A kind of improvement the harden method and the special elastic claw type loosenning tiller on sexual involution meadow
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of be used to improve the harden method and the special elastic claw type loosenning tiller thereof on sexual involution meadow, belong to grassland ecology and administer and the recovering technology field.
Background technology
China's grassland resources is abundant, has the nearly 400,000,000 squares of hectares of all kinds of natural meadows, accounts for 41.7% of area, is respectively arable area and area of woods 3.2 times and 2.5 times.The north of China and the Northwest are the areal concentrations of natural meadow, and the about 3.2 hundred million squares of hectares of area account for about 80% of the grassland gross area.In addition, be main in the southwest and the southeast with hill covered with grass, careless slope, the about 0.8 hundred million squares of hectares of area account for about 20% of the grassland gross area.In the land resources of 9,600,000 square kilometres in China, the total amount of grassland resources and occupancy volume per person, the first place that all occupies other land resourcess.
By 2007; Though the grassland capable of using in the whole nation existing about 20% implemented to prohibit and herded, not herd and safeguard measure such as regional rotation grazing; But owing to climate warming, rainfall reduce; Add that long-term overload herds and artificial destruction, cause grassland " three change " (degeneration, desertification, salination) phenomenon serious.At a rough estimate, since the fifties in last century, the unit are grass yield of China's natural meadow has descended more than 40%, and wherein typical grassland descends nearly 60%.Up-to-date monitoring according to another the Ministry of Agriculture shows; The hay per unit area yield of China's natural meadow by last century the mid-80 900 kilograms of/square hectares reduce to 760 kilograms of/square hectares in 2007, capacity for raising livestock on the grasslands on average is merely 0.59 sheep unit/square hectare (New Zealand is about 10 sheep units/square hectare).
The external shallow loose measure method of mechanization that adopts is eliminated the hardening of occurring of trampling because of herding, and increases the gas permeability of soil; And the tillage method of upset soil layer is more conducive to loosing soil than the tillage method of the soil layer that do not overturn on natural meadow, and this mode can make the soil conservation rarefaction 3~4 years, but the counter-rotating soil layer causes damage to root system of plant, influences grassland vegetation; The 27cm on sandy loam meadow or the subsoil of the 47cm degree of depth are loosened, the unit weight of soil is obviously descended, porosity improves, the soil water property that flows is better, owing to changed the physical characteristic of soil, makes the root system reproduction speed accelerate.Aspect the short grass covered land of no-tillage after-culture rejuvenation, abroad the research of aspects such as effect comparison and analysis is more concentrated after the specific requirement of after-culture modes such as the selection in after-culture kind, after-culture time, after-culture plot, the control of weeds and after-culture.This shows the external general two kinds of mechanical method improvement meadows of adopting: the one, adopt the cleaning meadow, the whole ground of turning over, sowing good forage, the method for building sown pasture; The 2nd, adopt no-tillage system after-culture fertilising.These methods have general applicability for sown pasture and slight meadow of degenerating.Because China's natural grassland area is wide; Artificial planting meadow area is limited; And the natural grassland sexual involution that hardens is serious; Soil compaction bed thickness, soil hardness are big, propose concrete loosen the soil technology pattern and workpiece to the unique degraded condition of China as yet therefore abroad, do not see the correlative study report in its data document.
Domesticly launching research aspect the mechanization improvement deteriorate grassland.Wherein people such as Jia Shuhai has carried out desk study to the variation that several kinds of different ameliorative measures recover soil physical properties, moisture, nutrient situation in the improvement deteriorate grassland processes; Think can educate through envelope, plough, state that cake is regulated and control soil physical, make it to be beneficial to utilization and plant growing to natural rainfall; Some scholars have carried out a lot of pilot studies around the basic skills, technology of improvement deteriorate grassland and the aspects such as effect after the improvement, think that the fence envelope is educated, gently the rake several kinds of ameliorative measures such as scarifying soil and after-culture of loosening the soil, plough shallowly can improve the meadow productivity.Sum up present achievement in research; Mechanization mode of ameliorating such as shallow plowing is turned over, heavy cake, dark pine are applicable to because of long-term not to be had natural sheep's hay meadow that the overgrazed of resting and take nourishing food to build up one's health recuperate makes that soil compaction is degenerated and plantation and year reaches the sown pasture in 7~8 years; Yet these researchs only rest in the simple evaluation that improves back vegetation growth situation and effect at present; The farmland mechanized technology pattern that mechanized modes such as the shallow plowing that proposes is turned over, heavy duty harrow and dark pine are directly indiscriminately imitated; It is fragile to have ignored Grassland ecosystems; Shallow these special circumstances of grassland soil organic horizon, occur in the operation process turn over upturned soil, to throw phenomenons such as soil big to the grassland soil disturbance, is prone to cause that grassland vegetation is impaired, grassland soil desertifies.People such as China Agricultural University Wang Dechen had once proposed " a kind of method that promotes rejuvenation and potency growth of Chinese wildrye " (publication number CN101243750A); The short living sheep's hay meadow of rejuvenation mechanized rules have been carried out concrete elaboration; The right meadow type of this operation needle is limited; And the method that the proposes effect of loosening the soil is not remarkable, simultaneously concrete realization facility is not elaborated.
The domestic parts that loosen the soil that in the farmland, use comprise omnibearing-deep ploughing machine, dental formulas loosen the soil hoe, dovetail type break shovel etc.These parts mainly are in order to break the slade knot layer that the agricultural land soil depths forms; And harden and appear at upper soll layer and subsurface stratum in the meadow; Use these parts can't form evenly loose soil environment, but formed the piece that hardens of a large amount of fractures on the top layer, meadow.Employed technology in grassland improvement aspect and facility mainly comprise and use mouldboard plow thoroughly to plough the meadow at present, and raking after turning over seals; Use single-blade shape is shoveled and root cut by double-vane shape shovel and bottom loosens the soil; Use heavy-duty disc harrow, sheep's hay Hidden pulverator plough (boardless plow) to plough the meadow; Use no-tillage after culture machine that the severe deteriorate grassland is implemented after-culture, the envelope of above method Chang Tongyi section time is educated and is applied fertilizer and carry out simultaneously.These technology can play the effect that improves soil structure to a certain extent, but in application process, have also run into many problems.The method of thoroughly ploughing provides best loosing soil environment, is beneficial to the rhizome expansion, can revert to good sheep's hay mowing pasture after general 3 years.But the most directly threatening is the very easily wind erosion of table soil, water erosion, the evaporation of water in soil that exposes, and the desertification process is quickened, season of dry strong wind even Sha Yuan is provided for sandstorm; Increased the ventilative water permeability of soil after break shovel loosens the soil, but when field capacity was very few, soil was prone to turn over upturned soil, ridging, face of land out-of-flatness after the operation, other meadow mechanical work such as influence mowing, hay rake; Use field drag, sheep's hay Hidden pulverator plough (boardless plow) to reduce soil and turned over the upturned soil rate; Less relatively to soil degradation, but scratch turf owing to adopt the passive type cultivating member to force to draw, cut root and loosen the soil; Parts are prone to twine grass roots or grass roots are pulled out the face of land, and the original vegetation in meadow is damaged.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is the method and the special elastic claw type loosenning tiller that will provide a kind of improvement to harden the sexual involution meadow; Serious to solve China's natural meadow sexual involution that hardens; The meadow scarifying method falls behind; The existing farmland machinery that loosens the soil is big to soil disturbance, can't satisfy key technology difficult problems such as grassland improvement technological requirement, for China's natural meadow ecological recovery and high quality forage production provide approaches and methods.
Comprise in order to reach the technical scheme that the object of the invention takes: treat the improvement meadow and cut the root operation; Along the one or both sides of joint-cutting the soil layer below the face of land is loosened simultaneously; Under the face of land, constitute rarefied zone, the soil environment that forms actual situation and deposit is in the process of loosening the soil; Soil does not have the upturned soil of turning over, hilling, do not turn over bottom husky to the face of land etc. destruction soil phenomenon.
Above-mentioned improvement is hardened in the method on sexual involution meadow, and described to cut the root operation be that vertical or crisscross mode is carried out.
Above-mentioned improvement is hardened in the method on sexual involution meadow, and described pine soil depth is greater than the soil compaction layer thickness, and the loosing soil bandwidth that forms along joint-cutting is not less than 10cm, and the ratio of loosening the soil reaches between 20%~30%.
Comprise in order to reach the technical scheme that second purpose of the present invention take: frame; Be installed in the power drive system on this frame; With the driving shaft that this power drive system is connected, the cutter of being completely cured that breaks ground on the driving shaft of installation is characterized in that; Being positioned at breaks ground is completely cured and shovels post in addition after the cutter, in the bottom of shovel post break shovel is installed.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, described shovel post is arcuation, is processed by elastic metallic material.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, the bottom of described shovel post is equipped with one-sided break shovel or bilateral break shovel.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, the side view of described break shovel is down " V " shape, forms two sloping shape shovel plates in the front and back of shovel post.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, the front of described break shovel is del.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, the width of described break shovel is 5~10cm.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, described shovel post is processed by spring steel.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, described shovel post is positioned at the plane of rotation of cutting the root cutter, and the thickness of said shovel post is equal to or less than 10mm.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, the described cutter of being completely cured of breaking ground is a mososeries serration type tulwar.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, the described cutter blade thickness of being completely cured of breaking ground is 6~8mm, knife face width 60~80mm, and edge width 10~15mm, width of edge 1.5~2.5mm, said the be completely cured cross section of cutter of breaking ground is flechette-type.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, the described edge curve of being completely cured of breaking ground is an off-centre operation.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, described break ground to be completely cured wide sawtooth is arranged on the edge, the sawtooth number is 5~8, the sawtooth side is straight line or curve.
In the above-mentioned elastic claw type loosenning tiller, but the dark press wheel of limit of up-down adjustment is installed also on the described frame.
The present invention has following advantage:
(1) set up and do not had upturneds soil, the grassland loosen method of hilling, few destruction not of turning over.When the present invention required to loosen the soil operation, cultivating member was isolating the meadow subsurface stratum soil that hardens, and upturneds soil can not occur turning over chesson the time, stops up phenomenons such as blocking up soil; Destroy few to ground, meadow and underground plant in the cultivating member course of work.
(2) soil environment of having created actual situation and having deposited forms " water conservation reservoir " at the soil subsurface stratum.The native bar that the present invention requires cut formation when loosening the soil is raised, the bullet pine is put down again; Make original knotts clay bar present penetrating along the joint-cutting both sides, loose state; The soil environment of creating actual situation and depositing, " void " refers to the soil that loosens here, " reality " refers to without the soil (the unbeaten both sides of break shovel) that loosens; When there is precipitation on the face of land; The moisture content of rainwash that real part produces and imaginary part infiltration forms " water conservation reservoir " in soil subsurface stratum imaginary part jointly, thus grassland soil water content between balanced each month of adjusting.
(3) designed and comprised mososeries serration type the loosen the soil special-purpose grassland improvement loosenning tiller of parts and press wheel of tulwar, opening elastic claw type of being completely cured that breaks ground.The loosenning tiller front end of the present invention design is to receive the mososeries serration type of the tractor dynamic power system drive cutter of being completely cured that breaks ground, and the back is and opening elastic claw type in the same plane of rotation of the cutter parts that loosen the soil of being completely cured that break ground, is press wheel at last.The break ground cutter sliding cutting of being completely cured of mososeries serration type is functional, guarantees to split and cuts the soil compaction layer, thoroughly chops root system in the ditch seam off, the parts that guarantee the to loosen the soil straw winding that buries smoothly, and the sawtooth on the cutting edge can be discharged the soil bits, reduces working resistance; The opening elastic claw type parts shovel post that loosens the soil adopts the spring steel elastomeric material, through the accumulation and the instantaneous relase realization loose soil bar of energy; The double action of grading after press wheel plays the control pine soil depth and guarantees operation.
(4) the present invention has all proposed concrete feasible program to the aspects such as scarifying method, technology, implementation step and mechanized means on the sexual involution meadow of hardening; Promptly be applicable to the ecological recovery and the improvement of natural deteriorate grassland; Also be beneficial to and prolong artificially sown pastures service lives, so application prospect is extensive.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the schematic cross-sectional view of soil in the elastic claw type loosenning tiller course of work of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the side-looking structural representation of elastic claw type loosenning tiller of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the main TV structure sketch map of elastic claw type loosenning tiller of the present invention;
Fig. 4 cuts the structural representation of root tulwar for mososeries serration type of the present invention breaks ground.
Embodiment
Be illustrated in figure 1 as the actual situation and soil environment of depositing and the subsurface stratum " storage reservoir " that use the present invention to improve the method creation on the sexual involution meadow of hardening.This method is treated the improvement meadow and is cut the root operation; Along the one or both sides of joint-cutting the soil layer below the face of land is loosened simultaneously; Under the face of land, constitute rarefied zone, the soil environment that forms actual situation and deposit is in the process of loosening the soil; Soil does not have the upturned soil of turning over, hilling, do not turn over bottom husky to the face of land etc. destruction soil phenomenon.
It is wherein, described that to cut the root operation be that vertical or crisscross mode is carried out.
Its technological requirement pine soil depth of scarifying method among the present invention is greater than the soil compaction layer thickness; The bottom of break shovel reaches 10~15cm below the surface layer; The loosing soil bandwidth that forms along joint-cutting is not less than 10cm; The ratio of loosening the soil reaches between 20%~30%, after the ratio of loosening the soil is meant the operation of facility one-stroke, and the ratio of the overall width of loosing soil band and facility working width.
In the present embodiment, when cutting the root operation, the soil layer below the face of land is loosened along the both sides of joint-cutting.
Its technological requirement of scarifying method among the present invention relates generally to the back soil that loosens the soil does not have turn over upturneds soil, hilling, do not turn over bottom husky to the face of land etc. destruction soil phenomenon; Lessly in the process of loosening the soil grass occurs twining, pull grass roots etc. and destroy above and below ground, meadow vegetation phenomenon.As shown in Figure 1, the scarifying method among the present invention is mainly concerned with the cutter 1 of being completely cured of breaking ground and isolates deteriorate grassland soil compaction layer 2, forms ditch seam 3, make precipitation, dissolve the nitrogen that drenches, elements such as oxygen can along ditch stitch 3 and the loose soil in ditch seam both sides enter into soil inside; The elastic claw type parts 4 that loosen the soil are created the soil environment of a kind of " actual situation is also deposited " simultaneously, make the precipitation on the face of land form small-sized " water conservation reservoir " 5 in imaginary part, thereby reduce rainwash, soil moisture content between balanced each month.
Method for embodiment of the present invention; The special elastic claw type loosenning tiller of design mainly by frame 6, power drive system 7, but the loosen the soil dark press wheel 8 of limit of parts 4 and up-down adjustment of cutter 1, elastic claw type of being completely cured of breaking ground forms; Wherein, the elastic claw type parts 4 that loosen the soil comprise elasticity shovel post, and the break shovel that is located at this elasticity shovel post bottom; As shown in Figure 3, but power drive system 7, the loosen the soil dark press wheel 8 of limit of parts 4 and up-down adjustment of cutter 1, elastic claw type of being completely cured of breaking ground all are installed on the frame 6.
As shown in Figure 4, the be completely cured cutter 1 of originally breaking ground is the mososeries serration type, and its thickness is d=6~8mm, knife face width w=60~80mm, and edge width a=10~15mm, width of edge b=1.5~2.5mm, the cross section is flechette-type; This mososeries serration type tulwar blade curve is an off-centre operation; On this mososeries serration type tulwar cutting edge wide sawtooth is arranged, the sawtooth number is 5~8, and present embodiment is 7 sawtooth, and two limits (i.e. " v " font, or title sawtooth side) that constitute sawtooth are straight line or curve.Originally the break ground cutter sliding cutting of being completely cured of experiment proof is functional; Can split and cut the soil compaction layer, thoroughly chop root system in the ditch seam off, make the parts that the loosen the soil straw winding that buries smoothly; When can guaranteeing sliding cutting, the wide sawtooth on its cutting edge discharges the soil bits; Reduce working resistance, reduce power attenuation, and wide sawtooth has guaranteed its intensity.
Transmission system among the present invention mainly comprises idler gear transmission or side gear drive, and this kind of drive transmitted load is steady, transmitted load efficient is high.But embodiment has adopted the idler gear transmission by Fig. 2 knowledge capital.
The break ground cutter of being completely cured of mososeries serration type among the present invention is fixed on the cutterhead, and each cutterhead can install 3~5 cutter, and 6~8 groups of cuttves (as shown in Figure 2) of being completely cured that break ground are installed on the loosenning tiller.Cutterhead can move along cutter shaft, regulates the ratio of loosening the soil." cutter of being completely cured of breaking ground is driven by transmission system and is just changeing the rotation soil compaction layer of riving at a high speed, forms the vertical native bar of a rule, chops the vegetation root system in the soil simultaneously off.The break ground edge curve sliding cutting of being completely cured of mososeries serration type is functional, and the parts that guarantee the to loosen the soil straw winding that buries is smoothly just changeing at a high speed from soil surface and forming ditch seam, not founding to depth of soils compression soil.
Elastic claw type of the present invention loosens the soil in the parts, and shovel post thickness is equal to or less than 10mm, and is in the same plane of rotation with the cutter of being completely cured of breaking ground.The shovel cornice has certain radian, and adopts the manufacturing of spring steel elastomeric material.In the present embodiment; It is 5~10cm that shovel both sides, post bottom respectively have a width, and side view is down the break shovel of " V " shape, forms two sloping shape shovel plate (see figure 3)s in the front and back of shovel post; The front of break shovel is del, and its width (being the horizontal sides of del) is 5~10cm (see figure 2).During work; Under the draw of tractor; The shovel plate moves upward and is elevated the shape soil bar that hardens of joint-cutting both sides along the front side; Stop break shovel motion and the stretching elastic claw type spade that loosens the soil simultaneously, make the shovel post of arc stressed, deformation takes place, make the parts that loosen the soil accumulate elastic potential energy gradually according to this process of Hooke's law; When the elastic strength of accumulation during greater than knotts clay bar shear strength, the elastic potential energy of savings discharges, the instantaneous accelerated motion forward of shovel post break shovel, and the native bar bullet pine that break shovel will harden, the native bar after loose is along the rear side shovel plate original position that falls back.Like this in the middle of tractor is advanced; The parts that loosen the soil are in the release energy continuous conversion of two processes of static or retarded motion stretching accumulation energy-accelerated motion; Forming pulsating elastic force loosens the soil; Make original knotts clay bar present penetrating along the joint-cutting both sides, loose state, and the soil environment that creates actual situation and deposit.When precipitation, the rainwash that real part produces forms " water conservation reservoir " in soil subsurface stratum imaginary part jointly along the moisture that joint-cutting enters into soil imaginary part and imaginary part infiltration, thus grassland soil water content between balanced each month of adjusting.
In actual production, an one-sided break shovel also can only be established in shovel post bottom, if this break shovel is located at a side of shovel post, then the soil layer to this side loosens.
The dark press wheel of limit among the present invention is a drum type brake, adopts screw rod, screwed pipe to promote or decline, thereby accurately regulates pine soil depth, suppresses the loose soil bar of joint-cutting both sides simultaneously, guarantees that post-job meadow is smooth except that the face of land of ditch seam of formation.
Scarifying method involved in the present invention and the machinery that loosens the soil are suitable for grassland soil subsurface stratum occur the hardening natural meadow or the artificially sown pastures of sexual involution; The grassland soil hardening layer of this degeneration is thicker; Soil compactibility is high, and rainwash is serious, and the soil environment of vegetation growth is abominable.
The present invention is directed to the present meadow single backwardness of mode of loosening the soil; The comprehensive back of loosening the soil is big to soil disturbance; Even quicken phenomenons such as soil degradation, desertification, proposed not have upturneds soil, the grassland loosen method of hilling, few destruction not, the state that makes the soil that hardens present actual situation and deposit of turning over; And, regulate the migration of soil moisture and nutrient in soil subsurface stratum formation " water conservation reservoir ".
Harden to the existing farmland parts main broken tillage pan that loosens the soil; And can't satisfy the requirement of loosening the soil that the present invention proposes; The present invention has designed a kind of novel loosenning tiller; Adopt the active soil compaction layer that breaks ground that being completely cured lancinates and split, opening elastic claw type loosens the soil parts along the mode of joint-cutting chesson, and realizing hardening, the sexual involution meadow is nondestructive loosens the soil.
The above only is a preferred implementation of the present invention; Should be pointed out that for those skilled in the art, under the prerequisite that does not break away from know-why of the present invention; Can also make some improvement and retouching, these improvement and retouching also should be regarded as protection scope of the present invention.