CA2752633A1 - Electret high power: battery / generator, safety light, refrigerator, water distiller, insect catcher - Google Patents

Abstract

This invention makes it possible to directly convert Heat Energy to Output Electric Energy and or to cool gases without compression. The cooling is determined if the container is open or closed. Solar Ponds or warm materials eg metal surfaces, can become the source of directly converted heat energy to electrical energy for insect control or for storage etc..

This invention involves the Sciences of Chemistry, Static Electricity and Electricity at the Ionic, Molecular and Free Electrons Atomic Level. The Description Section is divided into four main sections because this invention wants to clearly distinguish and to compare the differences of how electric charges can be made to flow when exposed to strong static charges Fig 1, Fig 7 and references to The ideal Gas Law. The Output could be refrigeration cooling and or electricity generation. A High Permanently Charged Electret is one of the components.
This invention when operating as an Electret Refrigerator uses non conductive electric, non heat, non static electric transfer insulated containers 1. a First "Input Cooling " 2. a Second "Controller Power Charging Capacitive Function [with optional cooling] " 3. a Third "Electron Carbon Particle Reservoir" or a Ground. The "Electron Carbon Particle Reservoir" is housed in a partially insulated Metal Box which can dissipate heat energy from the Energized Electrons where Kinetic is converted to Heat Energy. Heat Energy is expelled to the Ambient Air outside of the Refrigerator, Fig 1, alternatively to a battery or to a Ground. The refrigeration section must be continuously supplied with low energy Free Electrons, Fig 1, Fig 7.

The reader should review the References of "The Induction of Charges" and "The Ideal Gas Law" because this invention is designed to transfer High Energized Charges Free Electrons than to transfer heated heavier ions as is done in the gas refrigerators or by the Peltier Effect Thermo-Electric Chips, Fig 11. This invention only consumed energy by alternatively moving an Insulation Dielectric which cannot be attracted or repelled by any static charges. NOTE:

The invention does not compress a refrigeration gas nor depend on the heat energy transfer by ion carriers as is done by Peltier Effect Chips.

The Highly Energized Charged Free Electrons are moved to transfer the Equivalent Heat Energy as Kinetic Energy. This invention makes it possible to directly convert Heat Energy to Output Electric Energy. Peltier Effect Cooling / Heating Chips consume much energy to move heavy heated ions. Peltier chips cannot be rated as efficient compared to other heat pumps because these can consume more energy than it extracted. The voltage ratings of PE are very low and continuously consume energy. Peltier Effects operates as a cargo carrier of energy than as a heat pump. Peltier Chips also have a limited temperature cooling or heating range.
This invention uses Permanently Charged Particles which can have 100's or 1000's of permanent stored volts to cause the attraction of charges and indirectly later in a cycle, permits by its absence that these same induced charges to repel themselves to an Output.

It operates analogous as an electro-magnet which attracts rolling metal balls toward a cliff and as soon as the rolling metal balls reach the cliff edge the electro-magnet is den-energized so that the metal steel balls under their rolling momentum are thrown off the edge of the cliff toward the ground.

This invention uses an Insulation Dielectric Gate which cannot be Polarized to move alternatively out of the way so that the Charged Electret attracts free charges into a Metal Plate and then return in front of the Electret so it blocks the effect of this permanent static field Electret. Then the crowded Energized Free Electrons fall to an Electrical Reservoir or to a Ground.

Refer to how an electrician can be electrocuted or be shielded by his non electric conductive gloves or electrical tape. This invention uses Switches and Diodes with respect to charge sign polarity to act as gates which permit the attraction and then the repulsion.

The Description Reference Section has copied articles and drawings on "The induction of Charges". This invention does not remove the charged Electret Plate but rather blocks the field effects. The Insulation Dielectric is much lighter in weight and is not able to be polarized.

The result is that low energy cause high energy movement and then it can be rated by the use of mathematical efficiency ratios.

The invention does not operate as a continuous Series Electronic Circuit as referenced with power supplies that power Thermo-Eectric Peltier Effect Chips. This invention operates as a production conveyor which Pulls-In or Attracts Free Electrons which become Highly Energized. Then a Second Section conveyor is triggered to have these Energized Free Electrons Push-Out Expel or Self-Repel themselves to an Output Reservoir or to the charging of a battery etc. . As the refrigeration section keeps losing energy by the cycling of Low to Highly Energized Free Electrons, then the Refrigerator Air or Gas becomes cooler and cooler.
A First Cooling Metal Plate is housed in the First "Input Cooling " Container.
The Kinetic Energy of the collisions of the refrigerator "Air or Gas" is absorbed onto the Surface of the First Cooling Metal Plate. The First Cooling Metal Plate is connected by an electric conductive wire to a First-Second Diode and then to a Second Metal Plate. The Second Metal Plate is housed in the Second "Controller Power Charging Capacitive Function"
Container.
The Second "Controller Power Charging Capacitive Function " Container is a type of Capacitive Electron Vacuum Collector. The Second Metal Plate alternatively draws in Highly Energized Free Electrons through the First-Second Diode which came from the First Cooling Metal Plate. Afterward, these Energized Electrons which are now on the Second Metal Plate will be expelled by their own repulsion to the Output which is the Electron Carbon Particle Reservoir or Grounding if grounding is used.

This repulsion occurs because 1. the Dielectric now is returned between the Positively Permanently Charged Electret and the Second Metal Plate 2. The First-Second Diode blocks reverse electron flow to the First Metal Plate 3. The Output Switch is closed 4. The Output Diode only permits Highly Energized Electrons to go to the Carbon Reservoir.
Note that the charge on the Electrets must be much larger than any free electron charges in the Electron Carbon Reservoir or any Grounding if grounding is used. More Steps are explained in the Description Paragraphs and Drawing Figures.

This invention can be scaled from low to very high cooling and the direct conversion of heat energy to electrical energy. Efficiencies are much greater than moving gases or ion carriers.

Description

1 Title of this Invention is:

2 Electret High Power: Battery / Generator, Safety Light, Refrigerator, Water Distiller, 3 Insect Catcher 4 This invention refers to the study of several fields: Chemistry, Electricity and Static Electricity. Fig 1. Complete Electret Refrigerator :

6 This first section of the description is a lengthy overview of the invention. It is followed by a 7 more detailed description and then a Review Section and finally an Internet Reference 8 Section with copied text articles. This description is rather long because Electret 9 Technology is historically relatively new compared to all the applications of magnets and motors, Fig 12. Fig 13.

11 There are devices which employ electrets but their voltage ratings are very small. Electrets 12 can hold very high voltages for many decades but there are only holding chucks which are 13 using high voltage charged Electrets. Fig 12.

14 Science reports neither Static Generators nor Static Motors that cannot produce any useful Work Energy. Most device or applications are designed to eliminate static charges or for 16 low voltage Electret Microphones, Fig 13.

17 It is the intent of this invention to design applications to produce the following: high 18 temperature cooling ranges and high output voltages and currents from sources that have 19 abundant latent energy eg. air or gases, liquids, metals or other materials. This means that heat energy is directly converted to electrical energy without using compressed gas heat 21 exchangers etc. so that any warm body eg. water or bulk material containers, vehicles, any 22 building surface or any land surface can have its heat content directly converted into useful 23 Electrical Energy, Fig 1.

24 This invention employs low power to move an Insulation Dielectric which indirectly produces much higher Voltages or larger cooling or heating temperature ranges.
The 26 following two devices: sound recording Electret Microphones and cooling /
heating Peltier 27 Thermo-Electric Effect Chips directly employ low Voltages, Fig 11. Electret Mics , Fig 13, 28 vibrate to control electric circuits while Peltier Chips directly use low DC Voltages to 29 produce lower temperature ranges of cooling or heating for many electronic or lab equipment.

1 The writer recommends that the Reference Section be reviewed because the understanding 2 of static charges can become confusing. Static charges can be employed to transfer moving 3 charges which can produce Useful Work. This invention is not a static generator but uses 4 static charges to "Pull or Attract" and to "Push or Repel" High Energized Free Electrons.
There are commercial applications related to the discharging or to eliminating static 6 electricity to protect electronic components but this invention employs the Principles of 7 "The Induction of Charges" to create the Flowing of High Energized Free Electrons. This 8 invention does not employ energy to vibrate a Permanently Charged Electret nor to vibrate 9 the Metal Plate as in an Electret Microphone, Fig 12, Fig 13.

This invention employs low power [ Current and Voltages] to move a sliding or rotating 11 toothed Non Polarizing Insulation Dielectric which cannot be attracted to any positive nor 12 negative charges ie. it cannot be Polarized. Eg. an electrician's electrical insulated gloves.
13 Note that the First Container houses the following devices: the Refrigeration Air or Gas, 14 the Wire from the Carbon Reservoir to the First Switch, the wire to the First Metal Plate and the wire to the First-Second Diode which is in the Second Container. A
First-Second 16 Switch is housed in either the First or in the Second Container and is used to prevent Heat 17 Energy to travel on the wire by conduction when the device is not operating or when the 18 frequency of the transfer of Energized Electrons is slow because the sliding motion of the 19 Insulated Dielectric is slow.

Note that the Second Container houses the following devices: a First - Second Diode, a 21 Second Metal Plate, a Second or Output Switch, a Second or Output Diode and the wire 22 conductor to the Carbon Reservoir Metal Box or to a suitable Grounding Terminal. The 23 parallel sliding Non Polarizing Insulation Dielectric [ see electrician's glove or bonding 24 electrical tape] separates the parallel permanently positively charged Electret from the Parallel eg Copper Second Metal Plate, Fig 1.

26 Connecting electric conducting wires create a series circuit but this circuit is controlled by 27 the First Input Switch and the Second Output Switch. These two switches do not operate 28 simultaneously at the same time. The Carbon Reservoir acts as a type of Input - Output 29 Switch Controlled Ground Loop.

This Sliding or Rotating Toothed Insulation Dielectric blocks the permanent positive static 31 field of an Electret when it is placed between the Electret and the Second Plate. When the 32 Insulation Dielectric is removed it will permit a stationary positive static electric field 33 which is permanently stored in an Electret to pass and to attract oppositely facing 34 negatively charged particles ie, electrons which are held in / on an adjacent non-contact 1 Parallel Second Metal Plate. A Positively Charged Electret attracts Negative Electrons in 2 an adjacent parallel non contact Second Metal Plate, Fig 1.

3 This invention focuses on employing a Positively Permanently Charged Electret so that 4 Internet References contained in the Reference Section can be used to explain the principles of this invention. Electron Flow is more efficiently moved than the movement of 6 Positive Ion Flow Carriers. Some applications can be similarly employed using Negatively 7 Charged Electrets to be eg . attracting positively charged dust particles or flying insects 8 etc...

9 Peltier Effect Chips employ Ion Carrier to transfer heat energy which moves slower than moving free electrons. Peltier Chips are limited to lower frequencies of operation, low 11 powering voltages and to smaller limits of cooling or heating temperature ranges. This 12 invention uses faster flowing Free Electrons for larger cooling or heating temperature 13 ranges and much higher voltage charged Electrets.

14 This invention is designed to convert large volumes of Vibrating High Energized Free Electron Charges on a First Metal Plate to be converted and transferred into Flowing 16 High Energized Free Electrons toward a Second Metal Plate which is partly positively 17 charged. The First Container and its First Metal Plate undergoes a cooling operation while 18 the wire connected Second Metal Plate in the Second Container is signal controlled to 19 release these Free High Energized Electrons to produce useful Output "Working" Energy /
Power. As the Second Metal Plate is constantly removing high energized electrons from 21 the First Metal Plate then the Refrigeration Air or Gas Collisions continue to lose Kinetic 22 Energy to the First Metal Plate and thus the Refrigeration Air or Gas cools. See The ideal 23 Gas Law.

24 This invention is not a Static Generator. Static electric fields can attract Free Electrons to be turned into Flowing Currents. The info can be reviewed in the references indicated 26 below. The text references are copied in the Reference Section of this description.
27 Reference, Charging by... Induction:
28 http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/u8l2b.cfm 29 The Electrophorus, The Electroscope, Reference, Peltier Effect Chips:

31 http://www.tetech.com/FAQ-Technical-Information.html#1 1 A more Detailed Introduction to the Operating Principles of this Invention:

2 This invention operates with an Electret and uses non conductive electric, non heat, non 3 static electric or non electric conductive insulated containers and a Non Heat or Non 4 Electric Conductive Non Polarizing Moving/ Sliding or Rotating Toothed Insulation Dielectric, Fig 1.

6 These containers are the First "Input Cooling ", the Second "Controller Power Charging 7 Capacitive Function " and the Third "Electron Carbon Particle Reservoir"
containers.

8 The "Electron Carbon Particle Reservoir" is housed in a partially insulated Metal Box 9 which can dissipate heat energy. The Energized Free Electrons are received and are converted to Heat Energy in the Carbon Reservoir Metal Box. The "Energized Electron 11 Equivalent Heat Energy" now in the Metal / Carbon Box Reservoir is expelled to the 12 Ambient Air or to the Water Bath outside of the Refrigerator by the conduction or 13 convection of heat energy by the Carbon Reservoir Metal Box Wall [s].

14 The Insulation Dielectric should be eg Ceramic or a suitable material so that it does not readily absorb or retain heat energy or have any electric capability to have induced Eddy 16 Currents or Dielectric Static Hysteresis nor be able to be Polarized. The Electret is selected 17 so that it does not readily absorb or retain heat energy.

18 A First Cooling Metal Plate is housed in the First "Input Cooling "
Container. The Kinetic 19 Energy of the collisions of the refrigerator "Air or Gas" is absorbed onto the Surface of the First Cooling Metal Plate. The First Cooling Metal Plate is connected by an electric 21 conductive wire to a First-Second Diode and then to a Second Metal Plate.
The Second 22 Metal Plate is housed in the Second "Controller Power Charging Capacitive Function"
23 Container. See: The Ideal Gas Law.

24 Review the references on "The Induction of Charges", Fig 7. When the Second Metal Plate has the equivalent of a Positively Charged Area on the Second Metal Plate it can attract 26 Highly Energized Free Electrons from the First Metal Plate. The Second Metal Plate has a 27 partial positive charge which attracts electrons from the First Metal Plate. See the 1 references: The positively charged Electret attracts electrons nearest to itself so that the 2 opposite side of the Second Metal Plate has a positive charge, Induction of Charges, Fig 7.
3 This positive side of the Second Metal Plate attracts electrons through the First - Second 4 Diode and then the electrons from the First Metal Plate. The First - Second Diode only 5 permits electron flow to the Second Metal Plate from the First Metal Plate.
Fig 3. The 6 Second Metal Plate can only discharge electrons to the Electron Carbon Reservoir Metal 7 Box. The Negative Charge on the Second Metal Plate when it discharges its Electrons 8 must be at a higher Negative Charge than the Electrons in the Carbon Reservoir Metal 9 Box. Electrons only flow to the Carbon Reservoir. The Second Diode prevents electrons to flow from the Carbon Reservoir to the Second Metal Plate.

11 The Second "Controller Power Charging Capacitive Function " Container is a type of 12 Capacitive Electron Vacuum Collector. The Second Metal Plate alternatively draws in 13 Highly Energized Free Electrons through the First-Second Diode which came from the 14 First Cooling Metal Plate. Afterward, these Energized Electrons which are now on the Second Metal Plate will be expelled by their own repulsion to the Output which is the 16 Electron Carbon Particle Reservoir or Grounding if grounding is used, Fig 1.

17 This repulsion occurs when the three following conditions or events exist:
the Insulation 18 Dielectric now is returned between the Positively Permanently Charged Electret and the 19 Second Metal Plate ; the First-Second Diode blocks reverse electron flow to the First Metal Plate ; the First-Second Switch can be Opened to reduce the stress on the First-21 Second diode; the Output Switch is closed ; and the Output Diode only permits Highly 22 Energized Electrons to go to the Carbon Reservoir Metal Box. See Capacitor references.
23 Note that the Permanent Charge on the Electrets must be much larger than any free 24 electron charges in the Electron Carbon Reservoir or any Grounding if grounding is used.
More Steps are explained in the following paragraphs.

26 The Second Container, "Controller Power Charging Capacitive Function "
[Capacitive 27 Electron Vacuum] operates as follows: An insulated non heat / non conductive electric /
28 non static electric field Dielectric separates the Positively Charged Electret from the 1 parallel orientated electrical conductive Second Metal plate. When the Dielectric is 2 removed from between the Electret and the Second Metal Plate, the Negatively Charged 3 Energized Electrons are attracted and concentrated closer on the Second Metal Plate and 4 facing to the Positively Charged Electret.

Note that the Electret and the Second Metal Plate are close and parallel but never touch.
6 The First and the Second Metal Plates are electrically connected by a wire so that 7 Energized Free Electrons on the First Metal Plate are drawn to the Second Metal Plate 8 through the First-Second Diode, Fig 3.

9 There are in effect two circuits which are like two electron conveyor belt systems such that one electric belt is fed with low energy electrons and in turn this first conveyor belt feeds 11 its cargo of Energized Free Electrons onto the second conveyor. The electron cargo can 12 never flow backwards because of the conveyor diode gates. The warm electron cargo is 13 emptied into a metal box and the low energy electrons return to the First Conveyor.

14 This cargo analogy is similar to the gases in a compressed gas refrigerator or in a Thermo-Electric Peltier Chip. The important difference is that no direct DC
electricity is used. This 16 invention operates only by controlling the output field attraction of the Electret to attract 17 electrons which are on the surface of the Second Metal Plate.

18 These electrons on the Second Metal Plate repel each other when the field of attraction is 19 blocked and there is an electrical passage to a lower energy destination Carbon Reservoir.
NOTE: A First-Second Switch should be placed in series between the First and Second 21 Metal Plates to protect the "Controller Power Charging Capacitive Function ", Second 22 Container, from heating up by wire heat conduction when the invention is not required to 23 operate. The Second Container and the Second Metal Plate should be kept as cool as 24 possible so that the Second Metal Plate can attract more efficiently the Energized Free Electrons which have higher Kinetic Energy, Switches Fig 10.

26 The Surface Area of the Electret is very Highly Positively Voltage Charged.
The Surface 27 Area of the Electret and the Second Metal Plate are several times larger than the Surface 1 Area of the First Metal Plate. This is done so that Capacitive Effect of Surface Areas 2 draws Electrons effectively from the First Metal Plate toward the Second Metal Plate. This 3 First-Second Diode separates the First and the Second Metal Plates such that Energized 4 Electrons cannot ever return to the First Metal Plate, Fig 7.

When the Dielectric is returned to be between the Electret and the Second Metal Plate, 6 then the Output Switch Closes. The crowded Electrons on the Second Metal Plate repel 7 each other toward the Electron Carbon Reservoir or Ground if grounding is used. The 8 Output Diode prevents Electrons to enter the Second Metal Plate from the Electron 9 Carbon Reservoir, Fig 1.

The cycle repeats by the Output Switch Opening and the Dielectric is returned to be placed 11 in parallel between the Permanently Charged Electret and the now low uncharged Second 12 Metal Plate. The Input First Switch now closes to recharge the First Metal Plate with Low 13 Energy Level Electrons from the Electron Carbon Reservoir. The Input First Diode 14 prevents any Electrons from transferring from the First Metal Plate to the Electron Carbon Reservoir.

16 The other end of the First Metal Plate is controlled to receive Free Electrons from a Low 17 Kinetic Energy Electron Carbon Particle Reservoir. The First Cooling Metal Plate is also 18 connected to an Input Switch and Series Diode. Input First Switch and Series Diode are 19 series connected to the Low Kinetic Energy Electron Carbon Particle Reservoir.

This is a closed loop system. The Output Switch is used to conduct High Level Kinetic 21 Energy Free Electrons which came from the First and then to the Second Metal Plate and 22 finally to the Carbon Particle Reservoir Ground. An Input First Switch is used to conduct 23 Low Kinetic Energy Electrons to the First Metal Plate.

24 First Container Gases collide with the First Metal Plate and transfer its Kinetic Energy to the First Metal Plate.

26 Review Section with Some Additional References and a Few Applications:

1 It refreshes the info with References to Capacitors or Metals Connected in Series with 2 Different Charges and notes that the Second Container could possible need wall air cooling 3 but without any induced static charges to operate more efficiently. There are many 4 Dupont Xiameter silicon products which can very efficiently conduct heat away and which will not transfer humidity, static nor electric charges , https://www.xiameter.com/

6 1. Invention Parts 7 2. Comparison of Other Devices, eg. Peltier Thermoelectric Chips:

8 The Second Metal Plate in the separate Second Insulated Container holds a Permanently 9 Charged Electret which is facing parallel to the Second Metal Plate. The Electret and the Second Metal Plate are separated by a Movable Insulation non Electric non heat non static 11 Dielectric Gate. When the Gate is not between the two plates then the Electret Charges 12 attract Free Electrons on the Second Metal Plate.

13 The First and the Second Metal Plates act as one Capacitor Plate. Electrons on the Second 14 metal Plate are drawn away and concentrated so that a void is created on the Second Metal Plate. This void enables Higher Kinetic Energy Charged Electrons on the First to be 16 transferred to the void areas on the Second Metal Plate, Fig 7. A properly oriented Diode 17 prevents these Higher Kinetic Energy Charged Electrons to return to the First Metal Plate.
18 The Second Metal Plate is also connected to an Output Second Switch and to another in 19 Series Output Diode and finally to a Carbon Particle Electron Reservoir.
This Carbon Particle Electron Reservoir is also the Source of the Recycled Low Kinetic Energy 21 Electrons which resupplies the First Metal Plates through a Recycle Switch and properly 22 oriented Recycle Input Diode. The Recycle Input Diode can only pass Low Kinetic Energy 23 Electrons to the First Metal Plate. Thus the Input Diode cannot pass High Level Charged 24 Kinetic Energy Electrons which are charged on the First Metal Plate to go to the Carbon Particle Electron Grounding Reservoir.

26 As the refrigerator "Air or Gas" keeps colliding and releasing Kinetic Energy to the First 27 Metal Plate, the "First Cooling Container" starts to cool.

1 The Ideal Gas Law: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/idegas.html 2 Note that Peltier Chips operate at very low DC Voltages and low Amps.
Electrets can hold 3 100's of Volts. The Dielectric can move between the gap of the Electret and the Second 4 Metal Plate. Since the Dielectric cannot be charged the only energy required is very small sliding or rotating energy. This invention uses the fact that an uncharged Capacitor which 6 is connected in parallel with a charged Capacitor will distribute its charges between 7 themselves or a highly charged rod will send charges to a rod which is less charged, Fig 5.
8 http://www.techlearner.com/DCPages/DCCap.htm 9 This invention utilized several existing Scientific Laws, Principles of Component Operations, existing Electronic Devices and How Strong Static Charges repel or attract 11 Weaker Charges on other objects which affects the Levels of Kinetic Energy of these Free 12 Electrons on the adjacent parallel facing Second Conductive Metal Plate.

13 This is a closed loop electric circuit system which recycles Low Level Free Electrons to the 14 First Metal Plate to be again energized to higher energy levels of Kinetic Energy by the collisions of ambient or refrigerator gases against this First Metal Plate .
This invention is 16 not using compressed gases nor Low Power Peltier Effect Chip Electronics.

17 Depending on the applications then Capacitor Principles draws away the induced charges 18 of Higher Levels of Kinetic Energy of Free Electrons which are on a First Metal Plate.
19 Through switches, timing and Diode Circuitry the Metal Plate is alternatively replenished of Low Kinetic Energy Free Electrons and then these higher Level Energized Free 21 Electrons are removed by Capacitive Effects and Grounding Principles.

22 This example was a refrigerator gas which collides with a Metal Plate and transfer Heat 23 Energy to the Metal Plate. The Free Electrons on the Metal Plate then have higher Kinetic 24 Energy. By continuously removing the more active Electrons on the Metal Plate thus the gas or air cools the Refrigerator Container. This invention operation is similar but very 26 different than the Thermo-Electric Peltier Effect Semiconductors because no PN Peltier 27 Chips nor very low DC Voltages and Currents are used. A moving Insulation Dialectric 1 Plate controls or screens the attractive effects of the very high permanent static charges on 2 the Electret Plate, Fig 7.

3 This invention uses Scientific Topics and Electronic Devices which involves High Voltage 4 Permanent Static Charged Electrets. The Permanent Charge Field on the Electret are used 5 to Direct the Free Electrons of a Metal to produce useful work.

6 This invention does not function as an Electret Microphone because the Electret is not 7 powered to vibrate toward or away from a Conductive Metal Plate. The Electret is acting 8 more as stationary object with an active Static Field. Depending on the application it is 9 used to attract or to repel charges in another material, eg electrons in a Metal Plate or to 10 attract dust or flying insects. Note that only the Dielectric moves under low energy to 11 control a high energy electric field.

12 Electrets can be charged to hold permanently 100's of Volts but this invention does not 13 move the Electret Disk to induce charges in another metal but rather a Parallel Moving 14 Insulation Disk alternatively blocks and permits the passage of a Static Charged Disk or Plate. This moving disk or plate is a very strong Dielectric Insulator which cannot conduct 16 electricity and cannot be polarized so that it does not interact with the Electret, the Metal 17 Plate nor generate any electric or magnetic fields. The Moving Plate only operates as a 18 Static Field Gate, eg as insulated glove or mat which protects a worker or an electronic 19 component from charged surfaces.

This invention references: The Principles of the Ideal Gas Law, Kinetic Energy of Free 21 Electrons in a Conductive Metal, Capacitor Formulas, Electret Permanent Static Charges, 22 Diodes and Circuits, Grounding and Dielectrics which are Non-Polarized Insulations.

23 The Electron Carbon Reservoir serves two functions. A Copper Box with a side exposed to 24 the ambient air can cool efficiently because of the quantity of Free Electrons. The Carbon Powder eg Slate Carbon Powders from Printing Toners, is also a good conductor of heat 26 and electricity because of the much larger quantity of Free Electrons.

1 NOTE: This is very important: A First-Second Switch should be placed in series between 2 the First and Second Metal Plates to protect the "Controller Power Charging Capacitive 3 Function ", Second Container, from heating up by wire conduction when the invention is 4 not required to operate. The Second Container and the Second Metal Plate should be kept cooler so that it attracts Energized Free Electrons which have higher Kinetic Energy. This 6 is why the Second Container is insulated from the warm ambient air.
Alternatively, the 7 Second Container could be enclosed in a conductive heat material and be placed in a water 8 bath which will absorb heat which forms in the Second Metal Plate, especially for High 9 Power Applications which require much more cooling to operate more efficiently.

Note the references below because Peltier Cooling Chips use Ion Carriers to conduct Heat 11 Energy but this invention employs the Free Electrons which have higher Kinetic Energy 12 and this energy transfer is much faster because of the smaller bulk and do not transfer heat 13 energy to each other electron as compared to Ions to Ion Heat Transfer in Peltier 14 Thermoelectric Cooling. This invention uses fast electronic switching, fast moving Devices to move the Insulation Dielectric and efficient cooling of the Second Container so that the 16 Second Metal Plate is kept cool as possible and to permit the High Energy Electrons to be 17 sent to the Output, Electron Carbon Reservoir or Grounding if grounding is employed.

-----------------------------------------19 Brief Reference on Metals:
http://resources schoolscience.co.uk/corus/16plus/steelchlpg2.html Ionic vibrations "If a metal is heated, the positive metal ions vibrate more vigorously. These ions collide with neighbouring ions and make them vibrate more vigorously too. In this way, the energy is passed, or conducted, through the metal.

... metals are particularly good conductors of heat. In general, they are better than ionic compounds which also have strong bonds. ... it is their free electrons."

The electrons at the hot end will speed up - they gain kinetic energy from the vigorously vibrating ions. "

"In effect, the electrons have carried the vibration energy from the hot end to the cold end.... they are free to move through the lattice, they are able to do this more quickly than the bonds between the ions in the lattice."

-------------------------------------2 Several Other Invention Applications for Higher Output Electric Energy and Cooling:

3 1. An insect LED Catcher.

4 The designs of an Electret Microphone can easily power a tiny Mic or a tiny buzzer in a small toy and higher power ones to collect dust. Since this design can use Electrets and 6 Dielectric at 100's of Volts then this invention can be used to power a small LED to attract 7 flying insects into a cone wire trap and also be electrified and become fish farm food. The 8 LED is placed in series with the Output Circuit. The First Metal Plate can be exposed to 9 the Warm Air so that it is charged more and does not operate as a refrigerator. This First Container can have a funnel screen door and an interior LED Light which flashes to 11 attract the flying insects. A bare wire section could electrocute the insects.
12 http://home.howstuffworks.com/bug-zapper.htm 13 To obtain higher output voltages:

14 As above, the First Metal Plate could be exposed to the Warm or Hot Ambient Air or Solar Warmed Water or a Salt Water Brine. The device operates to extract heat energy from the 16 warm air or warm water and produce a higher Output Pulsed Voltage. The Output can 17 employ a transformer with a rectifier- filter circuit to power an inverter or to charge DC
18 Batteries or directly to a cooking device or to an LED light. The power to the moving 19 Dialectric can be Mechanical, Manual, Wind or Solar Powered. Energy moves from a high energized state to a lower energy state. When the Second Metal Plate is highly charged 1 relative to the Carbon Reservoir or Grounding then electrons will flow toward the Carbon 2 Reservoir or Ground.

3 To Distill Water by Higher Output Voltages:

4 As above, the First Metal Plate can be exposed to warmer ambient air or warm water so that more energy is extracted. The high output voltage / energy can be used to distill water 6 and smaller refrigerator section can be used to condense the evaporated distilled water.
7 Thus low energy from wind or Solar can be used to operate the Dielectric and operate 8 this invention as a higher temperature heat pump which pumps highly charged electrons 9 rather than compressed refrigeration gases.

Large Scale Cooling, Heating, Output Voltages:

11 This invention is capable of converting large scale quantities of Heat Energy to Electrical 12 Energy when the invention employs: 1. higher Voltage Permanently Charged Electrets, 2.
13 Larger Size Electrets, 3. Larger Size Metal Plates, 4. corresponding Insulation Dielectric, 5.
14 suitable Powered Devices [ manual, mechanical, Solar Electric, Wind Powered,... ] to perform the sliding Motion of the Dielectric, 6. Larger Electron Carbon Reservoir or 16 suitable Grounding Conditions, eg conductive soils with abundant free electrons ie. normal 17 standard Grounding according to Building Codes, Charging Battery Fig 2, Fig 6.

18 Metals often are used to build land or water or air vehicles, transformers, computer server 19 rooms, motor installations, storage containers, building walls and roofs and interior supports frames. This invention can be employed to replace or to compliment the cost of 21 AC-E , Air Conditioning-Equipment or the cost of maintaining such AC
Equipment or to 22 convert heat energy to electricity from the finished products , eg melted formed plastics /
23 metals / ceramics / glass, food cooking, welding operations, laundry cleaning, agricultural 24 poultry / cattle / pig / fish ventilation.

This invention can be used for energy generation eg Solar Salt Water Ponds, without using 26 coils which are costly to operate and to clean from crystals which coat the coils. Induction 1 Heating Operations or Geothermal Springs or warm soils under homes or under roads can 2 recover converted heat to electrical energy.

3 Building Cooling or Transfer Converted Electrical Energy to Heating While Producing 4 Higher Output Voltages:

Examples: Transformers, Kitchens, Vehicles, Greenhouses , Storage of Water, Grains, 6 Warehouse Materials Fig 2, Fig 6.

7 Reference:

8 A heated metal to very high temperatures can emit many more electrons if the Destination 9 Metal Plate has a Positive Charge, eg. The Edison Effect.
A
T"' T

Electron flow A
11 No current 12 Internet Reference Section:

13 The Ideal Gas Law: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/ide2as.html 1 "Ideal Gas Law 2 An ideal gas is defined as one in which all collisions between atoms or molecules are 3 perfectly eleastic and in which there are no intermolecular attractive forces. One can 4 visualize it as a collection of perfectly hard spheres which collide but which otherwise do 5 not interact with each other. In such a gas, all the internal energy is in the form of kinetic 6 energy and any change in internal energy is accompanied by a change in temperature.

7 An ideal gas can be characterized by three state variables: absolute pressure (P), volume 8 (V), and absolute temperature (T). The relationship between them may be deduced from 9 kinetic theory and is called the Ideal gas law: PV_ .PT= NkT

11 = n = number of moles 12 = R = universal gas constant = 8.3145 J/mol K
13 = N = number of molecules 14 k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38066 x 1023 J/K = 8.617385 x 10-5 eV/K
= k = R/NA
16 NA = Avogadro's number = 6.0221 x 1023/mol 17 The ideal gas law can be viewed as arising from the kinetic pressure of gas molecules 18 colliding with the walls of a container in accordance with Newton's laws.
But there is also a 19 statistical element in the determination of the average kinetic energy of those molecules.
The temperature is taken to be proportional to this average kinetic energy;
this invokes the 21 idea of kinetic temperature. One mole of an ideal gas at STP occupies 22.4 liters.

22 Metal Heat and Electric Conduction:

23 http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/corus/16plus/steelchlpg2.html Why are metals good conductors of heat and electricity?

Metallic bonds are made from a lattice of ions in a 'cloud' of free electrons.
These free electrons are responsible for the ability of metals to 1. conduct electricity 2. conduct heat especially well.
1. Electrical conductivity Electric current is the flow of electrons in a wire. In metals, the outer electrons of the atoms belong to a `cloud' of delocalised electrons. They are no longer firmly held by a specific atom, but instead they can move freely through the lattice of positive metal ions.
Normally they move randomly. However, when the wire is connected to a cell, they are pushed away from the negative terminal and drawn to the positive one.

The cloud of electrons drifts through the wire. The drift velocity of the cloud is about 3 mm s-1. The electrons within the cloud are still moving randomly (at much higher speeds) - rather like a swarm of bees leaving a hive.

2. Thermal conducivity Metals are good conductors of heat. There are two reasons for this:
= the close packing of the metal ions in the lattice = the delocalised electrons can carry kinetic energy through the lattice.
Ionic vibrations The positive metal ions in a metal structure are packed closely together in a symmetrical geometric arrangement. They don't move from their position in the lattice but they are constantly vibrating. If a metal is heated, the positive metal ions vibrate more vigorously.
These ions collide with neighbouring ions and make them vibrate more vigorously too. In this way, the energy is passed, or conducted, through the metal.

However, metals are particularly good conductors of heat. In general, they are better than ionic compounds which also have strong bonds. So we need another mechanism to explain their especially good conductivity. It is their free electrons.

Free electrons The ions in the lattice are vibrating. The ions at the hot end of a piece of metal vibrate more. [Note the electrons have been left out of picture 1.5 to keep it clear.]

Let's look at just a few electrons.

= The electrons at the hot end will speed up - they gain kinetic energy from the vigorously vibrating ions.
= Some of them will move down to the cooler end and collide with ions that are vibrating less vigorously than those at the hot end.
= In these collisions, the electrons will lose kinetic energy and make the ions vibrate more vigorously.

In effect, the electrons have carried the vibrational energy from the hot end to the cold end. And, because they are free to move through the lattice, they are able to do this more quickly than the bonds between the ions in the lattice.

2 http://resources.schoolseience.co.uk/Corus/14-16/heat/psch3pg2.html "Hot to cold A hot object will always transfer energy to a cooler object by heating it. If they are in contact with each other, then the energy is transferred by conduction. In conduction, the moving particles pass energy between each other. Let's see how this happens.

4 "

Metals and conduction Metals are good conductors and so is carbon. Carbon, being a refractory, can be used at the extremely high temperatures in furnaces. Good conductors are useful in situations where we need to keep something cool by conducting the heat away. For example:

= to stop the hearth of a blast furnace overheating = cooling the steel in the mould and rollers of a continuous casting mill Metals and carbon are such good conductors because their electrons are free to move. As one side of a slab gets hot, the electrons speed up and move through the lattice, bashing into ions and making them vibrate. The free electrons carry energy across the block much faster than the vibrations in an insulator.

http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae432.cfm 1 Question 3 Is there a relationship between electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity?

Asked by: Darell Hayes 7 Answer 9 There is a relationship for metals and it is known as the Wiedemann-Franz law. Metals are good electrical conductors because there are lots of free charges in them. The free charges 11 are usually negative electrons, but in some metals, e.g., tungsten, they are positive 'holes.' 12 For purposes of discussion, let's assume we have free electron charges.

14 When a voltage difference exists between two points in a metal, it creates an electric field which causes the electrons to move, i.e., it causes a current. Of course, the electrons bump 16 into some of the stationary atoms (actually, 'ion cores') of the metal and this frictional 17 'resistance' tends to slow them down. The resistance depends on the specific type of metal 18 we're dealing with. E.g., the friction in silver is much less than it is in iron. The greater the 19 distance an electron can travel without bumping into an ion core, the smaller is the resistance, i.e., the greater is the electrical conductivity. The average distance an electron 21 can travel without colliding is called the 'mean free path.' But there's another factor at 22 work too. The electrons which are free to respond to the electric field have a thermal speed 23 a sizable percentage of the speed of light, but since they travel randomly with this high 24 speed, they go nowhere on average, i.e., this thermal speed itself doesn't create any current.
26 The thermal conductivity of this metal is, like electrical conductivity, determined largely by 27 the free electrons. Suppose now that the metal has different temperatures at its ends. The 28 electrons are moving slightly faster at the hot end and slower at the cool end. The faster 29 electrons transmit energy to the cooler, slower ones by colliding with them, and just as for electrical conductivity, the longer the mean free path, the faster the energy can be 31 transmitted, i.e., the greater the thermal conductivity. But the rate is also determined by 1 the very high thermal speed-the higher the speed, the more rapidly does heat energy 2 flow(i.e., the more rapidly collisions occur). In fact, the thermal conductivity is directly 3 proportional to the product of the mean free path and thermal speed.

Both thermal and electrical conductivity depend in the same way on not just the mean free 6 path, but also on other properties such as electron mass and even the number of free 7 electrons per unit volume. But as we have seen, they depend differently on the thermal 8 speed of the electrons-electrical conductivity is inversely proportional to it and thermal 9 conductivity is directly proportional to it. The upshot is that the ratio of thermal to electrical conductivity depends primarily on the square of the thermal speed.
But this 11 square is proportional to the temperature, with the result that the ratio depends on 12 temperature, T, and two physical constants: Boltzmann's constant, k, and the electron 13 charge, e. Boltzmann's constant is, in this context, a measure of how much kinetic energy 14 an electron has per degree of temperature.
16 Putting it all together, the ratio of thermal to electrical conductivity is:

18 ( 7T2 / 3 ) * ( (k/e)2 ) * T

the value of the constant multiplying T being: 2.45x10"8 W-ohm-K-squared.

22 Answered by: Frank Munley, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Physics, Roanoke College 24 http://www2 ph ed ac uk/teaching/course-notes/documents/63/247-chapterl.pdf http://www bbc co uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aga/energy/heatrevl.shtml 26 Heat transfer by conduction and convection 27 Heat is thermal energy. It can be transferred from one place to another by conduction, 28 convection and radiation. Conduction and convection involve particles, but radiation 29 involves electromagnetic waves.

1 Conduction 3 Thermogram of a pan being heated on a stove 4 Heat energy can move through a substance by conduction. Metals are good conductors of 5 heat, but non-metals and gases are usually poor conductors of heat. Poor conductors of 6 heat are called insulators. Heat energy is conducted from the hot end of an object to the 7 cold end.

8 The electrons in piece of metal can leave their atoms and move about in the metal as free 9 electrons. The parts of the metal atoms left behind are now charged metal ions. The ions 10 are packed closely together and they vibrate continually. The hotter the metal, the more 11 kinetic energy these vibrations have. This kinetic energy is transferred from hot parts of 12 the metal to cooler parts by the free electrons. These move through the structure of the 13 metal, colliding with ions as they go.

14 Heat transfer by conduction S WP Metat Atom Heat 16 Convection 17 Liquids and gases are fluids. The particles in these fluids can move from place to place.
18 Convection occurs when particles with a lot of heat energy in a liquid or gas move and take 19 the place of particles with less heat energy. Heat energy is transferred from hot places to cooler places by convection.

1 Liquids and gases expand when they are heated. This is because the particles in liquids and 2 gases move faster when they are heated than they do when they are cold. As a result, the 3 particles take up more volume. This is because the gap between particles widens, while the 4 particles themselves stay the same size.

The liquid or gas in hot areas is less dense than the liquid or gas in cold areas, so it rises 6 into the cold areas. The denser cold liquid or gas falls into the warm areas. In this way, 7 convection currents that transfer heat from place to place are set up.

8 Comparison of surfaces abilities to reflect and absorb radiation .m?u ~. , i. .~=r ., der I TT
co n. ,=x ili 14 epiU*~ r m diatiiab It rb thet ilk" _6i dark dull or matt good good light shiny poor poor 9 If two objects made from the same material have identical volumes, a thin, flat object will radiate heat energy faster than a fat object. This is one reason why domestic radiators are 11 thin and flat. Radiators are often painted with white gloss paint. They would be better at 12 radiating heat if they were painted with black matt paint, but in fact, despite their name, 13 radiators transfer most of their heat to a room by convection.

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/u8l2b.cfm 16 The Electrophorus 17 "A commonly used lab activity that demonstrates the induction charging method is the 18 Electrophorus Lab. In this lab, a flat plate of foam is rubbed with animal fur in order to 19 impart a negative charge to the foam. Electrons are transferred from the animal fur to the more electron-loving foam (Diagram i.). An aluminum pie plate is taped to a Styrofoam 21 cup; the aluminum is a conductor and the Styrofoam serves as an insulating handle. As the 22 aluminum plate is brought near, electrons within the aluminum are repelled by the 23 negatively charged foam plate. There is a mass migration of electrons to the rim of the 24 aluminum pie plate. At this point, the aluminum pie plate is polarized, with the negative charge located along the upper rim farthest from the foam plate (Diagram ii.).
The rim of 26 the plate is then touched, providing a pathway from the aluminum plate to the ground.
27 Electrons along the rim are not only repelled by the negative foam plate, they are also 1 repelled by each other. So once touched, there is a mass migration of electrons from the rim 2 to the person touching the rim (Diagram iii.). Being of much greater size than the 3 aluminum pie plate, the person provides more space for the mutually repulsive electrons.
4 The moment that electrons depart from the aluminum plate, the aluminum can be considered a charged object. Having lost electrons, the aluminum possesses more protons 6 than electrons and is therefore positively charged. Once the foam plate is removed, the 7 excess positive charge becomes distributed about the surface of the aluminum plate in 8 order to minimize the overall repulsive forces between them (Diagram iv.)."

Charging an Aluminum Pie Plate by Induction Diagram i. Diagram ii. Diagram m. Diagram iv. Diagram v.

A foam plate is An ahnmrun plate What tourhed om the The ahnmrt.n Ranaininge-nfbedwithimZ isbra tnearthe mn,e-movethra plate,havn,glast moveam+nd ad givaa a - foam, ard~e- the had to the groud. e-,nowhas a + +ntil the + chaz 9 rho. movaneat to mn. charge. redistributed.

"The Electrophorus Lab further illustrates that when charging a neutral object by 11 induction, the charge imparted to the object is opposite that of the object used to induce the 12 charge. In this case, the foam plate was negatively charged and the aluminum plate became 13 positively charged. The lab also illustrates that there is never a transfer of electrons 14 between the foam plate and the aluminum plate. The aluminum plate becomes charged by a transfer of electrons to the ground. Finally, one might note that the role of the charged 16 object in induction charging is to simply polarize the object being charged. This 17 polarization occurs as the negative foam plate repels electrons from the near side, inducing 18 them to move to the opposite side of the aluminum plate. The presence of the positive 19 charge on the bottom of the aluminum plate is the result of the departure of electrons from that location. Protons did not move downwards through the aluminum. The protons were 21 always there from the beginning; it's just that they have lost their electron partners. Protons 22 are fixed in place and incapable of moving in any electrostatic experiment."

1 The Electroscope 2 "Another common lab experience that illustrates the induction charging method is the 3 Electroscope Lab. In the Electroscope Lab, a positively charged object such as an 4 aluminum pie plate is used to charge an electroscope by induction. An electroscope is a device that is capable of detecting the presence of a charged object. It is often used in 6 electrostatic experiments and demonstrations in order to test for charge and to deduce the 7 type of charge present on an object. There are all kinds of varieties and brands of 8 electroscope from the gold leaf electroscope to the needle electroscope."

9 "While there are different types of electroscopes, the basic operation of each is the same.
The electroscope typically consists of a conducting plate or knob, a conducting base and 11 either a pair of conducting leaves or a conducting needle. Since the operating parts of an 12 electroscope are all conducting, electrons are capable of moving from the plate or knob on 13 the top of the electroscope to the needle or leaves in the bottom of the electroscope. Objects 14 are typically touched to or held nearby the plate or knob, thus inducing the movement of electrons into the needle or the leaves (or from the needle/leaves to the plate/knob). The 16 gold leaves or needle of the electroscope are the only mobile parts. Once an excess of 17 electrons (or a deficiency of electrons) is present in the needle or the gold leaves, there will 18 be a repulsive affect between like charges causing the leaves to repel each other or the 19 needle to be repelled by the base that it rests upon. Whenever this movement of the leaves/needle is observed, one can deduce that an excess of charge - either positive or 21 negative - is present there. It is important to note that the movement of the leaves and 22 needle never directly indicate the type of charge on the electroscope; it only indicates that 23 the electroscope is detecting a charge."

Gold Leaf Electroscope Needle Electroscope Lai ID

Relaxed L ve5 Deflected Lxeve Relaxed Needle Derv; ed Needle 24 Neutral CIS Neil Charged 2 "Suppose a needle electroscope is used to demonstrate induction charging. An aluminum 3 pie plate is first charged positively by the process of induction (see discussion above). The 4 aluminum plate is then held above the plate of the electroscope. Since the aluminum pie plate is not touched to the electroscope, the charge on the aluminum plate is NOT
6 conducted to the electroscope. Nonetheless, the aluminum pie plate does have an affect 7 upon the electrons in the electroscope. The pie plate induces electrons within the 8 electroscope to move. Since opposites attract, a countless number of negatively charged 9 electrons are drawn upwards towards the top of the electroscope. Having lost numerous electrons, the bottom of the electroscope has a temporarily induced positive charge. Having 11 gained electrons, the top of the electroscope has a temporarily induced negative charge 12 (Diagram ii. below). At this point the electroscope is polarized; however, the overall charge 13 of the electroscope is neutral. The charging step then occurs as the bottom of the 14 electroscope is touched to the ground. Upon touching the bottom of the electroscope, electrons enter the electroscope from the ground. One explanation of their entry is that 16 they are drawn into the bottom of the electroscope by the presence of the positive charge at 17 the bottom of the electroscope. Since opposites attract, electrons are drawn towards the 18 bottom of the electroscope (Diagram iii.). As electrons enter, the needle of the electroscope 19 is observed to return to the neutral position. This needle movement is the result of negative electrons neutralizing the previously positively charged needle at the bottom of the 21 electroscope. At this point, the electroscope has an overall negative charge. The needle does 22 not indicate this charge because the excess of electrons is still concentrated in the top plate 23 of the electroscope; they are attracted to the positively charged aluminum pie plate that is 24 held above the electroscope (Diagram iv.). Once the aluminum pie plate is pulled away, the excess of electrons in the electroscope redistribute themselves about the conducting parts of 26 the electroscope. As they do, numerous excess electrons enter the needle and the base upon 27 which the needle rests. The presence of excess negative charged in the needle and the base 28 causes the needle to deflect, indicating that the electroscope has been charged (Diagram 29 v.)."

Charging an Electroscope by Induction Diagram i. Diapm u. Diagram 711. Diagam iv. Diagram v.
e' Aneud cal The + aluminum plate Whim touched, e' The a-scope has a - The excess electroscope. attracts e' from the eater from grol.d chazW- this - rho elecheus bottom of the a-scope to the tonwrtmlize the + is still located in "'te 1 top plate of the a-scope. chi imneedle. the top plate. themselves.

3 "The above discussion provides one more illustration of the fundamental principles 4 regarding induction charging. These fundamental principles have been illustrated in each 5 example of induction charging discussed on this page. The principles are:

6 The charged object is never touched to the object being charged by 7 induction.

8 The charged object does not transfer electrons to or receive electrons from 9 the object being charged.

10 The charged object serves to polarize the object being charged.

11 The object being charged is touched by a ground; electrons are transferred 12 between the ground and the object being charged (either into the object or out of 13 it).

14 The object being charged ultimately receives a charge that is opposite that 15 of the charged object that is used to polarize it."

16 -------- ________ 17 http://www.practicalphysics.org/go/Guidance 134.html 1 Electron guns 2 "When a piece of metal is heated, electrons escape from its surface. These free electrons 3 can be accelerated in a vacuum, producing a beam. The hot metal surface and the 4 accelerating plates are sometimes called an `electron gun'.
6 In an electron gun, the metal plate is heated by a small filament wire connected to a low 7 voltage. Some electrons (the conduction electrons) are free to move in the metal - they are 8 not bound to ions in the lattice. As the lattice is heated, the electrons gain kinetic energy.
9 Some of them gain enough kinetic energy to escape from the metal surface. We sometimes say that they are `boiled off the surface or `evaporate' from it. Although they do not form 11 a gas in the strictest sense, these are good descriptions.

13 If the hot metal plate is in a vacuum, then the evaporated electrons are free to move. The 14 electrons can be pulled away from the hot surface of the plate by putting a positive electrode (anode) nearby. The anode is created by connecting an electrode to the positive 16 terminal of a power supply, and the hot plate is connected to its negative terminal. The hot 17 plate is then the cathode.

19 As soon as the electrons evaporate from the surface of the hot plate, they are pulled towards the anode. They accelerate and crash into the anode. However, if there is a small 21 hole in the anode, some electrons will pass through, forming a beam of electrons that came 22 from the cathode or a cathode ray.

24 This cathode ray can be focused and deflected and can carry small currents.
This is the basis of the important experiments carried out by J J Thomson and others. It is also the 26 basis of early electronic devices.

28 You could explain the operation of an electron gun thus:

= At one end of the tube there is a little rocket shaped 'gun. In that gun a starting plate is 31 heated by a tiny electric grill. The plate has a special surface that lets electrons loose rather 1 easily. Electrons come off that plate. They are speeded up in the gun by a large potential 2 difference between that starting plate ('negative cathode) and the gun muzzle (`positive 3 anode').

cathode anode ter.
6=3V HT
AC 100.120V

7 = Electrons come out at high speed through a tiny hole in the cone-shaped muzzle.

9 = The electrons continue at that constant speed through the vacuum because there is nothing for them to collide with - until they hit a fluorescent screen, where they make a bright spot.

12 = The glass globe of the tube has been pumped out to a very good vacuum, removing air which 13 would soon slow down electrons by collisions. But then a very little helium (or hydrogen) gas 14 is let in. Because the helium atoms give out a green glow when hit by electron, you can see the path of the electrons made visible as a thin line of glow. (Hydrogen glows blue.) 17 = Look at the thin glowing line carefully. You are seeing the path of electrons flying through 18 thin helium (or hydrogen), almost a vacuum, all by themselves, with no wires there.

Focusing 22 "The fine beam tube is improved by adding a small conical electrode - often connected to 23 the anode. This produces a converging electric field which focuses the electrons and 1 produces a tighter beam and sharper spot on the fluorescent screen. "

3 Updated 5 May 2009 4 Related Content 6 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.Ilsu.edu/hbase/electric/ohmmic.html#c2 7 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/fermi.html#cl 8 " Fermi Level 9 "Fermi level" is the term used to describe the top of the collection of electron energy levels at absolute zero temperature. This concept comes from Fermi-Dirac statistics.
Electrons 11 are fermions and by the Pauli exclusion principle cannot exist in identical energy states. So 12 at absolute zero they pack into the lowest available energy states and build up a "Fermi 13 sea" of electron energy states. The Fermi level is the surface of that sea at absolute zero 14 where no electrons will have enough energy to rise above the surface. The concept of the Fermi energy is a crucially important concept for the understanding of the electrical and 16 thermal properties of solids. Both ordinary electrical and thermal processes involve 17 energies of a small fraction of an electron volt. But the Fermi energies of metals are on the 18 order of electron volts. This implies that the vast majority of the electrons cannot receive 19 energy from those processes because there are no available energy states for them to go to within a fraction of an electron volt of their present energy. Limited to a tiny depth of 21 energy, these interactions are limited to "ripples on the Fermi sea".

At higher temperatures a certain fraction, characterized by the Fermi function, will exist above the Fermi level. The Fermi level plays an important role in the band theory of solids. In doped semiconductors, p-type and n- e, the Fermi level is shifted by the impurities, illustrated by their band gaps. The Fermi level is referred to as the electron chemical potential in other contexts.
Conduction In metals, the Fermi energy gives us information about the Band velocities of the electrons which participate in ordinary Egap At absolute electrical conduction. The amount of energy which can be Fermi zero OK Egap given to an electron in such conduction processes is on the Level 2 order of micro-electron volts (see copper wire example), so only (E) Valenm Band those electrons very close to the Fermi energy can participate.

The Fermi velocity of these conduction electrons can be Context of Fermi IeveJ
calculated from the Fermi energy. for a semiconductor vF = Ã2Ex Table V' M

This speed is a part of the microscopic Ohm's Law for electrical conduction. For a metal, the density of conduction electrons can be implied from the Fermi energy. "

1 The Fermi energy also plays an important role in understanding the mystery of why 2 electrons do not contribute significantly to the specific heat of solids at ordinary 3 temperatures, while they are dominant contributors to thermal conductivity and electrical 4 conductivity. Since only a tiny fraction of the electrons in a metal are within the thermal energy kT of the Fermi energy, they are "frozen out" of the heat capacity by the Pauli 6 principle. At very low temperatures, the electron specific heat becomes significant.

Microscopic View of Ohm's Law When electric current in a material is The electron moves at the proportional to the voltage across it, the Fermi speed, and has only material is said to be "ohmic", or to a bny drift ve" sups sed obey Ohm's law. A microscopic view by the applied electric field.
suggests that this proportionality comes ' .r from the fact that an applied electric field superimposes a small drift n' velocity on the free electrons in a rr.P .ak) tz-' ' ~'r { metal. For ordinary currents, this drift velocity is on the order of millimeters per second in contrast to the speeds of Electric the electrons themselves which are on field E
the order of a million meters per second. Even the electron speeds are themselves small compared to the speed of transmission of an electrical signal down a wire, which is on the Index order of the speed of light, 300 million meters per second.

The current density (electric current per unit area, J=I/A) can be expressed in terms of the free electron density as r =friee electron density .l = -t~'Vd n vd drift velocity The number of atoms per unit volume (and the number free electrons for atoms like copper that have one free electron per atom) is Avogadro's number Density ri (Naa'toms 1 mole)(p kg / m) A(kg 1 male) Atomic mass From the standard form of Ohm's law and resistance in terms of resistivity:

R-J-R A-V _ V _EL_E_~.E

The next step is to relate the drift velocity to the electron speed, which can be approximated by the Fermi speed:

VF - ( L Table The drift speed can be expressed in terms of the accelerating electric field E, the electron mass, and the characteristic time between collisions.

V ~eEe'E d M m VF

The conductivity of the material can be expressed in terms of the Fermi speed and the mean free path of an electron in the metal.

6 tie2d Table Numerical example for copper. Table of resistivities Table of free electron densities Go Back HyperPhysics***** Electricity and Magnetism R Nave Microscopic View of Copper Wire As an example of the microscopic view of Ohm's law, the parameters for copper will be examined. With one free electron per atom in its metallic state, the electron density of copper can be calculated from its bulk density and its atomic mass.

n _ (6.02x102'laton:s 1 mole)(8.92x103kg / m) = 8.46x10"'1 m3 63.5x10- k,g / prole The Fermi energy for copper is about 7 eV, so the Fermi speed is VF = C 2EF = 3x10xm / 2x7eV =1.57x10{'m /.v rnc` I T I 10OOe V

The measured conductivity of copper at 20 C is Cr 5.9x107/Urn Index The mean free path of an electron in copper under these conditions can be calculated from d= Orr2VF - (5,9x1 071' f2na)(9.11x10-{ kkk)(1.57x106r Is) =3.9xI O-$rn r (8.46A 0281 rri3)(I.6x10-49)2 The drift speed depends upon the electric field applied. For example, a copper wire of diameter l mm and length 1 meter which has one volt applied to it yields the following results.

R = L = lm 0.0216 caA (5.9x10 /S2m)(ir.0005`,r:`) For 1 volt applied this gives a current of 46.3 Amperes and a current density J=5.9xI07A/mrm.2 This corresponds to a drift speed of only millimeters per second, in contrast to the high Fermi speed of the electrons.

V 5.9'x1f&7 A / m1 = 0.0043m / s ! n e 8.46x 10 /m ' )(l .6x 11 C}

Caution! Do not try this at home! Dr. Beihai Ma of Argonne National Laboratory wrote to point out that the current density of 5900 A/cm2 in this example is over ten times the current density of 500 A/cm2 that copper can normally withstand at 40 F. So doing this in the laboratory might be too exciting. Thanks for the sanity check Dr. Ma.

(If you scale down the voltage applied so that the current is just 3 Amperes, current density 382 A/cm2, so that the copper wire will remain intact, the calculated drift velocity is just 0.00028 m/s. This would be more typical for working conditions in this wire. ) Go Back HyperPhysics***** Electricity and Magnetism R Nave Free Electron Density in a Metal The free electron density in a metal is a factor in determining its electrical conductivity. It is involved in the Ohm's law behavior of metals on a microscopic scale. Because electrons are fermions and obey the Pauli exclusion principle, then at 0 K temperature the electrons fill all available energy levels up to the Fermi level. Therefore the free electron density of a metal is related to the Fermi level and can be calculated from 01t),1m3''` 2 ~t2 _ tirl-jr( lZC2 ~I- 2 E 3/2 show h-' F ) - ht. 3 k 3 A metal with Fermi energy EF = eV
will have free electron density n = r X10 /m3.
Index Table of Fermi Energies Alternatively, if you can identify the number of electrons per atom that participate in conduction, then the free electron density can just be implied from the atomic mass and mass density of the material. The number of atoms per unit volume can be implied from the atomic mass and bulk density of the material:

Avogadro'-., number Density tt' . (N, atoms / rnole)(p kg / rn3) A(k,g I mole) Atomic mass Periodic Table of Elements A metal with bulk density = kg/m3 and atomic mass A = x 10-3 kg/mole will have a number of atoms per unit volume n' = x l 0 /m3.
The number of atoms per unit volume multiplied by the number of free electrons per atom should agree with the free electron density above.

While these two approaches should be in agreement, it may be instructive to examine both for self-consistency.

Consider the element zinc with a tabulated Fermi energy of 9.47 eV. This leads to a free electron density of Ip - 8J2;r(.511 ~hfev) ' (2(947V)3/2 1321 r3m3 = 1,32x1429 / n3 (1240 eV n,~n 3 }

From the Periodic Table, the density of zinc is 7140 kg/m3 and its atomic mass is 65.38 gm/mole. The number of atoms per unit volume is then 1 N4 p - (6.O2x1023nt(ams I rnol)(7140kg / ml) = 2s n _ - 6.57x10 a~'r~m s 1 3 .
_ A 65.38x14 -,kg/m /

The number of free electrons per zinc atom to make these consistent is n 1.2a 1 _ 2.01 free electrons per atom n 6.57x14' s This number is what we would expect from the electron configuration of zinc, (Ar)3d104s2 , so these two approaches to the free electron density in a metal are consistent.

Go Back HyperPhysics***** Electricity and Magnetism R Nave 2 Reference, Peltier Effect Chips:

3 http://www.tetech.com/FAQ-Technical-Information.html#l 1 Frequently Asked Questions on Thermoelectrics 3 1. How does a thermoelectric module work?

"Thermoelectric modules are solid-state heat pumps that operate on the Peltier effect (see 6 definitions). A thermoelectric module consists of an array of p- and n-type semiconductor 7 elements that are heavily doped with electrical carriers. The elements are arranged into 8 array that is electrically connected in series but thermally connected in parallel. This array 9 is then affixed to two ceramic substrates, one on each side of the elements (see figure below). Let's examine how the heat transfer occurs as electrons flow through one pair of p-11 and n-type elements (often referred to as a "couple") within the thermoelectric module:

Schematic of a Thermoelectric Cooler ceramic substrate heat absorbed ++ (+

F + + .1 + electrons copper conductor P-type N-type holes + + ' ) +1 heat rejected ceramic heat sink direct current 12 sub str ate 1 The p-type semiconductor is doped with certain atoms that have fewer electrons than 2 necessary to complete the atomic bonds within the crystal lattice. When a voltage is 3 applied, there is a tendency for conduction electrons to complete the atomic bonds. When 4 conduction electrons do this, they leave "holes" which essentially are atoms within the crystal lattice that now have local positive charges. Electrons are then continually dropping 6 in and being bumped out of the holes and moving on to the next available hole. In effect, it 7 is the holes that are acting as the electrical carriers.

8 Now, electrons move much more easily in the copper conductors but not so easily in the 9 semiconductors. When electrons leave the p-type and enter into the copper on the cold-side, holes are created in the p-type as the electrons jump out to a higher energy level to match 11 the energy level of the electrons already moving in the copper. The extra energy to create 12 these holes comes by absorbing heat. Meanwhile, the newly created holes travel downwards 13 to the copper on the hot side. Electrons from the hot-side copper move into the p-type and 14 drop into the holes, releasing the excess energy in the form of heat.

The n-type semiconductor is doped with atoms that provide more electrons than necessary 16 to complete the atomic bonds within the crystal lattice. When a voltage is applied, these 17 extra electrons are easily moved into the conduction band. However, additional energy is 18 required to get the n-type electrons to match the energy level of the incoming electrons 19 from the cold-side copper. The extra energy comes by absorbing heat.
Finally, when the electrons leave the hot-side of the n-type, they once again can move freely in the copper.
21 They drop down to a lower energy level, and release heat in the process.

22 The above explanation is imprecise as it does not cover all the details, but it serves to 23 explain in words what are otherwise very complex physical interactions. The main point is 24 that heat is always absorbed at the cold side of the n- and p- type elements, and heat is always released at the hot side of thermoelectric element. The heat pumping capacity of a 26 module is proportional to the current and is dependent on the element geometry, number 27 of couples, and material properties.

Back to the top 3 2. What is the mathematical equation for describing the operation of a thermoelectric 4 module?

QC

Tc A = cross-sectional L area n P

Qh I
(+) (-) D.C. source The figure above represents a thermoelectric couple. It shows some terms used in the mathematical equation:

L = element height A = cross-sectional area Qc = heat load Tc = cold-side temperature Th = hot-side temperature I = applied current Additionally, there is the following:

S = Seebeck coefficient R = electrical resistivity K = thermal conductivity V = voltage N = number of couples Here are the basic equations:
Qc=2*N*IS*I*Tc-1/2*I^2*R*L/A-K*A/L*(Th-Tc)]

V=2*N*[S*(Th-Tc)+I*R*L/A) 2 The first Qc term, S*I*Tc, is the peltier cooling effect. The second term,1/2*I112*R*L/A, 3 represents the Joule heating effect associated with passing an electrical current through a 4 resistance. The Joule heat is distributed throughout the element, so 1/2 the heat goes towards the cold side, and 1/2 the heat goes towards the hot side. The last term, 6 K*A/L*(Th-Tc), represents the Fourier effect in which heat conducts from a higher 7 temperature to a lower temperature. So, the peltier cooling is reduced by the losses 8 associated with electrical resistance and thermal conductance.

For the voltage, the first term, S*(Th-Tc) represents the Seebeck voltage. The second term, 11 I*R*L/A represents the voltage related by Ohm's law.

13 These equations are very simplified and are meant to show the basic idea behind the 14 calculations that are involved. The actual differential equations do not have a closed-form solution because S, R, and K are temperature dependent. Unfortunately, assuming constant 16 properties can lead to significant errors.

18 TE Technology uses special, proprietary modeling software which takes into account the 19 temperature dependency of the thermoelectric material properties as well as all the relevant design aspects of the overall system. The software uses material property data 21 from actual test results on thermoelectric modules, so it yields highly accurate results.
22 When we build a custom cooler for your application, that high accuracy means you 23 generally only need one prototype to verify cooling performance.

1 3. What are the advantages of a thermoelectric unit over a compressor?

3 Thermoelectric modules have no moving parts and do not require the use of 4 chlorofluorocarbons. Therefore they are safe for the environment, inherently reliable, and 5 virtually maintenance free. They can be operated in any orientation and are ideal for 6 cooling devices that might be sensitive to mechanical vibration. Their compact size also 7 makes them ideal for applications that are size or weight limited where even the smallest 8 compressor would have excess capacity. Their ability to heat and cool by a simple reversal 9 of current flow is useful for applications where both heating and cooling is necessary or 10 where precise temperature control is critical.

11 Fig 12. Electrostatic Chucks:
http://www.oxfordplasma.de/technols/e_chuck.htm Wafer.,Conductive Substrate orolectnc L V

'D' Electrodes Concentric Rings 12 (Thick Film) (Thin Film) 13 Fig 13. Electret Mic, Microphone:
14 http://electronics wups lviv ua/KREM
literatura/hyperphysics/hbase/audio/mic2.html Electrical connections Membrane made Insulator of permanently charged elect ret Air cavity 15 material.

1 Electret Condenser Microphone Electret condenser microphones are not to be compared with the studio standard condenser microphones which have such 0 excellent frequency response characteristics. The electret class of microphones are condenser microphones which use Elec#rical a permanently polarized electret material for their canneations diaphragms, thus avoiding the necessity for the biasing DC
voltage required for the conventional condenser. They can be Membrane made of permanently Insulator made very inexpensively and are the typical microphones on charged el ectret Air cavity portable tape recorders. Better quality electret condensers material. incorporate a field-effect transistor (FET) preamplifier to match their extremely high impedance and boost the signal.
2 Electret Microphone Diaphragm The electret material of the diaphragm may be less than a thousandth of an inch thick. Even so, it is polarized enough to produce an active capacitive change in the voltage Q Electrical between the membrane and the back plate when it is moved connections by the pressure of a sound wave. The polarization is achieved by a combination of heat and high voltage during Membrane made Insulator of permanently manufacture. Electron bombardment may also be used charged electret Air cavity (Rossing). The diaphragm is backed by an evaporated metal material. film.

3 http://www.coilgun.info/theorycapacitors/capacitors2.htm 4 http://www.techlearner.com/DCPaies/DCCap.htm Capacitance and Capacitors 6 I. Elementary Characteristics 'rn~9>aib 7 In its most elementary state a capacitor 8 consists of two metal plates separated by 9 a certain distance d, in between the plates 1 lies a dielectric material with dielectric 2 constant c , where c, is the dielectric of air.

4 The dielectric material allows for charge to accumulate between the capacitor plates. Air (actually vacuum) 7 has the lowest dielectric value of EQ = 8.854 * 1012 Farads/meter where the Farad is the unit for 8 capacitance.

All other materials have higher dielectric values, since they are higher in density and can 11 therefore accumulate 13 more charge.

Capacitance is defined to be the amount of charge Q stored in between the two plates for a 16 potential difference 18 or voltage V existing across the plates. In other words:

The capacitance C is given by C = QN (electrical definition) 22 The Physical meaning of capacitance can be seen by relating it to the physical characteristics of 23 the two plates, so that, the capacitance is related to the dielectric of the material in between the plates, the square 26 area of a 28 plate and the distance between the plates by the formula:

C = Eoc Aid (physical definition) 32 Clearly, the larger the area of the plate the more charge can be accumulated and hence the larger 33 the capacitance. Also, note that as the distance d increases the Capacitance decreases since the 36 charge cannot be 38 contained as 'densely' as before.

Both definitions of Capacitance are compatible, although for our purposes we will be referring 41 mostly to the 43 electrical definition.

1 Fig 14. Electronic Insect Zapper: http://home.howstuffworks.com/bug-zapper.htm t ;

Housing Top ---V"

Transformer --- -~.-Light -----Housing Frame Wire Grids 2 02001 aW [tifPAUrks 1 In the drawings which form a part of this specification, 2 Fig 1. Complete Electret Refrigerator :

3 Fig 2. 12 Volt Rechargeable DC Battery:
4 Fig 3. Diode:

Fig 4. Square Wave Inverter :
6 Fig 5. Capacitor:

7 Fig 6. Diode Full Wave Bridge Circuit:
8 Fig 7. Induction of Charges Charges:

9 http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/u8l2b.cfm The Electrophorus, The Electroscope:

11 Fig 8. Solar Panels and Devices:

12 Fig 9. Sine Wave that is a Rectified Full Wave with Filtering:

13 Fig 10. Electrical Switches or PLC Logic Switches / Limit switches:
14 Fig 11. Thermo-Electric Peltier Effect Cooling Chip:

Fig 12. Electrostatic Chucks: http://www.oxfordplasma.de/technols/e_chuck.htm 16 Fig 13. Electret Mic, Microphone:

http://electronics.wups.lviv.ua/KREM_literatura/hyperphysics/hbase/audio/mic2.h tml 18 Fig 14. Electronic Insect Zapper: http://home.howstuffworks.com/bug-zapper.htm In the drawings which form a part of this specification, Fig 1. Complete Electret Refrigerator :

Fig 2. 12 Volt Rechargeable DC Battery:
Fig 3. Diode:

Fig 4. Square Wave Inverter :
Fig 5. Capacitor:

Fig 6. Diode Full Wave Bridge Circuit:

Fig 7. Induction of Charges Charges: The Electrophorus, The Electroscope:
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/u8l2b.cfm Fig 8. Solar Panels and Devices:

Fig 9. Sine Wave that is a Rectified Full Wave with Filtering:

Fig 10. Electrical Switches or PLC Logic Switches / Limit switches:
Fig 11. Thermo-Electric Peltier Effect Cooling Chip:

Fig 12. Electrostatic Chucks: http://www.oxfordplasma.de/technols/e_chuck.htm Fig 13. Electret Mic, Microphone:
http://electronics.wups.lviv.ua/KREM_literatura/hyperphysics/hbase/audio/mic2.h tml Fig 14. Electronic Insect Zapper:

http://home.howstuffworks.com/bug-zapper.htm 1 In the drawings which form a part of this specification, 2 Fig 1. Complete Electret Refrigerator :

3 Fig 2. 12 Volt Rechargeable DC Battery:
4 Fig 3. Diode:

Fig 4. Square Wave Inverter :
6 Fig 5. Capacitor:

7 Fig 6. Diode Full Wave Bridge Circuit:

8 Fig 7. Induction of Charges Charges: The Electrophorus, The Electroscope:
9 http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/estatics/u8l2b.cfm Fig 8. Solar Panels and Devices:

11 Fig 9. Sine Wave that is a Rectified Full Wave with Filtering:

12 Fig 10. Electrical Switches or PLC Logic Switches / Limit switches:
13 Fig 11. Thermo-Electric Peltier Effect Cooling Chip:

14 Fig 12. Electrostatic Chucks:
http://www.oxfordplasma.de/technols/e_chuck.htm Fig 13. Electret Mic, Microphone:

16 Fig 14. Electronic Insect Zapper: http://home.howstuffworks.com/bug-zapper.html

Claims (18)

1 The Embodiments of the Invention in Which an Exclusive Property or Privilege Is Claimed Are Defined As Follows:

1. This invention uses very efficient conversion of heat energy directly into electrical energy, Fig 1, Fig 7.

2. The device can be very economically because heat energy from any source as solar water, human / crop / livestock buildings, vehicles, warmed materials, roads or buried containers be converted to electricity than to be unused energy source, Fig 1.

3. The energy capacity of this invention can be controlled so that it can operate as an AC Air Conditioner, Fig 1.

4. This invention only uses energy of low volume, manual, mechanical, Solar, wind or utility electric to control the output of high energy very efficiently because the light weight sliding Insulation Dielectric gate is not able to be polarized while controlling the passage of the high voltage static electric field of the Electret, Fig 1, 7, 12.

5. This invention is very light weight so it can be portable and can be installed on roofs, in walls and on boats and for food delivery vehicles, Fig 1, Fig 7.

6. This invention can even employ extremely powerful Electrets so that it can cool and recover electrical energy from motors and transformers, Fig 1, Fig 7.

7. This invention can be used to cool livestock buildings and greenhouses without wasting bio-generated low temperature heat temperatures which are normally vented year-round which is a greater waste of heat energy in cool weather, Fig 1, 8.

8. This invention is truly more efficient than Peltier Effect Thermo-Electric Chips which are energy heat ion carriers than true heat pumps, Fig 12.

9. This invention can be powered by low wind energy or low power solar panels to attract and kill insects which are harmful human, animal and crops without using chemicals, Fig 14.

10. This invention does not use refrigeration gases nor the large volumes of chemicals to cool motors, generators , Air Conditioners or transformers, Fig 1.

11. This invention employs insulation containers which can be cooled and no large electricity powering levels so that it can be used in explosive areas, Fig 1.

12. This invention can be submerged in fluids to extract electricity from any materials with latent stored heat as in salt water sources or in desert areas, Fig 1, 8.

13. This device invention can be used in outer space for more efficient heat transfer, propulsion and for space food production, Fig 1, Fig 7, Fig 8.

14. This invention can greatly reduce the dependency on fossil fuels so transportation vehicles and factories requires less energy to produce, process and package foods, Fig 1.

15. This invention can reduce the cost of wiring the lights along roads because the road heat energy can be directly converted to electricity for road lighting, Fig 1.

16. This invention can be used to convert efficiently low heat temperatures to electrical distillation and purification of water for drinking and for cooking, Fig 1, 7, 8, 12.

17. This invention can be used for emergency heating and emergency communications, Fig 1, Fig 2, Fig 3.

18. This invention can complement or substitute the functions supplied by Phase Change Polymer Chemicals because this invention can efficiently under low power to control the cooling temperature levels and also Output electricity levels to heat areas or products, Fig 1, 7 , 8, 12.