CA2642150A1 - Total organic carbon analysis with diamond-coated electrodes - Google Patents

Total organic carbon analysis with diamond-coated electrodes Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2642150A1
CA2642150A1 CA002642150A CA2642150A CA2642150A1 CA 2642150 A1 CA2642150 A1 CA 2642150A1 CA 002642150 A CA002642150 A CA 002642150A CA 2642150 A CA2642150 A CA 2642150A CA 2642150 A1 CA2642150 A1 CA 2642150A1
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carbon dioxide
detector
electrode
carbon
electrodes
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CA2642150C (en
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Gary L. Erickson
Karl M. Williams
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OI Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/18—Water
    • G01N33/1826—Organic contamination in water
    • G01N33/1846—Total carbon analysis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G01N27/308—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells at least partially made of carbon
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/23—Carbon containing

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
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  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
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  • Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
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Abstract

The present invention provides an apparatus and method for measuring carbon (any one or all of TC, TOC, or TIC) in a sample matrix. In an embodiment, a method for measuring carbon in a sample composition is provided. The method comprises providing an apparatus comprising a reaction chamber and a diamond coated electrode, wherein the diamond coated electrode is doped with boron.
The apparatus further comprises a detector. In addition, the method comprises contacting the sample composition with the electrode. The method further comprises applying an alternating current to the electrode at a sufficient voltage to produce carbon dioxide. Moreover, the method comprises measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced.

Description

Total Organic Carbon Analysis BACKGROUND
Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to the field of ineasuring carbon in a sample composition.
More particularly,.this invention relates to measuring carbon as Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) or Total Carbon (TC) using electrochemical oxidation.
Backnround of the lnvention The need to measure carbon in aqueous samples exists in rnal.rixes from ultra-pure water to waste water and industrial solutions for a variety of reasons. Historically, the analysis equipment to accurately measure carbon in an aqueous solution involved large equipment and l-aLardous reagents, such as strong acid and oxidizing agents. The use of electrochemical oxidation of carbon may eliminate at Ieast one of these reagents and, when combined with a detection technique to quantify the resultant carbon dioxide gas (e.g., in solution, measured in a headspace or purged from the sample and transported with carrier gas to a detector), promises a versatile, easy to use, and cost-effective alternative for accurately determining TOC levels in a solution. Thus, the development of a safe and cost-effective electrochemical device capable of oxidizing organic carbon and allowing determination of TOC in a sample composition would represent a significant advance in the art.
Electrodes a.t-e used in the typical electrochenzical cell for oxidation of carbon. The most conunon working electrode material ha.s typically been carbon-based or made from metals such as platinuin, silver, gold; mercury, or nickel. Drawbacks to such electrodes include poor oxidation.
Further drawbacks include the self-consuming nature (e.g., reduction/oxidation) of the electrodes themselves. To overcome these 3imitations,. conductive diamond $lrn electrodes have been developed. Diamond film electrodes include a substrate material coated with diamond or diamond-like film wherein the diamond coated electrodes are doped to provide cnnductivity (e_g., boron doped). Drawbacks to the conventional diamond or diamond-like film electrodes include the tendency of electrodes to fail due to contamination and corrosion. Additional drawbacks iviclude insufficient oxidation. Consequently, there still remains a need for a method and apparatus for measuring carbon using electrochemical oxidation with reduced electrcxie contain.ination and corrosion.
BRIEF SUMMARY
These and other needs in the art are addressed in one embodiment by an apparatus for measuring the carbon concentration of a sample. The apparatus comprises a reaction chamber and a detection system, whereby varying control algorithms allows for the deternvnation of carbon as Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) or Total Carbon (TC).
In addition, the apparatus comprises a set of diamond coated electrodes, wherein the diamond coated electrodes may be doped to provide conductivity (e.g., doped with boron).
In another ernbodiment, these and other needs in the art are addressed by a method for measuring carbon in a sample coinposition. The method comprises providing an apparatus comprising a reaction chamber with a set of diamond coated electrodes, wherein the diamond coated electrodes may be doped with boron. The apparatus furttier comprises a detection system to determine CQa concentrations in the gas phase; liquid phase or a combination of the two. In addition, the method comprises contacting the saznple composition with the electrode_ The method further comprises applying a sufficiently controlled voltage to the electrode to produce carbon dioxide. Moreover, the method comprises- measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of .the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter that form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conccption and thc spccific einbod.iunents discloscd may bc readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention.
It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIGURE 1 illustrates an einbodiment of a carbon analyzer comprising a remote detector;
FIGURE 2 illustrates an embodiment of a carbon analyzer coinprising a detector;
FIGURE 3 illustrates a side view of an electrode configuration;
FIGURE 4 illustrates an end view of an electrode configuration;
FIGURE 5 illustrates an embodiment of a carbon analyzer comprising a drier, a scrubber, and a trap;
FIGURE 6 illustrates an embodiment of a carbon analyzer comprising a gas diffusion membrane;
FIGURE 7 illustrates an embodiment of a carbon analyzer comprising a gas diffusion membrane and a trap; and FIGURE 8 illustrates an embodiment of a carbon analyzer comprising a gas diffusion mernbrane and a detector disposed within a collection chamber.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The following description details a method and an apparatus for measuring carbon in an aqueous sample composition. Without being limited by theory, the method and apparatus are capable of measuring carbon with minimurn contaniination to the electirodes resulting in longer effective use and superior cost cfficicncy. Two electrodes provide the oxidation capability. The control system for these electrodes may optimize the self-cleaning nature of the electrodes. The apparatus may be configured to process discrctc samples or for continuous sampling using appropriate electrode geometries. The geometries include but are not limited to batch or flow through designs. 'I'he geometries may include fixed or variable gap electrodes of any design that allows the electrodes electrical isolation.
FIGURE 1 illustrates a carbon analyzer 100 comprising a reaction chamber 101, electrodes 102, and a detector 106. Reaction chamber 101 comprises any configuration and material sufficient to create a sealed system whereby carbon dioxide may not escape prior to its detection. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGURE 1, carbon analyzer 100 comprises two electrodes 102. It is to be understood that carbon analyLer 100 is not limited to two electrodes 102, but in an alternative cnnbodiment (not illustrated) carbon analyzer 100 eoanprises three electrodes.
In such an alternative embodiment, carbon analyzer 100 comprises two electrodes 102 and may also include a third electrodc that may be used as a reference electrode. For instance, the two electrodes 102 may be arranged in such a fashion that they are comprised of multiple pieces and may be electrically activated in pairs or in some other manner. "i'he third electrode may physically be a part of a new circuit and may not contribute to the oxidation per se, but instead provides a monitoring fiinction.
The monitoring function may include providing feedback as to the operation of the primary electrodes or the oxidation process, or as a reference electrode for an independent (from TOC, TIC, TC) analytical technique (such as scanning Voltametry). Detector 106 comprises any detector suitable for detecting the presence of carbon dioxide. As illustrated, detector 106 is a gas phase detector. Gas phase detectors refer to dctcctors that can measure the concentration of carbon dioxide in a gas. Without limitation, examples of suitable gas phase detectors include nondispersed infrared detectors, laser diode detectors, electrochemical cells, Fourier Transform Infrared (.l+'i'LR) detectors, and the like. In an alternative embodiment (not illustrated), carbon analyzer 100 comprises more than one detector 106 in which at least one detector 106 is a gas phase detector, and at least one detector 106 is a liquid phase detector. Liquid phase detectors refer to detectors that can measure the concentration of carbon dioxide in a liquid. Without limitation, examples of suitable liquid phase detectors izaclude fluorescence detectors, ion selective electrodes, ion selective probes, conductivity cells, and the like. As shown in FIGURE 1, detector 106 is ieinote from reaction chamber 101 with gas from rcaction chamber 101 fed to detector 106 by line 117. In an alternative embodiment as shown in FIGrURE 2, detector 106 may be directly conuected to reaction chatnber 101.
In an embodiment as shown in FIGURE 3, reactor geometry is illustrated for flow through operation where electrode 102 comprises an inner element 205 and an outcr clcxxxcnt 210 that arc concentric to each other with a fixed gap flow path 211 for the oxidation_ Inner eleinent 205 and outer element 210 each comprise a substrate that is coated with diamond. The substrate may be comprised of any suitable material including but not limited to nickel, platinum, palladium, silicon, niobium, titanium, or combinations tberecif. The diamond coating may be applied by any suitable method such as by chemical vapor deposition. Diamond coating includes coatings of diamond and/or diamond-like materials. Without limitation, diamond-like materials include hard, amorphous films with a significant fraction of sp3-hybridized carbon atoms and which may contain a significant amount of hydrogen. Depending on the deposition conditions, these films may be fully amorphous or contain diamond crystallites.
In an embodiment, the diamond coated substrates of inner and outer elements 205, 210 are doped with a doping matcrial. Without limitation; examples of suitable doping materials include boron, zinc, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur. In an embodiment, the doping material is boron.
The diamond coated substrates may be doped by any suitable method such as during chemical vapor deposition. FIGURE 4 illustrates an end view of electrode 102 showing concentric inner and outer elements 205, 210.
As further illustrated in FIGURE 3, inner and outer elements 205, 210 may comprise any suitable shapes for oxidizing carbon to carbon dioxide. In an embodiment, inner element 205 may have a substantially solid, partially hollow, or substantially hollow interior. Outer element 210 comprises a hollow interior of a suitable diameter for inner element 205 to be disposed therein. In an embodiment, inner element 205 comprises a solid shape such as a rod aiid outer element 210 comprises a hollow interior suitable for containing inner element 205. In a preferred embodiment, inner element 205 comprises a rod, and outer element 210 comprises a hollow tube. In other preferred embodiments, inner and outer elements 205, 210 comprise mesh such as rnesh tubes. In such other preferred embodiments, electrode 102 comprises concentric mesh tubes (e.g., inner and outer elements 205, 210). In another preferred embodiment, inner element 205 comprises a rod, and outer element 210 comprises a mesh tube.
It is to be further understood that the configuration of electrode 102 is not li7nited to the configuration illustrated in FIGURE 3 but instead can include any suitable configuration for use in carbon analyzer 100. For instance, other suitable geometries of electrode 102 include parallel plates, tortuous path, or any other geometry that allows for fixcd or variablc gap clcctrodes of any design that allows the electrodes electrieal isolation.
As shown in FIGURES 3 and 4, some embodiments include electrode 102 comprising an insulator 212 that is disposed between inner eleinent 205 and outer element 210 in a geometry that allows sample flow. The sample flows through fixed gap flow path 211 and is in contact with both iinier element 205 and outer element 210. Insulator 212 may comprise any suitable, non-cornbustible material. Without limitation, examples of suitable materials include cerarnic, glass, or combinations thereof. It is to be understood that electrodes 102 are not limited to the configuration embodiments as discussed above but may aIso comprise any suitable configuration for electrochemical oxidation. In any such suitable configzuntions, electrotles 702 comprise the substrate coated with diamond and optionally doped with a doping material (e.g., boron).
As shown in FIGURE 1, a sample composition 104 is placed in reaction chamber 101.
Sample composition 104 may comprise any aqueous solution containing carbon.
As furtlaer shown in FIGURE 1, eIectrodes 102 are contacted with sample composition 104.
For instance, electrodes 102 are at least partially irnnersed in sample composition 104. Controlled voltage is applied to electrodes 102 for a sufficient time to generate oxidation radicals in sample composition 104. Without being limited by theory, the currcnt gencra.tcd by the application of the voltage may cause an oxidation reaction to occur in sample composition 104. As a result, carbon dioxide may be fonned in the presence of any carbon based compounds. The voltage may be applied for any period of time suitable for producing carbon dioxide.
tiVithout being limited by theory, the desired time may depend on the composition of sainple conaposition 104, the geometry of reaction chamber 101, and/or the type of electrode 102 used. In some embodiinents, the voltage may he applied for a time period between about 0.5 minutes and about 30 minutes, alternatively about 2 minutes. In an embodiment, the voltage may be applied to electrodes 102 in an alternating currenL (AC) fortnat. The AC voltage jnay be supplied by auy suitable power source capable of producing AC voltage. The AC voltage rnay be applied at a frequency between about 1 Hz and about 100 Hz, alternatively between about 100 Hz and about I kHz, and alternatively between about 1 kHz and about I MHz, furtlier altematively between about I kHz and about 200 MHz, and further altertaatively between about 1 kHz and about I GHz. In ari embodiment, the frequency is about 10 Hz. ln an embodiment, any suitable frequency may be chosen to optixnize the current density and maintain clean electrodes. In further embodiments, the AC voltage may be applied in a sinusoidal wave forrn. Any suitable AC voltage may be applied to the electrodes. In an embodiment, AC voltage may be applied at greater than 1/2 cell plus potential voltage drop across the sample due to conductivity. In another embodiment, AC voltage may be applied at a voltage greater than 2.5 V, alternatively from about 5 V to about 300 V, and alternatively from about 5 V to about 200 V, and furtber alternatively from about 5 V to about 150 V. In some embodiments, the AC voltage may be applied at a voltage from about 5 V to about 12 V. Without being limited by theory, the specific conirol algonithm for the application of a voltage may prevent oxidation and contarnination of the electrodes. Further, without being limited by theory, such voltage ranges allow oxidation without the use of reagents.
As shown in FIGURE 1, a carrier gas 107 is introduced to reaction chamber 101.
In an embodiment; a suitable amount of carrier gas 107 is introduced to facilitate transport of carbon dioxide from sample composition 104 to headspace 105. Carrier gas 107 may be supplied during or after the voltage is applied to electrodes 102. Carrier gas 107 may comprise any inert gas stutable for transporting carbon dioxide. Without limitation, examples of suitable carrier gases include nitrogen, helium, argon, or combinations thereof. In an alternative embodi-ment (not illustrated), no carrier gas 107 is introduced to reaction chamber 101. Carbon dioxide flows from head space 105 to detector 106 via line 117. Detector 106 measures the amount of carbon dioxide produced. By measuring the ai-nount of carbon dioxide produced, the amount of organics witbin sample composition 104 may be determined. Without being limited by theory, the amount of carbon dioxide measured may be directly proportional to the amount of organics that may be present in sample composition 104. Using samples containing known quantities of dissolved organics, a standard etirve may be generated to allow for the determination of a precise concentration tif organics within the test solution. In an alternative embodiment (not illustrated), at least one liquid phase detector 106 may be used to measure tbe aanount of carbnn dioxide present in sample composition 104.
In an altemative embodiment, the carbon dioxide xnay be dried in a drier lo remove moisture prior to being measured by detector 106. Without limitation, examples of suitable driers include a dryer permeation tube or an anhydrous tube_ In another alternative embodiment, the carbon dioxide may be passed through a scrabber to remove acid vapors from the carbon dioxide.
In further embodiments, the carbon dioxide may be directed into a trap, from which it is released into detector 106. Any suitable trap may be used that xnay retain carbon dioxide until a suitable amount of carbon dioxide is accumulated prior to release to detector 106.
FIGURE 5 illustrates an embodiment in wltach carbon analyzer 100 comprises a reaction chainber 101, electrodes 102, detector 106, drier 115, scrubber 125, and a trap 110.
FIGURE 6 illustrates an embodiment in which carbon analyzer 100 comprises a reaction chamber 101, electrodes 102, detector 106, and a collection chamber 109. The sample composition 104 may be directed through the inlet 111 and into reaction ebamber 101 wherein sample composition 104 is contacted with electrodes 102. While sample composition 104 passes through reaction chamber 101, voltage may be applied to electrodes 102 to oxidize carbon based compounds in sample composition 104. Sarnple composition 104 may exit via outIet 108 of reaction chamber 101_ As fiu-ther shown in FIGURE 6, the carbon dioxide that may be fornied may diffuse out of sample composition 104 tbrough a gas diffusion membrane 120 and into collection chamber 109.
Gas diffusion membrane 120 may comprise any material suitable for diffusion therefhrough of carbon dioxide but that substantially prevents diffiision of liquid. Without limitation, examples of suitable membrane naaterials include polypropylene, cellophanes, or combinations tb.ereof.. For instance, a commercial example of a membrane material is "I:'FFI..tJN, which is available from E.I.
DuPont de Nemoirs and Company. The carbon dioxide may pass through gas diffusion membrane 120 into collection chamber 109. In an embodiment, collection chamber 109 is on the opposite side of gas diffusion membrane 120 from sample composition 104. Collection chamber 109 may comprise the forrn of a tube or any other suitable shape for collecting carbon dioxide and allowing the carbon dioxide to be fed to detector 106 for measurement. Carrier gas 107 may be fed to collection chamber 109 to transport the carbon dioxide to detector 106. In an embodiment as shown in FIGURE 7, carrier gas 107 directs the carbon dioxide to trap 110, from which the carbon dioxide is released to detector 106 for measurement. In farther embodiments (not illustrated), the carbon dioxide may be additionally passed through a drier and/or a scrubber after passing through membrane 120.
In an embodiment as illustrated in FIGURE 8, detector 106 is disposed withan collection chamber 109. The carbon dioxide may diffuse thrQugh membrane 120 and he directly measured by detector 106.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations may be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (28)

1. An apparatus for measuring carbon in a sample composition, comprising:
a reaction chamber;
a diamond coated electrode, wherein the diamond coated electrode is doped with a doping material;
and a detector.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising two electrodes.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the electrode comprises an inner element and an outer element.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the inner element comprises a rod, and the outer element comprises a tube.
5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the inner element comprises a mesh tube, and wherein the outer element comprises a mesh tube.
6. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the electrode comprises an insulator disposed between the inner element and the outer element.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the doping material is boron.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the detector comprises a gas phase detector.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises a gas diffusion membrane and a collection chamber.
10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the gas diffusion membrane allows carbon dioxide to diffuse from the reaction chamber to the collection chamber.
11. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the detector is disposed in the collection chamber.
12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises a carbon dioxide trap.
13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein an alternating current voltage is applied to the electrode.
14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the alternating current voltage is applied at a frequency between about 1 Hz and about 100 Hz.
15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the alternating current voltage is applied from about 5 volts to about 300 volts.
16. A method for measuring carbon in a sample composition, comprising:
(A) providing an apparatus comprising: a reaction chamber; a diamond coated electrode, wherein the diamond coated electrode is doped with a doping material; and a detector;
(B) contacting the sample composition with the electrode;
(C) applying an alternating current to the electrode at a sufficient voltage to produce carbon dioxide; and (D) measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the apparatus comprises two electrodes.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the electrode comprises an inner element and an outer element.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the inner element comprises a rod, and the outer element comprises a tube.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein the inner element comprises a mesh tube, and wherein the outer element comprises a mesh tube.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein the electrode comprises an insulator disposed between the inner element and the outer element.
22. The method of claim 16, wherein the doping material is boron.
23. The method of claim 16, further comprising feeding a carrier gas to the reaction chamber at a sufficient rate to transport the carbon dioxide to the detector.
24. The method of claim 16, wherein step (C) further comprises diffusing the carbon dioxide through a gas diffusion membrane to a collection chamber.
25. The method of claim 24, further comprising feeding a carrier gas to the collection chamber at a sufficient rate to transport the carbon dioxide to the detector.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein the detector is disposed in the collection chamber.
27. The method of claim 16, further comprising trapping the carbon dioxide prior to measuring the amount of carbon dioxide.
28. The method of claim 16, wherein step (D) further comprises measuring the amount of carbon dioxide with a liquid phase detector.
CA2642150A 2006-02-09 2007-01-19 Total organic carbon analysis with diamond-coated electrodes Active CA2642150C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

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US11/350,420 US20070183929A1 (en) 2006-02-09 2006-02-09 Total organic carbon analysis
US11/350,420 2006-02-09
PCT/US2007/060791 WO2007092665A2 (en) 2006-02-09 2007-01-19 Total organic carbon analysis

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WO2019027898A1 (en) * 2017-07-29 2019-02-07 Hach Company Sp3 substituted carbon electrode toc analysis using metallic catalyst
CN110621991A (en) * 2017-07-29 2019-12-27 哈希公司 SP3 substituted carbon electrode TOC analysis using metal catalysts
EP3809129A2 (en) 2017-07-29 2021-04-21 Hach Company A total organic carbon analyzer
EP3809129A3 (en) * 2017-07-29 2021-05-19 Hach Company A total organic carbon analyzer

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