CN101675577A - 高效生成开关控制信号周期的开关功率变换器 - Google Patents

高效生成开关控制信号周期的开关功率变换器 Download PDF

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CN101675577A
CN101675577A CN200880014453A CN200880014453A CN101675577A CN 101675577 A CN101675577 A CN 101675577A CN 200880014453 A CN200880014453 A CN 200880014453A CN 200880014453 A CN200880014453 A CN 200880014453A CN 101675577 A CN101675577 A CN 101675577A
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约翰·L·梅兰松
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
    • H02M1/4225—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input using a non-isolated boost converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M3/00—Conversion of analogue values to or from differential modulation
    • H03M3/30—Delta-sigma modulation
    • H03M3/458—Analogue/digital converters using delta-sigma modulation as an intermediate step
    • H03M3/476—Non-linear conversion systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P80/00—Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
    • Y02P80/10—Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier

Abstract

一个功率控制系统包括一开关整流器和控制器，此控制器对通过生成根据如下至少一种而变化的开关控制信号对时变电压电源信号做出反应：(i)开关控制信号的周期与传送至与开关整流器相连的负载的确定功率呈反趋向；(ii)开关控制信号的周期与电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈反趋势；和(iii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的线电压水平呈直接趋势。在至少一个实例中，当提供功率功率因素校正(PFC)时，控制器实现具有相关开关损耗的开关周期和传送至开关整流器的瞬时功率之间的高效关联。

Description

高效生成开关控制信号周期的开关功率变换器
优先权要求和相关专利申请
本专利申请要求依据35U.S.C.§119(e)和37C.F.R.§1.78享有2007年5月2日递交名为“功率因数校正(PFC)控制器装置和方法”(Power Factor Correction(PFC)Controller Apparatuses andMethods)的60/915,547号美国临时专利申请的权益，其通过引用被整体纳入本专利申请。
技术领域
本发明大体涉及到电子学领域及，尤其是通过高效生成开关控制信号周期的开关功率变换器转换电压的系统和方法。
背景技术
很多装置利用功率操作。功率最初由一电源提供，如一个公用事业公司，通常它提供稳定输入电压。然而，各种设备使用的电压等级有别于电源所提供的稳定输入电压。例如，基于发光二极管(LED)的照明系统，工作于非公用事业公司所提供的电压等级下。为了调节来自电源电压与装置需要利用电压的区别，功率变换器连接于电源和装置之间，以将交流电(AC)源提供的电压水平转换为，如，另外一不同于所供电压水平的AC交流电源。整功率变换器还可以将AC功率转换为DC(直流电)功率和将DC功率转换为AC功率。
开关开关功率变换器即为一类功率变换器的实例。开关功率变换器利用开关及能源储存技术将输入电压转换为一部分与其相连的设备适宜的输出电压。
图1描绘的是功率控制系统100，它包括：开关功率变换器102，电压电源101提供AC输入“mains”电源主电压Vmains至二极管全桥式整流器103。所述电压电源101为，例如，一公用事业单位，而AC电源电压Vmains则为，例如，在美国为60Hz/120V，在欧洲为50Hz/230V。整流器103对输入的电源电压Vmains进行整流。整流器103将输入的电源电压Vmains进行整流，并向开关功率转换器提供一个经过整流的，随时间而变的初级供电电压VX。开关功率变换器102提供近乎恒定的电压功率至负载112的同时对电压电源101维持阻抗输入特性。对电压电源101维持阻性输入特性时提供近乎恒定的电压电力至负载112，这就被称为功率因素校正(PFC)。因此，控制功率因素校正后的开关整流器102可使输入至开关整流器102的电流iL产生与AC电源电压Vmains近乎成比例的变化。
PFC和输出电压控制器114控制PFC开关108的导电性，从而提供功率因数校正并调节开关功率变换器102的输出电压VC。PFC和输出电压控制器114通过控制电感电流iL以使平均电感电流iL成线性并直接与初级供电电压VX成比例。电感电流iL与初级供电电压VX的比例系数被调整以调节至负载112的电压。PFC和输出电压控制器114提供一个脉冲宽度调制的(PWM)控制信号CS0，以控制开关108的导通性。在至少一个实施例中，开关108是一个场效应晶体管(FET)，而控制信号CS0是开关108的栅极电压。控制信号CS0的脉冲宽度值和占空比取决于两个反馈信号，即初级供电电压VX和电容电压/输出电压VC。一般也将输出电压VC称为“链接电压”。电流控制回路119提供电流iRTN至PFC和输出电压控制器114，以使PFC和输出电压控制器114调节平均iL电流210(图2)，使其等于目标iL电流208(图2)。
当二极管111为反向偏置和初级供电电压VX低于输入电源的RMS值时，电容器106提供储能至负载112。电容器106的值与设计选择相关。在至少一个实例中，它非常大以维持非常稳定输出电压VC，由PFC和输出电压控制器114确定。当使用400V输出电压VC时，电容器106的值为1微法每瓦由开关整流器102提供的最大输出功率。在稳定负载条件随初级供电电压VX频率波动期间，输出电压VC保持在几乎恒定的目标值。然而，输出电压VC随负载条件变化而变化。PFC和输出电压控制器114随输出电压VC变化而变化，通过调节开关控制信号CS0还原输出电压VC至目标值以响应电压CS0的变化。在至少一个实例中，PFC和输出电压控制器114包括一小电容115，以从初级供电电压VX过滤任何高频信号。
因为寄生阻抗，每次开关108切换于绝缘和传导状态时开关功率变换器102产生开关损耗。寄生阻抗包括经过开关108的寄生电容132。在切换开关控制信号CS0每周期TT，能源被用于，例如，充电寄生电容132。因此，开关功率变换器102在开关控制信号CS0的各周期TT产生开关损耗。
PFC和输出电压控制器114控制开关功率变换器102，从而传送需求量的功率至电容器106。电力的需要量取决于负载112需求的电压和电流。输入电压控制回路116提供初级供电电压VX的样本至PFC和输出电压控制器114。PFC和输出电压控制器114确定参考电压VREF(表示输出电压VC的目标电压)和实际输出电压VC(感应自节点122并作为接收自电压回路118的反馈信号)的差别。PFC和输出电压控制器114普遍利用如下技术，如PI补偿控制，以对参考电压VREF相关的输出电压VC中的差别作出反应。PFC和输出电压控制器114处理此差别，以顺利地调节输出电压进而避免因对小错误信号产生响应而产生输出电压VC快速波动。PFC和输出电压控制器114生成脉宽调制的开关控制信号CS0进而驱动开关108。参见
Figure G2008800144532D00031
的论文，“功率因数校正整流器的快速电压回路的补偿器设计与评价”(Compensator Design andStability Assessment for Fast Voltage Loops of Power Factor CorrectionRectifiers)《IEEE功率电子汇刊》(IEEE Transactions on PowerElectronics)，，第12卷，5号，9月1007，1719-1729页(本文将其作为
Figure G2008800144532D00041
引用)，描述了一个PFC和输出电压控制器114的例案。
图2和3分别描绘开关控制策略。其为典型的开关功率变换器，如开关功率变换器102，用以转换输入电压VX为功率因数矫正后的输出电压VC。图2描述过渡开关策略，图3描述稳定周期开关策略。参考图1和2，PFC和输出电压控制器114控制PFC开关108的传导率。在至少一个实例中，初级供电电压VX 202为整流正弦波。为了调节传输的能量并将功率因数保持在接近1，PFC和输出电压控制器114改变着控制信号CS0的周期，使输入电流iL能够追踪到输为了调节传输能源量并维持功率因数接近1，PFC和输出电压控制器114改变开关控制信号CS0的期间TT，以使电感电流iL(作为“输入电流”引用)跟踪初级供电电压VX的变化并保持输出电压VC稳定。过转换开关策略204阐述的是，当初级供电电压VX增加时，PFC和输出电压控制器114增加开关控制信号CS0的周期TT。当初级供电电压VX降低时，PFC和输出电压控制器114降低开关控制信号CS0的周期。在转换开关策略204的一个实例中，脉宽时间T1近乎恒定。
时间T2代表感应器110的回扫时间，这种情况发生于开关108绝缘及二极管111导电条件下。在至少一个实例中，感应器110的值与设计选择有关。在至少一个实例中，所选感应器110的值可储备足够的能量(当开关108导电时传输自电压电源101的能量)，从而在当开关108绝缘时传输能量至电容器106并进而维持需要的输出电压VC。对于转换开关策略204，脉宽时间T1加上回扫时间T2等于开关控制信号CS0的周期TT。
电感电流iL波形206描述电感电流iL随时间变化与初级供电电压VX。当开关108导电，即处于“ON”的状态时，电感电流iL在脉宽T1中增加。当开关108绝缘，如处于“OFF”状态时，电感器电流在回扫时间T2中下降，并通过二极管111提供电感电流iL以对电容器106再充电。当开关控制信号CS0处于周期TT电感电流iL达到0时，发生不连续导电模式(DCM)。当在整个周期TT电感电流iL超过0时，发生连续导电模式(CCM)。当电感电流iL等于0时，转换开关策略204通过开始开关控制信号CS0的各周期，在DCM和CCM的边界，操作开关功率变换器102。例如，开关信号CS0的频率1/TT在20kHz至130kHz之间。开关控制信号CS0的周期TT和诱导电流iL波形206中描绘的诱导电流iL每循环持续时间被延长，便于视觉观察。当小功率转换自电压电源101时，过渡开关策略204在高频率操作开关108，如接近电源电压Vmains的过零点212，并在轻负荷，如当负载112的功率需求轻时。
PFC和输出电压控制器114设置一追踪初级供电电压VX的目标电流208。当电感电流iL在脉宽T1达到目标电流208时，开关控制信号CS0打开开关108，然后电感电流iL在回扫时间T2降至0。平均电流210代表平均电感电流iL。平均电感电流iL追踪初级供电电压VX从而提供功率因素校正。
根据图3，周期恒定开关策略302保持开关控制信号CS0的稳定周期TT，并改变开关控制信号CS0的脉宽T1以控制电感电流iL。当初级供电电压VX从0增加至峰值时，PFC和输出电压控制器114降低开关控制信号CS0的脉宽T1稳定周期开关策略302操作DCM中的开关整流器102从而使回扫时间T2加脉宽T1小于或等于开关控制信号CS0的周期TT。电感电流iL波形304描述的是稳定周期开关策略302在诱导电流iL的效果与初级供电电压VX相关。使至于为周期恒定开关策略302而设计的转换开关策略204，PFC和输出电压控制器114设定目标电流208以追踪初级供电电压VX。对稳定周期策略302，TT≥(T1+T2)，所述整流器102运行于DCM。
PFC和输出电压控制器114以比输入电压VX频率更高的频率更新开关控制信号CS0。输入电压VX的频率一般为50-60Hz。开关控制信号CS0的频率1/TT为，如，在10kHz和130kHz之间。等于或高于20kHz的频率避开了可闻及频率，并且等于或低于130kHz的频率避免显著的开关无效率。
从开关损耗对传输至负载112的能量的方面来说，稳定周期开关策略302为无效率。与其相比，过渡开关策略204则更为低效率。
发明内容
在本发明的一个实例中，一个系统包括一个生成开关控制信号，以控制开关功率变换器中开关的传导率。控制开关的电阻率使输入至开关整流器的电流发生与输入至开关整流器的电压电源信号成比例的变化。控制开关的导电性使输入至开关功率变换器的电流发生与输入至开关功率变换器的电压电源信号成比例的变化：
(i)开关控制信号的周期与传输至开关功率变换器相连负载的估算功率呈负相关；
(ii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈负相关；和
(iii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的线电压水平呈正相关；和
控制器也包括一脉宽发生器与以下至少一个响应以确定开关控制信号的脉宽：(i)开关控制信号的确定周期，(ii)电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平，和(iii)开关功率变换器输出电压信号的电压水平。
在本发明的另外一个实例中，一种方法包括生成开关控制信号，以控制开关功率变换器中开关的导电性。控制开关的导电性使输入至开关功率变换器的电流发生与输入至开关功率变换器的电压电源信号成比例的变化。此方法另外包括确定开关控制信号的周期，从而使开关控制信号的周期发生与以下因素中至少一个对应的变化：
(i)开关控制信号的周期与传输至开关功率变换器相连负载的估算功率呈负相关；
(ii)开关控制信号的周期与电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈负相关；和
(iii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的线电压水平呈正相关；
此方法也包括与以下至少一个响应以确定开关控制信号的脉宽：(i)开关控制信号的确定周期，(ii)电压电源信号的电压水平，和(iii)开关功率变换器输出电压信号的电压水平。此方法另外包括提供开关控制信号至开关功率变换器。
在本发明的另外一个实例中，一套装置包括用来生成开关控制信号并控制开关功率变换器中开关模式开关导电性的多种组件。控制开关的导电性使输入至开关功率变换器的电流发生与输入至开关功率变换器的电压电源信号成比例的变化。此装置另外包括用来确定开关控制信号的周期，从而使开关控制信号的周期发生与以下因素中至少一个对应的变化的组件：
(i)开关控制信号的周期与传输至开关功率变换器瞬时功率呈负相关；
(ii)开关控制信号的周期与电压电源信号的电压水平改变呈负相关；和
(iii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的线电压水平呈正相关；和
此装置也包括用来与以下至少一个响应以确定开关控制信号的脉宽的组件：(i)开关控制信号的确定周期，(ii)电压电源信号的电压水平，和(iii)开关功率变换器输出电压信号的电压水平。
附图说明
通过参考附图，本领域内的技术人员可更容易理解本发明，并搞清楚它的多种客体，特征和优势。贯穿多幅图的相同参考数字指的是相同或相似的元件。
图1(标记为已有技术)描绘的是一包括开关功率变换器的功率控制系统。
图2(标记的已有技术)描述转换开关控制策略及其在图1所示的开关功率变换器的电感电流中的效果。
图3(标记的已有技术)描绘周期恒定开关策略及其在图1所示的开关功率变换器的电感电流中的效果。电感电流中的效果。
图4描绘的是一功率控制系统，其特征为具有一开关功率变换器和一控制信号周期-功率传送相关性策略模块。
图5描绘的是相关波形集合，其系描述初级供电电压，电感电流和传送至图4所示的功率控制系统的功率之间的关系。
图6描述的是高效的周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX相关策略。
图7描绘的是相关波形，其系与与电感应电流和图4所示的功率控制系统的开关控制信号相关。
图8描绘的是功率因数校正(PFC)和图4所示的功率控制系统的输出电压控制器。
图9-13描绘的是高效的周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX相关策略。
图14描绘的是非线性Δ-∑调制器。
图15描绘的是一比例积分器。
图16和17描绘的是均方根值发生器。
图18描绘的是PFC和图4所示的功率控制系统的输出电压控制器的另一个实例。
图19-21描绘的是高效的周期-功率转换-瞬时初级供电电压相关策略，以增加初级供电RMS电压和功率转换百分比。
具体实施方式
一个功率控制系统包括一开关功率变换器和控制器，通过生成对如下至少一种产生相应变化的开关控制信号，此控制器对时变电压电源信号做出反应：i)开关控制信号的周期与传送至与开关功率变换器相连的负载的确定功率呈负相关；(ii)开关控制信号的周期与电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈负相关；和(iii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的线电压水平呈正相关。功率控制系统也包括一脉宽发生器，用于确定开关控制信号的脉宽，作为对如下因素的反应：(i)开关控制信号的确定周期，(ii)电压电源信号的瞬时电压，及(iii)开关功率变换器输出电压信号的电压水平。因此，周期可以根据变量的单相函数，双相函数或三相函数确定。(i)传送至与开关功率变换器相连的负载的确定功率；(ii)电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平；和(iii)时变电压电源信号的线电压水平(总体被称作“周期确定变量”)。“单相函数”指的是周期确定变量(i)，(ii)，或(iii)中任意一种被用来确定开关控制信号周期。“双相函数”指的是周期确定变量(i)，(ii)，或(iii)中的任意两种被用来确定开关控制信号周期。“三相函数”指的是周期确定变量(i)，(ii)，或(iii)中的任意三种被用来确定开关控制信号周期。
对具有近似正弦波电压电源信号的电力供应，当电压电源信号的相位角在45°和135°之间时开关整流器从电压电源传输80％的功率至负载。开关功率变换器中的开关损耗随着开关周期降低而减少，或换言之，开关功率变换器中的开关损耗随着开关频率的升高而增加。通过改变开关控制信号的周期，周期可根据周期确定变量的单相函数，双相函数或三相函数产生相应变化，在至少一个实例中，当提供功率因数校正(PFC)时，控制器在具有相关开关损耗的开关周期和周期确定变量之间实现高效相关性。
图4描绘的是具有开关功率变换器402和高效控制信号周期发生器408的功率控制系统400。在至少一个实例中，开关功率变换器402的设置方法如开关功率变换器102一样。整流器103整流由电压电源404提供的输入电压VIN以生成时变的初级供电电压VX。在至少一个实例中，电压电源404与电压电源101相同，输入电压VIN与电源电压Vmains相同。功率控制系统400也包括PFC和输出电压控制器406。PFC和输出电压控制器406使用代表初级供电电压VX和输出电压VC的反馈信号生成开关控制信号CS1。PFC和输出电压控制器406包括高效控制信号周期发生器408，以有效地关联开关控制信号CS1的周期TT和周期确定变量从而，例如，增加功率控制系统400的效率。
在至少一个实例中，此周期确定变量为：i)传送至负载112的确定功率，(ii)初级供电电压VX的瞬时电压水平，和(iii)初级供电电压VX的线电压水平。在至少一个实例中，传输至负载112的估计功率通过将平均输出电压VC(通过电压控制回路418获得)和开关整流器402的平均输出电流iOUT相乘估算出。在至少一个实例中，传送至负载112的估计功率用“K”表示，并通过图8所示的负载功率需求估算器803确定。在至少一个实例中，初级供电电压VX的瞬时电压水平代表初级供电电压VX的一个值，此值通过比率约等于1/TT(1/TT代表开关控制信号CS1的频率)的电压回路416抽样得出。所谓“瞬时”包括延时，如在初级供电电压VX的抽样值获取中的任何传输和处理延时。在至少一个实例中，初级供电电压VX的线电压水平代表至少一个周期的初级供电电压VX。例如，在至少一个实例中，线电压水平是初级供电电压VX的均方根(RMS)，初级供电RMS电压的峰值VX_RMS，或初级供电电压VX，的平均值。例如，在美国线电压标称为120Vrms，而在欧洲则标称为230Vrms，其中，“Vrms”代表1个RMS伏特。一般来说，线电压水平和负载功率需求将在50-240Hz的频率更新，瞬时电压将会以开关108的开关频率更新，如开关控制信号CS1的频率。
在至少一个实例中，所述高效控制信号周期发生器408包括一控制信号周期策略，以使PFC和输出电压控制器406生成开关控制信号CS1的周期TT(根据至少一种周期确定变量变化)。
图5描述的是相关波形500的合集，其系描述初级供电电压VX502，电感电流iL504和从电压电源404传送至开关整流器402的功率506之间的相关性。初级供电电压VX周期的一半发生于相位角0°-45°和135°-180°。初级供电电压VX的RMS电压等于在相位角45°和135°的电压。如此，在等于初级供电电压VX的半个周期TT的时间，初级供电电压VX大于初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS，而在等于半个周期TT的时间，小于初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS。正弦波初级供电电压VX的峰值电压为√2·VX_RMS。为提供功率因素校正，PFC和输出电压控制器406生成开关控制信号CS1，以使平均电感电流iL 508追踪初级供电电压VX。从电压电源404传送至开关整流器402的功率506等于VX·iL。当初级供电电压VX大于初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS时，功率506的百分之八十被传送至开关整流器402，当当初级供电电压VX小于初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS时，功率506的百分之二十被传送。换言之，当初级供电电压VX在相位角45°和135°之间时，功率506的80％被传送，当处于初级供电电压VX波谷时，功率506的20％被传送。在至少一个实例中，初级供电电压VX的波谷低于初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS，对正弦波，其相位角在0°-45°和135°-180°。
因为寄生阻抗，每次开关108切换于绝缘和传导状态时开关整流器402产生开关损耗。在开关控制信号CS1的每个周期TT，功率被用于，例如，充电寄生电容132。在开关控制信号CS1的每周期TT，开关整流器402产生开关损耗。因此，控制信号CS1的频率越高，开关损耗越高。
根据图1-5，关于传统过渡开关策略204，开关控制信号CS0的频率在相位角0°-45°和135°-180°为最高。因此，在最低量的功率从电压电源101传送至开关整流器102的时间内统过渡开关策略204引起最大的开关损耗。在至少一个实例中，与传统过渡开关策略204相关的开关损耗中超过一半(＞50％)发生于20％功率从电压电源101至开关整流器102的传送过程中。稳定周期开关策略302则更为高效因为与传统过渡开关策略204相关的开关损耗中只有大约一半(50％)发生于20％功率从电压电源101至开关整流器102的传送过程中。
在至少一个实例中，高效控制信号周期发生器408使PFC和输出电压控制器406通过增加开关控制信号CS1的周期TT以改善功率控制系统400的功率。或换言之，在低功率传送至负载112，低瞬时初级供电电VX和(或)高初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS时降低开关108的开关率。表1阐述典型开关损耗和功率转换率对比。实际节电和优化的开关控制信号CS1周期TT发生策略取决于功率控制系统400的功率器件。
 开关策略  典型开关损耗
 过渡开关策略204  在初级供电电VX的波谷时＞50％开关108的开关率
 稳定周期开关策略302  在初级供电电压VX的波谷时50％开关108的开关率
 高效控制信号周期发生器408  在初级供电电压VX的波谷时＜50％开关108的开关率
表1
如前文所述，在至少一个实例中，初级供电电压VX的波谷低于初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS，对正弦波，其相位角在0°-45°和135°-180°。
图6描述的是对高效控制信号周期发生器408，典型的高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略600。根据图5和6，随着初级供电电VX向峰值电压√2·VX_RMS增加时，从电压电源404传送至开关整流器402的功率非线性增加。对任何初级供电电压VX和开关功率变换器402输出功率的给定值，存在优化开关周期TT。此优化周期通常在初级供电电压VX的波谷时增加。若周期TT太短，则会存在过度的开关损失。若周期TT太长，寄生阻抗中将会存在过量损耗，如开关108和感应器110各自的阻抗及感应器110的芯损耗。高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略600提供策略以确定周期TT为瞬时初级供电电压VX的函数。周期TT的优化值的实际值与设计选择相关，并且，如，取决于开关整流器402的各部件的值，如感应器110，开关108，电容器106，二极管111的特性，以及瞬时初级供电电压VX，初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS和传送至负载112的功率。在至少一个实例中，功率控制系统400比常规功率控制系统100更有效率，因为开关108的开关频率随着电压电源404提供的功率的增加而增加，从而，控制器实现开关周期与开关108的相关开关损耗之间的高度关联。
在至少一个实例中，开关整流器402运行于DCM中。譬如说，控制信号CS1的频率1/TT介于10kHz and 130kHz之间。开关控制信号CS1的周期TT和诱导电流iL波形504中描绘的诱导电流iL各循环持续延长，以便于提高视觉清晰度。
图7描绘的是典型电感电流iL和开关控制信号CS1之间典型关联波形700。在开关控制信号CS1的各脉宽的周期T1中，电感电流iL随着从电压电源404传送至感应器110而升高。在回扫时间T2，电感电流iL随着感应器储能量充电电容器106降低。平均电感电流iL_AVG 706追踪初级供电电压VX从而提供功率因素校正。
图8描述的是PFC和输出电压控制器800，其系代表PFC和输出电压控制器406的一个实例。PFC和输出电压控制器800依据由控制信号周期发生器策略模块802实施的开关控制信号发生策略确定开关控制信号CS1。高效控制信号周期发生策略模块802代表高效控制信号周期发生器408的一个实例。在至少一个实例中，控制信号周期发生策略模块802生成TT，作为以下中至少一个的函数：瞬时初级供电电压VX和传送至负载112的估计功率。在至少一个实例中，此控制信号周期策略模块802生成TT为初级供电电压VX和传送至负载112的估计功率两者的函数。
PFC和输出电压控制器800确定周期TT和开关控制信号CS1的脉宽T1，以，例如，对开关整流器402提供功率传送效率和功率因素校正。在至少一个实例中，传送至负载112的估计功率由“K”代表，为功率控制回路418中的负载功率需求估算器803的输出值。在至少一个实例中，脉宽周期T1的平方，如T12，根据等式1确定。
T 1 2 = 2 · L V XRMS 2 · K · TT · ( 1 - V X V C ) - - - 1
“T1”为控制信号CS1的脉宽(接通持续时间)。“L”表示电感器110的电感值。VX_RMS代表初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS。“K”代表负载112的功率需求的估计值，它由负载功率需求估计器803确定。“TT”是控制信号CS1的周期，它由控制信号周期生成策略模块802生成。“VX”为初级供电电压VX的当前值的采样值。“VC”为连接电压VC的抽样值。在优选实例中，此计算用适当换算值和工作长度进行定点运算实现。
RMS值发生器804从取样初级供电电压VX，确定初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS。模块806接收初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS值并确定2·L/(VX_RMS 2)。“2·L/(VX_RMS 2)”代表一标度因子。升压因子模块808确定升压因子(1-VX/VC).。乘法器810将开关控制信号CS1周期TT，模块806的输出值，升压因子模块808的输出值及估计功率需求K相乘以生成T12。非线性Δ-∑调制器812确定开关控制信号CS1的脉宽T1。脉宽调制器(PWM)814接收脉宽时间T1和周期TT，并生成开关控制信号CS1，从而使开关控制信号CS1具有脉宽T1和周期TT。
在至少一个实例中，为确保开关整流器402运转与DCM，感应器110的L值根据等式[2]设定。
L = V min 2 / [ ( P max · J ) · ( 2 · f max ) [ 1 - √ 2 ( V min V cap ) ] - - - [ 2 ]
“L”感应器110的值。“Vmin”是初级供电RMS电VX_RMS的最小预期值。“Pmax”负载112的最大需求功率。“J”为过度设计系数，任何大于1的值表明过度设计。在至少一个实例中，“J”为1.1。“fmax”为控制信号CS1的最大频率。“VC”为标称输出电VC。回扫时间T2可依据等式[3]确定。
T 2 = V X V C · V X - - - [ 3 ]
在至少一个实例中，为避免感应器110饱和，感应器110的L值可使电感电流的峰值iL_PEAK大于或等于VX·T1/L的最大值。低线电压运行中初始电源电压VX达到峰值实现全输出功率时，输入电流峰值iL_PEAK发生。
被PFC和输出电压控制器406用来确定开关控制信号CS1周期的高效控制信号周期发生策略与设计选择相关，并可优化开关功率变换器402的效率。
此外，在至少一个实例中，可能初级供电电压水平的范围也可影响周期TT的时间。例如，以保留于DCM操作，对高线电压条件，增加周期TT以保留于DCM操作。
图9-13描述的是典型的高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略。用来提供高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联的此特定策略取决于很多运行参数，如功率控制系统(如功率控制系统400)的组件值，运行频率和传送至负载112的功率。图9-13阐述各种提供高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联的策略。其它周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略与开关控制信号CS1周期呈负相关，瞬时初级供电电压VX可用于(基于设计选择)，如功率控制系统的运行参数。
图9描述的是高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略900。初级供电电压VX从0变至0.75·√2·VX_RMS时周期TT呈线性下降，直至初级供电电压VX等于√2·VX_RMS时才保持恒定。高于电压VB的恒定周期TT设定开关控制信号CS1开关频率的上限，例如可以阻止开关108的过量开关损耗。
图10描述的是高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略1000。高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略1000维持稳定的开关控制信号CS1周期TT直至初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS等于0.25·VX_RMS，然后呈线性下降直至初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS等于0.75·√2·VX_RMS，然后保持恒定直至初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS等于√2·VX_RMS。高于电压VA的稳定周期TT设定开关控制信号CS1开关频率的上限，例如可以阻止开关108的过量开关损耗。低于电压VB的稳定周期TT设定开关108开关频率的下限，例如可以避开处于人可闻及频段的频率。
图11描述的是高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略1100。高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略1100系阶跃函数，周期TT只需取决于一步一步地转变。其系阶跃函数，周期TT只需取决于一步一步地转变。
图12描述的是高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略1200。高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略1200最初随着初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS从0增加而增加，其后当初级供电电压VX接近于√2·VX_RMS时，呈非线性下降。虽然高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略1200短暂增加，但它仍使开关控制信号CS1的周期TT与瞬时初级供电电压VX呈负相关。在至少一个实例中，高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略1200使感应器110接近饱和。
图13描述的是高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略1300。高效周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX关联策略1300通常呈平方地下降直至初级供电电压VX等于√2·VX_RMS。
高效控制信号周期发生器408使用的特定周期-瞬时转变关联策略与设计选择相关，并适应如下变量：例如，效率，功率因素校正，计算复杂度和组件特性。在此优选实例中，周期发生器408应用于数字逻辑并接受输入值的数字化体现。高效控制信号周期发生器408可用众多方法中任意一种以生成开关控制信号CS1周期TT。例如，控制信号周期发生策略模块802使用的周期-瞬时初级供电电压VX策略可作为算法储存，控制信号周期发生策略模块802可根据此算法确定开关控制信号CS1周期TT。另外一个实例中，周期-功率转换关联策略可储存于可选记忆体816。在至少一个实例中，此记忆体816包括一关联周期TT值和初级供电电VX值的查表。然后，控制信号周期发生策略模块802可基于初级供电电压VX的值恢复周期TT的值。
在至少一个实例中，PFC和输出电压控制器800作为可编程的PFC和输出控制电压控制器应用。其描述于美国专利申请第11/967,275号，题为“可编程的功率控制系统”(申请于2007年12月31日，专利权人Cirrus Logic公司，发明人John L.Melanson)。美国专利申请第11/967,275号描述典型的系统和方法，并以引用方式并入本文。因为优化周期取决于开关组件的设计选择，高效周期信号算法的可编程性使每个设计在利用PFC和输出电压控制器800的相同集成电路实例时，对效率特别优化。
图14显示的是非线性Δ-∑调制器1400，其系代表非线性Δ-∑调制器812的一个实例。非线性Δ-∑调制器1400调节开关功率变换器402的非线性功率传递进程。开关功率变换器402的非线性功率传递进程可建立数学模型，即为平方函数，x2。非线性Δ-∑调制器1400包括非线性系统反馈模块1402，由x2表示。反馈模块1402的输出为延迟-1数字转换器输出信号T1的平方，如[T1(n-1)]2。延迟z-11406表示延迟-1数字转换器的输出信号T1。负[T1(n-1)]2通过加算器1412加入T12。非线性Δ-∑调制器1400包括一独立于数字转换器1408的补偿模块1404。非线性补偿模块1404处理环路滤波器1410的输出信号，即用平方根函数x1/2以补偿非线性反馈模块1402所产生的非线性。补偿模块1404的输出被数字转换器1408量子化以生成开关控制信号CS1脉宽T1。
图15描述的是PI补偿器1500，其系代表负载功率需求估算器803的一个实例。PI补偿器1500生成负载功率需求信号K。负载功率需求信号K在如下情况发生变化：参考电压VREF和输出电压VC之间的差异变化时时，由错误发生器1501生成的错误信号ev变化时。参考信号VREF为被设置为输出电压VC的期望值。PI补偿器1500包括积分信号通道1502和比例信号通道1504。积分信号通道1502包括一积分器1506以合并错误信号ev和一增益模块1508以将错误信号ev的积分乘以增益因子g2并生成完整的输出信号IPW。比例通道1504包括一增益模块1510以将错误信号ev乘以增益因子g1并生成成比例的输出信号PPW。加算器1512将积分输出信号IPW和比例输出信号PPW相加以生成负载功率需求信号K。
增益因子g1和g2的值与试验选择相关。增益因子g1和g2影响PFC和输出电压控制器406的响应性。典型的增益因子g1和g2的值陈述与下文中图8-31的模拟代码，美国专利申请第11/967,269号，题为“使用非线性Δ-∑调制器调节非线性功率转换进程的功率控制系统”，申请于2007年12月31日，专利权人：Cirrus Logic公司。发明人John L.Melanson。美国专利申请第11/967,269号描述典型的系统和方法，并以引用方式并入本文。PFC和输出电压控制器406更快的响应时间可使开关控制信号CS1更迅速地适应最小化错误信号ev。如果响应太慢，输出电压VC可能无法跟踪负载112功率需求的变化，进而无法维持近乎恒定的值。如果响应太快，输出电压VC可能对负载112功率需求的微小短暂波动产生反应。这些快速反应可能在PFC和输出电压控制器406中产生振动，损害或降低各组件的寿命。比例生成器1500的特定反应比率为设计选择。
图16和17描述的是RMS值发生器804的典型实例。初级供电电压VX的RMS值为初级供电电压VX平方的平均值的平方根。RMS值发生器1600接收在一周期的初级供电电压{VX}中初级供电电压VX的抽样值，平方模块1602将初级供电电压的每一个抽样值平方以确定{VX 2}。低通滤波器1604确定{VX 2}平均值VX 2 _MEAN。平方根模块1606确定VX 2 _MEAN的平方根，以确定初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS。
RMS值发生器1700接收初级供电电压VX，峰值探测器1702确定其峰值VX_PEAK。因为初级供电电压VX在至少一个实例中为正弦波，用乘法器1704将VX_PEAK乘以√2/2，以生成初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS。在至少一个实例中，因为VX_PEAK的精确值并非决定性，所以用RMS值发生器1700确定VX_PEAK足够适用。
图18描述的是PFC和输出电压控制器1800，其系代表PFC和输出电压控制器406的一个实例。在至少一个实例中，多相函数控制信号周期发生策略模块1802作为周期确定变量的单相，双相或三相函数确定开关控制信号CS1的周期TT。因为初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS增加平均输入电流，从而使供应给定量功率所需要的平均电感电流iL降低。例如，对初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS＝120V，供应30瓦特功率，输入等于250mA，如P＝V·I.对初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS＝240V，供应30瓦特功率，RMS电感电流iL_RMS等于125mA.。因此，开关控制信号CS1的周期TT可随初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS值的增加而增加，进而降低开关控制信号CS1的频率。开关控制信号CS1的频率降低可增加功率控制系统400的效率。在至少一个实例中，PFC和输出电压控制器1800运行方式与PFC和输出电压控制器800相同，除了策略模块1802确定开关控制信号CS1的周期TT以作为周期确定变量的单相，双相或三相函数。
图19，20和21分别描述的是高效周期确定策略1900，2000和2100，其系代表周期确定变量的三相函数。所述“三相函数”表明所有3个周期确定变量都用于确定开关控制信号CS1的周期TT。根据图19，传送至负载112的估计功率大于可传送至负载112的最大功率的一半(＞50％)。随着初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS增加，周期确定策略1900增加周期TT的值以实现初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS的给定值。此外，周期TT也与瞬时初级供电电压VX呈负相关。周期确定策略1900代表高效周期确定策略的一个实例，其可被基于VX_RMS的高效控制信号周期发生策略1802利用。图10-13所示的周期-功率传送关联策略也可被基于VX_RMS的高效控制信号周期发生策略1802利用，其系通过增加初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS的值增加开关控制信号CS1的周期TT。
图20描述的是高效周期确定策略2000，其系代表周期确定变量的三相函数。传送至负载112的估计功率范围在可传送至负载112的最大功率的20％至50％。随着初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS增加，周期确定策略2000增加周期TT的值以实现初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS的给定值。此外，周期TT也与瞬时初级供电电压VX呈负相关。周期确定策略2000代表高效周期确定策略的一个实例，其可被基于VX_RMS的高效控制信号周期发生策略1802利用。图10-13所示的周期-功率传送关联策略也可被基于VX_RMS的高效控制信号周期发生策略1802利用，其系通过增加初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS的值增加开关控制信号CS1的周期TT。
图21描述的是高效周期确定策略2100，其系代表周期确定变量的瞬时电压水平的三相函数。传送至负载112的估计功率范围在可传送至负载112的最大功率的0％至20％。随着初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS增加，周期确定策略2000增加周期TT的值以实现初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS的给定值。对初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS等于240V，若随着初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS下降，周期TT和瞬时初级供电电压VX的关系在一稳定比率√2·240，瞬时初级供电电压VX等于0V时，周期TT可能为80微秒。然而，为了保持开关108的频率高于20kHz，人可闻及频段的上限，周期确定策略2100限制周期TT的最大量在50微秒，如20kHz。此外，周期TT也与瞬时初级供电电压VX呈负相关。周期确定策略2100代表高效周期确定策略的一个实例，其可被基于VX_RMS的高效控制信号周期发生策略1802利用。图10-13所示的周期-功率传送关联策略也可被基于VX_RMS的高效控制信号周期发生策略1802利用，其系通过增加初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS.的值增加开关控制信号CS1的周期TT。
图19-21一起描述的是开关控制信号CS1周期的典型函数，其系与传送至负载112的估计功率呈负相关。虽然传送至负载112的估计功率的特定实例和开关控制信号CS1的周期TT也被描绘与此，以上两者的特定关系，即开关控制信号CS1的周期TT与传送至负载112的估计功率呈负相关，与设计选择相关。此外，图19-21可被用作如下双相函数：(i)初级供电电压VX和(ii)初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS，当提供功率因素校正(PFC)时，如果传送至负载112的估计功率保持稳定。此外，图19-21可被用作初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS的单相函数并通过使用初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS和开关控制信号CS1周期TT的逆相关关系提供功率因素校正(PFC)。
因此，当提供功率因素校正(PFC)时，PFC和输出电压控制器406实现具有相关开关损耗的开关周期与以下因素的高效关联：(i)传送至开关整流器的瞬时功率，(ii)初级供电电压VX，和(或)(iii)初级供电RMS电压VX_RMS。
尽管已经对本发明作了详细描述，但应明白，在不偏离所附权利要求中定义的本发明之范围和精神情况下仍可以进行多种变化、替代和更改。

Claims (26)

1.一个系统，其包括：
一个控制器，其系用来生成一控制开关整流器中开关的电阻率的开关控制信号，其中，对开关电阻率的控制使输入至开关整流器的电流产生与输入至开关整流器的时变电压电源信号相应的变化，其中控制器包括：
一周期发生器，其系用来确定开关控制信号的周期从而使开关控制信号的周期发生与以下因素中至少一个对应的变化：
(i)开关控制信号的周期与传输至与开关整流器相连负载的估算功率呈逆相关；
(ii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈逆相关；和
(iii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的线电压水平呈正相关；和
一脉宽发生器，其系用来与以下至少一个响应，确定开关控制信号的脉宽；(i)开关控制信号的确定周期，
(ii)电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平，和(iii)开关整流器输出电压信号的电压水平。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其另外包括：
一输入，其系用来接收发自电压电源的时变电压电源信号；及
此开关整流器，与控制器相连，以将此电压电源信号转变为一输出电压信号，此开关整流器包括此开关以控制从电压电源传输至开关整流器的功率，其中所述开关功率另外包括一输出，其中所述开关在导电时使功率从电压电源传送至感应器，在绝缘时使功率传送至负载。
3.根绝权利要求1所述的系统，其中周期发生器被设置成确定开关控制信号的周期从而使开关控制信号的周期根据以下因素中至少两个发生变化：
(i)开关控制信号的周期与传输至与开关整流器相连负载的估算功率呈逆相关；
(ii)开关控制信号的周期与电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈逆相关；和
(iii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的电压水平呈正相关。
4.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中周期发生器被设置成确定开关控制信号的周期从而使开关控制信号的周期根据以下因素发生变化：
(i)开关控制信号的周期与传输至与开关整流器相连负载的估算功率呈逆相关；
(ii)开关控制信号的周期与电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈逆相关；和
(iii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的线电压水平呈正相关。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中开关的周期对电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平的趋势为线性。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中开关的周期对电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平的趋势为非线性。
7.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中开关的周期对电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平的趋势为基于分段线性阶跃函数。
8.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中，对时变电压电源信号的180度半周期，开关控制信号包括多周期和当时变电压电源信号的量小于其均方根时存在的小于开关控制信号的半周期。
9.根据权利要求1所述系统，其中控制器另外包括：
一模拟变数字的电压水平探测器，其系用来探测时变电压电源的值；和
此周期发生器，包括一函数发生器，与电压水平探测器相连，用来接收数字探测后的电压水平值并生成一控制开关控制信号周期的数字化周期控制信号。
10.根据权利要求9所述的系统，其中此函数生成器被配置以生成控制信号的周期，其系传送至与开关整流器相连的负载的估计功率，电压电源系的瞬时电压水平，和时变电压电源信号的线电压水平的一个函数。
11.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中时变电压电源信号的线电压水平由以下中的一个代表：一均方根值，一平均值，和一时变电压电源信号值的峰值。
12.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其中开关控制信号的最大周期有别于开关控制信号的最小周期，其比率至少为2∶1。
13.一种方法包括：
生成一控制开关整流器中开关的电阻率的开关控制信号，其中，对开关电阻率的控制使输入至开关整流器的电流产生与输入至开关整流器的时变电压电源信号相应的变化；
确定开关控制信号的周期从而使开关控制信号的周期发生与以下因素中至少一个对应的变化：
(i)开关控制信号的周期与传输至与开关整流器相连负载的估算功率呈逆相关；
(ii)开关控制信号的周期与电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈逆相关；和
(iii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的线电压水平呈正相关；
确定开关控制信号的脉宽，其系对以下中至少一个做出的反应：(i)开关控制信号的确定周期，(ii)电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平，和(iii)开关整流器输出电压信号的电压水平；和
提供开关控制信号至开关整流器。
14.权利要求13的方法，它还包含：
接收来自电压电源的时变电压电源信号；
接收电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平的一个样本；
接收开关整流器输出电压信号的电压水平的一个样本；
转变电压电源信号为一输出电压信号；和
供应此输出电压信号至负载。
15.权利要求13的方法，它还包含：
使开关在控制信号的每周期根据开关控制信号的脉宽导电；和
使开关在每周期的剩余时间绝缘。
16.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中确定开关控制信号的周期包括确定开关控制信号的周期从而使开关控制信号的周期根据一下至少两种变化：
(i)开关控制信号的周期与传输至与开关整流器相连负载的估算功率呈逆相关；
(ii)开关控制信号的周期与电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈逆相关；和
(iii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的线电压水平呈正相关。
17.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中确定开关控制信号的周期包括确定开关控制信号的周期从而使开关控制信号的周期：
(i)开关控制信号的周期与传输至与开关整流器相连负载的估算功率呈逆相关；
(ii)与电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈逆相关；和
(iii)与时变电压电源信号的线电压水平呈正相关。
18.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中确定开关控制信号的周期另外包括确定开关控制信号的周期从而使开关的周期与电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈线性相关。
19.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中确定开关控制信号的周期另外包括确定开关控制信号的周期从而使开关的周期与电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平呈线性相关。
20.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中确定开关控制信号的周期另外包括确定开关控制信号的周期从而使开关的周期与电压电源信号的瞬时电压水平的关系基于分段线性阶跃函数。
21.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中所述开关整流器包括一连接于此开关整流器的输入和输出之间感应器，此方法另外包括：
传送功率至感应器(当开关导电时)；和
传送功率至开关整流器的输出(当开关绝缘时)。
22.权利要求13的方法，它还包含：
确定处于时变电压电源信号的180度半周期中的开关控制信号的多周期，从而使当时变电压电源信号的量小于其均方根时，小于开关控制信号的半周期存在。
23.权利要求13的方法，它还包含：
探测时变电压电源信号的电压水平值；和
确定开关控制信号的周期，其包括根据探测出的电压水平确定开关控制信号的周期。
24.根据权利要求13所述的系统，其中时变电压电源信号的线电压水平由以下中的一个代表：一均方根值，一平均值，和一时变电压电源信号值的峰值。
25.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中确定开关控制信号的周期另外包括确定开关控制信号的周期从而使开关控制信号的最大周期有别于开关控制信号的最小周期，其比率至少为2∶1。
26.一套装置，其包括：
一件构件，其系用来生成一控制开关整流器中开关的电阻率的开关控制信号，其中，对开关电阻率的控制使输入至开关整流器的电流产生与输入至开关整流器的时变电压电源信号相应的变化；
一件构件，其系用来确定开关控制信号的周期从而使开关控制信号的周期发生与以下因素中至少一个对应的变化：
(i)开关控制信号的周期与传输至开关整流器瞬时功率呈逆相关；
(ii)开关控制信号的周期与电压电源信号的电压水平改变呈逆相关；和
(iii)开关控制信号的周期与时变电压电源信号的线电压水平呈正相关；和
一件构件，其系用来对以下中至少一个做出的反应确定开关控制信号的脉宽：(i)开关控制信号的确定周期，(ii)电压电源信号的电压水平，和(iii)开关整流器输出电压信号的电压水平。
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