CN101535844B - Methods, systems, and computer program products for determining property of construction material - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods, systems, and computer program products for determining a property of construction material. According to one aspect, a material property gauge operable to determine a property of construction material is disclosed. The gauge may include an electromagnetic sensor operable to measure a response of construction material to an electromagnetic field. Further, the electromagnetic sensor may be operable to produce a signal representing the measured response by the construction material to the electromagnetic field. An acoustic detector may be operable to detect a response of the construction material to the acoustical energy. Further, the acoustic detector may be operable to produce a signal representing the detected response by the construction material to the acoustical energy. A material property calculation function may be configured to calculate a property value associated with the construction material based upon the signals produced by the electromagnetic sensor and the acoustic detector.

Description

The method, system and the computer program that are used for the character of definite building materials

The cross reference of related application

The right that No. 60/719071, No. 60/712754, the U.S. Provisional Patent Application of this application requirement application on August 30th, 2005 and the U.S. Provisional Patent Application of application on September 21st, 2005, the integral body in this with reference to this patent has been incorporated to it openly.Herewith, the integral body that is called No. xx/xxxxxx, No. xx/xxxxxx, the U.S. Patent application of " METHODS; SYSTEMS; AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR MEASURINGTHE DENSITY OF MATERIAL " and U.S. Patent application that name is called " METHODS; SYSTEMS, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCTS FORDETERMING A PROPERTY OF CONS TRUCTION MATERIAL " with reference to the name of application simultaneously has been incorporated to that it is open.

Technical field

Purport in this description relates to the measurement material character.More specifically, the purport in this description relates to for determining method, system and the computer program of building materials character.

Background technology

An importance of construction work is road construction and maintenance.The ability that load based on future and environmental factor designed and built road is very important, because it saves time, effort and resource in maintenance cost in the future.While suitably having considered the design factor of load, weather and earth condition, design good road and have long-term behaviour.

In construction work, some interested most important character are volume and mechanics (mechanistic) character such as the building materials of earth, pitch, concrete etc.Particularly, in the construction work practice, exist cumulative volume V _t, water mass M _w, and the mass M of solid body _sprogram with the Properties Correlation of the structure of setting up on the earth ground.Other interested critical nature is the mechanical property such as hardness, modulus and density.Therefore, the measurement of these character is important to construction work.

Pitch for building typically keeps relative homogeneous and performance well with cement admixture, unless caused the problem such as segregation (segregation).Usually, control the ability that good material can provide in relatively sufficient confidence the non-nucleon of calibration and nucleon surface measurement.On the other hand, in most geographic areas, earth is inhomogenous, and typically causes different minerals, water capacity, classification, and zone and the layer of the earth of texture about the civil engineering work that the needs of construction project hollow out and fill.Result is, when the operator suspects that in the base building materials, variation has occurred some thing, such as the non-direct measuring method of surperficial electromagnetism or acoustic means, need to recalibrate continually.

One of building materials survey instrument of current available robust is the nucleon density meter.Yet even this equipment also is vulnerable to the impact as the limited error of the result of chemical analysis impact.The maximum error of nucleon technology is water cut, and it is measured for proofreading and correct wet density.Be rich in hydrogen if the composition under meter becomes than original calibrated position, need to recalibrate.For example, the material of micaceous clay and similar sand has different chemical analysis, and needs different humidity skews or proofread and correct.While changing in the scope in whole project when clay/sand or mineral content, problem has produced.

It is the purpose of semiempirical and mechanics method for designing that the material work in lab investigation and design standards and building site is interrelated.For example, if earth does not reach laboratory elastic modulus (RM) test, should substitute or strengthen earth with lime stone or cement with inserts.On building site, earth is inhomogenous typically, and can change because of the weather conditions such as temperature and humidity.For this reason, expectation has quality control method and the method that can be regulated for temperature and/or humidity effect.The result of these data can contribute to construction personnel to determine low-quality earth and pitch zone.

For the technology of modulus of measuring building materials, be known.Usually, obtain measurement by the response that generates acoustic disturbance and measure the disturbance of material in building materials.For example, can measure the velocity of wave to the response of acoustic disturbance, for determining modulus.Yet in this technology, definite modulus is subject to coarse impact.To modulus, measurement provides the precision of proofreading and correct and normally improving the modulus measurement of building materials in expectation.

Therefore, in view of above-mentioned difficulty and the demand relevant to the nucleon density meter, existence is to method, the system that is used for the character of building materials for improvement, the demand that reaches computer program.

Summary of the invention

According on the one hand, comprise method, system and the computer program of the character for determining building materials in the purport of this description.According to one side, the material character meter can be for determining the character of building materials.Meter can comprise and can be used for measuring the electromagnetic sensor of building materials to the response of electromagnetic field.In addition, electromagnetic sensor can be used for produce meaning the building materials that the records signal to the response of electromagnetic field.Detector of sound can be used for surveying the response of building materials to acoustic energy.In addition, detector of sound can be used for producing the signal of the building materials of expression detection to the response of acoustic energy.The material character calculation function can be configured to based on by electromagnetic sensor, with the signal that detector of sound produces, calculating the property value relevant to building materials.

According on the other hand, the material character meter can comprise electromagnetic sensor, and it can be used for measuring the response of building materials to electromagnetic field, and can be used for producing and mean the signal of the described building materials recorded to the response of electromagnetic field.In addition, meter can comprise temperature sensor, and it can be used for measuring the temperature relevant to building materials, and can be used for producing the signal of the described temperature relevant to building materials that record of expression.The material character calculation function can be configured to based on by described electromagnetic sensor, with the described signal that described temperature sensor produces, calculating the property value relevant to described building materials.

As used in this, term " sample building materials ", " specimen material ", and " building materials " refer to any suitable material used in architectural process.The exemplary sample building materials comprises earth, pitch, paver, stone, base material, foundation material, cement, cultivates earth, batching factory, concrete curing rate, concrete chloride inclusions, sodium chloride content, concrete delamination, water cut, water-cement material, alkali-silica, multiple earth, flexible pitch and their any combination.

As used in this, term " electromagnetic field maker " and " Electromagnetic Sources " refer to can be used for generating any suitable equipment or the element of electromagnetic field.Example electromagnetic field maker comprises voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), the Clapp oscillator, the relaxation oscillation device, ring swings oscillator, the RC oscillator, crystal oscillator, squegger, phase-locked oscilaltor, the voltage oscillation device, multi-frequency generator, Gunn diode, numerically-controlled oscillator, klystron, the High-Power Microwave magnetron, the retonation wave oscillator, the VLF transmitter, ic timer, the random waveform maker, pulsewidth modulator, the analog synthesis device, current source, comprehensive source, yig tuned oscillator, and integrated circuit.

As used in this, term " sound maker " and " sound source " refer to can be used for generating any suitable equipment or the element of acoustic energy.Example sound maker comprises penetrometer, Clegg hammer, Falling Weight Deflectometer, Briaud former, and FWD, seismoreceiver, accelerometer, vibration transducer, piezoelectric device, the equipment based on inductive coil, magnetostriction equipment, bending part (bender element), and the equipment based on microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS), motor mixer, spiral pipe activate hammer, measure hammer (instrumented hammer), frequency domain equipment, and time domain equipment.

Can use computer program to be implemented on the purport of this description, this computer program comprises the computer executable instructions be included in computer-readable medium.The example computer readable mediums that is suitable for being implemented on the purport of this description comprises chip memory devices, optical disk storage device, programmable logic device, special IC and can download electric signal.In addition, the computer-readable medium that is implemented on the purport of this description can be arranged on individual equipment or computing platform and maybe can distribute by a plurality of equipment or computing platform.

The accompanying drawing explanation

Now with reference to accompanying drawing, explain in the preferred embodiment of the purport of this description, wherein:

Figure 1A is the vertical cross-section of the material character meter for the density of measuring material or modulus of embodiment that is pursuant to the purport of this description;

Figure 1B is example for the schematic diagram of the use of the example sound source of the density of determining specimen material and modulus and example detector of sound;

Fig. 1 C is example for the schematic diagram of the use of the example sound source of the density of determining specimen material and modulus and example detector of sound;

Fig. 1 D be pursuant to this description purport an embodiment comprise humidity sensor, a pair of detector of sound, sound maker, and the schematic diagram of the examples material character meter of penetrometer;

Fig. 2 A is the vertical cross-section that is pursuant to the material character meter for the density of measuring pitch or modulus of the backscattering pattern that is configured in shown in Figure 1A of embodiment of purport of this description;

Fig. 2 B is the diagram of the example time domain waveform as surveyed by accelerometer;

Fig. 2 C is for coherence, phase place, and the diagram of the example frequency-region signal of amplitude;

Fig. 2 D is the diagram that humidity-modulus curve is shown;

Fig. 2 E is the diagram illustrated for the relation curve of the modulus change of the same sample material of Fig. 2 D test and water capacity;

Fig. 3 is the vertical cross-section of measurement Dynamic Cone Penetrometer of embodiment that is pursuant to the purport of this description;

Fig. 4 be pursuant to this description purport embodiment be included in the vertical cross-section that it is integrated with the material character meter of the bar for measuring the electrical equipment that material sample character used;

Fig. 5 is the part vertical cross-section that comprises the portable earthquake ripple paving analyser (or material character meter) of the sound of bottom surface of meter of the embodiment that is placed in the purport that is pursuant to this description and electromagnetic component;

Fig. 6 is the diagram that the linear relationship between the variation of the building percentage void of potpourri and modulus is shown;

Fig. 7 is the diagram that the relation between the variation of asphalt temperature and modulus is shown;

Fig. 8 is the top skeleton view of microwave humidity instrument of the material character meter of the purport for being pursuant to this description;

Fig. 9 is the diagram illustrated for the frequency change of water capacity;

Figure 10 A is the vertical cross-section of example lower frequency disperse sensor;

Figure 10 B is the vertical cross-section of another example lower frequency disperse sensor;

Figure 11 A is the diagram that the contrast of clay material (viscosity earth) and the specific inductive capacity of non-clay material (non-sticky earth) on different frequency is shown;

Figure 11 B illustrates the diagram of the dielectric dispersion of the conductivity of viscosity earth and specific inductive capacity;

Figure 11 C is the diagram that the specific inductive capacity dispersion of several dissimilar clays is shown;

Figure 12 is the schematic diagram that comprises acoustic impedance and the functional examples material character of electrical impedance meter of embodiment that is pursuant to the purport of this description;

Figure 13 is the process flow diagram that the meter that is configured in transmission mode or backscattering pattern as shown in Figure 1A and 1B of embodiment that is pursuant to the purport of this description for use carries out the instantiation procedure of character measurement;

Figure 14 be pursuant to this description purport embodiment for using meter as shown in Figure 1A and 1B to carry out the process flow diagram of character measurement for the instantiation procedure of surface analysis;

Figure 15 is the process flow diagram for the instantiation procedure of measuring the earth modulus of embodiment that is pursuant to the purport of this description;

Figure 16 is the process flow diagram for the instantiation procedure of measuring asphalt modulus of embodiment that is pursuant to the purport of this description;

Figure 17 is the block diagram of operation of material character meter that the embodiment of the purport that is pursuant to this description is shown;

Figure 18 is the block diagram of operation of material character meter that the embodiment of the purport that is pursuant to this description is shown;

Figure 19 is the process flow diagram of the instantiation procedure for the property value of calculating building materials of the embodiment of the example purport that is pursuant to this description;

Embodiment

The method, system, and the computer program that comprise the character for determining building materials and/or multiple other material in the purport of this description.In one embodiment, in the method for this description, system, and computer program can determine the property value relevant to building materials in test.The example building materials comprises pitch, earth, concrete, gathers materials etc.Confirmable exemplary in nature value comprises water capacity, Poisson ratio, modulus, shear resistance, density, voids content etc.According on the one hand, the material character meter can comprise and can be used for measuring the electromagnetic sensor of building materials to the response of electromagnetic field.Electromagnetic sensor can produce the signal of the building materials of expression measurement to the response of electromagnetic field.Detector of sound can be surveyed the response of building materials to acoustic energy.In addition, detector of sound can produce the signal of the building materials of expression detection to the response of acoustic energy.The material character calculation function is configured to based on by electromagnetic sensor, with the signal that detector of sound produces, calculating the property value relevant to building materials.In one example, the material character calculation function can be proofreaied and correct with the water capacity measurement property value of definite building materials.

Another key factor that affects the modulus of building materials comprises temperature, especially for pitch.Be in another embodiment of purport of this description, provide material character meter and relevant method to measure at material character, calculating serviceability temperature, proofreaied and correct in particular for the definite property value to building materials.According on the one hand, the material character meter can comprise and can be used for measuring the electromagnetic sensor of building materials to the response of electromagnetic field.Electromagnetic sensor can produce and mean the building materials the record signal to the response of electromagnetic field.Hygrosensor can be proofreaied and correct the response of building materials to sound or electromagnetic energy.The material character calculation function is configured to based on by electromagnetic sensor, with the signal that hygrosensor produces, calculating the property value relevant to building materials.

In the road construction engineering, in an interested exemplary in nature, the mechanics method for designing is described the feature of paver to the elastic response of road vehicle based on paver.In this example, the paver structure can be comprised of asphalt material or concrete surface, substrate and ground, and the material thickness of each is t, and by elastic modulus E, Poisson ratio v, and aggregate Interface friction force f its feature is described.This causes the elastic system of the layering that can analyze by engineering mechanics.Therefore, can estimate design and performance from the pressure and the tension force that calculate or record at every one deck, cause from the response of surface expectation and the design of system.

Mineralogy, saturation degree, porosity, classification, texture, and clay structure the strength and modulus of earth is had to important impact.In addition, for flexible paver, bitumen content, the hole (VFA) that is filled with pitch, the hole (VMA) in mineral aggregate, binding modulus, temperature, and LOAD FREQUENCY affect the modulus of pitch.Can be for the humidity ratio of the hole that calculates bitumen content, surperficial paver, earth, and the porosity of earth based on nucleon and the measurement based on electromagnetism.These volumetric parameters are relevant to the elastic response of earth, pitch or making structure.

In one embodiment, the material character meter that is pursuant to the purport of this description comprises integrated and portable equipment.In addition, the material character meter can be used in the backscattering pattern or simultaneously for backscattering pattern and transmission mode, as in this in greater detail.In an example of the meter that can be used in transmission mode, meter can comprise radiation source, it can vertically move from the backscattering position to a series of transmissions position, this backscattering position is that radiation source resides at the place in the meter shell, and this transmission position is that radiation source is inserted into hole in specimen material or the place in hole.The assignee of this purport has has researched and developed the nucleon meter that can measure specimen material density.For example, United States Patent (USP) No. 4641030, No. 4701868, and No. 6310936 in the nucleon meter of the density for measuring specimen material is disclosed, by reference to the integral body of these patents, they all are incorporated into to this.

Figure 1A is the vertical cross-section of the material character meter 100 for the density of measuring material or modulus of embodiment that is pursuant to the purport of this description.Meter 100 can be used for accurately determining the property value of building materials, and building materials is such as being earth, pitch or any other suitable building and/or paver.Exemplary in nature value that can be definite by meter 100 comprises mechanics value, bulking value, reaches moisture content values.Meter 100 can be measured the property value of earth and can measure with the backscattering pattern property value of pitch with transmission mode.Meter 100 has multi-functional use, and it is, by suitable calibration, meter can be for the on-position measure of humidity and the density (and humidity and modulus) of building materials, and this building materials is such as being earth, pitch, concrete etc.

With reference to Figure 1A, meter 100 is presented in transmission mode, and wherein, the tip 102 of penetrometer 104 is placed in the inside of building materials 106.Penetrometer 104 can be suitable for generating acoustic energy in the inside of building materials 106, for surveying the response of 106 pairs of acoustic energy of building materials.The operator of meter 100 can move and manually generate acoustic energy to the inside of building materials 106 in vertical downward direction (by the direction indication of arrow 110) by the end 108 by penetrometer 104 tips 102.Hammer element 114 can be fixedly connected to penetrometer end 108, makes the motion of the motion of element 114 corresponding to penetrometer end 108.

Sound anvil element 116 can be fixedly connected to most advanced and sophisticated 102.In transmission mode, anvil element 116 and most advanced and sophisticated 102 can be fixing with respect to meter shell 118.In addition, penetrometer end 108 and hammer element 114 can move freely with respect to anvil element 116 and most advanced and sophisticated 102, make the bottom surface 120 of hammer element 114 can contact the end face 122 of anvil element 116 to generate acoustic energy.Acoustic energy can be propagated the distance of penetrometer 104 to tip 102.The acoustic energy generated also can spread in building materials 106.

In one embodiment, penetrometer can be integrated in the meter that comprises two quality hammers.Two quality hammer can comprise first quality hammer, for building materials, initially pours into use.In addition, two quality hammers can comprise the hammer of the second less quality, for generating acoustic disturbance.Together with penetrometer, use other example apparatus for generating acoustic energy to comprise voltage source, mixer, bending part etc.

Meter 100 can comprise one or more detector of sounds 124 and 126, and it can be used for surveying the response of 106 pairs of acoustic energy of building materials, and can be used for producing the signal of the response of 106 pairs of acoustic energy of building materials that one or more expressions survey.Particularly, detector of sound 124 can be accelerometer or seismoreceiver, and it is suitable for surveying the acoustic energy of propagating in vertical direction.Detector of sound 126 can be accelerometer or seismoreceiver, and it is suitable for surveying the acoustic energy of propagating in the horizontal direction.Can obtain accelerometer, for example, by California, the Endevco company of San Juan Capistrono produces.

The acoustic energy of being surveyed by detector of sound 124 and 126 can be the acoustic energy of the acoustic energy that produced by penetrometer 104 of the response that produced by building materials 106.Detector of sound 124 and 126 can respond the wideband frequency from several hertz to 100kHz.In response to surveying acoustic energy, detector of sound 124 and 126 can generate the electric signal that means acoustic energy and transmit electric signal to printed circuit board (PCB) (PCB) 128, the data that circuit board 128 is configured to process electric signal and/or stores the acoustic energy that means detection.In addition, PCB 128 can comprise hardware, software and/or firmware components, and it is suitable for receiving, processes, and send electric signal and be suitable for the data that storage means the value that meaned by electric signal.PCB 128 can transmit the electric signal of the acoustic energy of mean surveying to another PCB 130, for further processing and for determining the property value relevant to building materials 106, as therewith in greater detail.

Figure 1B and 1C are examples for the schematic diagram of the use of the sound source of the density of determining specimen material and modulus and detector of sound.With reference to Figure 1B, sound source 156 can be inserted into the degree of depth known in specimen material 158 by penetrometer 160.Acoustic energy can arrive detector of sound 164 by travel path 162.Can be based on being excited acoustic energy by penetrometer 160 and determining flight time of acoustic energy in the time that detector 164 detects acoustic energy.In addition, can carry out the distance of estimated path 162 based on known depth and the distance between the position of the lip-deep penetrometer inlet point of specimen material 158 and detector 164.The distance in path 162 and flight time data can be for estimating phase velocity.Based on theory of elasticity, phase velocity can be for determining density and the modulus of specimen material 158.

With reference to Fig. 1 C, in mode like the system class with shown in Figure 1B, the system shown in 1C comprises for guiding the sound source 166 of acoustic energy to specimen material 168, reaches the detector of sound 170 of the response for surveying 168 pairs of acoustic energy of specimen material.The flight time of path distance that in addition, can be based between source 166 and detector 170 and definite acoustic energy is surveyed density or the modulus of specimen material 168.The system of Fig. 1 C and the difference of the system shown in Figure 1B be, detector of sound 170 is placed in the end of penetrometer 172 and the surface that sound source 166 is placed in specimen material 168.

Fig. 1 D example be pursuant to this description purport an embodiment comprise humidity sensor 176, a pair of detector of sound 178 and 180, sound maker 182, and the schematic diagram of the examples material character meter 174 of penetrometer 184.With reference to Fig. 1 D, sound maker 182 can generate acoustic energy, and it sends to 60 ° of cones most advanced and sophisticated 186 of penetrometer 184.In this example, sound maker 182 is connected to becket 188 rigidly, and it is connected to penetrometer 184.Acoustic energy can enter into specimen material 190 and be received for by MPC 190, in the specimen material property value, being calculated and use by detector 178 and 180 from most advanced and sophisticated 186 emission.Example sound maker comprises magnetostriction parts, the equipment based on piezoelectricity, electrical equipment, reaches the equipment based on microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS).In addition, suitable sound maker comprises the bending part by the GDS Instruments production of London.Another example acoustic energy maker comprise have can be crooked while being placed in the excitation be subject to from piezoelectric, magnetostriction materials etc. material between the equipment of piezoelectric.

In addition, humidity sensor 176 can be used for surveying the water capacity of specimen material 190.The data that mean the water capacity of detection can be sent to MPC 192.The water capacity data can be used for corrected density and calculate.

Referring again to Figure 1A, meter 100 can comprise electromagnetic sensor 132, and it can be used for measuring the response of 106 pairs of electromagnetic fields of building materials, and can be used for produce meaning the electric signal of the response of 106 pairs of electromagnetic fields of building materials of recording.For example, electromagnetic sensor 132 can be used for measuring permittivity, resistivity, specific inductive capacity and/or the conductivity of specimen material 106.

In this example, meter 100 comprises Electromagnetic Sources 134, and the surperficial annex that it can be used for generating electromagnetic field and is placed in building materials 106, so that electromagnetic field extends in building materials 106.Alternatively, signal source 134 and/or sensor 132 can be placed in specimen material 212 inside.In one embodiment, meter 100 can comprise the element can be used in the self-impedance pattern, wherein, when element is powered, measures its terminal impedance, and raises with permittivity, and terminal or driving point impedance change.

Electromagnetic sensor 132 can be surveyed at least a portion from the electromagnetic field produced by signal source 134 of building materials 106.Frequency domain and/or Time-Domain Technique can be used for determining the property value of building materials 106.Electromagnetic field can be in the scope from static (DC) to microwave.Comprise and use the fringing field capacitor to generate an electromagnetic field for the example frequency technique of determining humidity character; The domain reflectometer technology; The single-frequency technology; Sweep frequency technique; The microwave absorption technology; And microwave phase-shifting technique.In addition, suitable moisture signal detector comprises and can be used for measuring at single frequency, a plurality of frequency, continuous frequency sweeping and/or frequency spectrum the warble real part of specific inductive capacity at place and the detector of imaginary part.In time domain, can produce direct step or pulse and be surveyed by detector by signal source, for the deterministic nature value.In addition, quick Fourier transformation (FFT) technology can be applied to frequency-domain and time-domain for the deterministic nature value.In addition, quadrature or double orthogonal basis decomposition technique can be applicable to frequency-domain and time-domain (decomposing such as quick Fourier transformation (FFT), wavelet transformation or ripple bag) with the deterministic nature value.Conductivity and the permittivity of can the electromagnetic field based on surveying determining building materials 106.In one example, conductivity and permittivity can be used for determining the humidity character of building materials 106.

Meter 100 can comprise relevant with sensor 132 to source 134 respectively source window 136 and receiver window 138.Source window 136 and receiver window 138 can extend through base plate 140, make electromagnetic field to pass through between base plate 140 and source 134 and sensor 132.The sample window material comprises aluminium oxide, sapphire, pottery, plastics, reaches suitable insulator.

Another exemplary sensors 143 can be placed in penetrometer 104 inside, for surveying the electromagnetic field of building materials 106.Sensor 143 can be placed near the end 102 of penetrometer 104, makes sensor 143 in transmission mode be placed in building materials 106.In one example, sensor 143 can be capacitive transducer, and it can be used for measuring the humidity character at the building materials 106 at the surperficial predetermined depth place with respect to building materials 106.Sensor 143 can transmit the electric signal of expression measurement result to PCB 130, for determining that the property value relevant to building materials 106 processed and use.

PCB 141 can be used for and the communicating by letter of source 134 and sensor 132.PCB 141 can comprise suitable hardware, software and/or firmware components, for control source 134 and sensor 132.Particularly, PCB 141 can control source 134 and generate electromagnetic field.For example, PCB 141 can give the circuit supply in source 134, for generating predetermined electromagnetic field.In addition, PCB 141 can be for receiving the signal of the electromagnetic field of surveying from the expression of sensor 132 via concentric cable 143.In one example, based on signal indication, PCB 141 can determine the humidity character of specimen material 106.

In one embodiment, can for example, measure humidity character in the upper frequency sweeping of carrying out of microwave humidity instrument (, shown in Fig. 8 and in the instrument of this description) by operating equipment.The humidity instrument can operate in the self-impedance pattern, wherein, and in the multiple terminal impedance of the input end measuring of dipole.In one example, dipole is at 2.45GHz place resonance, in the return loss of this resonance frequency place antenna, minimized.Along with the increase of water cut, the specific inductive capacity of specimen material increases, and has increased thus electric field near field energy, has reduced thus resonance.

Moisture measurement can depend on single variable or a plurality of variable equation.For example, can use such as the variable of relative dielectric constant ε r and survey water.Interfacial polarization is the critical nature response for dissimilar materials.Because these polarization effects (also referred to as Maxwell Wagner effect) produce resonance in the permittivity spectrum.This relaxation can be used for determining for the water cut of particular type earth.At lower frequency, the specific inductive capacity of measurement has the effect of Maxwell Wagner phenomenon, thereby causes the error in moisture measurement, and this error is also the function of temperature.Other example variable comprises variation in conductivity, permittivity and conductivity and the variation in the permittivity dispersion to frequency.In addition, for example, the relaxation frequency of some earth is in the magnitude of 27MHz.In addition, the relaxation frequency of some earth is in the magnitude of 10MHz.The U.S. Patent application No. 10/971546 (No. 2005/015028, U.S. Patent Application Publication) of the common application in 22 days October in 2004 of transferring the possession of provides other discussion, by with reference to its integral body, it openly being incorporated to therewith.

In one example, measure the electric capacity of fringing field detector with the feedback loop in oscillatory circuit.Frequency provides (wherein, C by following equation _effmean effective capacitance, comprise ghost effect in surrounding medium, circuit and the nominal electric capacity in tank circuit, and L mean induction coefficient):

2πF＝1/(sqrt(LC _eff))

Can be for the ratio between humidity calibration reference frequency and the frequency when accessing or comprising the fringing field capacitor.Should consider at these frequency places owing to the sensitivity of the measurement of salinity.Net result is to proofread and correct the chemical composition error, causes the many different calibration curve for the earth type.In addition, for example in United States Patent (USP) No. 4924173, No. 4929885 and No. 5260666, discuss, by reference to the integral body of these patents, they each is incorporated into to this.

Humidity character detector based on microwave can be useful, for example, because this detector can be carried out independently moisture measurement and do not subject to the impact of chemical analysis error than their lower frequency homologue of density.This detector can be better than the humidity character detector based on neutron, because the detector based on neutron is density and material, relies on.In addition, due to United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) rule and the expense relevant to neutron source, expectation reduces the use of neutron source.

Meter 100 can comprise temperature sensor 142, can be used for measuring the temperature relevant to building materials 106.In addition, temperature 142 can be communicated by letter with temperature circuit 144, for generation of the electric signal of the temperature relevant to building materials 106 that means to record.When as shown in Figure 1A, while the base plate of meter 100 140 being placed on the surface of building materials 106, temperature sensor 142 can be placed on the near surface or surface of building materials 106.The exemplary temperature sensor comprises infra-red heat sensor, light infrared sensor, resistance temperature detector (RTD), thermocouple, the temperature sensor based on solid-state, reaches the temperature sensor based on resistance (resistive-based).

PCB 130 can be used for receiving the one or more electric signal that produced by PCB 128,141 and temperature circuit 144, for determining the property value relevant to building materials 106.In addition, PCB 130 can comprise electromagnetic measurement manager 146, for receiving, manage, reach the electric signal of processing the expression electromagnetic field.PCB141 can be used for transmitting the electric signal of the electromagnetic field that means detection to manager 146.Manager 146 can comprise the functional of the data relevant to the electromagnetic field of surveying for storage.

Another temperature sensor 147 can be placed in " down-the-hole " configuration in the inside of penetrometer end 102.Temperature sensor 147 can be used for measuring the temperature relevant to the inside of building materials 106 with the meter transmission mode.The electric signal of the temperature that the inside to building materials 106 that expression is measured is relevant can be sent to PCB 130, to use in determining the property value relevant to building materials 106.

Sound measurement manager 148 can be used for receiving, manages, reaches and process the electric signal that means acoustic energy.PCB128 can be used for meaning that the electric signal of the acoustic energy of detection is sent to manager 148.Manager 148 can comprise the functional of the data relevant to the acoustic energy of surveying for storage.

Temperature survey manager 150 can be used for receiving, manage, reaching the electric signal of processing list temp. displaying function.Temperature circuit 144 can be used for meaning that the electric signal of the temperature of detection is sent to manager 150.Manager 150 can comprise functional for the data of storage and the temperature correlation of surveying.

As in this in greater detail, material character calculation function (MPC) 151 can receive the electromagnetic field relevant to building materials 106 about surveying, acoustic energy, and the data of temperature from manager 146,148 and 150.In addition, MPC 151 can receive measurement data from sensor 143.These data can be used to determine by MPC 151 property value of building materials 106.MPC 151 can comprise computer program instructions, for by what the data that provided by manager 146,148 and 150 were provided, partly or entirely carrying out the deterministic nature value.For example, data can be used for estimating the density of building materials 106 and/or proofread and correct the density Estimation to building materials 106.The equation and the data that can be used for this description are programmed to MPC 151, for estimating or the deterministic nature value.

In addition, MPC 151 can comprise the density measure of the purport for implementing to be pursuant to this description and suitable hardware, software and/or the firmware components of calibration procedure.MPC 151 can comprise one or more processors and memory component.Example MPC element comprises one or more prime amplifiers, spectral order Gaussian amplifier, peak detector and analog-digital converter (ADC), for being executed in the process of this description.Can present program state, feedback, reach density measure information to the operator via one or more interfaces of meter 100.

Meter 100 can comprise for receiving operator input and for show the interface of output to the operator.Particularly, meter 100 can comprise the display 152 for showing output and the keyboard 154 of inputting for receiving the operator.The property value of the building materials of calculating 106 can be shown to the operator via display 152.

Fig. 2 A is the vertical cross-section that is pursuant to the material character meter for the density of measuring pitch 200 or modulus of the backscattering pattern that is configured in shown in Figure 1A of embodiment of purport of this description.With reference to Fig. 2 A, in the backscattering pattern, penetrometer 104 can, in the position of lifting with respect to transmission mode, make end 102 be placed on the surface 202 of pitch 200.Accelerometer 204 can be placed in end 102 inside, for surveying the acoustic energy from surface 202.Acoustic energy can be by arrangement from the teeth outwards such as the sound source of the position in detector of sound 124 and 126 propagates into pitch 200.The response of 200 pairs of acoustic energy of pitch can be surveyed for analyzing by accelerometer 204, and its acoustic energy can generate from element or other source of the inside of meter 100.In another example, penetrometer 104 can send acoustic energy in 102 pitch endways, and, when acoustic energy leaves end 102, by accelerometer 204, detector of sound 124 and/or detector of sound 126, is surveyed.Any accelerometer 204 and detector of sound 124 and 126 can be used for triggering, the acoustic energy that it generates from the element by meter 100 of surveying.

In addition, accelerometer 204 can transmit mean acoustic energy electric signal to PCB 130, for the treatment of with in definite property value relevant to pitch 200, use.For example, the data that signal carries can be used for determining the density of pitch 200.Data can be used alone or are combined with any other data of being surveyed by meter 100.For example, the acoustic energy data can be combined with the temperature survey that temperature sensor 142 is carried out, for determining density or the modulus of pitch 200.In one example, penetrometer 104 can be used for excitation pulse or frequency sweep ripple in specimen material 200, with at least one reception by detector of sound 124 and 126.Can determine modulus and density based on surface wave.

Fig. 2 B is the diagram of example as the example time domain waveform by accelerometer 204 detections.In this example, by the shock of the position in detector of sound 124 and 126, in the surface of specimen material, excite acoustic energy.Article two, trace is illustrated respectively in X and the Y-direction sensor of triaxial accelerometer 204 on the horizontal and vertical direction.Acoustic energy is propagated from the radiation ground, position towards accelerometer 204, for surveying.The ripple meaned by P was surveyed by accelerometer 204 before the ripple meaned by S.

Fig. 2 C is example for coherence, phase place, and the diagram of the example frequency-region signal of amplitude.Relevant function element can be used for the picked up signal quality.If the coherence is less than 1 basically, refusal is measured attempt.Approximately 5 good average after, cross-power spectrum can be used for obtaining phase place and amplitude spectrum.

At Nazarian and Stoke open " Nondestructive Evaluation of Pavement bySurface Wave Methods ", (ASTM 1026, 1989) and " Nondestructive Testing ofConcrete Structures Using the Rayleigh Wave Dispersion Method " byN.Krstulovic-Opara, R.Woods, N.Al-Shayea (AC Materials Journal, pp.75-86, vol.93, no.1, 1996) in, and in United States Patent (USP) No. 5614670 and No. 5095465, the example technique (SASW) for the analysis of spectrum of surface wave has been described, by with reference to its integral body, its integral body is incorporated into to this.The dispersion properties of this commercial measurement surface wave.By checking as phase velocity and the use reverse procedure of the function of frequency or wavelength, can obtain the specimen material character as thickness function.In use, can obtain transfer and coherence function between detector of sound.In addition, by using cross-power spectrum and coherence function, can the Automatic Combined dispersion curve.The analysis of dispersion curve can produce the modulus of the different layers of specimen material.

Another example technique that is similar to SASW is known as the ultrasonic surface wave method.In this technology, the top layer of analytic sample material only because frequency is much higher and wavelength in the magnitude of surface thickness.Therefore, needn't carry out the complex values analysis for the inverse of expectation value.Following equation can be used for determining modulus of shearing (wherein ρ means mass density, and v means Poisson ratio, and D means the distance between detector of sound, and m means the slope of the phase response in the transfer function between sonic energy source and detector of sound):

G＝ρ[(1.13-0.16v)(m/D×360)] ²

In the method, for the operator scheme of the meter in this description, Poisson ratio be the supposition or the ratio of the P recorded and S wave velocity.Density is determined or estimated to the purport that in addition, can be pursuant to this description.Alternatively, can determine density based on the Archimedes principle by boring core sampling and lab investigation.Describe the example surface wave detector in United States Patent (USP) 5095465, in this, be incorporated to its disclosed integral body.Time domain and frequency domain technique can be used for calculating phase velocity, or for the reflection and tem analysis resonant acoustic wave guide structure.

Variation in the water capacity of specimen material can the appreciable impact modulus.In the material character meter of this description, can comprise for proofreading and correct functional that water capacity that modulus calculates changes.For the substrate building materials such as earth, modulus can be relevant to of building parameter such as humidity.By carrying out the test of similar Proctor, can obtain optimum humidity-modulus curve, and this curve is useful to proofreading and correct purpose.Fig. 2 D is the diagram that humidity modulus curve is shown.As shown, optimum moisture content is approximately 6%.Fig. 2 E is the diagram illustrated for the relation curve of the modulus change of the same sample material of Fig. 2 D test and water capacity.In calibrating to building site to this response the polynomial function that is incorporated to matching by the polynomial fitting function, can be used as the building site modulus of the Function Estimation specimen material of water capacity.

Be in the meter operator scheme of this description, can pass through to use the distance between detector of sound, or in the situation that a detector of sound calculates phase velocity and definite dispersion by the distance between sound source and this detector of sound.Can use following equation to calculate phase velocity (wherein, f means frequency, and D means the distance in rice, and λ means the wavelength in rice, and θ means the phase velocity in radian):

V _R(λ)＝2πfD/θ

SASW or ultrasonic surface wave technology can be integrated into as in the material character meter in this description functional.Equation can be programmed into to MPC and be surveyed in the data that obtain by the meter element, for determining the property value of specimen material.

For flexible paver.Can the use experience model as such as bitumen content, porosity, binder viscosity, temperature, and the function of the bulk properties of Mixed Design carry out the modulus of calculation sample material.For example, following equation is determined by Witczak and is being disclosed " Typical Dynamic Moduli for NorthCarolina Asphalt Concrete Mixtures " by Y.R.Kim, in M.Momen and M.King (FinalReport, FWHA/NC 2005-03), reported:

$\log \left|E^{*}\right|=-1.249937+0.029232\&CenterDot;P_{200}-0.001767\&CenterDot;{\left(P_{200}\right)}^2-0.002841\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="4"\; label="P"\; filenames="S2006800402893E00051.png,S2006800402893E00072.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_4$

$-0.058097\&CenterDot;V_a-0.802208\&CenterDot;\frac{{\mathrm{Vb}}_{\mathrm{eff}}}{{\mathrm{Vb}}_{\mathrm{eff}}+V_a}$

$+\frac{3.871977-0.0021\&CenterDot;{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="4"\; label="P"\; filenames="S2006800402893E00051.png,S2006800402893E00072.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">P</figure-callout>}}_4+0.003958\&CenterDot;P_{38}-0.000017\&CenterDot;{\left(P_{38}\right)}^2+0.005470\&CenterDot;P_{34}}{1+e^{(-0.603313-0.313351\&CenterDot;\log \left(f\right)-0.393532\&CenterDot;\log \left(\mathrm{\&eta;}\right)}}$

Wherein | E ^*|=with 10 ⁵the asphalt mixture dynamic modulus of psi meter;

η=with 10 ⁶the asphalt viscosity (at any temperature, Degree of Ageing) of pool meter;

F=is in the load frequency of Hz;

V _aair void in=% potpourri, by volume;

V _beff=% Asphalt absorption, by volume;

P ₃₄=% retains in 3/4 inch screen cloth, by the weight of always gathering materials (accumulation);

P ₃₈=% retains in 3/8 inch screen cloth, by the weight of always gathering materials (accumulation);

P ₄=% retains in No. 4 screen clothes, by the weight of always gathering materials (accumulation); And

P ₂₀₀=% passes through No. 200 screen clothes, by the weight of always gathering materials.

In addition, developed the Hirsch model for based on VMA, VFA, and the binder modulus estimate the dynamic modulus of flexible paver.The out of phase mixing rule of the material of this model based on for the combination of series and parallel connections unit.The Hirsch model is by following the Representation Equation:

$E^{*}=P_c[4200000(1-\mathrm{VMA}/100)+3|G^{*}\left|\left(\frac{\mathrm{VFA}\&times;\mathrm{VMA}}{10000}\right)\right]+$

$(1-P_c){[\frac{1-\mathrm{VMA}/100}{4200000}+\frac{\mathrm{<figure-callout\; id="3"\; label="VMA"\; filenames="S2006800402893E00051.png,S2006800402893E00072.png"\; state="\{\{state\}\}">VMA</figure-callout>}}{3\mathrm{VFA}\left|G^{*}\right|}]}^{-1}$

Wherein

The hole that VFA=fills with pitch;

Hole in the VMA=mineral aggregate; And

| G ^*| the dynamic shear modulus of=binder.

By these models and equation are incorporated in the calculating of being carried out by the meter of the purport that is pursuant to this description, can obtain the estimation of dynamic modulus.Also can be incorporated to other suitable forecast model.

Fig. 3 example is pursuant to the vertical cross-section of measurement Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (IDCP) 300 of embodiment of the purport of this description.Penetrometer 300 can be integrated in the meter such as meter 100 (being shown in Fig. 1 and 2).The data that obtained by penetrometer 300 can be sent to MPC, such as the MPC 151 shown in Fig. 1 and 2, for the property value of determining building materials, use.With reference to Fig. 3, penetrometer 300 can comprise hammer element 302 and the anvil element 304 that is applicable to move relative to each other, makes element to clash into power, enters the acoustic energy of building materials with generation.Hammer element 302 can have the approximately quality of 1 kilogram.Penetrometer 300 can comprise force transducer 306, and it can be used for the contact force between measuring sensor 302 and 304.The electric signal of the contact force that expression records can be sent to MPC via wire 308, for property value, calculates and uses.

Penetration resistance refers to the hammer number of every millimeter shock.In one example, force transducer can be counted the shock number, and accelerometer can integration to find out the injection distance.In another example, by storage, about the power of anvil and the data of acceleration, can use following equation to measure energy:

E＝∫F(t)V(t)dt

Can enter by find out the most advanced and sophisticated of penetrometer or cone end for twice for the time integral acceleration distance or the displacement of building materials.The earth resistance refers to the distance that the merit of the most advanced and sophisticated motion of prevention penetrometer that earth is done is advanced divided by penetrometer, and it can be meaned that by following equation (wherein, R means the earth resistance, and X means the distance that each shock of hammer is advanced, and W means to equal kinetic energy change=1/2mV ²merit, V is by terrestrial gravitation acceleration 9.8m/s ²the final speed of the shock anvil caused.

R＝W/X

In addition, penetrometer 300 can comprise the 3 axle accelerometers 310 that are placed in penetrometer end 311 inside, and the end of penetrometer 300 is used in the specimen material positioned internal.Detector 124 and 126 can be used for surveying the acoustic energy from specimen material.The acoustic energy of surveying can be to propagate into the acoustic energy of specimen material from the contact point of element 302 and 304.In addition, from originating from the surface excitation of detector 124 and/or detector 126, specimen material can be surveyed by accelerometer 310 response of acoustic energy.In addition, accelerometer 310 can be sent to MPC by the electric signal that means acoustic energy, for the treatment of using with in definite property value relevant to specimen material.Electric signal can transmit via wire 312.For example, the data that signal carries can be used for determining density or the hardness depth profile of specimen material.Any other data use that data can be used alone or survey in conjunction with the element of meter.For example, can acoustic energy data and moisture measurement be combined for determining the earth modulus of humidity correcting by humidity sensor.Similarly, when end 311 is placed on building material surface and evoke the sound wave towards detector 124 and 126, use together with the temperature measurement result that the acoustic energy data can obtain with temperature sensor, for determining the asphalt modulus of proofreading and correct.

Penetrometer 300 can also comprise another accelerometer 314 of the bottom surface that is connected to anvil element 304.Accelerometer 314 can be used for by driving penetrometer 300 to enter into earth and storing relevant power and acceleration information is determined speed and specimen material injection distance.The signal obtained from accelerometer 314 by twice integration, can determine the injection distance.In addition, accelerometer 314 can be used for generating the electric signal that means definite speed and specimen material injection distance and passing the signal to MPC via wire 316, the injection distance use of clashing into for calculating each hammer.Resistance can be used for forming the earth density profile as the function of the degree of depth, and it can use to calculate earth density or modulus by MPC.

Humidity sensor 318 can be placed near the end 311 of penetrometer 300, for being placed on specimen material inside.Humidity sensor 318 can be used for measuring the water capacity of specimen material.Can generate the electric signal that means the water capacity record and send it to MPC via wire 320.The water capacity recorded can be used for determining the property value of specimen material.For example, the water capacity recorded can be used for proofreading and correct the density measure definite by other element of meter.

In one embodiment, can use a plurality of penetrometers position different from the inside of specimen material to obtain sound measurement.In a configuration, can generate acoustic energy from penetrometer.In another configuration, the end of penetrometer that can be in being placed in specimen material receives the acoustic energy from Surface Creation.Penetrometer can be capable near peace coaxially.

Penetrometer can be placed in specimen material in any suitable manner, makes the injection end of penetrometer fit tightly to specimen material.For example, Drill Pipe Technology is used in specimen material and settles penetrometer.In another example, can apply unexpected power to the end away from specimen material injection end of penetrometer, for forcing penetrometer, enter specimen material.Can apply impact, for example, by clash into the anvil element of penetrometer with the hammer element.In this example, one or more accelerometers can be connected to penetrometer, for the speed of the motion of measuring accelerometer and the impulse response of specimen material.This Information Availability is determined the shear resistance of specimen material in the time of the operation with meter.Can use information determine other property value such as the specimen material of density.The standard D-4633 of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (be called dynamic penetrometer test), standard penetration test (SPT) (SPT), and ASTM standard D-5778, D-3441 and D-6187 in similar technology has been described.

Can determine the acoustic energy response of specimen material by checking the ripple generated by acoustic energy.Particularly, for example, pulse excitation can be put on the penetrometer be placed in specimen material, as shown in Figure 1A.Alternatively, pulse excitation can put on the end face of specimen material.Pulse excitation can generate disturbance in specimen material.Normally, disturbance can generate the ripple of following two types: P ripple and S ripple.The P ripple presents the push-and-pull campaign to the specimen material particle, such as the earth particle.The S ripple generates the motion of crossing the direction of propagation.The P wave propagation velocity is higher than the S wave propagation velocity.Therefore, the P ripple arrives detector of sound prior to the S ripple.

By obtaining wave propagation velocity except the distance between driving source (or acoustic energy) and detector of sound the time of arrival with ripple.In the dark inside of specimen material, propagate the bulk wave relevant to bulk modulus.Following table 1 has shown relation (wherein, the V between modulus and Poisson ratio _pmean compressional wave velocity, and ρ means mass density).

Table 1: modulus and Poisson ratio relation

As above-mentioned, distance can be the tip of penetrometer and the distance between detector of sound.Can determine the time of arrival of two types of ripples.Once determine speed, just can the service property (quality) density p calculate the shearing wave modulus with following equation:

G＝ρV _s ²

Alternatively, if Poisson ratio v is known, following equation is associated with Young modulus by modulus of shearing:

E＝2G(1+v)＝2ρV _s ²(1+v)

Usually, Poisson ratio is by wave velocity (wherein, the α=V of two types of following equation contacts _p/ V _s):

v＝(0.5α ²-1)/(α ²-1)

Referring again to Fig. 2 A, show the time domain trace from two axles of accelerometer.When source, during flatly near the z axle of penetrometer, ripple is mainly vertically propagated with the feature of similar compression.When horizontal range increases, horizontal accelerometer is dominant with shear energy.In an example application, maximum horizontal range is 50cm.The computer program that uses signal to process and programme, can select the suitable rise time for P and S ripple.

For determining as other example technique of the impulse response of the specimen material of the result of clashing at the following open describe, in general terms that obtained: " An Impact Testing Device for In-Situ Base CourseEvaluation " by B.Clegg (ARRB Proceedings, vol.8, pp.1-6,1976) and ASTM standard D-5874-02, D-1883, D-5874, D-2216, D-4959, and D-4643, the integral body in this with reference to them has been incorporated to disclosing of they.The Clegg hammer refers to can be used for measuring the equipment as the impulse response of the earth semispace of hammering the result of clashing into into shape.In addition, for example, ASTM D-5874-02 describes the method for testing of the crash values (IV) for determining earth.In example ASTM method of testing, evaluate and test the intensity of the inserts of unsaturated compacting by the quality of 4.5kg, this inserts is that paver, earth, earth gather materials, maximum grain size is less than 37.5mm.In addition, the lighter hammer of about 0.5kg quality is applicable to lower earth intensity, and such as trickle granular inviscid, highly organic, saturated or elastomeric earth, grain size is less than 9.5mm.Will speed up the peak value that meter is connected to hammer and recording responses.Earth is harder, and its elasticity is poorer, and retarded velocity is larger.In use, hammer is placed on the material in building site or laboratory mould, is raised to level altitude and then discharges.For single measurement, typically get hit for four times average.Crash values is reacted and is responded the variation in the earth characteristic of intensity effect.This is the dynamic injection character that is similar to California bearing ratio (CBR) test, ASTM standard D-1883.According to ASTM standard D-5874, the method provides result immediately as the strength factor value, from this value, can infer the quality for the inserts of specified moisture condition.The method also is incorporated to independent moisture measurement, as by for example ASTM standard D-2216, D-4959, and D-4643 describe, wherein, by by the use of thermal means, water is removed and the percentage calculation using it as dry substance.Can be as the functional integration peak accelerator of the time speed to obtain once, and as the function of the time depth of penetration of integration to obtain distance or to enter earth again.

Comprise the cone penetrometer technology for other example technique of determining earth character.In circular cone injection test (CPT), at the circular cone of the drift angles of 60 degree of the end of a series of bars, by the constant rate of speed with 15-25mm/s, pushed underground and the continuous or measurement intermittently mechanical resistance to the injection of cone.Carry out ergometry by the load unit after circular cone just in time.Use the power that the lining contact with bore wall also can directly planar survey rubs owing to side on circular cone.Typical injection cone diameter is 37.5mm, and drift angle is 60 degree.The total power Q recorded by strain measurement meter or other power sensor is resistance q divided by area A.Lining power is lining friction factor f divided by cylindricality lining area.The use cone penetrometer is investigated subsurface geology stratum, underground water situation, is reached physics and the mechanical property of earth or base, and classified material.Because the diameter of penetrometer can be in the magnitude of 50mm, and they are pushed in earth with constant rate of speed, so usually use large boring tower, the action system that it comprises hydraulic jack and produces the power of 10-20 ton.Therefore, these systems that are not of portable form.This system of dwindling can be incorporated in the purport of this description.From to steady current, by the measurement of the voltage of the electrode pair that contacts with earth, inferring electrical quantity.Formative factor F is defined as the ratio of the resistivity of the resistivity of earth and pore fluid.Formative factor F is by following equation and earth porosity n interrelate (wherein, A and m are illustrated in the constant obtained in the laboratory calibration of building site sample):

F＝An ^-m

The exemplary sensors that can be integrated in CPT comprises

● temperature

● resistivity

● dielectric spectrum

●PH

● oxidation-reduction potential

● gamma and neutron source/sensor

● comprise the fluorescence of laser

● IR or light camera

● liquid sampler

● the gaseous state sampler

● humidity sensor

● integrated optical device

● Ramon spectrum

● chemical sensor

●MEMs

● friction bushings

● the pore water quality

● load unit

Pollutant, bulk properties, mechanical property, water capacity, QC/QA that all these sensors can be used in for common building materials analyze earth.

In one embodiment, penetrometer is to separate with the meter shell equipment of settling.In one example, the electric signal that the element of penetrometer generates can be sent to the MPC in the meter shell through wired and/or wireless communication.

According to an embodiment, meter penetrometer bar can dispose electric device, for measuring the electrical property of specimen material.The exemplary sample material character that can measure comprises impedance, permittivity, permeability, the conductivity as the function of frequency.Fig. 4 be pursuant to this description purport embodiment be included in the vertical cross-section that it is integrated with the material character meter 400 of the bar for measuring the electrical equipment that material sample character used.With reference to Fig. 4, meter 400 can be used for accurately determining the property value of building materials 402.Meter 400 can be measured the property value of earth and measure the property value of pitch with the backscattering pattern with transmission mode.

Bar 404 can be included in its integrated electric device, for measuring the electrical quantity relevant to specimen material 402.Particularly, the exterior section 406 of the conduction of bar 404 can be connected to electric drive circuit 408, and this driving circuit can be used for generating sound pulse (energy) and random signal scans in specimen material 402.In addition, transport element 410 can be connected to electric drive circuit 412, and it can be used for generating super wide electromagnetic microwave signal in specimen material 402.Acoustic energy can be by electric spiral pipe, vibromixer, magnetostriction equipment, bending part, equipment based on piezoelectricity or be suitable for producing any equipment of pulse or frequency-region signal.Electric signal can be by one or more oscillator regulations.For near DC near low strap 30Mhz, one or more phase-locked voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO) can be used for different frequencies.Maximum frequency depends on the material in test.In addition, insulator 414 can be placed in bar 404, for whole length isolation sound and the electrical measurement from bar 404, and for the loss of the high frequency measurement of the electric current that reduces bar 404.As optional, domain reflectometer (TDR) technology can be used for producing sound pulse and electric signal.

Meter 400 can comprise electromagnetic sensor 416, for surveying the response of specimen material to the input of the electricity from bar 404.For example, electromagnetic sensor 416 can be broadband helical antennal, can be used for surveying specimen material to the response by bar 404 electric impulse signal that generates by time-domain analysis.In addition, for example, can be configured to measure the dielectric properties of specimen material 402.Sensor 416 can be used for generating the electric signal of the response that means that specimen material is inputted electricity.

Detector of sound 418 can be used for surveying the response of specimen material to the vocal input from bar 404.The example detector of sound comprises seismoreceiver and triaxial accelerometer.Alternatively, for example, detector of sound 418 can comprise for by electromagnetic field steers to the impulse source of specimen material 402 and can be used for surveying the response of specimen material to input.Detector 418 can be used for generating the electric signal of expression specimen material to the response of vocal input.

PCB 420 can be used for receiving the one or more electric signal that produced by sensor 416 and detector 418, for determining the property value relevant to specimen material 402, uses.In addition, PCB 420 can comprise MPC 422, and it is incorporated to the data that are illustrated in electric signal, for the deterministic nature value.MPC 422 can comprise computer program instructions, for the part or all of data by providing with sensor 416 and detector 418, carrys out the deterministic nature value.For example, data can be used for the density of sample estimates material 402 and/or the density Estimation of correcting sample material 402.Can to MPC 422, programme for equation and the data of this description, to estimate or the deterministic nature value.

In addition, MPC 422 can comprise the measurement of the purport for implementing to be pursuant to this description and suitable hardware, software and/or the firmware components of calibration procedure.MPC 422 can comprise one or more processors and memory component.Example MPC element comprises one or more prime amplifiers, spectral order Gaussian amplifier, peak detector and analog-digital converter (ADC), for being executed in the process of this description.Can present program state, feedback, density, reach the modulus metrical information to the operator via one or more interfaces of meter 100.

Meter 400 can comprise for receiving operator input and for show the interface of output to the operator.Particularly, meter 400 can comprise the display 422 for showing output and the keyboard 424 of inputting for receiving the operator.The property value of the specimen material of calculating 402 can be shown to the operator via display 422.

In one embodiment, meter 400 can be placed in the backscattering pattern, makes end 426 on the surface of specimen material.In this pattern, the generation of the lip-deep acoustic energy of specimen material can cause the periphery excitation of specific waveforms, such as Rayleigh ripple, surface wave, shearing wave and/or wave of compression.Shearing wave can also generate by generating negative pulse.By two waveforms are added together, for calculating purpose, compression section can be deducted.

Can combine electromagnetism harmony specimen material response data in calculating, for determining the property value of specimen material 402.The sound data are relevant to surrender (yielding) mechanical property.Electromagnetic data is relevant to the surrender chemical property, such as water capacity, clay content, mica content, cement content etc.In addition, electromagnetic data can be associated with mechanical property, such as density.The calculating that use sound data are carried out typically need to be proofreaied and correct for density.The purport that therefore can be pursuant to this description is used electromagnetism and sound measurement, to determine specimen material character, such as density and/or modulus.

Meter can comprise sound and electromagnetic field element, and it is placed in the bottom surface of meter, for the operation of backscattering pattern.Fig. 5 example comprises the part vertical cross-section of the portable earthquake ripple paving analyser (PSPA, DSPA) (or material character meter) 500 of the sound of bottom surface of meter of the embodiment that is placed in the purport that is pursuant to this description and electromagnetic component.With reference to Fig. 5, meter 500 can comprise bottom surface 502, for the end face 504 that is placed in specimen material 506.The response that electromagnetic sensor/detector 508 can be used for generating electromagnetic field 510 and can be used for surveying 506 pairs of electromagnetic fields 510 of specimen material.

In addition, meter 500 can comprise acoustic energy maker 512, and it can be used for generating acoustic energy.Detector of sound 514 can be to settle with the isolated relation of relative acoustic energy maker 512 relative to each other with 516.In addition, detector of sound 514 and 516 can be used for surveying the response of the acoustic energy of 506 pairs of generations of specimen material.

MPC 518 can be with element 508,512,514, and 516 communicate by letter, and can be used for control element and receive the signal of the response of expression 506 pairs of acoustic energy of specimen material and electromagnetic field.Can be as the signal data of the reception of the use in this description, for determining the one or more property value relevant to specimen material 506.

In one embodiment, can carry out hole and the temperature survey of specimen material, estimate to use for density Estimation and corrected density.Whole holes in specimen material are relevant with the volume density based on maximum specific weight (Gmm, as ASTM standard D-2041 describes with AASHTO standard T-209).In HMA, modulus is relevant with porosity.Fig. 6 is the diagram that the linear relationship between the variation of the building percentage void of potpourri and modulus is shown.In addition, the temperature of specimen material is relevant with modulus to volume density (ASTMD-4311).Fig. 7 is the diagram that the relation between the variation of asphalt temperature and modulus is shown.Purport in this description can be carried out the correction of density Estimation for the known relation between the modulus with hole measurement and/or temperature survey and specimen material.In addition, can obtain the correction for HMA by temperature correction.Thereby, can implement the method for measuring for non-nucleon density due to the purport of this description.Because the sound phase velocity is relevant with mass density ρ to the variable shear modulus G, and electromagnetic method is multivariate and unordered system, so produce accurate and density measure repeatably in the system of this description.

According to an embodiment, in the material character meter of this description, can use microwave humidity instrument to obtain water capacity and measure.Comparable other humidity measuring device of the microwave band of microwave humidity Instrument use be not vulnerable to ionic effect or to gather materials or the impact of the error that the mineralogy of earth is relevant.Fig. 8 is the top skeleton view of microwave humidity instrument 800 of the material character meter of the purport for being pursuant to this description.With reference to Fig. 8, humidity instrument 800 comprises the wire chamber that is filled with high dielectric material 802.2.45GHz dipole antenna 804 can be etched in the end face of dielectric material 802.In one example, ceramic cap can be placed in antenna 804 tops for the protection of.Can measure at terminal 806 self-impedance of antenna 804.Particularly, the self-impedance that can measure as the function of frequency at terminal 806.In one example, can be used as the resonance of the function measurement cavity-backed radiator antenna of water cut.Fig. 9 is the diagram illustrated for the frequency change of water capacity.

In one embodiment, can measure with lower frequency fringing field coupling technique the permittivity of making building materials.Figure 10 A is the vertical cross-section of example lower frequency disperse sensor 1000.Sensor 1000 can be used as electromagnetic sensor, for the meter with in this description, surveys humidity.In this example, sensor 1000 is band or linear transducer.Sensor 1000 also can with the voids content that uses to measure asphalt mixture together with meter in this description.With reference to Figure 10 A, sensor 1000 can comprise conductor 1002,1004,1006, and 1007 and ground 1008.Conductor 1006 can be used as source.Conductor 1007 can be used as receiving trap.Each conductor level can be divided out by epoxy plate or FR4, and FR4 is that specific inductive capacity is about 4.2 printed circuit board material.Electric field 1010 emissions enter earth 1012 and conductor 1006 is got back in coupling.Go up to a certain extent, increase output voltage V with frequency ₀increase.The sensor of this type can especially be suitable for the measurement in the UHF wireless range.Particularly, increase output voltage V with the specific inductive capacity of earth 1012 (or pitch) alternatively ₀increase pro rata.Capacitance technology is applicable to lower frequency.Described exemplary sensors in No. 2003/0222662, United States Patent (USP) No. 6400161, No. 6677763, No. 6803771, No. 5900736 and U.S. Patent Application Publication, the integral body in this with reference to them has been incorporated to that it is open.By using suitable integrated circuit, can be used as amplitude and the phase place of signal of the function digit reception of frequency, and in the electromagnetism territory for Dispersion Analysis result.

Figure 10 B is the vertical cross-section of another example lower frequency disperse sensor 1014.With reference to Figure 10 B, sensor 1014 is rotational symmetric systems, thereby by each conductor 1016,1018, and 1020 form " annular shape ".Conductor 1022 can form dish-shaped shape.In addition, conductor 1022 can be used as source.Conductor 1018 is connected to ground 1024.During operation, can extend through building materials and to conductor 1020 from conductor 1022.Voltage at conductor 1020 places can be less than the voltage that puts on conductor 1022 places basically, but increases with the specific inductive capacity of earth.

The sensor 1000 and 1014 be shown in Figure 10 A and 10B can form various shape.Particularly, sensor can be cylindricality, annular or linear.In addition, sensor can be about the central shaft symmetry.In addition, suitable shielding can put on sensor for shielding field unwanted or that do not expect.

Humidity character detector based on microwave can be useful, for example, because known this detector is for generation of independently moisture measurement of density.This detector can be better than the humidity character detector based on neutron, because the detector based on neutron is density and material, relies on.In addition, due to NRC rule and the expense relevant to neutron source, expectation reduces the use of neutron source.

Humidity character detector element can be placed in the inner or outside any suitable position of meter.For example, the moisture signal source can be placed in an end of source bar, for the inside from specimen material, generates electromagnetic field.In this example, the moisture signal detector can be placed in the meter shell, for surveying transmission, means the signal of the electromagnetic field of detection by the electromagnetic field of specimen material generation.In addition, the electromagnetic field of generation can be electromagnetic pulse or step.In another embodiment, moisture signal source and detector can be connected to drilling rod, its for the injection specimen material with in specimen material positioned inside moisture signal source.In this example, the moisture signal detector can generate the signal of the electromagnetic field that means detection, and passes the signal to the MPC in the meter shell via the wired or wireless communication connected mode.

The humidity character detector that is pursuant to the purport of this description can comprise one or more in several elements based on electromagnetism.For example, humidity character detector can comprise Duroid (duroid) paster antenna, is configured to survey the electromagnetic field generated by Electromagnetic Sources.Can be used as function monitoring resonance frequency or the input impedance of specific inductive capacity.This humidity sensor operates with the self-impedance pattern, wherein, and in the multiple terminal impedance of the input end measuring of paster antenna feed-in.In this example, paster can be at about 2.45Ghz resonance, and the return loss of this frequency place antenna is minimum and be called resonance frequency.Along with water cut increases, the specific inductive capacity of medium increases, and has therefore increased the electric near field energy, and has reduced resonance frequency.Disclose the example of this technology in No. 5072172, United States Patent (USP), be incorporated to reference to its integral body in this that it is open.

In another example, humidity character detector can comprise monopole.Monopole be broadband and can survey DC to microwave electromagnetic field.In use, monopole can be by oscillator drives.The function of parameter that can be used as a plurality of earth of frequency and acquisition is measured impedance.Alternatively, can obtain impulse response and close transformation theory and can be used in and obtain earth character.In addition, monopole can be coated to insulating material, for reducing the energy loss of earth.

When building, building materials typically is exposed to open air ambient.Therefore, to the control of water capacity in most of building materialss, be almost impossible, pavement construction material especially.Like this, measure wet density with water capacity, and dry density is calculated in measurement based on wet density.ASTM standard D-2922 and D-3017 (in this, with reference to its integral body, it being incorporated to), described the equation for the dry density inverse.In addition, water affects the modulus of specimen material.Therefore, for modulus and density measure, due to humidity, typically need to proofread and correct.

Can two parameter measurements based on decay (or amplitude) and phase shift in transmission or reflection type pattern carry out independently moisture measurement of density.Alternatively, can use microwave to carry out independently moisture measurement of density at the single frequency place.Can implement two parametric techniques by the real part and the imaginary part that compare specific inductive capacity, as shown in following equation (wherein ε means specific inductive capacity);

ε＝ε(ω)’-jε(ω)”

Density independently calibration factor A (ψ) (wherein ψ is based on moist volumetric(al) moisture content) can be used for the cancellation density portion.Density is real part and the imaginary part of the specific inductive capacity of principle based on relevant to dry substance and water component of moisture measurement independently, and they are as the function of density and change.By combine ε (ρ in following equation _d, ψ) ' and j ε (ρ _d, ψ) ", can experience ground cancellation density portion:

$A\left(\mathrm{\&psi;}\right)=\frac{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}{({\mathrm{\&rho;}}_d,\mathrm{\&psi;})}^{\&prime;}-1}{\mathrm{\&epsiv;}{({\mathrm{\&rho;}}_d,\mathrm{\&psi;})}^{\&prime;\&prime;}}$

Above-mentioned equation supposition ε (ω) ' and ε (ω) " be ρ _dfunction with the Line independent of ψ.

Loss tangent ε '/ε " interaction and the response of material can be described.The behavior of complex permittivity implies with density criterion ε (ω) ' and j ε (ω) " density effect can be reduced.The volume density that in addition, can be used as the function of temperature and water capacity is carried out standardized data pair.Suppose that moisture-density relationship is independently, following equation provides for the volume density of certain material and measures, without prior knowledge (wherein, a of water capacity _fmean slope, k means intercept, a _fwith frequency dependence, and k is relevant to dry dielectric):

ε”/ρ＝a _f(ε’/ρ-k)

Alternatively, following equation provides volume density to measure;

ρ＝(a _fε’-ε”)/ka _f

At high frequency, water be in material to relate to ε " the relevant principal element of energy loss, and stored energy relates to ε '.The two all with the density inverse correlation.Therefore, for the density of water cut independently function based on loss tangent ε '/ε ".Therefore, again, by being provided, the density criterion loss tangent provided by above-mentioned equation causes following equation:

ξ＝ε”/(ε’(a _fε’-ε”))

Here, ignore constant k a _f, and standardization loss tangent, cause the humidity function of the density effect that reduces.Experimentally, for particulate material, have been found that √ ξ and water capacity are linear.Ka _fthe function of survey frequency, and as ε ' and ε " during by density criterion, ka _fto data to ε ' and ε " keep constant.

Based on experimental result, it shows, along with temperature rises, in conjunction with become easily rotation and specific inductive capacity of water increase.Like this, for water gaging, temperature correction may be necessary.

Because the function of the water capacity that ξ is density effect to be removed, and because experimentally find itself and humidity linear dependence, so can implement as the calibration of the function of humidity and temperature (wherein by the following linear equation of matching, ξ means the linear value in humidity M, and b means the constant of the temperature of dependence):

√ξ＝A×M+B(T)

In this equation, intercept B increases with temperature, but slope A is constant.For particulate material, derive to experience following equation (wherein temperature is measured with the Celsius temperature method):

B(T)＝9.77×10 ^-4×T+0.206

Then can use following equation to determine water capacity:

％M＝(√ξ(a _fε’，ε”)-B(T))/A

In one embodiment, can extract from building site earth sample the Function Fitting using it as humidity to this equation, be created in constant A and the B of specified temp.Also can stipulate master curve, carry out the building site skew in using thus.Therefore, be used on surface or down-the-hole at single frequency, a plurality of frequency or cline frequency scanning, frequency spectrum warble, the real part of specific inductive capacity that material is measured at impulse response and its convolution place and/or any humidity character detector of imaginary part can be incorporated in the embodiment of the purport of this description.

Microwave to free water than more responsive in conjunction with water, but be also the function of component of the chemical composition of dry mass and quality potpourri.Yet, when considering following equation, dry mass and quality potpourri do not subject to the impact of ion motion and DC conductivity:

ε＝ε(ω)’-jε(ω)”＝ε(ω)’-j(ε(ω) _d”+σ _d.c./ωε ₀

Higher frequency reduces the impact of DC conductivity and measures more dielectric permittivity.Yet, may still need the specific calibration of earth.Their low frequency homologue of diversity ratio in calibration much smaller.Therefore, if material changes a little, and there is no operator's knowledge, still can obtain suitable result.Therefore, the microwave electromagnetic technology has specific calibration or the skew of earth, when the loam by earth and the comparison of clay classification, may need this calibration or skew.

As above-mentioned, microwave measurement can be used for moisture measurement.In one example, back of the body chamber Microwave Dipole antenna can be used for measuring the resonance frequency of the sand of different water capacities.In addition, suitable technology can be used for obtaining material character with the wide-band microwave chromatic dispersion measurement, such as humidity, porosity, clay content, and classification.

When electromagnetic field puts on the loss specimen material, current flowing and electric charge rearrange on specimen material.As a result, can on specimen material, configure by the electric field of induction pseudo-dipole, and therefore form volume density and the free charge current density, J of polarization P.This volume density is the result that forms parameter, DIELECTRIC CONSTANT ε (ω) and conductivity σ (ω).Because earth material is not homogeneous, its particle size, they relative geometry, orientation, and water cut change electromagnetic response in complicated mode.Usually, some material (for example, clay) specimen material is demonstrated to significant dispersion, for example, increase with frequencies omega, DIELECTRIC CONSTANT ε reduces and conductivity σ increase.With the low-frequency phase ratio, for high frequency, this effect has reduced.Thereby the sensor in microwave range can be used for moisture measurement.In addition, the scanning by low frequency can cause chromatic dispersion measurement, and it is for using based on earth classification of type specimen material.

In one example, can carry out earth content type and the loss of sample estimates material by checking the specific inductive capacity dispersion the Microwave bandwidth scope from DC to several GHz.Particularly, shown and can determine by the character of the frequency dependent of the electrical impedance of specimen material type and amount and the mineral-solution-interface feature of clay material.These electrical properties can be used in the measurement of earth porosity and intensity, and for the earth of classifying based on sand/clay mixture.In addition, these electrical properties can be for calculating the modulus of clay structure.Sound and electromagnetic property can be used in infers the earth value, and such as the proportion, and the character of the hardness of the earth framework of flexion that are porosity, water cut, saturation degree, earth solid, this causes density, modulus and hardness number successively.

In a word, comprise that the dielectric of dispersion and acoustic property can process following:

● earth classification viscosity VS. non-sticky number percent

● intensity

● water capacity

● density

● porosity

● saturation degree

● proportion

● framework hardness

● expand

● corrosion

● organic/peat content

In non-clay (sand) material, DIELECTRIC CONSTANT ε and conductivity σ response do not rely on frequency.On the other hand, in moisture clay material, relaxation occurs, wherein, this tittle is with frequency change.Figure 11 A is the diagram that the contrast of clay material (viscosity earth) and the specific inductive capacity of non-clay material (non-sticky earth) on different frequency is shown.

Figure 11 B is the diagram that the dielectric dispersion of the conductivity of viscosity earth and specific inductive capacity is shown.It is noted that DIELECTRIC CONSTANT ε (ω) and conductivity σ (ω) are the functions of frequency.With frequency, increase, specific inductive capacity reduces, and conductivity increases.

Figure 11 C is the diagram that the specific inductive capacity dispersion of several dissimilar clays is shown.With reference to Figure 11 C, significantly, different clays have different dispersion curves.In addition, dispersion depends on mineralogy.

About the Information Availability of the specific inductive capacity dispersion of known materials in the purport in this description, for selecting the calibration curve for radiation detector and humidity character detector.In addition, in the purport of this description, can be composite asphalt and earth meter, it can be used for measuring brea bed and measuring earth with transmission mode with the backscattering pattern.In addition, for example, the fringing field planar detector can be connected to the bottom surface of meter, for measure electromagnetism density simultaneously.In this pattern, the nucleon element can be calibrated electromagnetic probe in building site, for improving the access speed to electric capacity asphalt density indicator.In addition, the specific inductive capacity of the top degree of depth (for example, the degree of depth of 1cm) by research material, can obtain the estimation of effects on surface roughness, for the further nucleon density of rough surface, proofreaies and correct.By relatively thering are a plurality of sensors of the different depths of penetration that are less than about 1cm, can obtain the relative correction factor.

Inhomogenous specimen material has the permittivity of frequency dependent.Particularly, specimen material (wherein, ε that can be two-layer by following equation simulation _{r ∞}mean high-frequency dielectric constant, ε _rsrelevant to low frequency, and τ means the resonance time constant relevant to frequency 1/ τ):

ε _r(ω)＝ε _r∞+(ε _rs-ε _r∞)/(1+ω ²τ ²)-jωτ(ε _rs-ε _r∞)/(1+ω ²τ ²)

This model can be used with together with sorting technique in this description, for determining specimen material character, such as water capacity and density.Other dielectric dispersion technology can be used for processing earth classification viscosity/non-sticky number percent, intensity, water capacity, density, porosity, expansion, burn into and organic/peat content.The U.S. Patent application of the common application in 22 days October in 2004 of transferring the possession of provides other discussion (No. 2005/015028, U.S. Patent Application Publication) for No. 10/971546, by with reference to its integral body, it openly being incorporated into to this.

Figure 12 example is pursuant to the schematic diagram that comprises acoustic impedance and the functional examples material character of electrical impedance meter 1200 of embodiment of the purport of this description.With reference to Figure 12, meter 1200 can comprise emf sensor 1202, electromagnetic field maker 1204, detector of sound 1206 and 1208, sound maker 1210, reach penetrometer 1212.Meter 1200 can be used for measuring the response of 1214 pairs of electromagnetic fields of building materials and acoustic energy.In addition, meter 1200 can be determined by response data one or more property value of building materials 1214, such as mechanics value, bulking value, and water capacity.

Penetrometer 1212 is metal guide body rods, has insulating sheath on its outside and for being inserted into the cone point 1216 of 60 ° of building materials 1214.Penetrometer 1212 can comprise for measuring permittivity such as the function as frequency, permeability, and the element that uses of the complex electrical parameters of conductivity.Electromagnetic field maker 1204 harmony makers 1210 can be used for being connected to penetrometer 1212, for from building materials 1214 internal emission electromagnetic field and acoustic energy waves.Can measure by detector of sound 1206 and 1208 response of the acoustic energy of 1214 pairs of emissions of building materials.Can measure by electromagnetic sensor 1202 response of the electromagnetic field of 1214 pairs of emissions of building materials.In optional embodiment, penetrometer 1212 configurable as in the self-impedance pattern of this description, for measuring the impedance at the drive point terminal.

In one example, penetrometer 1212 can be used as monopole.In this example, can be shielded by conductive aluminum substrate 1218 with providing.Can from the low frequency to the resonance frequency, to electromagnet source 1204, scan, and obtain the impedance of building materials 1214.Inverse can be provided as the complex permittivity of the function of frequency, and it is specific inductive capacity, conductivity, reaches dispersion parameters by list (tabulate), or the total reduction from the low frequency to the high frequency can be the variation in specific inductive capacity or conductivity.

Calibration can be stored in the storer of meter 1200 and use for building site.When using calibration procedure, humidity, density or modulus during building site is used are measured, and may need skew.For pitch, typical potpourri comprises lime stone and the grouan of several classifications and bitumen content.For earth, the potpourri of several clays and sand can be molded in the selectable calibration procedure in building site, as in this in greater detail.The operator can have some existing knowledge of the building materials that will test, and based on the existing suitable model of knowledge-chosen.Alternatively, from the substrate of building materials or actual asphalt mixture or the earth of base, can physically be described its feature with water capacity, density and modulus in laboratory, and data are stored in calibration procedure and use for building site.In addition, in another is selected, adaptation and mode of learning identification signal process can be used for the calibration measurement meter, such as being special algorithm, soft decision classification, basic retract, fuzzy logic and middle sub-network.These processes can be used for being pursuant in the meter of purport of this description, for identification and classification earth type, for calculating water capacity, density, and modulus.

Insulating sheath on penetrometer 1212 can provide insulation between the overall length of sound measurement and penetrometer.In addition, insulating sheath can be used as electrical insulator, makes " one pole " that propagate into penetrometer 1212 with electric current downwards, and high frequency measurement has the loss reduced.

Detector of sound 1206 can be to receive the broadband helical antennal of electric impulse signal from penetrometer 1212.By using Time-Domain Technique, can use MPC 1220 to carry out and calculate, for determine the average electrical parameter with for parameter is associated with density and water capacity.Detector of sound 1208 can be such as seismoreceiver, triaxial accelerometer etc.In another is selected, detector of sound 1208 can be substituted by sonic energy source, to generate sound pulse on the surface at material 1214 for surveying and analyzing.

The known probe antenna in the admittance at low frequency place by following equation (wherein, C associated with the electrical property of the earth _airbeing illustrated in is the electric capacity of antenna in 1 dielectric media, and Y means admittance, i.e. the inverse of impedance):

Y＝jωC _air(ε _r-σ/ωε ₀)

For upper frequency, antenna can resonance and, normally, impedance is provided by following equation that (wherein V means the volume of integration, Z ₀mean the impedance of free space, E means the vector field in lossy medium, and E ' is the vector electric field vector in free space):

Z _v＝Z ₀-(jω/I ²)∫(ε-ε ₀)E·E’dV

In use, the rational function of several coefficients can be used for describing the permittivity sensor, and wherein, the calibration at least 2 different mediums of needs is with Coefficient of determination.The inverse of admittance or impedance can produce permittivity and the electricity of paver and lead.

In one embodiment, the pulse of acoustic energy or step can put on penetrometer 1212, for emission, enter building materials.The response of building materials paired pulses or step can be measured by detector of sound 1208, for analyzing the travel-time.As in this description, conductivity and specific inductive capacity that phase velocity and the loss by medium can be used for Calculating material.ASTM standard D-6780 has described the example technique for the calibration of the relation curve of different earth and density, in this, with reference to its integral body, its content is incorporated to.

In one embodiment, can dispose radiation source and radiation detector in the meter of this description, for receiving the response of specimen material to radiation.The radiometric response data can be combined with acoustic energy response data and/or electromagnetic field response data, for determining the character of specimen material.For example, can use the density of radiometric response data estimation specimen material.In this example, acoustic energy response data and/or electromagnetic field response data can be estimated for carry out corrected density based on the radiometric response data.

As mentioned above, can be by the operator in building site and/or laboratory environment use the material character meter of the purport that is pursuant to this description, for obtaining the property value of specimen material, specimen material is such as being building materials.Particularly, the material character meter can be used for obtaining mechanics, volume and the moisture content values relevant to building materials.Use is shown in Figure 1A and 2A the meter 100 be configured in transmission mode or backscattering pattern and can the deterministic nature value measures.Figure 13 be the example purport that is pursuant to this description for use embodiment carry out the process flow diagram of the instantiation procedure of character measurement as the meter 100 that is configured in transmission mode or backscattering pattern.With reference to Figure 13, in frame 1300, meter 100 is placed on the end face of building materials 106 as shown in Figure 1A in transmission mode, wherein penetrometer 104 is fallen to the inside that enters building materials 106.Alternatively, meter 100 is placed on the end face of building materials 106 in the backscattering pattern as shown in Figure 2 A, wherein, lifts penetrometer 104, makes most advanced and sophisticated 102 on the surface of building materials 106.

In frame 1302, whether the operator can use display 152 and keyboard 154 to be configured in transmission mode or backscattering pattern in State selective measurements 100.Selection based on the operator, can arrange the calculating of the element of PCB130 for the pattern of selection.

In frame 1304, the operator scheme based on selecting and of the selection in transmission mode or backscattering pattern, the element of PCB 130 can start sound source and/or electromagnet source, for producing respectively acoustic energy and/or electromagnetic field.

In frame 1306, the response that the element of PCB 130 can be controlled detector of sound and/or building materials 106 is measured/surveyed to emf sensor.In addition, in one embodiment, can activationary temperature sensor 142, the temperature relevant to building materials 106 for sensing calculated and used for property value.The response relevant to building materials 106 of measuring/surveying can comprise P rolling land shake speed (Vp), S rolling land shake speed (Vs), K bulk wave seismic velocity (VB), the dispersion real part of permittivity (ε ' (ω)), the dispersion imaginary part of permittivity (ε " (ω)), the dispersion real part of conductivity (σ ' (ω)), the dispersion imaginary part of permittivity (σ ' (ω)), Maxwell-Wagner relaxation time constant (τ), Tc, (for example measure Dynamic Cone Penetrometer output, power, energy, acceleration, and humidity), frequently full dielectric dispersion (Δ ε) from low to high more than the Maxwell-Wagner effect, and more than the Maxwell-Wagner effect from low to high full electricity frequently lead (Δ σ).These example values can be called the formation parameter in electromagnetism harmony.

In frame 1308, signal can be produced by detector of sound, emf sensor and/or temperature sensor, means the response of building materials 106 that record and/or detection.Signal can be sent to MPC151 and use for calculating property value.

In frame 1310, MPC 151 can calculate the one or more property value relevant to building materials 106 by the signal based on producing.MPC 151 can be by the market demand in signal one or more in the equation in this description, for estimating property value and/or proofreading and correct property value and estimate.The operator can select whether the process of storage in MPC 151 is to determine Sorting Materials, and therefore selects calibration factor.Particularly, the operator can select in following: (1) MPC 151 provides calibration factor; (2) operator's selection material type and calibration curve; And the increase in (3) demonstration correlation or the generic calibration of reduction.After selecting type of calibration, can calculate property value with the pattern-recognition signal processing algorithm, such as being humidity, density, and modulus.

In frame 1312, the property value of calculating can be shown to the operator.For example, property value can show via display 152.

As above-mentioned, can be for the surface analysis of building materials according to the material character meter of the purport of describing therewith.Figure 14 be the example purport that is pursuant to this description embodiment for using the process flow diagram that carries out the instantiation procedure of character measurement for the meter 100 of surface analysis.With reference to Figure 14, in frame 1400, the operator can determine whether to use meter 100 to measure for the property value of pitch or earth.If pitch is determined, the operator can be placed in meter backscattering pattern (frame 1402).Otherwise, if earth is determined, process advances to frame 1404.

In frame 1406, meter 100 can generate an electromagnetic field.In addition, in frame 1408, meter 100 can produce acoustic energy.Can measure the response (frame 1410) of building materials to electromagnetic field by the electromagnetic sensor 132 of meter 100.In addition, can survey the response (frame 1412) of building materials to acoustic energy by detector of sound 124 and 126.

In frame 1414, meter 100 can determine whether to carry out psychrometrc analysis and determine use for proofreading and correct property value, and property value is such as being density or modulus.In one example, the operator can select to carry out psychrometrc analysis.In another example, MPC 151 can determine whether to carry out psychrometrc analysis.If determine and do not carry out psychrometrc analysis, can determine one or more property value of pitch, without using humidity value to proofread and correct (frame 1416).

If determine and carry out psychrometrc analysis, can calculate humidity value (frame 1418) and be applied to the correction (frame 1420) to humidity.In frame 1416, can use humidity value to calculate the one or more property value (frame 1416) for calculating pitch.

For measuring earth, in frame 1404, the operator can select by meter 100 be configured in transmission mode or backscattering pattern and manually allocating and measuring meter 100 for the operation of the pattern selecting.If select the backscattering pattern, meter 100 can generate an electromagnetic field and enter into earth (frame 1422) with acoustic energy.Can survey the response (1424) of building materials to electromagnetic field and acoustic energy by meter 100.Next, can calculate the calculating (1426) to the property value of earth based on response.

If selective transmission pattern in frame 1404, can select for the degree of depth of penetrometer 104 and in the hole of earth regulation appropriate depth.Penetrometer can be placed in hole in the transmission mode configuration.Meter 100 can generate an electromagnetic field and acoustic energy enters into earth (frame 1430).Can survey the response (frame 1432) of building materials to electromagnetic field and acoustic energy by meter 100.Next, can calculate the calculating (frame 1434) to the property value of earth based on response.The measurement penetrometer can obtain the information as the intensity of for example earth about soil layer (density, modulus) of the function of the degree of depth, and it can be included in the data-carrier store of processing for signal.This information can contribute to the final analysis of earth state.

Figure 15 is the process flow diagram for the instantiation procedure of measuring the earth modulus of the embodiment of the example purport that is pursuant to this description.In this instantiation procedure with reference to the meter 100 shown in Figure 1A and 2A.With reference to Figure 15, in frame 1500, the operator can select meter 100 is configured in transmission mode or backscattering pattern.If the selective transmission pattern, the operator can be configured in meter (frame 1502) in transmission mode as shown in Figure 1A.If select the backscattering pattern, the operator can be configured in meter 100 (frame 1504) in backscattering pattern as shown in Figure 2 A.

In frame 1506, meter 100 can generate an electromagnetic field and acoustic energy enters into earth.Can survey the response (frame 1508) of earth to electromagnetic field and acoustic energy by meter 100.For example, can obtain the data of the stratification of layering from IDCP.

In frame 1510, can set up the error correction matrix by the raw data of response.Can use MPC 151 to proofread and correct raw data, for process and the technology that is pursuant to this description, produce error correction data (frame 1512).Can process to shine upon (map) interested earth property value with suitable signal.Systematic Error Correction also can be applied to this.This comprises meter calibration, in the out of true of electronics and the mechanical organ of control survey.

Next, in frame 1518, determine whether to calculate modulus or the density of earth.For example, can modulus or density based on the operator select to make definite.If determine modulus, can apply the property value (frame 1520) of determining correction as the humidity correcting process in this description.In addition, can show and storage properties value (frame 1522).

If determine density in frame 1518, mapping program (frame 1522) that can application sound-density and as determine the property value (frame 1520) of proofreading and correct in the application humidity correcting process of this description.Can show and storage properties value (frame 1522).

Can sound or electromagnetic ground bulk density.When these values are when obtaining independently, they can use separately or on average arrive together and use.Can calculate independently modulus, because EMV electromagnetic value can produce porosity, it can implement in predictive equation.

Figure 16 is the process flow diagram for the instantiation procedure of measuring asphalt modulus of the embodiment of the example purport that is pursuant to this description.In this instantiation procedure with reference to the meter 100 shown in Figure 1A and 2A.With reference to Figure 16, in frame 1600, the operator can be configured in meter 100 in backscattering pattern as shown in Figure 2 A.In frame 1602, meter 100 can generate an electromagnetic field and acoustic energy enters into pitch.Can survey the response (frame 1604) of pitch to electromagnetic field and acoustic energy by meter 100.In addition, in frame 1606, from RESPONSE CALCULATION original wet degrees of data.

Next, in frame 1608, determine whether to calculate modulus or the density of pitch.For example, can modulus or density based on the operator select to make definite.Can obtain suitable calibration curve (frame 1610).Next, calibration curve, response data, and humidity data can be for calculating modulus or density.Can demonstration and storage modulus or density value (frame 1612).

Figure 17 is the block diagram of operation of material character meter 1700 of the embodiment of the example purport that is pursuant to this description.With reference to Figure 17, meter 1700 comprises that display, computer system, number storage, signal processing device are standby, calibrating patterns, and material model, as by as shown in frame 1702.During operation, meter 1700 can be respectively switching electromagnetism or sound measurement between any in electromagnetic mode 1704 and sound pattern 1706, as in this description.In electromagnetism generate pattern 1704, meter 1700 applies electromagnetic field to building materials 1708.In the time of in electromagnetism generate pattern 1704, meter 1700 also can play a part in electromagnetism receiving mode 1710, for receiving the response of material 1708.In sound generate pattern 1706, meter 1700 applies acoustic energy can to building materials 1708.In the time of in sound generate pattern 1706, meter 1700 also can play a part in sound reception pattern 1712, for receiving the response of material 1708.Response can comprise that the electromagnetism harmony of material 1708 forms parameter.Response data can be used in the property value of the purport Calculating material 1708 that is pursuant to this description.

Figure 18 is the block diagram of operation of material character meter 1800 of the embodiment of the example purport that is pursuant to this description.With reference to Figure 18, meter 1800 comprises that display, computer system, number storage, signal processing device are standby, calibrating patterns, and material model, as by as shown in frame 1802.During operation, between any that meter 1800 can be in self-impedance (or reflection type) pattern and transmission-type measurement pattern, switch, as in this description.Meter 1800 can comprise transmitter 1804 and one or more receiver 1806.Transmission can send electromagnetism or acoustic energy in building materials 1808.Receiver 1806 can receive the electromagnetism of 1808 pairs of transmissions of building materials or the response of acoustic energy.In addition, meter can be configured in backscattering pattern and/or transmission mode and send, as in this description.Response can be used to be pursuant to by meter 1800 property value of the purport Calculating material 1808 of this description.

Figure 19 is the process flow diagram of the instantiation procedure for the property value of calculating building materials of the embodiment of the example purport that is pursuant to this description.With reference to Figure 19, be pursuant to MPC in the material character meter of purport of this description can receive one or more predetermined calibrating patterns (frame 1900), initial estimation (frame 1902), and the building materials measured of material character to the response (frame 1904) of electromagnetic field and/or acoustic energy.Initial estimation can comprise one or more discovery devices and predetermined calibration curve.

In frame 1906, predetermined calibrating patterns and the response of measurement can be applied to material model.Can determine the response of the expection based on input and material model at frame 1908.The response of expection can comprise the curve of expection, and it is a plurality of parameters and the building materials function to the response of input electromagnetic field and/or acoustic energy.

In frame 1910, the response ratio that the response of expection that will be definite in frame 1908 and frame 1904 are measured.Based on the comparison, can generated error at frame 1912.Next, in frame 1914, determine whether error is less than predetermined error amount.If error is little unlike predetermined error amount, adjustment factor (frame 1916) and process turn back to frame 1906.No person, the property value (frame 1918) of calculating and demonstration building materials.

Can be used in several different operator schemes according to the material character meter of the purport of describing therewith, use for the calculating of the property value at sample or building materials for obtaining to measure.For example, can be used for measuring acoustic energy at down-the-hole or uphole configuration by the allocating and measuring meter.In the down-the-hole configuration, the penetrometer of meter can be placed in transmission mode.In the uphole configuration, the penetrometer of meter can be placed in the backscattering pattern.In addition, meter can be placed in the down-the-hole pattern, for obtaining the dielectric measurement of water, the chromatic dispersion measurement of earth density and the relevant information of classifying.In addition, meter can be placed in the backscattering pattern, for using electromagnetism maker/source to obtain the electromagnetic field measurements calculated for asphalt density.In addition, meter can be placed in the backscattering pattern, for using sound source, to obtain for the acoustic energy of modulus and earth density calculation, measures.In addition, in one embodiment, sound measurement, chromatic dispersion measurement, and the combination of electromagnetism chromatic dispersion measurement can be for based on humidity and temperature, measurement comes bulk density, modulus, and correction data.

Should be appreciated that a plurality of details that can change in the purport of this description, and do not break away from the scope of the purport of this description.In addition, aforementioned description is only to be the example purpose, rather than for limiting purpose, because stipulated by claim proposed below in the purport of this description.

Claims (56)

1. the material character meter for the character of determining building materials, described material character meter comprises:

The electromagnetic field maker, it is different from described building materials, for generating electromagnetic field;

(a) electromagnetic sensor, can be used for measuring the response of building materials to described electromagnetic field, and can be used for produce meaning the described building materials that the records signal to the response of described electromagnetic field;

(b) detector of sound, can be used for surveying the response of described building materials to acoustic energy, and can be used for producing the signal of the described building materials of expression detection to the response of described acoustic energy; And

(c) material character calculation function, be configured to based on by described electromagnetic sensor, with the described signal that described detector of sound produces, calculating the property value relevant to described building materials.

2. material character meter as claimed in claim 1, wherein, described electromagnetic sensor comprises the equipment of the group selection from comprising fringing field sensor, capacitive transducer, microwave near-field sensor, microwave resonator, waveguide sensor, transmission line sensor, antenna and combination thereof.

3. material character meter as claimed in claim 1, wherein, described building materials comprise from comprise paver, base material, and the group of foundation material the material selected.

4. material character meter as claimed in claim 3, wherein, described building materials comprises the material of selecting the group from comprising earth, pitch, stone.

5. material character meter as claimed in claim 1, wherein, described detector of sound comprise from comprise seismoreceiver, accelerometer, vibration transducer, piezoelectric element, inductive coil, magnetostriction element, bending part, equipment based on microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS), seismic event paving analyser, hardness measurement meter, Falling Weight Deflectometer, Dynamic Cone Penetrometer, and the group of Humboldt hardness measurement meter the equipment selected.

6. material character meter as claimed in claim 1, wherein, described electromagnetic field maker is for launching described electromagnetic field to described building materials.

7. material character meter as claimed in claim 6, wherein, described electromagnetic field maker comprises from comprising voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), the Clapp oscillator, the relaxation oscillation device, ring swings oscillator, the RC oscillator, crystal oscillator, squegger, phase-locked oscilaltor, the voltage oscillation device, multi-frequency generator, Gunn diode, numerically-controlled oscillator, klystron, the High-Power Microwave magnetron, the retonation wave oscillator, the VLF transmitter, ic timer, the random waveform maker, pulsewidth modulator, the analog synthesis device, current source, comprehensive source, yig tuned oscillator, and the equipment of the group selection of integrated circuit.

8. material character meter as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the described signal that described material character calculation function is configured to based on being produced by described electromagnetic sensor is proofreaied and correct the density calculation to described building materials.

9. material character meter as claimed in claim 8, wherein, the described signal indication humidity property value relevant to described building materials produced by described electromagnetic sensor.

10. material character meter as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the described signal that described material character calculation function is configured to based on being produced by described detector of sound is proofreaied and correct the density calculation to described building materials.

11. material character meter as claimed in claim 1, wherein, described material character calculation function be configured to signal based on being produced by described electromagnetic sensor and described detector of sound calculate described building materials density, humidity value, and modulus in one or more.

12. material character meter as claimed in claim 11, wherein, the described signal indication porosity value relevant to described building materials produced by described electromagnetic sensor.

13. material character meter as claimed in claim 1, comprise the sound maker, can be used for launching described acoustic energy in described building materials.

14. material character meter as claimed in claim 13, wherein, described sound maker comprises from comprising penetrometer, Clegg hammer, Falling Weight Deflectometer, Briaud former, FWD, seismoreceiver, accelerometer, vibration transducer, piezoelectric device, the equipment based on inductive coil, magnetostriction equipment, bending part, the equipment based on microelectromechanical-systems (MEMS), motor mixer, spiral pipe and activates hammer, measures hammer, frequency domain equipment, reaches the equipment of selecting the group of time domain equipment.

15. material character meter as claimed in claim 1, comprise display, can be used for showing the described property value relevant to described building materials.

16. material character meter as claimed in claim 1, comprise penetrometer, can be used for measuring at least one in humidity, density and the modulus of described building materials, and wherein, described material character calculation function is configured to humidity, the density based on described measurement, at least one reaching in modulus proofreaied and correct density or the modulus calculating to described building materials.

17. the material character meter for the character of definite building materials, described material character meter comprises:

The electromagnetic field maker, it is different from described building materials, on the scope of at least two frequencies, generating electromagnetic field;

(a) electromagnetic sensor, can be used for measuring the response of building materials to described electromagnetic field, and can be used for produce meaning the described building materials that the records signal to the response of described electromagnetic field, wherein said response comprises at least one impact of the electric field that the electromagnetic field that generated by described electromagnetic field maker is introduced in described building materials;

(b) temperature sensor, can be used for measuring the temperature relevant to described building materials, and can be used for producing the signal of the temperature relevant to described building materials that expression records; And

(c) material character calculation function, be configured to based on by described electromagnetic sensor, with the described signal that described temperature sensor produces, calculating the property value relevant to described building materials.

18. material character meter as claimed in claim 17, wherein, described electromagnetic sensor comprises from comprising fringing field sensor, microwave near-field sensor, microwave resonator, and the equipment of the group selection of antenna.

19. material character meter as claimed in claim 17, wherein, described building materials comprises from comprising paver, base material, reaching the material of selecting the group of foundation material.

20. material character meter as claimed in claim 19, wherein, described building materials comprises the material of selecting the group from comprising earth, pitch, stone.

21. material character meter as claimed in claim 17, wherein, described temperature sensor comprise from comprise infra-red heat sensor, light infrared sensor, thermocouple, temperature sensor based on solid-state, and the group of temperature sensor based on resistance the equipment selected.

22. material character meter as claimed in claim 21, wherein, described temperature sensor comprises resistance temperature detector (RTD).

23. material character meter as claimed in claim 17, wherein, described electromagnetic field maker is for launching described electromagnetic field to described building materials.

24. material character meter as claimed in claim 17, wherein, described electromagnetic field maker comprises from comprising voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), the Clapp oscillator, the relaxation oscillation device, ring swings oscillator, the RC oscillator, crystal oscillator, squegger, phase-locked oscilaltor, the voltage oscillation device, multi-frequency generator, Gunn diode, numerically-controlled oscillator, klystron, the High-Power Microwave magnetron, the retonation wave oscillator, the VLF transmitter, ic timer, the random waveform maker, pulsewidth modulator, the analog synthesis device, current source, comprehensive source, yig tuned oscillator, and the equipment of the group selection of integrated circuit.

25. material character meter as claimed in claim 17, wherein, the described signal that described material character calculation function is configured to based on being produced by described electromagnetic sensor is proofreaied and correct the density calculation to described building materials.

26. material character meter as claimed in claim 25, wherein, the described signal indication humidity property value relevant to described building materials produced by described electromagnetic sensor.

27. material character meter as claimed in claim 17, wherein, the described signal that described material character calculation function is configured to based on being produced by described temperature sensor is proofreaied and correct the density calculation to described building materials.

28. material character meter as claimed in claim 17, wherein, the described signal indication porosity value relevant to described building materials produced by described electromagnetic sensor.

29. material character meter as claimed in claim 17, wherein, described material character calculation function be configured to described signal based on being produced by described electromagnetic sensor and described temperature sensor calculate described building materials density, humidity value, and modulus in one or more.

30. material character meter as claimed in claim 17, comprise display, can be used for showing the described property value relevant to described building materials.

31. the method for the character of definite building materials, described method comprises:

Generate electromagnetic field with the electromagnetic field maker that is different from described building materials;

(a) measure the response of building materials to described electromagnetic field;

(b) signal of the described building materials that the generation expression records to the response of described electromagnetic field;

(c) survey the response of described building materials to acoustic energy;

(d) produce the signal of the described building materials of expression detection to the response of described acoustic energy; And

(e) the described building materials that the described building materials that the expression based on produced records is surveyed with produced expression the signal of the response of described electromagnetic field calculates the property value relevant to described building materials to the signal of the response of described acoustic energy.

32. method as claimed in claim 31, wherein, described building materials comprises the material of selecting from comprise paver, base material, foundation material, reach concrete group.

33. method as claimed in claim 32, wherein, described building materials comprises the material of selecting the group from comprising earth, pitch, stone.

34. method as claimed in claim 31, wherein, calculate described building materials that described building materials that the property value relevant to described building materials comprise that the expression based on produced records surveys the signal of the response of described electromagnetic field and the expression that produces to the signal of the response of described acoustic energy calculate described building materials density, humidity value, reach in modulus.

35. method as claimed in claim 31, comprise that the described building materials based on meaning to record is proofreaied and correct the density calculation to described building materials to the described signal of the response of described electromagnetic field.

36. method as claimed in claim 31, comprise that the described acoustic energy of emission is in described building materials.

37. method as claimed in claim 31, comprise the property value that demonstration is calculated.

38. the method for the character of definite building materials, described method comprises:

(a) measure the response of building materials to electromagnetic field, described electromagnetic field is to be generated on the scope of at least two frequencies by the electromagnetic field maker that is different from described building materials, and described response comprises at least one impact of the electric field that the electromagnetic field that generated by described electromagnetic field maker is introduced in described building materials;

(b) signal of the described building materials that the generation expression records to the response of described electromagnetic field;

(c) survey the response of described building materials to temperature;

(d) produce the signal of the described building materials of expression detection to the response of described temperature; And

(e) the described building materials that the described building materials that the expression based on produced records is surveyed with produced expression the signal of the response of described electromagnetic field calculates the property value relevant to described building materials to the signal of the response of described temperature.

39. method as claimed in claim 38, wherein, described building materials comprises the material of selecting the group from comprising paver, base material, foundation material.

40. method as claimed in claim 39, wherein, described building materials comprises the material of selecting the group from comprising earth, pitch, stone.

41. method as claimed in claim 38, wherein, calculate described building materials that described building materials that the property value relevant to described building materials comprise that the expression based on produced records surveys the signal of the response of described electromagnetic field and the expression that produces to the signal of the response of described temperature calculate described building materials density, humidity value, reach in modulus.

42. method as claimed in claim 38, comprise that the described building materials based on meaning to record is proofreaied and correct the density calculation to described building materials to the described signal of the response of described electromagnetic field.

43. method as claimed in claim 39, comprise the property value that demonstration is calculated.

44. the device for the character of definite building materials, described device comprises:

The electromagnetic field maker, it is different from described building materials, for generating electromagnetic field;

(a) for measuring the module of building materials to the response of described electromagnetic field;

(b) module to the signal of the response of described electromagnetic field for generation of the described building materials that means to record;

(c) for surveying the module of described building materials to the response of acoustic energy;

(d) module to the signal of the response of described acoustic energy for generation of the described building materials that means to survey; And

(e) the described building materials that the described building materials recorded for the expression based on produced is surveyed with produced expression the signal of the response of described electromagnetic field calculates the module of the property value relevant to described building materials to the signal of the response of described acoustic energy.

45. device as claimed in claim 44, wherein, described building materials comprises from comprising paver, base material, reaching the material of selecting the group of foundation material.

46. device as claimed in claim 45, wherein, described building materials comprises the material of selecting the group from comprising earth, pitch, stone.

47. device as claimed in claim 44, wherein, for the module of calculating the property value relevant to described building materials comprise described building materials that the described building materials that records for the expression based on produced surveys the signal of the response of described electromagnetic field and the expression that produces to the signal of the response of described acoustic energy calculate described building materials density, humidity value, reach the module of of modulus.

48. device as claimed in claim 44, comprise that the described building materials for recording based on expression is proofreaied and correct the module to the density calculation of described building materials to the described signal of the response of described electromagnetic field.

49. device as claimed in claim 44, comprise for launching the module of described acoustic energy to described building materials.

50. device as claimed in claim 44, comprise for showing the module of the property value of calculating.

51. the device for the character of definite building materials, described device comprises:

(a) for measuring the module of building materials to the response of electromagnetic field, described electromagnetic field is to be generated on the scope of at least two frequencies by the electromagnetic field maker that is different from described building materials, and described response comprises at least one impact of the electric field that the electromagnetic field that generated by described electromagnetic field maker is introduced in described building materials;

(b) module to the signal of the response of described electromagnetic field for generation of the described building materials that means to record;

(c) for surveying the module of described building materials to the response of temperature;

(d) module to the signal of the response of described temperature for generation of the described building materials that means to survey; And

(e) the described building materials that the described building materials recorded for the expression based on produced is surveyed with produced expression the signal of the response of described electromagnetic field calculates the module of the property value relevant to described building materials to the signal of the response of described temperature.

52. device as claimed in claim 51, wherein, described building materials comprises the material of selecting the group from comprising paver, base material, foundation material, cement.

53. device as claimed in claim 52, wherein, described building materials comprises the material of selecting the group from comprising earth, pitch, stone.

54. device as claimed in claim 51, wherein, for the module of calculating the property value relevant to described building materials comprise described building materials that the described building materials that records for the expression based on produced surveys the signal of the response of described electromagnetic field and the expression that produces to the signal of the response of described temperature calculate described building materials density, humidity value, reach the module of of modulus.

55. device as claimed in claim 51, comprise that the described building materials for recording based on expression is proofreaied and correct the module to the density calculation of described building materials to the described signal of the response of described electromagnetic field.

56. device as claimed in claim 51, comprise for showing the module of the property value of calculating.

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