CN101578553A - Windows with electrically controllable transmission and reflection - Google Patents
Windows with electrically controllable transmission and reflection Download PDFInfo
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- CN101578553A CN101578553A CNA2006800562549A CN200680056254A CN101578553A CN 101578553 A CN101578553 A CN 101578553A CN A2006800562549 A CNA2006800562549 A CN A2006800562549A CN 200680056254 A CN200680056254 A CN 200680056254A CN 101578553 A CN101578553 A CN 101578553A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
- B60J3/00—Antiglare equipment associated with windows or windscreens; Sun visors for vehicles
- B60J3/06—Antiglare equipment associated with windows or windscreens; Sun visors for vehicles using polarising effect
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B9/00—Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
- E06B9/24—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B9/00—Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
- E06B9/24—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
- E06B2009/2464—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds featuring transparency control by applying voltage, e.g. LCD, electrochromic panels
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
- G02F1/133536—Reflective polarizers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
- G02F1/133545—Dielectric stack polarisers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
- G02F1/133548—Wire-grid polarisers
Abstract
A window having electrically controllable transmission and reflection includes a layer of liquid crystal material and polarizers on either side thereof. Different combinations of absorptive and reflective polarizers are disclosed. These different combinations can be used in different applications to achieve the desired results. Transparent, conductive layers are provided to apply an electrical field to the liquid crystal material so as to selectively control the rotation of the polarization of light passing therethrough.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of window structure.
Background technology
The window (window) of controllable part that can the transmission incident intensity all can be useful in different application.Thereby, if the window of buildings or vehicle, the window between the room, the personal belongings such as glasses or safety goggles usually can be adjusted their optical clarity in use by for example electronic installation, then will be favourable.
People have done many effort and have researched and developed the method and apparatus that can optionally control by the optical transmission of window structure.Photocontrol approach commonly used relates to and utilizes opaque window to cover the transmission that reduces electromagnetic radiation.Covering like this can be (being most common type) of pure machinery, also can be by Electric Machine Control.The another kind of approach of light transmissive variable control realizes that by mechanically rotating pair of polarizing films wherein the relative angle between the polarization axle of polarizing coating changes.
The another kind of approach of photocontrol relate to use polymer film or with the metallic ion doped glass with absorption or keep out the electromagnetic radiation of certain wavelength coverage.In case window structure forms, and then adopts the transmittance of the window of this technology to be fixed.
Recently, utilize variable light transmissive glass or form (glazing) to realize that electromagnetic radiation control has received very big concern.The summary of the progress of variable tinted windows (variable tinting window) is recorded in Carl Lempert for example and is published in collection of thesis in the Toronto window brainstorming conference (Window Innovation Coference) June nineteen ninety-five: " Chromogenic SwitchableGlazing, Towards Development of the Smart Window "; And Carl Lempert is published in the article of 1993 the 236th volume 6-13 pages or leaves of Thin Solid Films: " Optical SwitchingTechnology for Glazings ".
Known a plurality of dissimilar color development can change window structure (glazing structure) and adopt the suspended particles means; Electrochromic effect; And the liquid crystal of some type.Usually these structures absorb incident light or scatter incident light.
The window structure that is disclosed in the U.S. Patent No. 5940150 proposes a kind of scalable transmission-reflection windows, and it is mainly based on two-layer cholesteric liquid crystal and their electro photoluminescence according to being applied is kept out or circular polarized light of transmission and ability that simultaneously can another light of transmission.Yet, specific cholesteric liquid crystal only be operated in usually a narrow light belt wide in, need a folded liquid crystal material to expand to the operating wavelength range of device.Therefore, become practical, need pay development efforts important material and device in order to make window structure.Described patent has also been instructed and a kind of the controllable delay film has been clipped in two window structures between the linear reflective polarizers.According to the electro photoluminescence that is applied, such window structure can reflect 50% to 100% in theory to natural polarized light, transmission 50% to 0.Thereby the maximum reflection state of the window structure of disclosed employing linear reflective polarizers and the theoretical contrast ratio between the minimal reflection state are 2: 1 in this patent, this make be difficult to expectation with this window structure as can automatically controlled mirror.
The above-mentioned example of prior art and relevant therewith limitation are interpreted as illustrative rather than removing property.To those skilled in the art, by reading instructions and research accompanying drawing, other limitation of prior art can become clearer.
Summary of the invention
Below in conjunction with describing and explain embodiment and each side thereof with system, tool and method, these systems, tool and method are interpreted as exemplary and explanat, rather than limitation of the scope of the invention.In different embodiment, can reduce or eliminate one or more in the problems referred to above, and other embodiment can improve at other.
One aspect of the present invention relates to a kind of window structure, and it comprises: ground floor that can transmitted light; The second layer that can transmitted light; Be arranged between the ground floor and the second layer can automatically controlled optical activation material layer; First polarization layer is arranged on a side of described optical activation material layer, and the light of transmission first polarization orientation also reflects the light of second polarization orientation; And second polarization layer, being arranged on the opposite side of described optical activation material layer, the light of a kind of polarization orientation of transmission also absorbs the light of another kind of polarization orientation.Described optical activation layer can be controlled as and light be passed through and polarisation-affecting not, perhaps make light by and make the polarisation of light rotation.When described optical activation layer passes through light and not during polarisation-affecting, window structure is to transmission only, and when described optical activation layer make light by and make polarisation of light when rotation, the major part that the window structure reflection enters the light of described window structure from a described opposite side at first.
Described optical activation layer can comprise nematic liquid crystalline material.Described optical activation layer can be controlled as and make the rotation of polarized orthogonal ground.Described window structure also can comprise a pair of indium tin oxide (ITO) layer, and described a pair of indium tin oxide layer can be used as electrode, so that electric field is imposed on described optical activation material layer.In the described indium tin oxide layer at least one can be divided into a plurality of independent parts, so that different electric fields is imposed on the different piece of described optical activation material layer.The described ground floor and the second layer can comprise glass.
Described first polarization layer can be a reflective polarizer.Described second polarization layer can be an absorptive polarizers.Described second polarization layer can be a reflective polarizer.Described second polarization layer can comprise absorptive polarizers and reflective polarizer.Described first polarization layer and second polarization layer can all be linear polarizations
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a kind of window structure, and it comprises: substrate; And the device that combines with described substrate, being used for optionally controlling transmission and crossing the light quantity of described window structure and the light quantity that reflects by described window structure, described device comprises that at least one reflection linear polarization and at least one absorb linear polarization.Optical transmission and the reflection of described device control to having the wavelength in whole visible light and infrared range of spectrum.What described device also utilized electric signal optionally applies the light quantity of controlling transmission and reflection, and mechanically moving parts not.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to the method for a kind of control by the light quantity of window structure transmission and reflection.This method comprises: substrate is provided, and a plurality of layers are applied in the described substrate, and wherein said a plurality of layers comprise optical activation layer, reflection linear polarization layer and absorb the linear polarization layer; And, apply electric signal and give in described a plurality of layer at least one, cross the light quantity of described window structure to change transmission, wherein the optical transmission at the wavelength of whole visible light and infrared spectrum is changed.
The described electric signal that applies also can change the light quantity that is reflected by described window structure.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a kind of window structure, and it comprises: first glassy layer; Second glassy layer; Be arranged on the liquid crystal material layer between first glassy layer and second glassy layer; First polarization layer is arranged on a side of described liquid crystal material layer, and the light of transmission first polarization orientation also reflects the light of second polarization orientation; And second polarization layer, being arranged on the opposite side of described liquid crystal material layer, the light of a kind of polarization orientation of transmission also absorbs the light of another kind of polarization orientation; And a pair of transparency conducting layer, be arranged on the relative both sides of described liquid crystal material layer.By electric signal is optionally imposed on described transparency conducting layer, described liquid crystal material layer can be controlled as and light be passed through and polarisation-affecting not, perhaps make light by and make the polarisation of light rotation.When described liquid crystal material layer passes through light and not during polarisation-affecting, described window structure is to transmission only, and when described liquid crystal material layer make light by and make polarisation of light when rotation, the major part that described window structure reflection enters the light of described window structure from a described opposite side at first.
In the described conductive layer at least one is divided into a plurality of independent parts, so that different electric fields is imposed on the different piece of optical activation layer.
Except above-mentioned exemplary aspect and embodiment, by following with research with reference to the accompanying drawings explanation, other aspect and embodiment will be conspicuous.
Description of drawings
Illustrated example embodiment with reference to the accompanying drawings.The embodiment disclosed herein and accompanying drawing are interpreted as illustrative and not restrictive.
Fig. 1 is the synoptic diagram of the layer in the window of the present invention.
Fig. 2 A and 2B are the synoptic diagram of the window of prior art.
Fig. 3 A and 3B are the synoptic diagram of operation of first embodiment of window of the present invention, and wherein polarizer is parallel.
Fig. 4 A and 4B are the synoptic diagram of operation of first embodiment of window of the present invention, and wherein polarizer intersects.
Fig. 5 A and 5B are the synoptic diagram of operation of second embodiment of window of the present invention, and wherein polarizer is parallel.
Fig. 6 A and 6B are the synoptic diagram of operation of second embodiment of window of the present invention, and wherein polarizer intersects.
Fig. 7 A and 7B are the synoptic diagram of operation of the 3rd embodiment of window of the present invention, and wherein polarizer is parallel.
Fig. 8 A and 8B are the synoptic diagram of operation of the 3rd embodiment of window of the present invention, and wherein polarizer intersects.
Fig. 9 is the synoptic diagram that utilizes the window structure of one of window of the present invention.
Figure 10 A and 10B illustrate based on the structure of birefringent polarizer and characteristic.
Figure 11 illustrates wire-grid polarizer.
Figure 12 A and 12B illustrate twisted nematic liquid crystals.
Figure 13 illustrates waveform, and this waveform is represented the reflectivity of window of the present invention when applying the electric signal of varying level.
Figure 14 illustrates waveform, and this waveform is represented the transmissivity of window of the present invention when applying the electric signal of varying level.
Figure 15 is the front elevation with window of separately controllable a plurality of parts.
Embodiment
Below with reference to accompanying drawing, these figures support combinations features relevant of the present invention.Though following main combined window is described the present invention, should be expressly understood that the present invention can be implemented on the transmissivity of other expectation control substrate or the application of reflectivity.Thus, the description to window that represents below is for explaining and illustrative purposes.Further, these descriptions are not intended to limit the invention in this disclosed form.Therefore, the modification and the change that match with following instruction, and the skills and knowledge of association area is within the scope of the present invention.Embodiment described here is the known enforcement pattern of the present invention of meant for illustration further, and makes those skilled in the art to utilize the present invention with these or other embodiment and concrete application of the present invention or the required different modification of purposes.
The embodiment disclosed herein relates to provides the window with controllable reflectivity, and for example, described window can be changed into fundamental reflection from basic transmission.In one embodiment, provide a kind of window structure, it has catoptrical high-contrast between minimum and maximum reflection state.In another embodiment, provide a kind of window structure, the transmission and the reflection of the visible spectrum that it can the basic controlling electromagnetic radiation, and can control infrared spectrum individually.In other embodiments, provide a kind of transmission-reflection window structure, it can be by battery or solar cell operation as a unit independently.Different aspects, embodiment and feature are described in further detail below.
Fig. 1 illustrates the multilayer of the sandwich construction that constitutes example window 20.In this structure, it is to be the nematic crystal film of about 4-25 micron on thickness that electricity activates optical layers 100.The electricity that nematic liquid crystalline material (be usually used in thin film transistor (TFT) and drive LCD, be easy to from Merck KGaA company or Japanese purchases such as Chisso Corporation company such as Germany) can be used as this structure activates optical layers.Aim at electricity by surface treated layer 101 and activate optical layers 100, described superficial layer 101 can be the polyimide through friction, for example SE610 of Nissan Chemicals company.Electro photoluminescence imposes on electricity via optically transparent electroconductive indium tin oxide (ITO) layer 102 and activates optical layers 100, and described layer 102 directly is deposited in the substrate 103.This normal glass substrate is the ITO that is coated with the Corning 1737F Pyrex of Corning company.ITO layer 102 can cover whole layer 103, maybe pixel can be arranged, and makes that the zones of different of window structure can be controlled independently aspect opacity and reflectivity.Qi Wang substrate can be the plastic-substrates that ITO applies in some instances, and this substrate is flexible, thereby the window structure after the assembling can present curved shape.If substrate 103 is a glass, structure 103,102,101 and 100 after the assembling generally can buy from many companies so, and these companies for example comprise the dark brightness of China Shenzhen (Shenhui) technology company limited, Korea S Samsung, Taiwan China Projection Tube Co., Ltd.
Ensuing layer on direction is absorptive polarizers 105A.Ensuing layer on the other direction is a reflective polarizer 104.Absorptive polarizers 105B can be assembled on the reflective polarizer 104 in advance, makes the polarized light transmission direction of reflective polarizer 104 be parallel to the polarized light transmission direction of absorptive polarizers 105.If reflective polarizer 104 is linear, it reflects a polarization so, and transmission is incident on the cross polarization of the light on it.On the other hand, if absorptive polarizers 105 is linear, it absorbs a polarization so, and transmission is incident on the cross polarization of the light on it.Absorptive polarizers with pressure-sensitive adhesive layer can buy from the company such as Japanese Sanritz company etc.Perhaps, the polarizer of compensate film is housed in advance, for example the wide visual angle of those of Sanritz company absorptive polarizers is attractive especially in the electric light form is used, and is used to provide high contrast tinted windows, or even for oblique incident ray.Linear reflective polarizers is just becoming recently and can obtain, comprise 3M company have two brightness enhancement films of bonding coat (DBEF-a) (DBEF) and Moxtek company based on wire-grid polarizer.
Ensuing layer is transparent polymeric layer 106, and these layers play a plurality of effects, comprises absorbing vibration; Stop UV; Matching factor; And anti-glass is pulverized.Common polymer layer is the polyvinyl butyrate polymeric layer of Solutia company.Ensuing layer is at the bottom of the protecting group 107, the glass that can use legacy windows glass to use wherein, and this glass utilizes pressure treatment method or thermosetting method to be laminated on the inner structure 106-100 according to the bonding film that uses in lamination.Perhaps, the glass of handling for example from DENGLAS technology company, is increasing transmission, reflection and antiglare advantage as providing at the bottom of the protecting group at 107 o'clock, and wherein these substrate of glass are coated with the broadband antireflecting coating.Another alternative is with anti-reflection polymer film 108, for example from Japanese Toppan Printing company limited, is laminated to the uncoated on glass of layer 106, to increase the transmittance of window stack.In addition, UV absorbs or keeps out film 109, the Llumar series of CPFoilms company for example, be laminated on this lamination, reducing, and reduce the potential damage that the electricity in the window structure is activated optical layers 100 or other polymer-matrix ingredient from surrounding environment or from the UV amount of the sunshine that enters buildings.
Fig. 2 A and 2B illustrate the window structure of describing in the U.S. Patent No. 5940150.As shown in the figure, always be incident on this in the minimal reflection of the either side of this window structure and inspect 50% of structural light.
Fig. 3 A and 3B illustrate the embodiment of operation that can automatically controlled reflection windows.The light of the infrared light of electromagnetic wave spectrum, visible light and/or ultraviolet light range is incident on this window, is bound to be absorbed, transmission or reflection.This window comprises the optical element (following meeting is further discussed) that combines and can control reflection of incident light and transmissison characteristic.Thereby, activating the transmissive state that optical element obtains by the electricity that suitable voltage is imposed on this window, incident light is basically by transmission (may in 50% scope), and reflection is minimized.Activating the reflective condition that optical element obtains by the electricity that suitably different voltage is imposed on this window, incident light is reflected basically, and transmission is minimized.Similarly, the intermediateness of reflection and transmission can obtain by the medium voltage condition.Such controllable reflection/transmission effects may is exercisable in selected optical wavelength range.Therefore, so exercisablely on infrared ray can automatically controlled reflection windows can be used in the heat-transmitting of control window or keep out.
In controlled painted application, the transmission of window or lens can be adjusted by means of external device (ED).Important control pattern in the painted application is that the electricity of light polarization is handled.Embodiments of the invention relate to utilization electricity activation optical element and produce the window with positive controllable reflectivity, described electricity activates optical element influences the polarized state of light of institute's transmission or reflection with the optical element as polarizer, present under the light polarization state with another light polarization state under remarkable different optical effect.The example of the optical element of photoactivation comprises for example electric active material film, for example can change the liquid crystal of polarisation of light according to the voltage that is applied.Non-activation optical element comprises for example absorptive polarizers or reflective polarizer, and absorptive polarizers absorbs an optical polarization state and another optical polarization state of transmission, optical polarization state of reflective polariser reflects and another optical polarization state of transmission.
In one embodiment of the invention, window comprises that at least one is the optical element that activates (for example has can automatically controlled optical characteristics), and at least one is as the element of reflective polarizer.These the two kinds functional modes that can obtain in the mode of single optical element or make up with electricity activation and electric passive elements (electricallypassive element) obtain.Reflective electrooptic polarizers has superiority in many windows and lens coloring application, especially for the latent close application of needs, perhaps for undesirable emitted radiation being reflected rather than absorbed comparatively favourable application.
In optical medium, how to propagate the behavior that to understand reflective polarizer by considering light.Only can only be with the electromagnetic wave of one or another kind of mode propagation in the pair of orthogonal polarization mode (polarization characteristic attitude).For isotropic optical media, the difference of indefinite number is possible to orthogonal modes, but in anisotropy (birefringence) or the propagation in gyro (photoactivation) medium, light only may have specific right polarization characteristic attitude.These polarization states are quadratures, this means that any random polarization state can constitute the unique linear of two states and constitute.The example of paired cross polarization eigenstate is as follows: (a) vertical linear polarization; (b) left side and right circular polarization; And (c) quadrature elliptic polarization.Therefore, for birefringent medium, the polarization characteristic attitude is along orthogonal symmetrical direction linear polarization, and for to the gyro medium, the polarization characteristic attitude is a left side and right-hand circular polarization.According to the details of material, the polarization characteristic attitude of quadrature has different transmissions and reflection characteristic in anisotropy or in the gyro medium.For example, a kind of linear polarization is by strong absorption, and vertical linear polarization with seldom loss by transmission.This is the principle of operation of absorptive polarizers.On the other hand, can be a kind of linear polarization by strong reflection, and vertical linear polarization with low reflection by transmission.This is the principle of operation of reflective polarizer.Known in making the technology of reflective polarizer have different modes, comprising: utilize the relevant shape of polarization of boundary reflection rate of birefringece crystal under the non-normal incidence situation and the plurality of layers of double refraction film that utilization is piled up; And utilize the interference of light in the optical medium of the periodic modulation such as chirality (chiral) liquid crystal.Any any means known can be used as the reflective polarizer element in the window of the present invention.
The reflection electro-optical polarizer mainly obtains its polarization selectivity by presenting different light reflectivities at the different polarization state, and not for selecting the special absorber element of introducing of polarization.With by polarisation-affecting optionally the incomplete aligning of light absorbing dyestuff to reduce the absorptive polarizers of transmission opposite, another advantage of reflective polarizer is that they can be made in limit of visible spectrum the loss of transmission-polarizing few.Comparatively speaking,, have the outer light loss of jot of transmission-polarizing state for general reflective polarizer, and, depend on the polarizer Technology Selection, can transmission extremely near 50% natural light.
Therefore, owing to having used and having activated the reflective polarizer that optical element combines, unwanted luminous energy is dispersed into window or lens outside, rather than is absorbed and causes radiation loss or be converted into heat.Therefore, reflective polarizer can help to avoid passing the UV transmission of window or lens effectively.In addition, adopt the system of reflective polarizer, for example shown in Fig. 3 A-3B, can be configured to provide the effectively of infrared radiation kept out, the light wavelength of infrared radiation has been carried the quite most of of solar energy than wavelength of visible light.Therefore, very little if active coating is designed on infrared wavelength the influence to polarization, then for the polarizer and the analyzer that intersect, the infrared radiation of incident will almost completely be reflected, thereby has reduced the heat by window or lens.
The other advantage of using reflective polarizer in window and lens coloring application is that reflective polarizer can provide latent close under the natural lighting condition at wide region.Because the just weak at most polarization of natural light, thereby the incidence natural lights of reflective polariser reflects about 50%.The light ratio that is reflected in general the application is eager to excel by the light of window or lens from behind.Thereby blur for the observer in the bright relatively side of reflected outside light in the dark inboard relatively target of window, shown in Fig. 3 A-3B and 4A-4B.Painted by controlling (tint) makes light less see through window or lens, can further improve latent close.
In alternative embodiment, the expectation window only presents the strong reflection characteristic in a side, shown in Fig. 5 A-5B and 6A-6B.In the case, from left to right controlled in transmission and reflection by the light of window, and the light of incident is controlled in transmission on the right, but always only present weak reflection.
Fig. 3 A-4B illustrates first embodiment of controlled pigmented optical structure, this optical texture comprises having the absorbing polarization film, change the active coating of polarisation of light and as the sandwich construction of the reflective polarizer films of analyzer, to provide the polarisation of light from the active coating outgoing is selected reflection in response to outside stimulus.For the light that enters from absorptive polarizer side (front side), a kind of polarization state of light is reflected, and another kind of polarization state is transmitted into active coating.For the light that enters from reflection side, a kind of polarization state of light is reflected, and another kind of polarization state is transmitted to active coating.For the situation of linear polarization among Fig. 3 A-3B and parallel polarizer orientation, when active coating was activated, polarisation of light was rotated.The light that enters from the absorptive polarizer side polarizer reflection that is reflected, absorptive polarizers is passed in transmission subsequently.In the case, this light is by this device reflection.The light that enters from reflective polarizer side is absorbed the polarizer absorption, and this device is opaque when transmission.When this device is not activated, from the polarized state of light of either side transmission absorption polarizer and reflective polarizer by transmission.Thereby this device is transparent, further plays the effect of polarizer for the light that enters from reflective polarizer side.Fig. 4 A-4B illustrates the another kind structure of this device, and wherein the transmissive state of the transmissive state of absorbing polarization film and reflective polarizer films is vertical or intersects.Under latter event, this device is transparent when activating, and for linear polarization rotatory polarization face also, and when active coating was not activated, this device was opaque.When employing had the active coating of continuous variable polarization rotatory power, these devices can change between two extreme transparency states.
Fig. 5 A-6B illustrates second embodiment of controlled pigmented optical structure, and this optical texture comprises a sandwich construction, and this sandwich construction has the first absorbing polarization film 105A; Change the active coating 200 of polarisation of light in response to outside stimulus; Reflective polarizer films 104; And the second absorbing polarization film 105B of the identical polarization state of transmission and reflective polarizer films 104.The axis of homology of the second absorbing polarization film 105B is parallel to reflective polarizer films 104, thereby is somebody's turn to do the light of the combination selection ground reflection of reflection/absorbing polarization film from the active coating outgoing, but absorbs the reflection of light that enters from the second absorbing polarization film.For the polarization orientation of Fig. 5 A-5B, when active coating was activated, polarisation of light was rotated.The light that enters from the first absorbing polarization film side polarizer reflection that is reflected, absorptive polarizers is passed in transmission subsequently.The light that enters from reflection/absorbing film combination side is absorbed the polarizer absorption, and this device is opaque in transmission.When this device is not activated, from the either side transmission pass absorb and the polarisation of light component of reflective polarizer by transmission, this device is transparent.Fig. 6 A-6B illustrates the another kind structure of this device, and wherein the polarization direction of polarizing coating intersects, and makes the reflective polarizer/polarization direction of second absorptive polarizers be orthogonal to the polarization direction of first absorptive polarizers.Under latter event, this device is transparent when this device is activated, and perhaps, this device has the polarization rotatory power, and this device is not opaque when active coating is activated.When employing had the active coating of continuous variable polarization rotatory power, device can change between two extreme transparency states.
Fig. 7 A-8B illustrates the 3rd embodiment of controlled pigmented optical structure, and this optical texture comprises a sandwich construction, and this sandwich construction has the first absorbing polarization film 105A; The first reflective polarizer films 104A, the transmissive state of its transmissive state and the first absorptive polarizers 105A is basic identical; Change the active coating 200 of polarisation of light in response to outside stimulus; The second reflective polarizer films 104B; And the second absorbing polarization film 105B, the polarization state of its transmissive state and the second reflective polarizer 104B is basic identical.In this structure, regardless of the state of active coating, absorbing polarization film 105A and 105B surface are minimized reflection of light.Because linear polarization and parallel orientation among Fig. 7 A-7B, when active coating was activated, the polarisation of light that enters active coating was rotated, and light is reflected, and making this device is opaque in transmission.In the case, absorptive polarizers 105A and 105B absorb remaining depolarized light, and further reduce the leakage of light.When this device was not activated, a kind of polarization state of light was by transmission.This device from but transparent, and the further effect of polarizer.Fig. 8 A-8B illustrates the slightly different structure of this device, and wherein the polarization direction of the polarizer of first side intersects with respect to the polarization direction at the polarizer in left side.Thus, this device is transparent or has the polarization rotatory power when this device is activated, and this device is opaque when active coating is not activation.When employing had the active coating of continuous variable polarization rotatory power, device can change between two extreme transparency states.
If the absorbing polarization film absorbs visible spectrum and does not absorb infra-red heat, and reflective polarizer demonstrates consistent reflectance and transmittance for the corresponding polarization at visible light and infrared spectrum, and it can be desirable especially utilizing the controllable window of the structure shown in the embodiment of Fig. 7 A-8B so.Nominally controllable window unit will keep out or allow 50% heat transmission to cross window substantially, and keep the ideal controllable reflecting effect in limit of visible spectrum.
Fig. 9 illustrates the window structure that utilizes any structure shown in Fig. 3 A-8B, and this structure is shown element 300 in Fig. 9.Because UV diaphragm 109 is laminated to the one or both sides of structure 300 as shown in the figure; anti-reflective film 108 is laminated to one or both sides as shown in the figure; so window structure can be installed to existing window structure as independent plug-in unit, perhaps can be as the central part of frame window structure.Window structure is automatically controlled via electrode 301A and 301B, if perhaps the nesa coating ITO of element 300 is divided into a plurality of parts, then it is automatically controlled via a plurality of electrodes.
In the above-described embodiments, the optical activation layer can need that miniwatt activates, deactivation and keep the state of having selected.Thereby window structure can utilize battery and/or solar panel operation, and can be made into the separate unit by the telepilot remote control, perhaps is made into the conduct independently automatic light and the temperature system of the part of window system.Such telepilot is generally operated based on red place pulse signal or radio frequency signals.Thereby such remote control and separate unit can be installed in the existing window structure as improving the unit.
Can utilize various reflective polarizers within the scope of the invention.These reflective polarizers include, but is not limited to various based on birefringent reflective polarizer shown in Figure 10 A-10B, Figure 10 A-10B is from M.F.Weber, C.A.Stover, L.R.Gilbert, T.J.Nevitt, A.J.Ouderkirk was published in the 287th phase of Science the 2451st page article in 2000, and the reflectance that is used for the reflection multilayer polarizer is shown, and the refractive index of described reflection multilayer polarizer (index) comprises along x axle and z axle coupling and along the unmatched layer that replaces of y axle.For this example, n
1x=1.57, n
1y=1.86, n
1z=1.57, n
2x=1.57, n
2y=1.57, n
2z=1.57, and n
n=1.0.When in the y orientation measurement, reflection illustrates the strong band near 100% intensity.Along the x direction, has only air interface reflections.
By making such reflective polarizer films with the single shaft polymer film of high birefringence and isotropic membrane are laminated together, the index of described isotropic membrane on the stacked direction with on the direction vertical with the optical axis of this birefringent film with this birefringent film coupling.If design this reflective polarizer films suitably, the light of polarization is reflected on optical axis direction so, and this film is crossed in the transmittance of polarization on the direction vertical with the optical axis of this birefringent film, because refractive index is mated.Can obtain a large amount of and large-sized polarizing coating that utilizes this effect, and have wide operation wavelength and big operating angle.
A kind of substitute is as shown in figure 11 from the polarization that utilizes the microstructure wiregrating of Moxtek company, wherein, having is reflected or is redirected to than the at interval big wavelength of line and the light that is parallel to the polarization of line departs from direction of mirror image (off-specular direction), and having will be by transmission perpendicular to the component of the polarization of line.Found the application of wire-grid polarizer in microwave regime.Recently the progress aspect photolithography for example provides the structure of the aluminum steel of 100nm at interval, and it can be as the efficient polarizers in ultraviolet field.Under the situation of reflection of light and transmission-polarizing component loss minimum and on big ranges of incidence angles, for the wavelength than the at interval big several times of aluminum steel, wire-grid polarizer can realize surpassing 1000: 1 contrast ratio.Such wire-grid polarizer has good performance on wide wavelength coverage and big temperature range.
In addition, the reflective polarizer of the 3rd type is the chiral nematic liquid crystal polarizer.Such polarizer can the reflection circle polarized light a kind of handedness and another kind of handedness is passed through.The chiral nematic polarizer is based on by the spiral of molecular orientation and twines the light Bragg reflection that causes, from but the wavelength selectivity of height is arranged, still, the spatial variations in cycle that can be by the reflection spiral is made into the broadband.Similarly, embodiments of the invention can adopt various active coatings.For example, the liquid crystal of the different operation modes of most of any kinds can be used in realization to propagating the activation modulation by the polarisation of light of active coating.These liquid crystal include but not limited to for example liquid crystal of the twisted nematic liquid crystals shown in Figure 12 A-12B, super-twist nematic, π structure cell (π cell), electrically controlled birefringence mode, perpendicular alignmnet nematic pattern, various chiral nematic pattern, electric light activation polymkeric substance, solid-state material and other form.For the twisted nematic liquid crystals that comprises the chiral nematic pattern, many polarizer orientations are possible, comprise the crossed-polarizer shown in parallel polarizer shown in Fig. 3 A-3B, 5A-5B, 7A-7B, 7A-7B and Fig. 4 A-4B, 6A-6B, the 8A-8B.Liquid crystal also can be aimed at diverse location with respect to polarizer.In π structure cell, electrically controlled birefringence mode, perpendicular alignmnet pattern, nominally polarizer is to be in the intersection layout shown in Fig. 4 A-4B, 6A-6B, 8A-8B, and under the photoactivation state liquid crystal optic axis away from roughly 45 ° in the direction of polarizer.According to applying of electro photoluminescence, these liquid crystal modes generally can continuously change the polarized state of light of propagating in liquid crystal layer, because the molecular alignment structure of liquid crystal changes according to the electro photoluminescence that is applied.When being inserted into structure shown in Figure 1 as active coating, by applying the continuous variable electric field, active coating/reflective polarizer structure can realize continuous color control.
Exemplarily, the optic response of the example of variable coloring structure (for example aforesaid) is illustrated in Figure 13 and 14.In the case, used absorbing polarization film is traditional stretched dichroic dye polymer film, twisted nematic liquid crystal device is as activating filtrator, stacked birefringent film is as the combination of reflection/absorbing polarization film, wherein, the axis of homology of absorption and reflective polarizer films is parallel to each other, the contiguous liquid crystal film that activates of reflective polarizer films.
Perhaps, such device can also utilize polymer liquid crystal, and wherein, although be connected with polymer chain, liquid crystal molecule still can redirect by the electric field that applies, to change institute's transmission polarisation of light.In the present invention, the nonlinear optical material that changes refractive index or birefringence in response to the electric field that is applied also can be used as active coating.
The performance of active coating, the most outstanding is their the adjusting off-axis or the ability of skew ray, when usually being improved significantly when combining with auxiliary passivating film (passive film).Thereby a kind of preferred construction adopts compensate film.According to the active coating that will use, compensate film can be optical birefringence film and its combination, and/or the birefringent plate with variable performance, for example utilizes the birefringent plate of disc-like liquid crystal.Compensate film generally is connected with the both sides of active coating, is designed to realize maximum compensation.Such film can make up with polarizer.
As described in the early time, transparent ITO electrode can be patterned into a plurality of parts of being controlled separately, makes it possible to control separately for various piece opacity, reflectivity or the transmissivity of window.This can allow the part of window to become opaque and a part of maintenance transmissive effectively, and being similar to use can covering and shading light and make the only window-blind of the part by window of light.Other application can be that big reflective marker shows.Figure 15 illustrates the example of the window 400 with a plurality of transparency electrode parts 402,404 and 406.In the case, can be separately and control in these three parts 402,404 and 406 each electric signal independently.For example, it is opaque that the electric signal that leads to these parts can become the window area that makes corresponding to part 402 and 406, and are transmissives corresponding to the window area of part 404.
Be appreciated that and adjustablely paintedly not only can reduce the unnecessary illumination of passing window or lens according to the brightness of environment, and when such needs occur, can also provide conceal close.The adjustable reflection of light of such window can also further provide aesthetic effect, and wherein, when the reflectivity of window was adjusted to maximum, window can show as mirror.For example, this can provide special sentiment for the room.Another advantage with window of controllable reflectivity is from the incident light of the sun or electromagnetic radiation (especially infra-red heat) can be reflected rather than absorbed by window or crossed window by transmission and in the inlet chamber.In such application, have the window of controllable reflectivity, promptly can change to the window of fundamental reflection from basic transmission, be useful especially.Therefore, if can arbitrarily change the degree of reflection, the window of local reflex and the use of lens can obviously improve.Therefore, the window of local reflex provides latent close and light insulating space with controllable mode.
Should be appreciated that, instruction at this is applicable to any transmittance structure, comprises display of window (in buildings or any structure or vehicle), separator, door, display box, display box (for example frame), computing machine (or electrical equipment of any other type) or the like.
The description of the disclosed embodiment in front is used to make those skilled in the art to implement or utilize the present invention.Various changes to these embodiment will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and universal principle defined in this can be applicable to other embodiment that does not break away from spirit and scope of the invention.Therefore, the present invention is interpreted as being not restricted to the embodiment shown in this, and should meet and principle disclosed herein and the consistent maximum magnitude of new feature.Therefore, claim of the present invention should be interpreted as comprising within the spirit and scope of the present invention all changes, change, replace, increases and inferior combination.
Claims (24)
1. window structure comprises:
The ground floor of transmitted light;
The second layer of transmitted light;
Be arranged between the described ground floor and the second layer can automatically controlled optical activation material layer;
First polarization layer is arranged on a side of described optical activation material layer, and the light of transmission first polarization orientation also reflects the light of second polarization orientation; And
Second polarization layer is arranged on the opposite side with described optical activation material layer, and the light of a kind of polarization orientation of transmission also absorbs the light of another kind of polarization orientation,
Wherein, described optical activation material layer can be controlled as and light be passed through and polarisation-affecting not, perhaps make light by and make the polarisation of light rotation; And
When described optical activation layer passes through light and not during polarisation-affecting, described window structure is to transmission only, and when described optical activation layer make light by and make polarisation of light when rotation, the major part that described window structure reflection enters the light of described window structure from a described opposite side at first.
2. window structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein, described optical activation layer comprises nematic liquid crystalline material.
3. window structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein, described optical activation layer can be controlled as and make the rotation of polarized orthogonal ground.
4. window structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein, described window structure also comprises a pair of indium tin oxide layer, described a pair of indium tin oxide layer is as electrode, so that electric field is imposed on described optical activation layer.
5. window structure as claimed in claim 4, wherein, at least one in the described electrode layer is divided into a plurality of independent parts, so that different electric fields is imposed on the different piece of described optical activation layer.
6. window structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein, described first transmission layer and second transmission layer comprise glass.
7. window structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein, described first polarization layer is a reflective polarizer.
8. window structure as claimed in claim 7, wherein, described second polarization layer is an absorptive polarizers.
9. window structure as claimed in claim 7, wherein, described second polarization layer is a reflective polarizer.
10. window structure as claimed in claim 7, wherein, described second polarization layer comprises absorptive polarizers and reflective polarizer.
11. window structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein, described first polarization layer is an absorptive polarizers.
12. window structure as claimed in claim 11, wherein, described second polarization layer is an absorptive polarizers.
13. window structure as claimed in claim 11, wherein, described second polarization layer is a reflective polarizer.
14. window structure as claimed in claim 11, wherein, described second polarization layer comprises absorptive polarizers and reflective polarizer.
15. window structure as claimed in claim 11, wherein, described first polarization layer and second polarization layer all are linear polarizations.
16. a window structure comprises:
Substrate; And
With the device that described substrate combines, be used for optionally controlling transmission and cross the light quantity of described window structure and the light quantity that reflects by described window structure, described device comprises that at least one reflection linear polarization and at least one absorb linear polarization,
Wherein, described device control has the optical transmission and the reflection of the wavelength in whole visible light and infrared range of spectrum; And
What described device utilized electric signal optionally applies the light quantity of controlling transmission and reflection, and does not move and mechanical part.
17. a control is by the method for the light quantity of window structure transmission and reflection, this method comprises:
Substrate is provided, and a plurality of layers are applied in the described substrate, and wherein said a plurality of layers comprise optical activation layer, reflection linear polarization layer and absorb the linear polarization layer; And
In described a plurality of layers at least one applies electric signal, crosses the light quantity of described window structure to change transmission, wherein the optical transmission with the wavelength in whole visible light and infrared range of spectrum is changed.
18. method as claimed in claim 17, wherein, the described electric signal that applies also changes the light quantity that is reflected by described window structure.
19. a window structure comprises:
First glassy layer;
Second glassy layer;
Be arranged on the liquid crystal material layer between described first glassy layer and described second glassy layer;
First polarization layer is arranged on a side of described liquid crystal material layer, and the light of transmission first polarization orientation also reflects the light of second polarization orientation; And
Second polarization layer is arranged on the opposite side of described liquid crystal material layer, and the light of a kind of polarization orientation of transmission also absorbs the light of another kind of polarization orientation; And
A pair of transparency conducting layer is arranged on the relative both sides of described liquid crystal layer,
Wherein, by electric signal is optionally imposed on described transparency conducting layer, described liquid crystal layer can be controlled as and light be passed through and polarisation-affecting not, perhaps make light by and make the polarisation of light rotation; And
When described liquid crystal layer passes through light and not during polarisation-affecting, described window structure is to transmission only, and when described liquid crystal layer make light by and make polarisation of light when rotation, the major part that described window structure reflection enters the light of described window structure from a described opposite side at first.
20. window structure as claimed in claim 18, wherein, described first polarization layer is a reflective polarizer.
21. window structure as claimed in claim 19, wherein, described second polarization layer is an absorptive polarizers.
22. window structure as claimed in claim 19, wherein, described second polarization layer is a reflective polarizer.
23. window structure as claimed in claim 19, wherein, described second polarization layer comprises absorptive polarizers and reflective polarizer.
24. window structure as claimed in claim 18, wherein, at least one in the described conductive layer is divided into a plurality of independent parts, so that different electric fields is imposed on the different piece of optical activation layer.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US2006/033646 WO2008027031A2 (en) | 2006-08-29 | 2006-08-29 | Windows with electrically controllable transmission and reflection |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101578553A true CN101578553A (en) | 2009-11-11 |
Family
ID=39136405
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNA2006800562549A Pending CN101578553A (en) | 2006-08-29 | 2006-08-29 | Windows with electrically controllable transmission and reflection |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2062095A4 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN101578553A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2008027031A2 (en) |
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| CN105676455A (en) * | 2016-02-01 | 2016-06-15 | 深圳超多维光电子有限公司 | Head-wearing display equipment |
| CN105900000A (en) * | 2014-01-11 | 2016-08-24 | 拉瓦勒大学 | Method and apparatus for creation and electrical tuning of spatially non-uniform reflection of light |
| CN107750347A (en) * | 2015-05-29 | 2018-03-02 | 3M创新有限公司 | Optical configuration |
| CN108267886A (en) * | 2018-03-21 | 2018-07-10 | 深圳市唯酷光电有限公司 | Liquid crystal light modulation film and preparation method thereof |
| WO2018130181A1 (en) * | 2017-01-12 | 2018-07-19 | Smart Liquid Crystal Technologies Co., Ltd. | Rearview mirror with dimming function |
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| GB201009488D0 (en) | 2010-06-07 | 2010-07-21 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Switch element comprising a liquid-crystaline medium |
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| US5940150A (en) | 1991-11-27 | 1999-08-17 | Reveo, Inc. | Electro-optical glazing structures having total-reflection and transparent modes of operation for use in dynamical control of electromagnetic radiation |
| US5686979A (en) * | 1995-06-26 | 1997-11-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Optical panel capable of switching between reflective and transmissive states |
| US5986730A (en) * | 1998-12-01 | 1999-11-16 | Moxtek | Dual mode reflective/transmissive liquid crystal display apparatus |
| US6624936B2 (en) * | 2000-05-11 | 2003-09-23 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Color-compensated information displays |
| JP3726900B2 (en) * | 2002-06-24 | 2005-12-14 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | Display device and electronic apparatus equipped with the same |
-
2006
- 2006-08-29 CN CNA2006800562549A patent/CN101578553A/en active Pending
- 2006-08-29 EP EP06802534A patent/EP2062095A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-08-29 WO PCT/US2006/033646 patent/WO2008027031A2/en active Application Filing
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| CN105900000A (en) * | 2014-01-11 | 2016-08-24 | 拉瓦勒大学 | Method and apparatus for creation and electrical tuning of spatially non-uniform reflection of light |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2008027031A2 (en) | 2008-03-06 |
| EP2062095A4 (en) | 2010-04-14 |
| EP2062095A2 (en) | 2009-05-27 |
| WO2008027031A3 (en) | 2009-04-23 |
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