CN101836564A - New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse - Google Patents
New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse Download PDFInfo
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- CN101836564A CN101836564A CN200910080220A CN200910080220A CN101836564A CN 101836564 A CN101836564 A CN 101836564A CN 200910080220 A CN200910080220 A CN 200910080220A CN 200910080220 A CN200910080220 A CN 200910080220A CN 101836564 A CN101836564 A CN 101836564A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/12—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries using renewable energies, e.g. solar water pumping
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/14—Measures for saving energy, e.g. in green houses
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Abstract
The invention relates to a new-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse, which comprises a gable wall, a rear wall, an enclosing wall, floor tiles and a greenhouse top. A thermal insulation layer is arranged on the external side of the main wall body of the gable wall, the rear wall and the enclosing wall. A phase change energy storage layer is arranged on the floor tiles on the internal side of the main wall body. A solar heat collector, a solar panel and a wind power generator are installed at the greenhouse top. A radiator and an electric heater are installed in the greenhouse. The solar heat collector is connected with the radiator and a geothermal pipe through a heating medium pipe. The solar panel and the power output end of the wind power generator are connected with the electric heater and an electric heating cable through a storage battery. The invention has the advantages that the indoor temperature of the greenhouse is kept to be constant through energy complementation because solar photo-electricity, photo-heat and wind energy are used as energy and the energy storage function of the phase change energy storage material is used; the natural energy is fully utilized, the production cost is saved, the product price is reduced and the environmental pollution caused by high energy consumption is avoided; and the health growth of plants is ensured because the antibacterial coating layer on the internal side of the wall body can prevent insects and bacteria from breeding.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of agricultural planting booth, specifically be a kind of be the New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse of the energy with solar photoelectric, photo-thermal, wind energy.
Background technology
China is the country that develops the greenhouse in the world the earliest, also is to use the maximum country of green house.Just at present, there are scientific research type greenhouse (group training greenhouse, breeding greenhouse, detoxification greenhouse), plantation type greenhouse (floriculture greenhouse, seedling cultivation greenhouse, production greenhouse), breed type greenhouse (aquaculture greenhouse, characteristic breed greenhouse, livestock and poultry cultivation greenhouse, cattle and sheep are raised house), market-oriented greenhouse (flowers market, sunlight club, sunlight exhibition room), functional form greenhouse (ecological dining room, sunlight dining room, ecological garden, natatorium, greenhouse, artificial sandy beach, the greenhouse of fishing), courtyard-style greenhouse (sunlight greenhouse, ecological green room, leisure greenhouse, family greenhouse) etc. in China.
The plastic tunnel cultivation is a kind of small investment instant effect, the planting type of suitable vast rural area.Greenhouse cultivation has improved temperature of shed to a certain extent, has satisfied the requirement of vegetables to temperature substantially, vegetables is shifted to an earlier date harvest time, thereby obtain high economic benefit.Bamboo wood booth cost is more cheap, can build 2-3 booth for general every mu, each 1000-1500 unit, and construction and convenient disassembly, so southern area is many based on bamboo radwood booth.Its build main points mainly contain following some:
Generally adopt at present plastic tunnel and advanced various modern chamber facility products such as monomer booth, attached-greenhouse, PC plate greenhouse and glass greenhouse, but the most of still plastic tunnel that adopts in rural area.Plastic tunnel is cheap, the use of suitable vast rural area.Since various modern greenhouse cost height such as monomer booth, attached-greenhouse, PC plate greenhouse and glass greenhouse, suitable flowers etc.Greenhouse cultivation has improved temperature of shed to a certain extent, has satisfied the requirement of vegetables to temperature substantially, vegetables is shifted to an earlier date harvest time, thereby obtain high economic benefit.Can build 2-3 booth for general every mu, each 1000-1500 unit, southern area is many based on bamboo radwood booth, and northern area is based on the steel pipe plastic tunnel.The plastic foil that plastic tunnel uses mainly contains three kinds, and first kind is polyvinyl chloride (pvc), mainly comprises (1) polyvinyl chloride normal film, effective life 4-6 month, thickness 0.08-0.12 millimeter, fabric width has 1.0,2.0,3.0 meters, is to use the most general agricultural film; (2) polyvinyl chloride anti-aging film.The term of validity can extend to 8-10 month; (3) polyvinyl chloride does not have the film of dripping, and can prevent the surface production droplet of film, anti-droplet lasting period 4-6 month; (4) the dustproof nothing of polyvinyl chloride is dripped a film, can interiorly for a long time keep good light transmittance.Second kind is polyethylene (pe) composite multifunction film, mainly comprises (1) polyethylene (pe) normal film, and the term of validity was used 4-6 month; (2) polyethylene (pe) anti-aging film; (3) polyethylene (pe) anti-aging does not have the film of dripping, and anti-droplet lasting period 2-4 month, term of validity operating period 12-18 month.(4) polyethylene (pe) composite multifunction film.In polyethylene (pe) film, add the features auxiliary agent, make product have longevity, insulation, nothing and drip, increase multiple functions such as scattered light, extensively popularization on southern booth in recent years.The third is an ethene-vinyl acetate copolymerization film (eva), and the price of this material is slightly higher than polyethylene, but its resistance to low temperature and transparency are very good, and ageing-resistant performance and mechanical strength are better.
Yet now the greenhouse system does not well make full use of renewable energy resources, particularly under current energy shortage, the seriously polluted and continuous condition of enlarged of the market demand, goes back the green house of desirable high in technological content, the energy-saving and environmental protecting of neither one.The energy consumption of plastic tunnel is very large, generally all be to adopt fire coal, combustion bavin, electric energy heating, and pollution is very serious, thereby has increased peasant's burden, has improved the price of agricultural product.The particularly plastic tunnel of northern area or greenhouse, if can not heat on time, plant will stop growing or freeze to death; Because plastic tunnel or greenhouse temperature are than higher, high humidity is easy to multiply insect and bacterium, causes the underproduction.
Summary of the invention
Purpose of the present invention just provides a kind of New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse, it is fit to (group training greenhouse, scientific research type greenhouse, the breeding greenhouse, the detoxification greenhouse), plantation type greenhouse (floriculture greenhouse, seedling cultivation greenhouse, the production greenhouse), (aquaculture greenhouse, breed type greenhouse, characteristic is cultured the greenhouse, the livestock and poultry cultivation greenhouse, cattle and sheep are raised house), (flowers market, market-oriented greenhouse, sunlight club, the sunlight exhibition room), (ecological dining room, functional form greenhouse, the sunlight dining room, ecological garden, the natatorium, greenhouse, artificial sandy beach, the greenhouse of fishing), courtyard-style greenhouse (sunlight greenhouse, ecological green room, the leisure greenhouse, the family greenhouse) etc. use, it is big, seriously polluted to can be good at solving the energy consumption that has the existence of green house technology now; The producing cost height, the price height of the agricultural product of production; The severe cold area chillout can cause plant to stop growing or freeze to death; And multiply insect and bacterium easily, cause the problem of the underproduction.
Technical scheme of the present invention is: comprise gable, Hou Qiang, floor tile and ceiling, it is characterized in that: the outside of body of wall at described gable and back wall is provided with heat-insulation layer, is provided with the phase-change accumulation energy layer at the inboard and the floor tile of this body of wall; At described ceiling solar thermal collector, solar panel and wind-driven generator are housed, in booth, be equipped with radiator, heat pipe and electric heater, described solar thermal collector by heating agent pipeline and this radiator, heat pipe be connected, the power output end of described solar panel and wind-driven generator is connected with described electric heater by accumulator, and the charging of this accumulator and discharge are controlled by microcomputer controller and temperature sensor.
In described body of wall, be provided with insulating sandwich, have the antibiotic paint layer on the surface of described phase-change accumulation energy layer.
Described antibiotic paint layer comprises wherein any one or more layers of compound of silver ion layer, photocatalyst layer and nano zine oxide crystal layer.
Described phase-change accumulation energy layer is the phase-change material brick that sticks on the indoor side of described body of wall, or smears the phase-change material mortar bed that is attached to the indoor side of described body of wall, and this phase-change material brick is laid on the non-growing area of green house.
Described phase-change material brick and described body of wall are interlocked mutually.
The material of described heat-insulation layer adopts polyphenylene heat insulation slab, aluminium foil styrofoam, polyethylene foam plate, phase transformation aluminium sheet, phase transformation glass, phase transformation stone material or phase transformation plastics.
Described radiator adopts common radiator to be installed in the interior space of booth; Or adopt wall heat pipe and ground heat pipe to be embedded in the body of wall respectively and in the soil, or be arranged on demand in the space of booth; The tubing of described wall heat pipe and ground heat pipe adopts plastic tube, PAP, iron pipe, stainless steel tube or copper pipe.
Described electric heater adopts existing heating to be arranged on the booth space with electric heater or electric heating or/and in the soil, or adopts the heating wire body of wall that is laid in inboard or be embedded in the body of wall.
Described phase-change accumulation energy layer is made of inorganic phase-changing material and organic phase change material mixing, and its transformation temperature can be controlled in 15 ℃～37 ℃ scopes that are fit to plant growing;
Described inorganic phase-changing material comprises: the moisture salt CaCl26H2O of calcium chloride, and its fusing point is 29 ℃, heat of fusion is 180kJ/kg; Sodium sulphate hydrated salt Na2SO410H2O, 32.4 ℃ of fusing points, heat of solution 250.8kJ/kg; 35 ℃ of sodium hydrogen phosphate hydrated salt (Na2HPO412H2O) fusing points, heat of solution 205kJ/kg;
Described organic phase change material comprises: hexadecane C16H34, octadecane C18H38, eicosane C20H42, their fusing point is respectively: 16.7 ℃, 28.0 ℃, 36.7 ℃.
Advantage of the present invention is: with solar photoelectric, photo-thermal, wind energy is the energy, and utilizes the energy-storage function of phase-changing energy storage material, under the Based Intelligent Control of micro computer, can guarantee the constant of booth indoor temperature by mutual replenishing, and has guaranteed the growth of plant; Used natural energy source fully, saved production cost, reduced product price, the environmental pollution of having avoided high energy consumption to bring; The antibiotic paint layer of body of wall inboard can prevent that insect and bacterium from multiplying, and guarantees the growth of plant health ground.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is an overall formation block diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the general structure cross-sectional schematic of invention;
Fig. 3 is the right view (part) of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4～Fig. 7 is the gable of invention and four kinds of different section structure schematic diagrames of back wall body of wall.
Embodiment
Referring to Fig. 1～Fig. 3, the contour structures of booth 10 of the present invention is identical with conventional booth, and the top of the body of wall 9 of two ends gable and back wall uses support 12 to support the transparent plastic film 11 of ceilings, and ceiling is to sun direction of light inclination (arch).At described ceiling solar thermal collector 1, solar panel 2 and wind-driven generator 3 are housed, radiator 4 and electric heater 7 are housed in booth 10, described solar thermal collector 1 is connected with this radiator 4 by the heating agent pipeline, the power output end of described solar panel 2 and wind-driven generator 3 is connected with described electric heater 7 and other electrical appliances (as illuminating lamp 13) by accumulator 5, and the charging of this accumulator 5 and discharge are controlled by microcomputer controller 6 and temperature sensor 8.Body of wall 9 will prevent the infiltration of moisture, and the moisture penetration meeting reduces heat-insulating property.
Described radiator 4 adopts wall heat pipes and ground heat pipe to be embedded in the body of wall 9 respectively and in the soil on ground (not shown), and the body (also can adopt common radiator) that maybe will dispel the heat is arranged on demand or is installed in the space of booth (not shown).The tubing of described wall heat pipe and ground heat pipe adopts plastic tube, PAP, iron pipe, stainless steel tube or copper pipe.
Described electric heater 7 adopts existing heating to be arranged in the space of booth with electric heater or electric heating, or adopts the heating wire body of wall that is laid in inboard or be embedded in the body of wall (not shown).
Referring to Fig. 4, first example structure of the body of wall 9 of described gable and back wall comprises main wall body 91, heat-insulation layer 92 and phase-change accumulation energy layer 93, and heat-insulation layer 92 and phase-change accumulation energy layer 93 are attached to an outdoor side and an indoor side of main wall body 91 respectively.Also can be at an indoor side coated with antimicrobial dope layer 94 of phase-change accumulation energy layer 93.
Described main wall body 91 can adopt common brick to be built into, described phase-change accumulation energy layer 93 is for sticking on the phase-change accumulation energy plate (thickness 3～5cm) of described main wall body 91 inboards, or smear the phase-change accumulation energy mortar bed that is attached to described main wall body 91 inboards (thickness 2～3cm), or the brick layer of being built together by the mutual interlock of the common brick of phase transformation brick and main wall body 91 of phase transformation constitutes.
The material of described heat-insulation layer 92 can adopt polyphenylene heat insulation slab, aluminium foil styrofoam or polyethylene foam plate.
Referring to Fig. 5, this embodiment sets up an insulating sandwich 95 (can adopt various insulation materials such as slag, perlite or rock wool) in the middle of the main wall body 91 of a last embodiment, and other structure and materials are same as the previously described embodiments.
The above-mentioned main wall body 91 outer heat-insulation layers that paste 92 adopt polyphenylene heat insulation slab, have better economic performance and thermal performance, if adopt the aluminium foil styrofoam energy-conservation more obvious.The quality of aluminium foil structure only be ten thousand of brick wall structure quality/, 8% of foam structure quality, humidity resistance is good, can effectively stop water or vapour to pass through.And the fee of material of its aluminium foil structure only is 29% of a brick wall structure fee of material.
Referring to Fig. 6, the structure of the body of wall 9 of this embodiment is to increase between main wall body 91 and phase-change accumulation energy layer 93 by the brick brick layer 96 of phase transformation that becomes of phase-change material, and the brick layer 96 of phase transformation by the mutual interlock block of the common brick of phase transformation brick and main wall body 91 together.Phase-change accumulation energy layer 93 and antibiotic paint layer 94 are same as the previously described embodiments.This embodiment is the plain edition structure.
Referring to Fig. 7, the structure of the body of wall 9 of this embodiment and the difference of structure shown in Figure 6 are that the material of its heat-insulation layer 92 adopts phase transformation aluminium sheet, phase transformation glass, phase transformation stone material or phase transformation plastics, and these phase-change materials are beautiful colorful, high insulating effect, long service life.Same block of main wall body 91 indoor sides the brick layer 96 of phase transformation is arranged, the brick layer 96 of phase transformation is built together with the mutual interlock of the common brick of main wall body 91.Same as the previously described embodiments at phase-change accumulation energy layer 93 and antibiotic paint layer 94 that an indoor side of the brick layer 96 of phase transformation has.This embodiment is luxury structure.
The radiator 4 of described wall heat pipe and underground heat form of tubes can be embedded in main wall body 91, the brick layer 96 of phase transformation or the phase-change accumulation energy layer 93.
Described antibiotic paint layer 94 comprises wherein any one or more layers of compound of silver ion layer, photocatalyst layer and nano zine oxide crystal layer.
The phase-change material of the brick layer 96 of described phase-change accumulation energy layer 93 and phase transformation is made of inorganic phase-changing material and organic phase change material mixing, and its transformation temperature can be controlled in 15 ℃～37 ℃ scopes that are fit to plant growing; Described inorganic phase-changing material is the moisture salt of calcium chloride (CaCl26H2O), and its fusing point is 29 ℃, and heat of fusion is 180kJ/kg; Sodium sulphate hydrated salt (Na2SO410H2O), 32.4 ℃ of fusing points, heat of solution 250.8kJ/kg; 35 ℃ of sodium hydrogen phosphate hydrated salt (Na2HPO412H2O) fusing points, heat of solution 205kJ/kg.Described organic phase change material is selected hexadecane (C16H34), octadecane (C18H38), eicosane (C20H42), and their fusing point is respectively: 16.7 ℃, 28.0 ℃, 36.7 ℃.
Wind-driven generator 3 of the present invention can adopt various existing small-sized (miniature) wind-driven generator, as the wind-driven generator that is applied to generate electricity on the automobile, and its impeller can be a fixed-direction, also has the wind rudder and can follow the tracks of wind direction.
When the present invention uses, when sunlight is arranged, the photo-thermal energy heating that can utilize solar thermal collector 1 to receive, the photo-thermal heating main by the wall heat pipe, the heat pipe heating improve indoor temperature.The electric energy that solar panel 2 produces is used for throwing light on the one hand, on the other hand unnecessary electric energy is stored away, and when not having sunlight, utilizes electric energy illumination or heating.Micro wind turbine generator 3 generates electricity at any time, and the electric energy that is sent all stores, and is booth or horticultural lighting or heating when needing, and whole temperature control process will realize by intelligent microcomputer controller 6.When indoor temperature is lower than plant when temperature required, the temperature signal of temperature sensor 8 inductions flows to microcomputer controller 6, and the latter controls accumulator 5 to electric heater 7 power supplies, and is temperature-resistant in can holding chamber; When indoor temperature is higher than the cooling of then cutting off the power supply when needing temperature.China's solar energy abundance, wind energy all exists constantly, and the energy of main is solar energy, wind energy is huge, inexhaustible, need not spend, and need not transport, and does not pollute, and does not also have generation of waste.
Other characteristics of the present invention are that body of wall has adopted phase-changing energy storage material, and phase-change material can make full use of the solar heating refrigeration, can allow plant live in all the time in the ideal environment, can allow plant grow up strong and sturdy, and improves output.Phase-change material can effectively be guaranteed booth or the certain temperature of greenhouse beginning maintenance, does not have too big change.
So-called phase transformation be material from the solid-state liquid state that changes into, change gaseous state into or when directly transferring gaseous state (distillation) to, will absorb the heat of transformation (heat of fusion) by liquid state by solid-state; Then will discharge the heat of transformation (latent heat of solidification) when carrying out inverse process, this heat common name latent heat, the latent heat size is relevant with its phase transformation state with phase-change material.For example, ice is become water, water is become steam needs this energy of energy to call the heat of transformation of object when fusing point and the boiling point.1kg0 ℃ ice is converted into 0 ℃ water, the heat (latent heat) that needs 336kJ, 0 ℃ of water is heated to 100 ℃ of heats (sensible heat) that need 420kJ, if water with 100 ℃, be heated into 100 ℃ of steam, the heat (latent heat) that also needs 2268kJ is heated into 100 ℃ of steam course to need total amount of heat is 3024kJ so 1kg is weighed 0 ℃ of ice.
Claims (9)
1. a New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse comprises gable, Hou Qiang, floor tile and ceiling, it is characterized in that: the outside of body of wall at described gable and back wall is provided with heat-insulation layer, is provided with the phase-change accumulation energy layer at the inboard and the floor tile of this body of wall; At described ceiling solar thermal collector, solar panel and wind-driven generator are housed, in booth, be equipped with radiator, heat pipe and electric heater, described solar thermal collector by heating agent pipeline and this radiator, heat pipe be connected, the power output end of described solar panel and wind-driven generator is connected with described electric heater by accumulator, and the charging of this accumulator and discharge are controlled by microcomputer controller and temperature sensor.
2. New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse according to claim 1 is characterized in that: be provided with insulating sandwich in described body of wall, have the antibiotic paint layer on the surface of described phase-change accumulation energy layer.
3. New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse according to claim 2 is characterized in that: described antibiotic paint layer comprises wherein any one or more layers of compound of silver ion layer, photocatalyst layer and nano zine oxide crystal layer.
4. New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described phase-change accumulation energy layer is the phase-change material brick that sticks on the indoor side of described body of wall, or smear the phase-change material mortar bed of an indoor side that is attached to described body of wall, this phase-change material brick is laid on the non-growing area of green house.
5. New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse according to claim 4 is characterized in that: described phase-change material brick and described body of wall are interlocked mutually.
6. New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the material of described heat-insulation layer adopts polyphenylene heat insulation slab, aluminium foil styrofoam, polyethylene foam plate, phase transformation aluminium sheet, phase transformation glass, phase transformation stone material or phase transformation plastics.
7. New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse according to claim 1 is characterized in that: described radiator adopts common radiator to be installed in the interior space of booth; Or adopt wall heat pipe and ground heat pipe to be embedded in the body of wall respectively and in the soil, or be arranged on demand in the space of booth; The tubing of described wall heat pipe and ground heat pipe adopts plastic tube, PAP, iron pipe, stainless steel tube or copper pipe.
8. New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described electric heater adopts existing heating to be arranged on the booth space with electric heater or electric heating or/and in the soil, or adopts the heating wire body of wall that is laid in inboard or be embedded in the body of wall.
9. New-energy phase-change energy-storage antibacterial intelligent control greenhouse according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described phase-change accumulation energy layer is made of inorganic phase-changing material and organic phase change material mixing, and its transformation temperature can be controlled in 15 ℃～37 ℃ scopes that are fit to plant growing;
Described inorganic phase-changing material comprises: the moisture salt CaCl26H2O of calcium chloride, and its fusing point is 29 ℃, heat of fusion is 180kJ/kg; Sodium sulphate hydrated salt Na2SO410H2O, 32.4 ℃ of fusing points, heat of solution 250.8kJ/kg; 35 ℃ of sodium hydrogen phosphate hydrated salt (Na2HPO412H2O) fusing points, heat of solution 205kJ/kg;
Described organic phase change material comprises: hexadecane C16H34, octadecane C18H38, eicosane C20H42, their fusing point is respectively: 16.7 ℃, 28.0 ℃, 36.7 ℃.
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Application publication date: 20100922 |