CN101595076A - 交联生坯体制品以及用其制造多孔陶瓷制品的方法 - Google Patents

交联生坯体制品以及用其制造多孔陶瓷制品的方法 Download PDF

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CN101595076A
CN101595076A CN200880003198.1A CN200880003198A CN101595076A CN 101595076 A CN101595076 A CN 101595076A CN 200880003198 A CN200880003198 A CN 200880003198A CN 101595076 A CN101595076 A CN 101595076A
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compact body
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缪卫国
S·B·奥古米
J·王
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Abstract

揭示了一种高孔隙度陶瓷制品及其制造方法以及中间产品干燥的蜂窝生坯体制品。该制品的总孔隙度至少在55%左右,在60%以上,甚至在65%以上。制造方法包括将陶瓷形成粉末、有机成孔剂、水、以及交联剂混合。干燥过程使成孔剂与交联剂之间发生缩合反应,由此在生坯体内形成增强生坯体并减少裂纹的网络。成孔剂包括淀粉或活化纤维素混合物。还可以包括第二成孔剂,比如石墨。

Description

交联生坯体制品以及用其制造多孔陶瓷制品的方法
发明领域
本发明涉及多孔陶瓷制品,尤其涉及具有高孔隙度的陶瓷制品以及制造此类高孔隙度陶瓷制品的方法。
背景技术
对陶瓷材料的加工往往得到孔隙度至少在5%以上的最终产品。较高孔隙度为特定应用所期望,比如用于内燃机的废气转化器、锅炉燃烧元件、液体燃料或气体燃料的重整装置、以及用于水或污水的净化系统。为了确保大表面积,在这些应用中使用的许多高孔隙度陶瓷制品具有蜂窝结构。
高孔隙度陶瓷制品所具有的总孔隙度在大约20%以上。例如,市场上的高孔隙度过滤器的孔隙度约为40-65%。高孔隙度可以通过以下方式实现:将成孔剂与陶瓷形成无机批料、粘合剂和加工助剂混合形成塑化批料,将该塑化批料制成生坯体,以及将该生坯体烧制形成陶瓷制品。成孔剂一般被用来增加孔的数量并控制多孔陶瓷制品中的孔大小和容积。在孔隙度较高的制品中,所需要的成孔剂数量增加。其结果是,在干燥和烧制步骤中,裂纹就更成问题了。因此,制造高孔隙度陶瓷制品的结果可能是产率低下。干燥产率是在干燥处理之后未发生显著裂纹或变形的生坯体的百分比。类似地,烧制产率是在烧制处理之后未发生显著裂纹或变形的烧制体的百分比。显然,高干燥产率和烧制产率能降低制造成本,提高效率,因此是人们孜孜以求的。
成孔剂包括含碳化合物,比如石墨、淀粉、以及各种在生坯体的烧制过程中会挥发的有机聚合物和树脂。成孔剂还包括发泡剂以及无机的中空颗粒,比如氧化硅微球。成孔剂的用量取决于所期望的最终陶瓷制品的孔隙度。例如,孔隙度约为30%的蜂窝陶瓷制品可以用包含100重量份陶瓷形成粉末、最多30重量份的有机成孔剂、以及足量的诸如水等赋形剂(vehicle)的生坯体制造。在烧制过程中,有机成孔剂挥发,在最终产品中留下空的空间,即孔。孔大大地提高了制品的表面积,甚至提高了制品的耐热冲击性。在微粒壁流式过滤器应用中,孔隙提供了用于从流体流中过滤微粒的互连流路。
淀粉与石墨被用作成孔剂。干燥包括这些成孔剂的生坯体制品要求低度加热。淀粉在相当低的温度就软化,大约是在80℃左右,淀粉比例高的生坯体会在干燥过程中坍落,由此降低干燥产率。所提议的一个解决方案是先将淀粉交联后再加入到混合物中去。这样可以提高淀粉的软化点并减少坍落。然而,这样做却对提高生坯体的强度或者减少裂纹毫无益处。石墨在干燥过程中不会软化。然而,如果在干燥过程中使用微波辐射,石墨会快速地变热,导致裂纹。因此,每一种成孔剂都有其自身缺陷。
在某些应用中,需要较高孔隙度的陶瓷制品。例如,柴油机卡车废气系统中的高孔隙度陶瓷过滤器既可以提高过滤器的寿命又可以降低过滤器上产生的压降,由此提高发动机的燃料效率。制造商希望生产出孔隙度很高的陶瓷制品,即,孔隙度在50%以上,优选在60%以上,最好在65%以上。然而,在维持可以接受的干燥产率和烧制产率的同时实现这样高的孔隙度是一个挑战。孔隙度较高一般意味着成孔剂较多,可能使生坯体中的陶瓷壁变薄,强度下降,一般会降低干燥产率。现有技术在提高高孔隙度陶瓷制品的干燥产率方面的解决方案包括极其漫长的干燥周期和在高潮湿度条件下进行干燥。这两种方案对标准制造工艺产生干扰,严重地降低制造速度。
就此而言,需要一种高孔隙度陶瓷制品以及一种制造此类陶瓷制品以期减少生坯体裂纹的方法。较佳地,有关产品和方法应与现有制造工艺兼容。
发明概述
本发明描述一种高孔隙度陶瓷制品及其制造方法。该制品的总孔隙度至少在55%左右,优选在60%以上,最好在65%以上。该制造方法降低干燥过程中裂纹的可能性。
在一个广泛的方面,该制造方法包括将陶瓷形成粉末、可交联成孔剂、水、以及交联剂混合。交联剂不应只是与成孔剂混合,而应当充分分散于生坯体之中。在干燥过程中,交联剂与成孔剂发生反应,由此在生坯体内形成一个强化生坯体并减少裂纹的网络。
干燥处理去除生坯体中的水分,这促使成孔剂与交联剂之间发生缩合反应。不需要特殊的干燥条件或者延长停留时间。在一个实施方式中,成孔剂可以包括有机化合物。有机成孔剂可以具有反应性部分,比如羟基。在干燥过程中,交联剂能够与该反应性部分反应在生坯体中形成网络。
在一个更具体的实施方式中,有机成孔剂包括淀粉或纤维素醚,比如
Figure A20088000319800061
而交联剂包括酰胺官能团,比如环状酰胺缩合物。在干燥过程中,羟基与酰胺基发生缩合反应,在生坯体中产生交联的网络并减少其开裂。干燥产率大大提高,所以高孔隙度制品得以经济实用。
发明详述
本发明的制品包括孔隙度在55%以上,在60%以上,甚至于在65%以上的陶瓷制品。这种制品可以通过本发明的方法制作。本发明的方法包括:将陶瓷形成粉末、可交联成孔剂、交联剂、以及水混合在一起;将该混合物制成生坯体;将生坯体干燥,其中所述成孔剂与交联剂反应在生坯体中形成网络;以及烧制该生坯体,获得最终制品。在干燥过程中,优选将基本上所有的水分除去。有利地,可以向混合物中添加第二成孔剂,以进一步提高制品的总孔隙度。
陶瓷形成粉末可包含对应用合适的任何陶瓷形成化合物或化合物的混合物,可以包括氧化铝或其他氧化铝形成源、氧化硅或其他氧化硅形成源、粘土、氧化锆、氧化镁或氧化镁形成源、硅酸盐、尖晶石、沸石、氧化钛、AT、氮化硅和碳化硅、以及它们的混合物。形成堇青石陶瓷制品时,可以利用包含氧化硅、氧化铝和氧化镁的形成源的混合物的批料。“粉末”是指任何合宜的粒度。粒度通常在50纳米到5000微米的范围内。本领域技术人员明白,针对特定应用的陶瓷粉末的组成等。
可交联成孔剂包含具有能够在干燥过程中与交联剂反应的部分的有机或无机化合物。干燥处理是指从生坯体中去除基本上所有的水分。在干燥之前,生坯体可以包含20重量%以上的水。在干燥即显著地去除水分之后,生坯体优选具有约2重量%以下的水分。典型的干燥温度在100℃以上,往往是在约100-140℃的范围内。交联反应应当在形成生坯体之后,优选在干燥过程中发生。在形成生坯体之前或者在干燥之后交联对于减少裂纹就不那么有效了。为了制造高孔隙度陶瓷制品,第二成孔剂可能是有益的。从这一方面说,可交联成孔剂是淀粉时,石墨是可用的。
有机成孔剂包括含羟基的化合物,比如淀粉和活化纤维素化合物。后者之示例包括陶氏化学公司(Dow Chemical Company)以
Figure A20088000319800071
品牌销售的甲基纤维素和甲基纤维素醚。有机成孔剂在工艺的烧制阶段会挥发,由此在制品中留下孔隙。无机成孔剂包括陶瓷微球,比如中空氧化硅球。作为例子,总孔隙度在60%以上,例如约65%的陶瓷制品可以用约40重量%以上,例如约50重量%的有机成孔剂来制造。
交联剂必须与可交联成孔剂反应,但还应当散布于生坯体之中。至少微溶于水的交联剂可以非常好地满足该项要求。合宜地,交联剂还可以充当粘合剂。最理想的是,交联剂不应当形成一个不连续相,或者仅仅与成孔剂混合。在干燥过程中,分散的交联剂与成孔剂发生反应,由此在整个生坯体中形成一个交联的网络。该交联网络降低了生坯体在干燥过程中发生裂纹的趋势。
可交联成孔剂将确定所使用的交联剂。有羟基官能团的有机成孔剂可以与含酰胺基的交联剂进行缩合反应。对于各种无机成孔剂而言,硅烷是行之有效的。有一点很重要,干燥过程应当诱发交联反应。在本发明中,从生坯体中去除水分对成孔剂与交联剂之间的缩合交联反应有促进作用。
本发明的一个具体实施方式包括一种包含陶瓷形成粉末、淀粉、含酰胺基的交联剂、以及水的混合物。诸成份的比例将根据制品的期望的总孔隙度而变。将诸成份混合在一起并形成生坯体。干燥在100-140℃之间进行。在干燥过程中,淀粉的羟基与交联剂的酰胺基缩合,在干燥的生坯体内形成网络。该网络减少了干燥过程中的开裂。并不想受这一解释的约束,交联的网络会提高生坯体的强度,故而裂纹的蔓延受到抑制,特别是在干燥过程中。
交联剂的用量一般要足以产生网络。如果有效分散,用量可以很低。例如,凝胶型网络可以产生于其中交联剂占0.1重量%以下的原料中。实验表明,如果淀粉是可交联成孔剂,交联剂可以是淀粉的0.1-0.6重量%,1-5重量%,甚至2-4重量%。
实施例
制备两种混合物,详述如下。除干燥产率外,所有数值是干燥前混合物中的重量百分数。除了在混合物A中添加了少量的交联剂之外,混合物是相同的。将这两种混合物制成生坯体,然后在100-140℃之间的温度进行干燥,直至水含量低于约1%。干燥产率,即生坯体在干燥后没有产生有害裂纹的百分比,从不交联的混合物B的50%提高到了根据本发明制备的交联的混合物A的92%。从诸混合物获取的烧制陶瓷制品的总孔隙度为约62%。

Claims (18)

1.一种制备高孔隙度陶瓷制品的方法,包括以下步骤:
将陶瓷粉末、可交联成孔剂、交联剂、以及水混合;
将所述混合物形成生坯体;
干燥所述生坯体,以将基本上所有水分去除,在此过程中所述成孔剂与交联剂反应,在所述生坯体中形成网络;以及
烧制所述生坯体,以获取孔隙度至少为55%的陶瓷制品。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述成孔剂和交联剂以缩合反应的方式发生反应。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述可交联成孔剂具有羟基。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述可交联成孔剂选自下组:淀粉、活化纤维素和它们的混合物。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述交联剂具有酰胺基。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述陶瓷粉末选自下组:氧化铝、氧化硅、粘土、氧化锆、氧化镁、硅酸盐、尖晶石、沸石、氧化钛、AT、氮化硅和碳化硅、以及它们的混合物。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述陶瓷粉末的粒度在50纳米至5000微米。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述混合步骤包括第二成孔剂。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,对所述生坯体进行烧制,以获取孔隙度至少为约60%的陶瓷制品。
10.一种制备高孔隙度陶瓷制品的方法,包括以下步骤:
将陶瓷粉末、淀粉、含酰胺基的交联剂、以及水混合;
将所述混合物形成生坯体;
干燥所述生坯体,以将基本上所有水分去除,在此过程中淀粉与交联剂进行缩合反应,在所述生坯体中形成网络;以及
烧制所述生坯体,以获取陶瓷制品。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,所述含酰胺基交联剂用量为淀粉的0.1-6重量%。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,所述混合步骤包括第二成孔剂。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第二成孔剂包括石墨。
14.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,所述干燥生坯体的步骤从生坯体中除去基本上所有的水分。
15.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,陶瓷制品的总孔隙度至少是约55%。
16.一种由包括以下步骤的方法制备的多孔陶瓷制品:
将陶瓷粉末、淀粉、含酰胺基的交联剂、以及水混合形成混合物;
将所述混合物形成生坯体;
将所述生坯体干燥,其中淀粉与含酰胺基交联剂进行缩合反应,在所述生坯体中形成网络;以及
烧制所述生坯体,以获取孔隙度至少为55%的陶瓷制品。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,其特征在于,所述干燥步骤从生坯体中除去基本上所有的水分。
18.如权利要求16所述的方法,其特征在于,所述混合步骤还包括石墨。
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