop feeding feed when the water temperature is lower than 10°C. After the female shrimps conceive eggs, select individuals with an egg capacity ≥ 4000 per tail as formal artificial breeding broodstock.

重复循环应用从“(三)青虾的人工繁育”至“(九)亲虾培养”步骤8次以上,便可以得到性状稳定的优质青虾品种。By repeating the steps of "(3) Artificial breeding of freshwater shrimp" to "(9) Cultivation of broodstock" for more than 8 times, high-quality freshwater shrimp varieties with stable properties can be obtained.

Claims (4)

1. the breeding method of a freshwater shrimp utilizes the fresh water shrimp resources to culture breeding, and it is characterized in that: it comprises following basic skills one:
A, in freshwater shrimp before mating season, gather the wild freshwater shrimp of Taihu Lake water system high-quality, require female shrimp body long >=5.0 centimetres with male shrimp body long >=5.5 centimetres some;
B, in the cement pit of plant or net cage, raise and train stablize 7 days after, their are moved in the cement pit that cultivate water is pH value 6.0-6.5 and ammonia nitrogen value 0.5-1.0mg/L after temporary foster 4 days, select the high some high-quality individualities of health degree as close shrimp;
C, close shrimp are by female-male proportion 3-5: 1 carries out special pond cultivates;
D, contain the phase, specially support from close shrimp and sort out long >=5.5 centimetres of body the pond, the some conducts of the female shrimp of high-quality oogenesis energetic, that reaction is quick are grown seedlings and use the parent, cultivate and obtain shrimp seedling in batches, enforcement high-density breeding by conventional method in female shrimp oogenesis;
E, young shrimp high density culture are after 30 days, and when promptly the freshwater shrimp body reached 3.0 centimetres of left and right sides, river eel or the Chinese soft-shelled turtle or the mandarin fish of in culturing the pond, putting into some were set up freshwater shrimp biological elimination mechanism,
Be that freshwater shrimp was put seedling after 30 days; Be freshwater shrimp body when reaching 3 centimetres of left and right sides, culture and put into the end carnivorous ferociousness property aquatic economic animal of dwelling in the pond: a, the end dwell carnivorous ferociousness property aquatic economic animal kind and specification: river eel 250-350 gram/tail or Chinese soft-shelled turtle 200-300 gram/or mandarin fish 150-200 gram/tail; B, the end carnivorous ferociousness property aquatic economic animal of dwelling is put quantity in a suitable place to breed: by the freshwater shrimp stocking rate is 50,000 tail/mus, stocking rate be river eel 60-100 tail/mu or Chinese soft-shelled turtle 40-60 only/mu or mandarin fish 60-100 tail/mu; C, the end carnivorous ferociousness property aquatic economic animal of dwelling is put individual the requirement in a suitable place to breed: whole, the anosis nothing of specification is hindered does not have deformity, be quick on the draw, healthy active, locomitivity is strong; Dwell and put in a suitable place to breed after carnivorous ferociousness property aquatic economic animal should be disinfected in d, the end;
F, cultured before mating season in close shrimp and to place lobster basket in the pond and fish for high-quality freshwater shrimp in batches, require male shrimp body long >=6.0 centimetres with long >=5.5 centimetres of female shrimp body;
G, use by above-mentioned B, C, D, E, F step repetitive cycling successively, repetitive cycling is more than 8 times, acquired character stable high quality freshwater shrimp strain.
2. the breeding method of a freshwater shrimp utilizes the fresh water shrimp resources to culture breeding, and it is characterized in that: it comprises following basic skills two:
A, contain the phase, gather the some conducts of the female shrimp of the wild oogenesis of Taihu Lake water system high-quality and grow seedlings and use the parent in female shrimp oogenesis, require energetic, reaction is quick, long >=5.5 centimetres of body, oogenesis is measured >=4000/tail;
B, cultivate according to a conventional method and obtain in batches shrimp seedling, implement high-density breeding;
C, young shrimp high density culture are after 30 days, and when promptly the freshwater shrimp body reached 3.0 centimetres of left and right sides, river eel or the Chinese soft-shelled turtle or the mandarin fish of in culturing the pond, putting into some were set up freshwater shrimp biological elimination mechanism,
Be that freshwater shrimp was put seedling after 30 days; Be freshwater shrimp body when reaching 3 centimetres of left and right sides, culture and put into the end carnivorous ferociousness property aquatic economic animal of dwelling in the pond: a, the end dwell carnivorous ferociousness property aquatic economic animal kind and specification: river eel 250-350 gram/tail or Chinese soft-shelled turtle 200-300 gram/or mandarin fish 150-200 gram/tail; B, the end carnivorous ferociousness property aquatic economic animal of dwelling is put quantity in a suitable place to breed: by the freshwater shrimp stocking rate is 50,000 tail/mus, stocking rate be river eel 60-100 tail/mu or Chinese soft-shelled turtle 40-60 only/mu or mandarin fish 60-100 tail/mu; C, the end carnivorous ferociousness property aquatic economic animal of dwelling is put individual the requirement in a suitable place to breed: whole, the anosis nothing of specification is hindered does not have deformity, be quick on the draw, healthy active, locomitivity is strong; Dwell and put in a suitable place to breed after carnivorous ferociousness property aquatic economic animal should be disinfected in d, the end;
D, cultured before mating season in freshwater shrimp and to place lobster basket in the pond and fish for high-quality freshwater shrimp in batches, require male shrimp body long >=6.0 centimetres with long >=5.5 centimetres of female shrimp body;
E, with above-mentioned selected freshwater shrimp in the cement pit of plant or net cage, raise and train stablize 7 days after; Their are moved in the cement pit that cultivate water is pH value 6.0-6.5 and ammonia nitrogen value 0.5-1.0mg/L after temporary foster 4 days, select the high some high-quality individualities of health degree as close shrimp;
F, close shrimp are by female-male proportion 3-5: 1 carries out special pond cultivates;
G, contain the phase, specially support from close shrimp and sort out long >=5.5 centimetres of body the pond, the some conducts of the female shrimp of high-quality oogenesis energetic, that reaction is quick are grown seedlings and used the parent in female shrimp oogenesis;
H, undertaken by above-mentioned B, C, D, E, F, G step repetitive cycling successively, repetitive cycling is more than 8 times, acquired character stable high quality freshwater shrimp strain.
3. the breeding method of a kind of freshwater shrimp according to claim 1 and 2; It is characterized in that: employing gives the environmental pressure mode and selects close shrimp; Being about to raise and train the female shrimp of end, male shrimp moves into respectively in the cement pit that cultivate water is pH value 6.0-6.5 and ammonia nitrogen value 0.5-1.0mg/L and supported four days temporarily; The feed of not throwing something and feeding during supporting is temporarily in time removed ight soil and dead shrimp in the pond, support temporarily finish after; Select energetic several body as close shrimp with ocular estimate, and press female-male proportion 3-5: 1 moves in the parent shrimp rearing pond.
4. the breeding method of a kind of freshwater shrimp according to claim 1 and 2; It is characterized in that: catch and select suitable specification freshwater shrimp in the freshwater shrimp; Promptly catch the freshwater shrimp in the pond with the big 0.3-0.4 of order centimetre lobster basket; Letter sorting is vivaciously healthy and strong, limbs are complete, body surface is bright and clean, anosis nothing is hindered, it is strong to be quick on the draw, to bounce, and the female shrimp that male shrimp that body is long>=6.0 centimetres and body are long>=5.5 centimetres moves into respectively to stablize temporarily in cement pit or the net cage and supported 7 days; After its breeding method: Ying Jing debugs water temperature repeatedly, raise and train in cement pit or 10 orders/cm 2Polyethylene do not have in the tubercle net cage, supporting density temporarily is 100-120 tail/m 2, a small amount of pasture and water of interior layout require that water quality is pure and fresh, dissolved oxygen in water amount>=5mg/L; Raising and train 3 days, after the 3rd day, is feedstuff feeding with the spiral shell meat and the freshwater mussel meat of grating; Day, feeding volume elder generation tried to shoot by the 3-5% of shrimp gross weight, took the circumstances into consideration suitable the increase and decrease, the secondary of throwing something and feeding day; In time remove residual bait and dead shrimp, the cycle of raising and train is 7 days.
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