CN101558215B - Drill pipe with tool joints - Google Patents

Drill pipe with tool joints Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101558215B
CN101558215B CN200880000961.5A CN200880000961A CN101558215B CN 101558215 B CN101558215 B CN 101558215B CN 200880000961 A CN200880000961 A CN 200880000961A CN 101558215 B CN101558215 B CN 101558215B
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
coating
tool
joints
tool joint
joint
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
CN200880000961.5A
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Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN101558215A (en
Inventor
A·V·格季曼
S·S·斯捷潘诺娃
Y·A·特里福诺夫
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Temeisuo Engineering Co
Original Assignee
ZAKRYTOE AKCIONERNOE OBSCHESTV
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Publication date
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Publication of CN101558215A publication Critical patent/CN101558215A/en
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Publication of CN101558215B publication Critical patent/CN101558215B/en
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/02Couplings; joints
    • E21B17/04Couplings; joints between rod or the like and bit or between rod and rod or the like
    • E21B17/042Threaded
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C10/00Solid state diffusion of only metal elements or silicon into metallic material surfaces
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/32Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
    • C23C28/322Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only
    • C23C28/3225Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer only coatings of metal elements only with at least one zinc-based layer
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/34Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
    • C23C28/345Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with at least one oxide layer
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/34Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
    • C23C28/347Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates with layers adapted for cutting tools or wear applications
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/10Wear protectors; Centralising devices, e.g. stabilisers
    • E21B17/1085Wear protectors; Blast joints; Hard facing
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16BDEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B33/00Features common to bolt and nut
    • F16B33/06Surface treatment of parts furnished with screw-thread, e.g. for preventing seizure or fretting

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Non-Disconnectible Joints And Screw-Threaded Joints (AREA)

Abstract

The engineering problem of the claimed invention is to enhance wear- resistance of drill pipe tool joints. The proposed drill pipe consists of a body with upset ends and tool joints connected by means of friction welding, having tapered thread and a double coating, the first layer being applied by means of thermo-diffusion zincing and the second one, by means phosphate treatment. Enhancement of tool joint life, as compared to the tool joints with phosphate coating only, allows no overdimension to be stipulated for future repair purposes, which saves up to several kilos of metal per tool joint, decreasing the drill string weight by several tons. With a view to increasing the joints' durability and reliability of welding seams the thickness delta of the first coating layer as function of thread conicity K is adjusted according to the following formula: d = 0,09...0.13 K. The segment at 15 to 25 mm from the welding spot on joints is coated with phosphate only.

Description

The drilling pipe of band tool joint
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of drilling equipment, also promptly be used to drill the drilling pipe of oil gas well.
Background technology
Drilling pipe is made up of with the interlock of threaded connection the (also being called as joint or tool joint) pipe itself (almost not passing through the quite long element of machining).The latter is placed on and forms integral joint or the permanent two pipe ends that connect.This device is further used term " drilling pipe " expression.What term " pipe " was represented is the semiproduct drilling pipe of not being with tool joint.
Tool joint connects into drill string (drill string) with pipe and makes parts have outside taper thread (being called pipe nipple (pipe nipple)) or internal thread (being called tool joint box (tool jointbox)).What be different from pipe is that tool joint will be accepted complicated mechanical processing.Therefore, produce short circuit head respectively earlier and then they are welded on more economical material benefit on the bearing surface.At present, most of drilling pipe of production has the flash welding tool joint.In order to increase bonding area and to reduce stressedly, pipe end is made into to enlarge, and just thickens.Preparation joint and pipe end through friction welding (referring to, for example, the patent No. No.2291904 of the Russian Federation, classification number C21D 9/08) combine.
Drilling pipe weares and teares during holing.The specific tube that has the flash welding tool joint is worn and torn unevenly.The durable ability force rate drilling tool welding point of drilling pipe main body is much higher.It is many that the screw thread of tool joint weares and teares soon than tube body.Therefore, tool joint is designed and makes enough greatly, can bear maintenance at least once.In order to keep in repair, joint carries out Surface Machining at 20 to 40mm height place.Owing to reserved surplus capacity, the consumption of metal increases, and it is big that flexural stiffness becomes, and the size of tool joint becomes big.Only might keep in repair pipe, so the expense of overhaul must comprise the cost that pipe is transported to piping factory and return in piping factory.
At least the thread segment of drilling pipe is by special coating.Coating has strengthened the corrosion resistance and the scuff resistance of pipe and other part of drilling equipment.
For example, the screw thread of connection oil well pipeline and drilling pipe has been coated the plastic metal (patent No. No.2214478 of the Russian Federation, classification number C23C 26/00) of cupric.Through being suppressed, friction lever on the rotating part surface, let contact surface got wet by particular fluid and coating is applied on each reinforcing section independently simultaneously.Said coating has strengthened corrosion resistance and has increased the scuff resistance that is threaded, but the coating processing procedure is very complicated, and this is a shortcoming.In addition, the parameter of coating is all different greatly between part and the part, and this is owing to coating is to be applied to independently on each part.The signal that processing procedure is accomplished is " ear-piercing whistle " to occur, and this is a very subjective criterion.
Essence and efficient from technology; Near technical scheme of the present invention be drilling pipe, connect box and adapter; On they be threaded, have and two-layerly form protective coating by zinc layer (10-14mcm); Said coating is to apply through the zinc-plated means of thermal diffusion, also has the overburden (patent No. No.38498 of the Russian Federation, classification number F16L15/08) of phosphating coat coating (2-3mcm).Thermal diffusion is zinc-plated to be suitable for large-scale production most, and has guaranteed that coating has suitable quality.Apply the reliability that second phosphorization membrane can strengthen the 15mcm thermal diffusion spelter coating that continuity can't guarantee.Said duplex coating has been guaranteed the protection to link, makes them no matter in storage or transportation, can avoid corroding.But coating has just ground off after the cycle in first rebuilding/damage, in maximum ten cycles, next will grind off metal threaded.Therefore, presently used coating can not strengthen the durability of tool joint.
Summary of the invention
Through technology of the present invention, the result who is reached comprises that the durability with the tool joint of drilling pipe one strengthens.
This is to be reached by following content: the tool joint that drilling pipe welded has taper thread and two coatings; First floor is that the mode through thermal diffusion applies; And the second layer is the mode through phosphatization; The thickness δ of first floor is a unit with μ (micron), and the relation of the tapering of said thickness and screw thread (K) is following: δ=0.09...0.13K, and only have a phosphate coating in section from solder joint 15-25mm (millimeter).
The effect of coating that applied through the thermal diffusion sherardizing and thickness (μ) equals 0.09...0.13K (wherein said K is a thread taper) is following: the scuff resistance of tool joint or durability strengthen, and this uses the quantity in trimming/damage cycle to be standard.
Phosphate coat has strengthened the corrosion resistance of joint, especially do not have spelter coating the section on corrosion resistance.
Section from solder joint 15-25mm only exists phosphate coating to make drilling pipe obtain bigger durability, and this is because the reliability that is welded to connect between joint and the tube body has increased.
Description of drawings
The application's benefit is shown in Fig. 1, and Fig. 1 shows the end that tape welding connects the pipe of the present invention of tool joint.
The specific embodiment
Drilling pipe is to be made up of the tube body that on both ends 2 (being welded to connect), has all forever connected jointing (tool joint) 31, and jointing has outside or inner cone screw thread.For example, Fig. 3 comprises the have external screw thread joint 3 of (pipe nipple).Another tube end with band female adapter is not shown in the drawings.The relevant specification of this tube end is an all fours.
Joint has been gone up coating 5 except the whole surface from the section of solder joint 15-25mm all is processed, and this is to apply through the zinc-plated mode of thermal diffusion.The thickness δ of coating 5 is a unit with μ (micron), and it is 0.09 to 0.13K, and wherein K is a thread taper.This correlation is to use to get from 1/6 to 1/4 the scope that taper value experimentizes and confirm that the span of above-mentioned tapering is the most frequently used value that arrives of tool joint screw thread just.
On coating 5, be covered with phosphate coating 6.In the manufacture process of tool joint, on said phosphate coating section of being applied to 4 and the forward position section.The thickness of phosphate coating 6 is 1 to 3 μ, and this is a phosphatization corrosion-resistant finishes value commonly used.Preferably, thickness is 2-3mcm.
The dotted line 8 of Fig. 1 shows the size of the tool joint of present use, as a reference.
Be the manufacturing approach of drilling pipe of the present invention below.
At first, tube body 1 is manufactured with the section of thickened end (upset end).Then make the blank area 3 of handling coating 4 through the zinc-plated mode of thermal diffusion.Pattern to applying processing is controlled, and makes the final thickness of coating without prejudice to the above-mentioned relation between thickness and the joint 3 taper value K.Spelter coating 4 removes from the joint docking section then, and intention is to be welded on the tube body 1 from joint 3 adjacent regions, span from 15 to 25mm.After that, the whole surface of joint 3 is handled by phosphatization, produces up to phosphate coating 6 (1 to 3mm).
Joint 3 is connected on the tube body 1 through the mode of friction welding then.The length of loss is each joint 10 to 15mm normally.
Because docking section and near zone at joint do not have spelter coating 4, intermetallic compound fails to arrive welding region, and said welding region has been preserved its strength characteristics.If joint 3 does not have the section 4 of spelter coating long less than 15mm, intermetallic compound will enter into welding region, will worsen the strength characteristics of weld seam like this.The length that increases said section 4 makes it greater than 25mm, can not let weld seam more reliable, but has widened not by the zone of spelter coating 5 protections, and this has reduced durability.
Phosphate coating 6 protection surfaces avoid corroding at memory period.This coating need be before welding, do not removed, the quality that is welded to connect can be do not had influence on because have the coating of given thickness.This coating disappears after welding, cleaning, machinery and the heat treatment step of welding region.Pad, and whole pipe are applied with anticorrosion by protectiveness enamelled coating 7.
If the thickness δ of thermal diffusion zinc layer 4 is less than minimum set-point, if δ (μ)<0.09K just is that coutinuity of coating or enhancing to efficient of the present invention all can not guarantee.If the thickness δ of layer 4 is greater than the highest set-point, just δ (μ)>0.13K is begun to surpass permissible range by the big or small increase of tight ness rating that types of coatings determined, this can cause drilling pipe to be ostracised in the workspace immediately.
The scope of spelter coating thickness value is to determine the end value in the trimming/damage cycle with maximum operation moment of torsion through consuming time and expensive test.When testing pipe of the present invention, if determined the above-mentioned relation between coating and the tapering is taken into account, coating can keep reaching 200 to 300 cycles, and the durable of present employed tool joint also is no more than 10 cycles.The service life of said tool joint is only handled comparing of phosphate coating with those, has been increased to 2000-3000 cycle.This is close to the durable grade that equals tube body.The trouble that maintenance and the thing followed need be delivered to piping factory and return transportation has been saved in the enhancing of said efficient.Whole drilling pipe of grinding away is fully directly delivered to the discarded metal field.
And; For later period maintenance is considered; This enhancing to tube lifetime can not make the blank area over dimensioning, (with tool joint size of the present invention and the tool joint size compared of using at present, with dashed lines 8 illustrates in Fig. 1); This lets each tool joint just save the metal of several kms, drilling rod weight saving several tons.The reducing of tool joint size is through getting rid of for the metal of laying in purpose reaches, and the flexural stiffness that this has reduced drilling rod has increased the flexibility of its institute in the curve well site and is that " opening " second boring provides better condition in the well construction operations.

Claims (1)

1. be with the drilling pipe of tool joint; Said tool joint has taper thread and duplex coating; The first floor of said coating applies through the thermal diffusion sherardizing; And the second layer is through parkerized mode, it is characterized in that near docking section that is used to weld and docking section only having phosphate coat on the cylinder in 15 to 25mm, is that the relation of tapering K of thickness δ and screw thread of first floor of unit is following with the micron:
δ=0.09 is to 0.13K
CN200880000961.5A 2007-07-19 2008-07-14 Drill pipe with tool joints Expired - Fee Related CN101558215B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
RU2007127484 2007-07-19
RU2007127484/06A RU2334156C1 (en) 2007-07-19 2007-07-19 Collar with connecting locks
PCT/IB2008/001923 WO2009016453A2 (en) 2007-07-19 2008-07-14 Drill pipe with tool joints

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN101558215A CN101558215A (en) 2009-10-14
CN101558215B true CN101558215B (en) 2012-11-07

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RU (1) RU2334156C1 (en)
WO (1) WO2009016453A2 (en)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101949267A (en) * 2010-09-13 2011-01-19 康庆刚 Drill rod connecting hoop
RU2465112C2 (en) * 2010-12-29 2012-10-27 Открытое Акционерное Общество "Дефорт" Method of making drill string section locks
CN102213080A (en) * 2011-06-15 2011-10-12 吴宣成 Drill rod connecting hand
CN103495839B (en) * 2013-09-24 2015-11-25 上海海隆石油管材研究所 The processing method of what a kind of built-up welding was shaping make a trip fast drilling rod height station structure
CN103670292A (en) * 2013-12-09 2014-03-26 淮南矿业(集团)有限责任公司 Mining drill rod device
CN111020448B (en) * 2019-12-12 2022-01-28 北京工商大学 Wear-resistant anti-corrosion sucker rod coupling with oil storage and oil supplement channel on surface and preparation process

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4758025A (en) * 1985-06-18 1988-07-19 Mobil Oil Corporation Use of electroless metal coating to prevent galling of threaded tubular joints
CN2069922U (en) * 1990-05-02 1991-01-23 云南省地矿局探矿工艺研究室 Tip cone drilling rod joint
US5212885A (en) * 1992-01-21 1993-05-25 Exxon Production Research Company High gas sealibility makeup for API buttress connections
US5360239A (en) * 1989-07-28 1994-11-01 Antares Marketing, S.A. Threaded tubular connection
CN1220716A (en) * 1997-03-27 1999-06-23 法国瓦罗里克·曼尼斯曼油汽公司 Threaded joint for tubes
CN2779036Y (en) * 2004-12-29 2006-05-10 上海佳骏石油设备配件有限公司 Screw-threaded drilling rod
EP1736697A1 (en) * 2004-04-06 2006-12-27 Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. Threaded joint for steel pipe and process for producing the same

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE0000702L (en) * 2000-03-02 2001-06-25 Sandvik Ab Threaded joints and rock drill elements for striking drilling
RO121397B1 (en) * 2001-04-11 2007-04-30 Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. Threaded joint for steel pipes

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4758025A (en) * 1985-06-18 1988-07-19 Mobil Oil Corporation Use of electroless metal coating to prevent galling of threaded tubular joints
US5360239A (en) * 1989-07-28 1994-11-01 Antares Marketing, S.A. Threaded tubular connection
CN2069922U (en) * 1990-05-02 1991-01-23 云南省地矿局探矿工艺研究室 Tip cone drilling rod joint
US5212885A (en) * 1992-01-21 1993-05-25 Exxon Production Research Company High gas sealibility makeup for API buttress connections
CN1220716A (en) * 1997-03-27 1999-06-23 法国瓦罗里克·曼尼斯曼油汽公司 Threaded joint for tubes
EP1736697A1 (en) * 2004-04-06 2006-12-27 Sumitomo Metal Industries, Ltd. Threaded joint for steel pipe and process for producing the same
CN2779036Y (en) * 2004-12-29 2006-05-10 上海佳骏石油设备配件有限公司 Screw-threaded drilling rod

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN101558215A (en) 2009-10-14
WO2009016453A3 (en) 2009-06-18
WO2009016453A2 (en) 2009-02-05
RU2334156C1 (en) 2008-09-20

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