CN101752877A - Photovoltaic synchronization inverter with photovoltaic array IV test function and test method - Google Patents
Photovoltaic synchronization inverter with photovoltaic array IV test function and test method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种具有光伏阵列IV测试功能的光伏并网逆变器，由逆变器主电路和系统控制器构成，逆变器主电路采用电压型逆变器，包括单相和三相并网系统，其特征是：在光伏阵列输入端口和滤波电容C1之间设置用于测量光伏阵列输入电流的电流传感器CT1；设置用于测量滤波电容C1端电压的直流母线电压传感器VT1；在光伏阵列的输出端口设置直流断路器K1，光伏阵列的输出总电流经所述直流断路器K1输入光伏并网逆变器、直流母线电压传感器VT1和电流传感器CT1。本发明适用于常规的并网逆变系统，可以方便对本系统所配光伏阵列的IV特性进行测试，并利用测试数据进行分析和评估系统光伏阵列的特点和发电能力。
The invention discloses a photovoltaic grid-connected inverter with a photovoltaic array IV test function, which is composed of an inverter main circuit and a system controller. The inverter main circuit adopts a voltage type inverter, including single-phase and three-phase The grid-connected system is characterized in that: a current sensor CT1 for measuring the input current of the photovoltaic array is set between the input port of the photovoltaic array and the filter capacitor C1; a DC bus voltage sensor VT1 is set for measuring the voltage at the terminal of the filter capacitor C1; The output port of the array is provided with a DC circuit breaker K1, and the total output current of the photovoltaic array is input into the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, DC bus voltage sensor VT1 and current sensor CT1 through the DC circuit breaker K1. The invention is applicable to a conventional grid-connected inverter system, can conveniently test the IV characteristics of the photovoltaic array equipped with the system, and use the test data to analyze and evaluate the characteristics and power generation capacity of the photovoltaic array of the system.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及数十千瓦到MW级别的大功率光伏并网逆变装置，更具体地说是一种具有光伏阵列IV测试功能的光伏并网逆变器及测试方法。The invention relates to a high-power photovoltaic grid-connected inverter device of tens of kilowatts to MW level, more specifically a photovoltaic grid-connected inverter with a photovoltaic array IV test function and a testing method.
背景技术Background technique
随着太阳能光伏并网发电的迅速发展，规模化的太阳能光伏并网发电是未来的发展趋势，大型或特大型的光伏并网电站将会越来越多，光伏阵列是光伏发电系统的重要组成部分，它决定了光伏系统的发电量，同时也占光伏系统成本的主要部分。光伏阵列的发电量从理论上来说是组成阵列的所有单块太阳电池组件发电量的总和，但在实际中光伏阵列的发电量却往往大大低于理论设计要求，这是由于太阳能发电所受的制约因数相当多。就其内部原因，包括单块电池自身特性差异引起的联接组合效率损失，单块电池损坏、电池老化等等，而外界环境因素则包括阵列的电池的安装、电池板的洁净程度、组合规则等。就是对于同一块光伏阵列来说，外界环境温度、日照强度、风速、运行时间等外界条件的变化，也均会引起光伏系统的发电量、系统效率等的变化。这一系列不确定的影响因素会导致理论设计合理的光伏系统，在实际运行时发电量与设计要求误差较大。因而对于任何的光伏系统都只能在具体实践中根据安装的实际环境条件确定真正的发电量和系统效率。光伏阵列的现场测试结果是分析和评价光伏阵列发电效率的重要依据之一。With the rapid development of solar photovoltaic grid-connected power generation, large-scale solar photovoltaic grid-connected power generation is the future development trend, and there will be more and more large or extra-large photovoltaic grid-connected power stations. Photovoltaic arrays are an important component of photovoltaic power generation systems Part of it determines the power generation of the photovoltaic system and also accounts for the main part of the cost of the photovoltaic system. Theoretically, the power generation of a photovoltaic array is the sum of the power generated by all the single solar cell components that make up the array, but in practice, the power generation of a photovoltaic array is often much lower than the theoretical design requirements, which is due to the impact of solar power generation. There are quite a few constraints. Internal reasons include the loss of connection combination efficiency caused by differences in the characteristics of individual batteries, damage to individual batteries, battery aging, etc., while external environmental factors include the installation of batteries in the array, the cleanliness of battery panels, and combination rules, etc. . Even for the same photovoltaic array, changes in external conditions such as ambient temperature, sunlight intensity, wind speed, and operating time will also cause changes in the power generation and system efficiency of the photovoltaic system. This series of uncertain influencing factors will lead to a theoretically designed photovoltaic system with a large error between the power generation and the design requirements in actual operation. Therefore, for any photovoltaic system, the real power generation and system efficiency can only be determined in practice according to the actual environmental conditions of the installation. Field test results of photovoltaic arrays are one of the important bases for analyzing and evaluating the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic arrays.
对于大功率光伏电站光伏阵列的现场测试，需要有专用的测试设备，现场也不方便操作，现有的测试设备参数难以满足各种电站的需求。For on-site testing of photovoltaic arrays in high-power photovoltaic power plants, special test equipment is required, and it is not convenient to operate on site. The parameters of existing test equipment cannot meet the needs of various power plants.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明是为避免上述现有技术所存在的不足之处，提供一种具有光伏阵列IV测试功能的光伏并网逆变器及测试方法，在并网逆变器内部实现输入侧光伏阵列IV特性的测试，为实现现场光伏阵列的IV特性测试提供解决方案，并可用来预估设定条件下的光伏阵列IV、PV特性，方便光伏电站系统的发电能力评估，指导光伏逆变器的MPPT最大功率跟踪方式，提高跟踪效率。In order to avoid the shortcomings of the above-mentioned prior art, the present invention provides a photovoltaic grid-connected inverter with a photovoltaic array IV test function and a testing method, and realizes the input-side photovoltaic array IV characteristics inside the grid-connected inverter. The test provides a solution for realizing the IV characteristic test of the on-site photovoltaic array, and can be used to estimate the IV and PV characteristics of the photovoltaic array under the set conditions, facilitate the evaluation of the power generation capacity of the photovoltaic power station system, and guide the maximum MPPT of the photovoltaic inverter Power tracking mode to improve tracking efficiency.
本发明解决技术问题采用如下技术方案：The present invention solves technical problem and adopts following technical scheme:
本发明具有光伏阵列IV测试功能的光伏并网逆变器，由逆变器主电路和系统控制器构成，所述逆变器主电路采用电压型逆变器，包括单相和三相并网系统，其结构特点是：The photovoltaic grid-connected inverter with photovoltaic array IV test function of the present invention is composed of an inverter main circuit and a system controller, and the inverter main circuit adopts a voltage-type inverter, including single-phase and three-phase grid-connected system, its structural characteristics are:
在光伏阵列输入端口和滤波电容C1之间设置用于测量光伏阵列输入电流的电流传感器CT1；设置用于测量滤波电容C1端电压的直流母线电压传感器VT1；Set a current sensor CT1 for measuring the input current of the photovoltaic array between the input port of the photovoltaic array and the filter capacitor C1; set a DC bus voltage sensor VT1 for measuring the terminal voltage of the filter capacitor C1;
在所述光伏阵列的输出端口设置直流断路器K1，所述光伏阵列的输出总电流经所述直流断路器K1输入光伏并网逆变器、直流母线电压传感器VT1和电流传感器CT1。A DC circuit breaker K1 is set at the output port of the photovoltaic array, and the total output current of the photovoltaic array is input into the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, DC bus voltage sensor VT1 and current sensor CT1 through the DC circuit breaker K1.
本发明具有光伏阵列IV测试功能的光伏并网逆变器的结构特点也在于：The structural characteristics of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter with photovoltaic array IV testing function of the present invention also lie in:
在所述系统控制器中设置电流、电压采样通道及用于保存采样IV数据的RAM数据存贮器，并配套设置显示单元和通讯接口；系统控制器在对所述采样IV数据进行滤波处理后，接入显示器进行显示和/或通过通讯接口进行数据传输。In the system controller, current and voltage sampling channels and a RAM data storage for storing sampling IV data are set, and a display unit and a communication interface are provided; the system controller performs filter processing on the sampling IV data. , connected to the monitor for display and/or data transmission through the communication interface.
本发明光伏并网逆变器的测试方法的特点是：以所述滤波电容C1的端电压处于光伏阵列开路电压的5％以内为侦测状态，在所述侦测状态下实时观测由所述电流传感器CT1和直流母线电压传感器VT1所测得的电流、电压的变化，根据所述电流和电压的变化判断出所述直流断路器K1的闭合时刻和滤波电容C1的充电过程的结束时刻，录取自直流断路器K1的闭合时刻到滤波电容C1充电过程结束时刻的阶段中电流和电压的变化曲线。The test method of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter of the present invention is characterized in that: the terminal voltage of the filter capacitor C1 is within 5% of the open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic array as the detection state, and in the detection state, real-time observation is made by the The current and voltage changes measured by the current sensor CT1 and the DC bus voltage sensor VT1 are used to determine the closing time of the DC circuit breaker K1 and the end time of the charging process of the filter capacitor C1 according to the changes in the current and voltage, and record The change curve of current and voltage in the stage from the closing moment of the DC circuit breaker K1 to the end moment of the charging process of the filter capacitor C1.
本发明光伏并网逆变器的测试方法的特点也可以是：设定并网运行时的直流电压下限值为Vd；在所述逆变器并网运行时，根据用户指令在直流电压下限值Vd和光伏阵列开路电压的范围内进行光伏阵列的采样IV数据的扫描，获得并网运行状态下的光伏阵列的采样IV数据关系，并以此光伏阵列的PV曲线。The characteristics of the test method of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter of the present invention may also be: set the lower limit value of the DC voltage during grid-connected operation to Vd; The sampling IV data of the photovoltaic array is scanned within the range of the limit value Vd and the open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic array, and the relationship between the sampling IV data of the photovoltaic array in the grid-connected operation state is obtained, and the PV curve of the photovoltaic array is used.
对于光伏阵列的PV曲线为多峰的情况，设置最佳最大功率点MPPT的跟踪搜索范围在最大的峰值的±50V内。For the case where the PV curve of the photovoltaic array is multi-peaked, set the tracking search range of the best maximum power point MPPT within ±50V of the largest peak value.
与已有技术相比，本发明有益效果体现在：Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are reflected in:
1、本发明适用于常规的并网逆变系统，可以方便对本系统所配光伏阵列的IV特性进行测试，并利用测试数据进行分析和评估系统光伏阵列的特点和发电能力。1. The present invention is applicable to a conventional grid-connected inverter system, which can conveniently test the IV characteristics of the photovoltaic array equipped with the system, and use the test data to analyze and evaluate the characteristics and power generation capacity of the photovoltaic array of the system.
2、本发明可以根据现场实测光伏阵列PV峰值特性，用于指导光伏并网逆变器的MPPT跟踪方式，提高发电效率。2. The present invention can be used to guide the MPPT tracking method of the photovoltaic grid-connected inverter according to the PV peak characteristics of the photovoltaic array measured on site, so as to improve the power generation efficiency.
3、本发明可用于方便地对光伏阵列进行使用寿命和故障的分析。3. The present invention can be used to conveniently analyze the service life and failure of photovoltaic arrays.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为主电路原理图。Figure 1 is the schematic diagram of the main circuit.
图2光伏阵列电容充电过渡过程示意图。Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the transition process of photovoltaic array capacitor charging.
图3光伏阵列的IV和PV示意图。Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of IV and PV of photovoltaic array.
图4并网在线IV特性扫描测量控制框图。Fig. 4 The control block diagram of grid-connected online IV characteristic scanning measurement.
以下通过具体实施方式，结合附图对本发明作进一步说明。Hereinafter, the present invention will be further described through specific embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
在图1所示的本发明系统中，端口SP和SN为光伏阵列PV的输入端口，K1为直流断路器，可以位于系统外部或内部，手动或自动均可，U、V、W为逆变单元的三相输出端口，CT1为逆变单元的直流母线电流传感器，C1为直流滤波电容，CT1位于光伏阵列PV和滤波电容C1之间，可以检测PV的输出电流，VT1为直流电压传感器，CT1和VT1选择精密高速的霍尔传感器，T1～T6为逆变单元中的功率模块IGBT，对于主电路中的其它部件，包括电感和变压器按常规设置。In the system of the present invention shown in Figure 1, ports SP and SN are the input ports of the photovoltaic array PV, K1 is a DC circuit breaker, which can be located outside or inside the system, either manually or automatically, and U, V, W are inverters The three-phase output port of the unit, CT1 is the DC bus current sensor of the inverter unit, C1 is the DC filter capacitor, CT1 is located between the photovoltaic array PV and the filter capacitor C1, and can detect the output current of PV, VT1 is the DC voltage sensor, CT1 Select precision and high-speed Hall sensors for VT1 and T1-T6 are power module IGBTs in the inverter unit, and other components in the main circuit, including inductors and transformers, are set as usual.
在对光伏阵列PV进行测试时，首先需停机，并断开K1及切断逆变器与电网的连接，然后等待主电路滤波电容C1的电压逐步自放电下降为合适的低电压。控制系统的供电必须正常，即电网可以给控制器供电，但并不给主电路供电，在电容电压位于合适的低电压，比如0伏时，启动系统的IV测试程序，并闭合K1，针对K1闭合时刻的不确定性，该程序始终检测直流电压和电流的变化，一旦发现电流、电压有突变，即认为K1闭合，立即进行数据的采样和存储记录，直至电压和电流稳定(即电流接近0值，而电压几乎不变)时，结束采样并进行采样数据的存储，此时即认为PV对电容的充电过渡过程结束。When testing the photovoltaic array PV, it is first necessary to stop the system, disconnect K1 and cut off the connection between the inverter and the grid, and then wait for the voltage of the filter capacitor C1 of the main circuit to gradually self-discharge and drop to a suitable low voltage. The power supply of the control system must be normal, that is, the power grid can supply power to the controller, but not to the main circuit. When the capacitor voltage is at a suitable low voltage, such as 0 volts, start the IV test program of the system and close K1. For K1 The uncertainty of closing time, the program always detects the change of DC voltage and current. Once a sudden change in current and voltage is found, it is considered that K1 is closed, and the data is sampled and stored immediately until the voltage and current are stable (that is, the current is close to 0 value, but the voltage is almost constant), the sampling is ended and the sampling data is stored, and at this time, the charging transition process of the PV to the capacitor is considered to be over.
在系统采样完成后，对所存数据进行滤波平滑处理，通过本机的串行接口送点阵液晶屏显示，在显示屏上可以标示最大功率点电压和电流值，以及纵横坐标轴及单位(如电压、电流、功率)，其日照强度和结温采用手动输入。点阵式液晶屏可以采用触摸屏，其不仅具有系统运行的监控管理功能，也具有对光伏阵列数据曲线的处理功能，程序设计方便灵活，通过人机界面设置当前太阳电池组件的结温和日照强度，系统可以显示用户所感兴趣的日照强度和结温条件下的预估IV和PV曲线。该光伏阵列的预估功能可以为光伏并网电站的发电能力提供有价值的参考数据。After the system sampling is completed, filter and smooth the stored data, and send them to the dot-matrix LCD screen for display through the serial interface of the machine. The maximum power point voltage and current values, as well as the vertical and horizontal axes and units (such as Voltage, current, power), its sunshine intensity and junction temperature are input manually. The dot-matrix LCD screen can be a touch screen, which not only has the monitoring and management function of system operation, but also has the function of processing the data curve of the photovoltaic array. The system can display estimated IV and PV curves for the solar intensity and junction temperature conditions of interest to the user. The estimation function of the photovoltaic array can provide valuable reference data for the power generation capacity of the photovoltaic grid-connected power station.
图2为光伏阵列给电容充电时的电压电流过渡过程示意图。Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a voltage-current transition process when a photovoltaic array charges a capacitor.
图3(a)图3(b)分别为根据电压电流采样数据生成的IV和PV曲线示意图。Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b) are schematic diagrams of IV and PV curves generated according to voltage and current sampling data, respectively.
以上的IV测试过程需要停机，并等待滤波电容C1的放电，这在检修和安装阶段是较为方便的，一般不会影响发电，但如果系统已经处于正常的发电状态，停机测试IV特性则会影响发电生产，对电网也会造成较大的冲击影响，并网发电的同时，在线对IV特性进行测试，可以减少对电网发电的影响，虽然不能在全电压范围对光伏阵列的IV进行测试，但可以在工作电压范围内实现对光伏阵列的IV测试，发现可能存在的PV曲线多峰值或电池板的遮挡、故障和衰减等。The above IV test process needs to stop and wait for the discharge of the filter capacitor C1, which is more convenient in the maintenance and installation stage, and generally will not affect the power generation, but if the system is already in the normal power generation state, the shutdown test IV characteristics will affect Power generation production will also have a greater impact on the grid. While grid-connected to generate electricity, online IV characteristics testing can reduce the impact on grid power generation. Although the IV of the photovoltaic array cannot be tested in the full voltage range, but The IV test of the photovoltaic array can be realized within the working voltage range, and the possible existence of multiple peaks in the PV curve or shading, failure and attenuation of the solar panel can be found.
图4为并网在线IV特性扫描测量控制框图，根据系统的光伏阵列工作电压范围，在接受到IV扫描测试指令时(M/S选择为1时)，结束MPPT跟踪程序，执行SCPV扫描PV程序，将直流母线的电压指令Vdc *按步进方式给定闭环控制，增加或减少直流电压Vdc，其变化范围覆盖系统的正常工作电压范围，在指令电压扫描期间，系统的直流电压Vdc跟踪指令电压Vdc *变化，并网发电也在继续，但并网功率会随着直流电压的变化而变化，系统对此扫描过程的直流电压和电流进行采样存储并建立数据关系，形成IV和PV关系曲线。由于并网需要正常工作，所以扫描的电压有最低限制，IV曲线在直流电压的下限会缺少相关数据，但这并不影响对光伏阵列特性的评估和判断。Figure 4 is a control block diagram of grid-connected online IV characteristic scanning measurement. According to the operating voltage range of the photovoltaic array of the system, when the IV scanning test command is received (when M/S is selected as 1), the MPPT tracking program is ended and the SCPV scanning PV program is executed. , the voltage command V dc * of the DC bus is given in a step-by-step closed-loop control mode, and the DC voltage V dc is increased or decreased, and its variation range covers the normal operating voltage range of the system. Tracking the command voltage V dc * changes, grid-connected power generation is also continuing, but the grid-connected power will change with the change of DC voltage, the system samples and stores the DC voltage and current during this scanning process and establishes a data relationship to form IV and PV relationship curve. Since the grid connection needs to work normally, the scanning voltage has a minimum limit, and the IV curve will lack relevant data at the lower limit of the DC voltage, but this does not affect the evaluation and judgment of the characteristics of the photovoltaic array.
本发明是在系统主电路结构不变的情况下，利用主电路的直流断路器合闸瞬间，光伏阵列对主电路滤波电容的充电过程的IV变化关系，高速采样直流电压和电流，实现光伏阵列的IV、功率-电压(PV)特性测试，并可以根据测试结果，对该光伏阵列的IV、PV特性进行预估和评价。系统根据测试结果，可以设置最佳最大功率点跟踪MPPT区域，从而加快MPPT的跟踪速度和跟踪效率，有效避免由于太阳电池的多组串并和阴影遮挡可能带来的PV关系的多峰值对MPPT的影响。该功能的设置可以节省专用的光伏阵列IV测试设备，方便现场的调试，特别是兆瓦级光伏并网电站的安装调试和评估，现有的光伏阵列IV测试设备由于适配功率较小，是难以满足系统要求的。In the present invention, under the condition that the structure of the main circuit of the system remains unchanged, the IV variation relationship of the charging process of the photovoltaic array to the filter capacitor of the main circuit is used at the moment when the DC circuit breaker of the main circuit is closed, and the DC voltage and current are sampled at high speed to realize the photovoltaic array. The IV and power-voltage (PV) characteristics of the photovoltaic array can be tested, and the IV and PV characteristics of the photovoltaic array can be predicted and evaluated according to the test results. According to the test results, the system can set the best maximum power point to track the MPPT area, thereby speeding up the tracking speed and tracking efficiency of the MPPT, and effectively avoiding the multi-peak value of the PV relationship that may be caused by the multiple strings of solar cells and shadow shading. Impact. The setting of this function can save dedicated photovoltaic array IV test equipment and facilitate on-site commissioning, especially the installation, commissioning and evaluation of megawatt-level photovoltaic grid-connected power stations. Difficult to meet system requirements.
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