CN101395347B - 包括催化粉尘过滤器的排放系统 - Google Patents

包括催化粉尘过滤器的排放系统 Download PDF

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CN101395347B
CN101395347B CN2007800070572A CN200780007057A CN101395347B CN 101395347 B CN101395347 B CN 101395347B CN 2007800070572 A CN2007800070572 A CN 2007800070572A CN 200780007057 A CN200780007057 A CN 200780007057A CN 101395347 B CN101395347 B CN 101395347B
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releasing system
exhausting air
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P·R·菲利普斯
M·V·崔格
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Johnson Matthey PLC
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
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    • F01N3/035Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
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    • F01N3/025Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
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    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/025Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
    • F01N3/0253Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases
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    • F01N3/00Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/105General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
    • F01N3/106Auxiliary oxidation catalysts
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    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02DCONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/021Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
    • F02D41/0235Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/027Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/029Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to purge or regenerate the exhaust gas treating apparatus the exhaust gas treating apparatus being a particulate filter
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    • F02D41/00Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
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    • F02D41/14Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
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    • F01N2340/00Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses
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Abstract

一种用于贫燃内燃机的排放系统包括:(a)催化粉尘过滤器(CSF)(32);(b)控制单元(38);(c)通过控制单元控制的装置(18),用于增加流入CSF内的排放气体内的可燃烧HC和/或CO的含量,由此燃烧CSF内的HC和/或CO,从而增加CSF的温度并且燃烧其上收集的PM;以及(d)布置在发动机歧管(28)和CSF之间的催化传感器装置(36),以便燃烧流入排放系统的排放气体中的CO和/或HC,并且为控制单元输入与排放气体中的HC和/或CO的燃烧热焓相关的数据,由此控制单元在使用时控制可燃烧HC和/或CO的引入装置,以响应数据输入,由此控制CSF与可燃烧HC和/或CO的接触速度。

Description

包括催化粉尘过滤器的排放系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于贫燃内燃机的排放系统,排放系统包括催化粉尘过滤器(CSF)、控制单元以及通过控制单元控制的装置,以便增加流到CSF的排放气体内的可燃烧碳氢化合物(HC)和/或一氧化碳(CO)的含量,由此在CSF中燃烧HC和/或CO,从而增加CSF的温度并燃烧其上收集的颗粒物质(PM)。
背景技术
公知的是使用CSF来满足轻型柴油车辆内PM、CO和HC的规定排放气体排放物(如相关立法限定那样)。使用CSF的公知问题是例如在长时间闲置和/或缓慢驾驶状态的过程中,排放气体温度相对冷,例如150-200℃,PM可在CSF上积累。通常,这种问题通过采用使得CSF主动再生的装置来克服,即将能量主动地输入到CSF,以便燃烧PM。
一种这样的优选再生方法涉及增加流入CSF的排放气体内的可燃烧HC(通常是为发动机供能的燃料或者从中得到的产品)和/或CO,由此在CSF中燃烧HC和/或CO,以便增加CSF的温度,并燃烧其上收集的PM。这种主动再生(active regeneration)操作可在检测到CSF状态的适当指示器时触发,例如系统内的背压增加到预定阈值以上、从上一次再生流逝的预定时间或者从上一次再生车辆运行预定距离。这种过程通常通过接收适当传感器输入的适当编程发动机控制单元(ECU)来控制。
通常,使用两种增加排放气体内的可燃烧HC和/或CO的含量的方式:将HC直接喷射到排放系统中流动的排放气体内;以及控制HC喷射到一个或多个发动机缸内。后一方式在原始设备制造商(OEM)应用中更加常见,并且使用常见的轨道喷射器系统可增加灵活性和喷射定时。例如,两种常见轨道喷射器可在膨胀冲程中进行,以便增加燃烧温度,并且增加HC中排放气体:
(i)在排放阀打开之前(底部死点)出现的晚后-喷射;以及另外
(ii)刚好在顶部死点中心最好添加的早后-喷射(称为随后-喷射)。
在当前生产中的排放系统中,柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)位于发动机的任何涡轮机的下游,并且CSF布置在DOC的下游。在正常操作过程中,PM在氧或NO2(后者从DOC或CSF上的排放气体中的氧化NO产生)内被动燃烧。在希望主动再生CSF时,排放气体中的HC和/或CO含量增加,并且HC和/或CO在CSF的上游的DOC上燃烧,并且CSF暴露于得到的增加排放气体温度,使得PM在其上燃烧。CSF的入口温度通过控制喷射到排放气体内的HC和/或CO的数量来控制。实际上,这种控制通过使用热电偶测量流过CSF的排放气体的温度来完成(或者后DOC),并且如果温度过低,增加HC喷射,或者如果温度过高,减小HC喷射。这种配置是使用ECU的所谓的闭环控制的实例。
DOC用来设计成在缸内燃烧之后增强排放气体中保留的CO和/或HC的氧化,以便满足立法的排放标准。
如这里限定那样,“热电偶”包括在其端部处结合的两个不同的金属丝,以便形成回路,其中两个结合部之间的温度差使得触点电位不平衡,造成电流围绕回路流动。如果一个结合部的温度保持恒定,另一个结合部的温度通过测量电流来指示。
立法和车辆制造商要求对于包括用于处理排放气体的催化剂的排放系统组分具有增加的耐用性。因此,需要仔细控制能量输出到CSF,以避免催化剂和/或过滤器衬底的热损坏。因此,所需的主动再生的控制程度是将CSF的温度增加到足以促进PM燃烧的预定程度,但是不超过预定最大入口温度,由此确保CSF内从PM氧化的温度增加在预定设计容差内。
最好是排放系统不需要DOC和CSF的存在,以便处理PM、CO和HC,并且相反涂覆有催化剂的CSF能够进行DOC和CSF的供能,因此提供单个催化剂单元。实际上,可以充分地升高CSF的温度,以便通过燃烧CSF本身上的可燃烧HC和/或CO来燃烧PM。但是,还存在的问题是准确控制输入到CSF的能量,以避免将催化剂涂层和过滤器衬底暴露于有害的高温,例如大于650℃,但是确保足够的能量被引入CSF以便燃烧其上的PM。热电偶可放置在CSF本身内,以便测量温度,但是这种配置存在多种缺陷。首先,来自于PM燃烧的另外热量不能与来自于排放气体的燃烧HC和/或CO的热量区分,因此使得入口气体状态的直接测量非常困难或者实际上是不可能的。其次,存在与将小直径热电偶放置在CSF的隔室结构内相关的耐用性问题:热电偶或过滤器会损坏。
我们现在开发了一种控制CSF的主动再生的方式,而不需要DOC来燃烧CSF上游的HC和/或CO。
美国专利No.4029472披露一种用于检测特别是内燃机中的排放气体的排放气体内的残留可燃烧物的传感器。传感器包括一对热电偶结合部,其中一个结合部被催化,结合部之间的温度差与排放气体中的残留可燃烧物成正比。该文件提出传感器可布置在流过催化转换器的上游,以便检测排放气体流中的未燃烧HC和/或CO的实际残留量。作为选择,在传感器安装在催化转换器的下游时,它可用来监测其效率。
EP1580411披露一种用于柴油机发动机的排放系统,包括氧化催化剂,随后是颗粒过滤器。氧化催化剂包括铂和钯,其中比例是0.05≦(Pd/Pd+Pt)≦0.75。为了增加过滤器温度,燃料被供应到氧化催化剂。
发明内容
按照一个方面,本发明提供一种用于贫燃内燃机的排放系统,包括(a)催化粉尘过滤器(CSF);(b)控制单元;(c)通过控制单元控制的装置,用于增加流入CSF内的排放气体内的可燃烧HC和/或CO的含量,由此燃烧CSF内的HC和/或CO,从而增加CSF的温度并且燃烧其上收集的PM;以及(d)布置在发动机歧管和CSF之间的催化传感器装置,以便燃烧流入排放系统的排放气体中的CO和/或HC,并且为控制单元输入与排放气体中的HC和/或CO的燃烧热焓相关的数据,由此控制单元在使用时控制可燃烧HC和/或CO的引入装置,以响应数据输入,由此控制CSF与可燃烧HC和/或CO的接触速度(rate)。
传感器装置可使得控制单元内的处理器估计CSF内由于流入CSF的排放气体内的HC和/或CO燃烧造成的升高的放热温度。
在一个实施例中,催化传感器装置包括催化热电偶结合部。在特定实施例中,热电偶催化剂包括用于CSF的催化剂,例如支承在氧化铝上的铂。由于热电偶催化剂燃烧排放气体内的HC和/或CO,产生加热热电偶结合部的放热曲线(exotherm),适当的校正催化热电偶可提供下游CSF的温度的直接关系。由此产生的信号可用来通过闭环回路反馈来控制HC和/或CO的引入,由此将CSF的温度保持在预定范围内。
在另一实施例中,催化传感器装置包括第一实施例的催化热电偶结合部以及另外的未催化参考热电偶结合部。这种传感器在美国专利No.40290472中描述,该专利整体结合于此作为参考。两个热电偶结合部的这种配置提供的优点在于传感器能够确定从CSF上的HC和/或CO燃烧得到的热量以及预-CSF排放气体温度,使得另外的反馈控制可提供给控制单元。
CSF中的催化剂通常包括至少一种铂族金属(PGM),但是在特定实施例中,它单独地或与一种或多种另外的PGM相结合地包括Pt,例如Pt和Pd,或者Pt和Rh,或者Pt、Pd和Rh,包括例如Mg、Ba或例如Ce的稀土金属的适当促进剂。制成过滤器衬底单体(monolith)的材料可支承催化剂,或者它可支承在增强修补基面涂层(washcoat)成分的表面区域上,例如颗粒的氧化铝。
在特定实施例中,催化传感器装置是布置在发动机和CSF之间的排放系统内的唯一的催化剂部件。
在一个实施例中,控制单元适用于在CSF的主动再生过程中防止CSF的温度超过650℃(不包括从粉尘氧化中得出的热量),由此减小或防止CSF中催化剂损坏的可能性。
在一个实施例中,排放系统包括用于通过燃烧发动机歧管和催化传感器装置之间定位的排放气体中的只包括可燃烧HC和/或CO的部分来产生放热曲线的氧化催化剂。氧化催化剂可包括衬底单体,具有设计安装排放系统的发动机的排量的1/10-1/3倍的容积。
此实施例的氧化催化剂完全不同于DOC之处在于它不用来满足CO和HC的立法排放标准。相反,其任务在于燃烧只包括引入排放气体的另外的HC和/或CO的一部分,以便增加CSF的温度。
氧化催化剂设计成使得氧化催化剂活性和衬底单体的容积的结合不足以满足HC和CO的相关排放标准。实际上,氧化催化剂可包括一种或多种铂族金属。在一个实施例中,唯一的PGM是铂。在另一实施例中,使用铂和钯。加载到催化剂内的总共PGM可以高达240gft-3。
在包括产生放热曲线的氧化催化剂的排放系统的实施例中,该排放系统包括用于在预定操作状态下旁通催化剂的装置。这种旁通装置包括通过由控制单元控制的阀配置控制的导管。此实施例提供增加的设计选项,使得本领域普通技术人员对于输入到CSF的能量进行更好控制。
按照另一方面,本发明提供一种内燃机和按照本发明的排放系统。发动机可以是柴油发动机,例如轻型柴油发动机(按照相关的立法)。其中发动机自然吸气或增压,催化传感器装置可布置在发动机歧管和CSF之间。作为选择,在发动机涡轮增压时,催化传感器装置可布置在涡轮增压器出口和CSF之间。
在一个实施例中,用于增加排放气体中可燃烧HC和/和CO的含量的装置包括发动机缸内的燃料喷射器。作为选择,或者另外,增加排放系统内的可燃烧HC的含量的装置可以包括用于将可燃烧HC喷射到发动机位置下游的排放气体中的喷射器。如果排放系统如上所述包括氧化催化剂,喷射器位于氧化催化剂的上游。
按照另一方面,本发明提供一种控制内燃机的排放系统中的催化粉尘过滤器(CSF)的主动再生的方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
(i)增加流入CSF的排放气体中的可燃烧碳氢化合物(HC)和/或一氧化碳(CO)的含量,由此在CSF中燃烧HC和/或CO,以便增加CSF的温度,并燃烧其上收集的颗粒物质;
(ii)在催化传感器装置上燃烧CSF上游的排放气体中的HC和/或CO,以便产生指示排放气体中的HC和/或CO的浓度的信号;
(iii)将该信号与排放气体中的HC和/或CO的燃烧热焓值相关;以及
(iv)控制步骤(i)中的HC和/或CO的含量,以响应步骤(iii)确定的热焓值,由此将CSF的温度保持在所述预定范围内。
附图说明
为了更加完全地理解本发明,现在将参考附图描述本发明的实施例,附图中:
图1表示包括轻型柴油发动机和包括本发明第一实施例的排放系统的设备的示意图;以及
图2表示本发明的第二实施例。
具体实施方式
参考图1,按照本发明的设备通过标号10来表示,其中12是轻型柴油发动机主体,14是活塞,16是燃烧室,18是常见轨道燃料喷射器,20是吸入口,22是排放口,24是吸气阀,26是排放阀,28是排放歧管,30是排放管,32是CSF,34是包括排放气体扩散器的罐,以便容纳CSF并使其保持与排放管连通,36是传感器,包括催化热电偶结合部和未催化参考热电偶结合部,并且38是发动机控制单元(ECU),在使用时该单元被编程以便在CSF的主动再生过程中控制常见轨道燃料喷射器,以响应来自于传感器36的检测输入。
在使用中,ECU38确定从上一次主动再生的里数。在里数超过预定量时,例如1000km,ECU控制喷射器18,以便开始一系列喷射,从而增加温度,并作为由于燃烧传感器上的HC和/或CO造成的局部温度增加的函数来任选地增加进入CSF的可燃烧HC和/和CO的HC和/或CO含量。通过一系列速查表或图表,ECU38确定CSF32中由于燃烧检测量的HC和/或CO所造成的可能的温度升高,并且相应地控制经由喷射器18喷射可燃烧的HC和/或CO。
如果ECU38确定进入CSF32的可燃烧HC和/或CO的速度将造成CSF32的温度超过预定最大温度,例如在大约650℃之上,ECU38减小喷射速度和/或数量;或者如果所计算的温度低于促进CSF32的主动再生的预定最小阈值,例如在大约550℃以下,ECU38增加喷射的速度和/或数量。当然,假设影响CSF温度的例如加速器位置、空间速度等所有因素保持大致相同,如果计算温度在预定温度窗口内,不需要改变喷射的速度和/或数量。本领域普通技术人员能够适当地编程ECU38,以实现所需闭环控制,并且这里不给出进一步的细节。
参考图2,参考标号100指的是本发明的第二实施例,其中来自于图1的类似的部件带有相同的参考标号。在图2中,110是例如2英寸(5cm)短、5.6英寸(14.2cm)长直径衬底单体(或者“切片”),具有例如400cpsi((每平方英寸隔室)62隔室/cm-2),涂覆例如Pt/氧化铝的氧化催化剂。传感器136包括位于“切片”110之后的催化热电偶结合部,传感器与ECU38连通。
在使用中,某些HC和/或CO在氧化催化剂110上燃烧,并且除了检测燃烧催化传感器本身上的HC和/或CO产生的放热曲线的传感器之外,使用传感器136检测排放气体中产生的放热曲线。在排放气体中的检测的温度增加和CSF中的所期望温度增加之间形成关联。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于贫燃内燃机的排放系统,包括:
(a)催化粉尘过滤器(CSF),其中排放气体在发动机运行期间持续地流入CSF内;
(b)控制单元;
(c)通过控制单元控制的装置,用于增加流入CSF内的排放气体内的可燃烧HC和/或CO的含量,由此燃烧CSF内的HC和/或CO,从而增加CSF的温度并且燃烧其上收集的颗粒物质;以及
(d)布置在发动机歧管和CSF之间的催化传感器装置,以便燃烧流入排放系统的排放气体中的CO和/或HC,并且为控制单元输入与排放气体中的HC和/或CO的燃烧热焓相关的数据,其中所述催化传感器装置是布置在发动机和CSF之间的排放系统内的唯一的催化器部件,
由此控制单元在使用时响应数据输入来控制可燃烧HC和/或CO的引入装置,由此控制CSF与可燃烧HC和/或CO的接触速度。
2.如权利要求1所述的排放系统,其特征在于,催化传感器装置包括催化热电偶结合部。
3.如权利要求2所述的排放系统,其特征在于,催化传感器装置包括催化热电偶结合部和未催化热电偶结合部。
4.如权利要求1所述的排放系统,其特征在于,CSF内的催化剂包括至少一种铂族金属。
5.如权利要求4所述的排放系统,其特征在于,所述至少一种铂族金属包括P t或者P t和Pd。
6.如权利要求4所述的排放系统,其特征在于,催化传感器装置包括催化热电偶结合部,催化热电偶包括与CSF相同的催化剂。
7.如上述权利要求1-6任一项所述的排放系统,其特征在于,控制单元适用于在CSF的主动再生过程中防止CSF的温度超过预定温度。
8.如上述权利要求1-6任一项所述的排放系统,其特征在于,控制单元适用于在CSF的主动再生过程中将CSF保持在预定温度以上。
9.如权利要求1-6任一项所述的排放系统,其特征在于,包括用于将可燃烧HC喷射到CSF上游的排放气体的装置。
10.一种包括内燃机和如权利要求1-9任一项所述的排放系统的设备。
11.如权利要求10所述的设备,其特征在于,用于增加排放气体中的可燃烧HC和/或CO含量的装置包括发动机缸内的燃料喷射器。
12.一种控制内燃机的排放系统中的催化粉尘过滤器(CSF)的主动再生的方法,其中排放气体在发动机运行期间持续地流入CSF内,该方法包括如下步骤:
(i)增加流入CSF的排放气体中的可燃烧碳氢化合物(HC)和/或一氧化碳(CO)的含量,由此在CSF中燃烧HC和/或CO,以便增加CSF的温度,并燃烧其上收集的颗粒物质;
(ii)在催化传感器装置上燃烧CSF上游的排放气体中的HC和/或CO,以便产生指示排放气体中的HC和/或CO的浓度的信号,其中所述催化传感器装置是布置在发动机和CSF之间的排放系统内的唯一的催化器部件;
(iii)将该信号与排放气体中的HC和/或CO的燃烧热焓值相关;以及
(iv)响应步骤(iii)确定的热焓值来控制步骤(i)中的HC和/或CO的含量,由此将CSF的温度保持在一预定范围内。
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GB0603898D0 (en) 2006-04-05
US8327632B2 (en) 2012-12-11
JP2009528476A (ja) 2009-08-06
JP5324924B2 (ja) 2013-10-23
ATE530740T1 (de) 2011-11-15
EP1989409B1 (en) 2011-10-26
EP1989409A1 (en) 2008-11-12
US20090071131A1 (en) 2009-03-19
CN101395347A (zh) 2009-03-25
KR20080114700A (ko) 2008-12-31
RU2427715C2 (ru) 2011-08-27

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